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Journal articles on the topic 'Migratory networks'
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1
Taylor, Caz M., and D. Ryan Norris. "Population dynamics in migratory networks." Theoretical Ecology 3, no. 2 (2009): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12080-009-0054-4.
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Ramos-Robles, Michelle, Ellen Andresen, and Cecilia Díaz-Castelazo. "Temporal changes in the structure of a plant-frugivore network are influenced by bird migration and fruit availability." PeerJ 4 (June 8, 2016): e2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2048.
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Background.Ecological communities are dynamic collections whose composition and structure change over time, making up complex interspecific interaction networks. Mutualistic plant–animal networks can be approached through complex network analysis; these networks are characterized by a nested structure consisting of a core of generalist species, which endows the network with stability and robustness against disturbance. Those mutualistic network structures can vary as a consequence of seasonal fluctuations and food availability, as well as the arrival of new species into the system that might disorder the mutualistic network structure (e.g., a decrease in nested pattern). However, there is no assessment on how the arrival of migratory species into seasonal tropical systems can modify such patterns. Emergent and fine structural temporal patterns are adressed here for the first time for plant-frugivorous bird networks in a highly seasonal tropical environment.Methods.In a plant-frugivorous bird community, we analyzed the temporal turnover of bird species comprising the network core and periphery of ten temporal interaction networks resulting from different bird migration periods. Additionally, we evaluated how fruit abundance and richness, as well as the arrival of migratory birds into the system, explained the temporal changes in network parameters such as network size, connectance, nestedness, specialization, interaction strength asymmetry and niche overlap. The analysis included data from 10 quantitative plant-frugivorous bird networks registered from November 2013 to November 2014.Results.We registered a total of 319 interactions between 42 plant species and 44 frugivorous bird species; only ten bird species were part of the network core. We witnessed a noteworthy turnover of the species comprising the network periphery during migration periods, as opposed to the network core, which did not show significant temporal changes in species composition. Our results revealed that migration and fruit richness explain the temporal variations in network size, connectance, nestedness and interaction strength asymmetry. On the other hand, fruit abundance only explained connectance and nestedness.Discussion.By means of a fine-resolution temporal analysis, we evidenced for the first time how temporal changes in the interaction network structure respond to the arrival of migratory species into the system and to fruit availability. Additionally, few migratory bird species are important links for structuring networks, while most of them were peripheral species. We showed the relevance of studying bird–plant interactions at fine temporal scales, considering changing scenarios of species composition with a quantitative network approach.
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Bredeloup, Sylvie. "Circumstantial Solidarities and the Transformation of Migratory Networks." Journal of Intercultural Studies 34, no. 5 (2013): 517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2013.827827.
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Dhanjal-Adams, Kiran L., Marcel Klaassen, Sam Nicol, Hugh P. Possingham, Iadine Chadès, and Richard A. Fuller. "Setting conservation priorities for migratory networks under uncertainty." Conservation Biology 31, no. 3 (2017): 646–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12842.
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Napierala, Jeffrey S., and Timothy Gage. "Social Networks and the Heritability of Migratory Behavior." Biodemography and Social Biology 62, no. 1 (2016): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2015.1116374.
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Riva, Oriana, Tamer Nadeem, Cristian Borcea, and Liviu Iftode. "Context-Aware Migratory Services in Ad Hoc Networks." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 6, no. 12 (2007): 1313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2007.1053.
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Gong, Siew-Ging. "Cranial neural crest: Migratory cell behavior and regulatory networks." Experimental Cell Research 325, no. 2 (2014): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.03.015.
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DORAÏ, MOHAMED KAMEL. "Iraqis in exile: Migratory networks as a coping strategy." International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies 5, no. 2 (2011): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijcis.5.2.215_1.
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Davidson, N. C., and D. A. Stround. "Conserving international coastal habitat networks on migratory waterfowl flyways." Journal of Coastal Conservation 2, no. 1 (1996): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02743036.
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Visvizi, Anna, Colette Mazzucelli, and Miltiadis Lytras. "Irregular migratory flows." Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 8, no. 2 (2017): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstpm-05-2017-0020.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to navigate the challenges irregular migratory flows generate for cities and urban systems. The migration and refugee crises that challenged Europe in 2015-2016 revealed that the developed world cities and urban areas are largely unprepared to address challenges that irregular migratory flows generate. This paper queries the smart and resilient cities’ debates, respectively, to highlight that migration-related challenges and opportunities have not been explicitly addressed in those deliberations. This creates a disconnect between what these debates promise and what cities/urban systems increasingly need to address on a daily basis. Subsequently, a way of bridging that disconnect is proposed and its policy-making implications discussed. Design/methodology/approach To suggest ways of navigating irregular migration-inflicted challenges cities/urban areas face, a nexus between the smart cities and resilient cities’ debates is established. By placing advanced sophisticated information and communication technologies (ICTs) at the heart of the analysis, a novel dynamic ICTs’ enabled integrated framework for resilient urban systems is developed. The framework’s dynamics is defined by two hierarchically interconnected levers, i.e. that of ICTs and that of policy-design and policy-making. Drawing from qualitative analysis and process tracing, the cross-section of policy design and policy-making geared towards the most efficient and ethically sensitive use of sophisticated ICTs is queried. Subsequently, options available to cities/urban systems are discussed. Findings The ICTs’ enabled integrated framework for resilient urban systems integrates the effectiveness of migrants and refugees’ policy design and policy-making in human-centred thinking, planning and policy-design for resilient urban systems. It places resilient approaches in the spotlight of research and policy-making, naming them the most effective methods for promoting a humanistic smart cities and resilient urban systems vision. It highlights critical junctions that urban systems’ stakeholders must consider if the promise of emerging sophisticated ICTs is to be employed effectively for the entire society, including its most vulnerable members. Research limitations/implications First, when designing ICTs’ enabled integrated resilient urban systems, the key stakeholders involved in the policy-design and policy-making process, including local, national and regional authorities, must employ a holistic view to the urban systems seen through the lens of hard and soft concerns as well as considerations expressed by the receiving and incoming populations. Second, the third-sector representatives, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other actors, need to be seen as peers in integrated humanistic networks, thereby contributing critical, unbiased knowledge flows to infrastructures, which promote fair and inclusive participation of migrants and refugees in local economies. Practical implications The ICTs’ enabled integrated framework for resilient urban systems promotes a humanistic smart cities’ and resilient urban systems’ vision. It suggests how to design and implement policies apt to meet the needs of both receiving and incoming populations along value chains specific to smart and resilient cities. It promotes emerging sophisticated ICTs as the subtle, yet key, enabler of data ecosystems and customized services capable of responding to critical societal needs of the receiving and the incoming populations. In addition, the framework suggests options, alternatives and strategies for urban systems’ stakeholders, including the authorities, businesses, NGOs, inhabitants and ICTs’ providers and vendors. Originality/value The value added of this paper is three-fold. At the conceptual level, by bringing together the smart cities and resilient cities debates, and incorporating sophisticated ICTs in the analysis, it makes a case for their usefulness for cities/urban areas in light of challenges these cities/urban areas confront each day. At the empirical level, this analysis maps the key challenges that cities and their stakeholders face in context of migratory flows and highlights their dual nature. At the policy-making level, this study makes a case for a sound set of policies and actions that boost effective use of ICTs beyond the smart technology hype.
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Kudeyarova, Nadezhda. "Europe ‒ Latin America: Migratory Space Development." Contemporary Europe 102, no. 2 (2021): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope220215062.
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The migration ties between Latin America and Europe at the beginning of the XXI century were manifested in a massive migration flow, resulting in the dramatic growth of the number of South American natives in Europe. The Migratory Space concept is applied to the current stage of transatlantic mobility, which makes it possible to determine the territorial limits of the involved states, to distinguish the transatlantic space from the general panorama of the Latin America migration movement as well as from the European migration context. At the present stage, the South American states are mainly the migration donors, while the European states are recipients. The historical ties between continents, their linguistic commonality and the social networks between migrants contributed to the transatlantic mobility. The majority of the Latin American migrants is localized in Spain and Italy. The high degree of integration into the host communities contributed to generally favorable public opinion about the migrants in the recipient countries. A large-scale migration presence also became an important factor in strengthening economic and political ties in the Iberoamerican Community of Nations.
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Marroni, María da Gloria. "CHAPTER 5: The Culture of Migratory Networks: Connecting Puebla and New York1." Center for Migration Studies special issues 18, no. 4 (2003): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-411x.2003.tb00329.x.
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Lampert, Thomas J., Nadine Kamprad, Marc Edwards, et al. "Shear force-based genetic screen reveals negative regulators of cell adhesion and protrusive activity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 37 (2017): E7727—E7736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616600114.
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The model organism Dictyostelium discoideum has greatly facilitated our understanding of the signal transduction and cytoskeletal pathways that govern cell motility. Cell–substrate adhesion is downstream of many migratory and chemotaxis signaling events. Dictyostelium cells lacking the tumor suppressor PTEN show strongly impaired migratory activity and adhere strongly to their substrates. We reasoned that other regulators of migration could be obtained through a screen for overly adhesive mutants. A screen of restriction enzyme-mediated integration mutagenized cells yielded numerous mutants with the desired phenotypes, and the insertion sites in 18 of the strains were mapped. These regulators of adhesion and motility mutants have increased adhesion and decreased motility. Characterization of seven strains demonstrated decreased directed migration, flatness, increased filamentous actin-based protrusions, and increased signal transduction network activity. Many of the genes share homology to human genes and demonstrate the diverse array of cellular networks that function in adhesion and migration.
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Pal, Dhiman S., Xiaoguang Li, Tatsat Banerjee, Yuchuan Miao, and Peter N. Devreotes. "The excitable signal transduction networks: movers and shapers of eukaryotic cell migration." International Journal of Developmental Biology 63, no. 8-9-10 (2019): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.190265pd.
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In response to a variety of external cues, eukaryotic cells display varied migratory modes to perform their physiological functions during development and in the adult. Aberrations in cell migration result in embryonic defects and cancer metastasis. The molecular components involved in cell migration are remarkably conserved between the social amoeba Dictyostelium and mammalian cells. This makes the amoeba an excellent model system for studies of eukaryotic cell migration. These migration-associated components can be grouped into three networks: input, signal transduction and cytoskeletal. In migrating cells, signal transduction events such as Ras or PI3K activity occur at the protrusion tips, referred to as ‘front’, whereas events such as dissociation of PTEN from these regions are referred to as ‘back’. Asymmetric distribution of such front and back events is crucial for establishing polarity and guiding cell migration. The triggering of these signaling events displays properties of biochemical excitability including all-or-nothing responsiveness to suprathreshold stimuli, refractoriness, and wave propagation. These signal transduction waves originate from a point and propagate towards the edge of the cell, thereby driving cytoskeletal activity and cellular protrusions. Any change in the threshold for network activation alters the range of the propagating waves and the size of cellular protrusions which gives rise to various migratory modes in cells. Thus, this review highlights excitable signal transduction networks as key players for coordinating cytoskeletal activities to drive cell migration in all eukaryotes.
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Pombo, Pedro. "Weaving Networks: the Economic Decline of Diu and Indian Ocean Circulations of the Vanza Weavers." Asian Review of World Histories 8, no. 1 (2020): 103–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22879811-12340066.
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Abstract Diu, on the Western India coast and Portuguese territory until 1961, was a strategic port connecting the subcontinent with Eastern Africa until the industrial mills in Western India provoked the decline of the traditional textile production systems in Gujarat and the near erasure of the maritime trade in Diu. Sustained by ethnographic and archival research, this article shows how the decline of maritime trading from Diu exposed the lack of Portuguese control over the trading routes connecting Asia and Africa. Local communities responded to changing contexts by developing new migratory connections with Mozambique. Among them are the Diuese weavers’ community, the Vanza, whose role in Mozambican trade, and later postcolonial connections with European countries, is still mostly to be examined. Though a preliminary observation of their migratory initiatives we observe how lives across the Indian Ocean navigated relatively apart from colonial intentions, pursuing their own winds and tides.
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Jia, Yifei, Yunzhu Liu, Shengwu Jiao, et al. "Shifting of the Migration Route of White-Naped Crane (Antigone vipio) Due to Wetland Loss in China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (2021): 2984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13152984.
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In the last 15 years, the west population of white-naped crane (Antigone vipio) decreased dramatically despite the enhanced conservation actions in both breeding and wintering areas. Recent studies highlighted the importance of protecting the integrity of movement connectivity for migratory birds. Widespread and rapid landcover changes may exceed the adaptive capacity of migrants, leading to the collapse of migratory networks. In this study, using satellite tracking data, we modeled and characterized the migration routes of the white-naped crane at three spatial levels (core area, migratory corridor, and migratory path) based on the utilization distribution for two eras (1990s and 2010s) spanning 20 years. Our analysis demonstrated that the white-naped crane shifted its migratory route, which is supported by other lines of evidences. The widespread loss of wetlands, especially within the stopover sites, might have caused this behavioral adaptation. Moreover, our analysis indicated that the long-term sustainability of the new route is untested and likely to be questionable. Therefore, directing conservation effects to the new route might be insufficient for the long-term wellbeing of this threatened crane and large-scale wetland restorations in Bohai Bay, a critical stopover site in the East Asian-Australasian flyway, are of the utmost importance to the conservation of this species.
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Bauer, S., and B. J. Hoye. "Migratory Animals Couple Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning Worldwide." Science 344, no. 6179 (2014): 1242552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1242552.
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Animal migrations span the globe, involving immense numbers of individuals from a wide range of taxa. Migrants transport nutrients, energy, and other organisms as they forage and are preyed upon throughout their journeys. These highly predictable, pulsed movements across large spatial scales render migration a potentially powerful yet underappreciated dimension of biodiversity that is intimately embedded within resident communities. We review examples from across the animal kingdom to distill fundamental processes by which migratory animals influence communities and ecosystems, demonstrating that they can uniquely alter energy flow, food-web topology and stability, trophic cascades, and the structure of metacommunities. Given the potential for migration to alter ecological networks worldwide, we suggest an integrative framework through which community dynamics and ecosystem functioning may explicitly consider animal migrations.
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Davydova, Darja. "Criminal networks, unfortunate circumstances, or migratory projects? Researching sex trafficking from Eastern Europe." Cultural Dynamics 25, no. 2 (2013): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0921374013498136.
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Eastern Europe constitutes a peripheral space of the European Union, in which political and symbolic belonging of the nations is constantly questioned. As the migration of Eastern Europeans challenges and redefines geographical and symbolic borders, sex trafficking emerges as a politicized issue related to the construction of the European identity and the surveillance of the borders. The research on sex trafficking is frequently employed by policy-makers in order to justify the increasing control of migration over the Eastern border. In this article, I explore the diversity of methodological approaches in recent research on migration for sex work from Eastern Europe and discuss its implications for maintaining physical and symbolic Eastern border of the European Union. I distinguish between different perspectives undertaken by researchers and demonstrate the relation between conceptualization of the problem of sex trafficking, methodological approaches, and the way Eastern Europe is described in research projects.
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Tian, Huaiyu, Sen Zhou, Lu Dong, et al. "Avian influenza H5N1 viral and bird migration networks in Asia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 1 (2014): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405216112.
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The spatial spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and its long-term persistence in Asia have resulted in avian influenza panzootics and enormous economic losses in the poultry sector. However, an understanding of the regional long-distance transmission and seasonal patterns of the virus is still lacking. In this study, we present a phylogeographic approach to reconstruct the viral migration network. We show that within each wild fowl migratory flyway, the timing of H5N1 outbreaks and viral migrations are closely associated, but little viral transmission was observed between the flyways. The bird migration network is shown to better reflect the observed viral gene sequence data than other networks and contributes to seasonal H5N1 epidemics in local regions and its large-scale transmission along flyways. These findings have potentially far-reaching consequences, improving our understanding of how bird migration drives the periodic reemergence of H5N1 in Asia.
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Glorius, Birgit. "Transnational Social Capital in Migration: The example of Educational Migration between Bulgaria and Germany." Social Inclusion 7, no. 4 (2019): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i4.2390.
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Focusing on student migration from Bulgaria to Germany, this article examines what types of social capital are accumulated, transformed and implemented through migration, who profits from the investment, and how. The empirical work consists of 60 narrative biographical interviews with migrants and returnees to Bulgaria. The research reveals that the accumulation and investment of social capital takes place throughout the migratory trajectory—starting well before leaving—and is embedded in a transnational social space. Transnational networks exist as family, peer and professional networks, and all of them have a specific meaning for the migrants. Family networks are naturally present; they provide bonding social capital and thus have a stabilizing function for the individual’s identity. Professional networks have a strongly bridging function, helping the young migrants to manage status transitions. After return the transnational social capital acquired during the migratory stay helps returnees to re-integrate and find their way into the Bulgarian labour market. It also encourages them to pursue activities which are meaningful for civil society development, or for innovative (social) entrepreneurship. Thus, transnational social capital helps migrants to align their biographical development to the future, considering the post-transformative environment of Bulgaria, thereby helping to manage transformative changes and supporting societal modernization processes.
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De Luca, Giancarlo, Patrizio Mariani, Brian R. MacKenzie, and Matteo Marsili. "Fishing out collective memory of migratory schools." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 95 (2014): 20140043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0043.
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Animals form groups for many reasons, but there are costs and benefits associated with group formation. One of the benefits is collective memory. In groups on the move, social interactions play a crucial role in the cohesion and the ability to make consensus decisions. When migrating from spawning to feeding areas, fish schools need to retain a collective memory of the destination site over thousands of kilometres, and changes in group formation or individual preference can produce sudden changes in migration pathways. We propose a modelling framework, based on stochastic adaptive networks, that can reproduce this collective behaviour. We assume that three factors control group formation and school migration behaviour: the intensity of social interaction, the relative number of informed individuals and the strength of preference that informed individuals have for a particular migration area. We treat these factors independently and relate the individuals’ preferences to the experience and memory for certain migration sites. We demonstrate that removal of knowledgeable individuals or alteration of individual preference can produce rapid changes in group formation and collective behaviour. For example, intensive fishing targeting the migratory species and also their preferred prey can reduce both terms to a point at which migration to the destination sites is suddenly stopped. The conceptual approaches represented by our modelling framework may therefore be able to explain large-scale changes in fish migration and spatial distribution.
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Muciaccia, Tommaso, and Vittorio M. N. Passaro. "Proposal for an SDN-Like Innovative Metro-Access Optical Network Architecture." International Journal of Optics 2019 (April 1, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3618785.
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Today, telecommunication operators are facing an epochal challenge due to the need of higher reconfigurability, flexibility, and dynamicity for their networks. In the latest years, this necessity has been addressed by the introduction of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), mainly in the fields of data centers and core networks. The present work introduces a unified metro-access optical network architecture based on some features inspired by SDN models. The essential aim is to enable bandwidth shared among different passive optical networks (PONs) in order to achieve higher adaptability to increasingly migratory and volatile traffic patterns. Even if the present work is mainly focused on the architecture, several hints for specific implementation of the network nodes are detailed as well in order to demonstrate its feasibility. Several numerical simulations have been performed to assess the performance of the proposed solution both about physical effects and about quality of service. Bit error ratio degradation due to physical impairments has been evaluated and traffic congestion has been estimated in terms of burst loss probability and average throughput.
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Pandit, Kusum V., and Jadranka Milosevic. "MicroRNA regulatory networks in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 93, no. 2 (2015): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2014-0101.
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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and fatal scarring lung disease of unknown etiology, characterized by changes in microRNA expression. Activation of transforming growth factor (TGF-β) is a key event in the development of IPF. Recent reports have also identified epigenetic modification as an important player in the pathogenesis of IPF. In this review, we summarize the main results of studies that address the role of microRNAs in IPF and highlight the synergistic actions of these microRNAs in regulating TGF-β, the primary fibrogenic mediator. We outline epigenetic regulation of microRNAs by methylation. Functional studies identify microRNAs that alter proliferative and migratory properties of fibroblasts, and induce phenotypic changes in epithelial cells consistent with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Though these studies were performed in isolation, we identify multiple co-operative actions after assembling the results into a network. Construction of such networks will help identify disease-propelling hubs that can be targeted for therapeutic purposes.
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Buhnerkempe, Michael G., Colleen T. Webb, Andrew A. Merton, et al. "Identification of migratory bird flyways in North America using community detection on biological networks." Ecological Applications 26, no. 3 (2016): 740–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/15-0934.
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Chaumot, A., S. Charles, P. Flammarion, and P. Auger. "Do migratory or demographic disruptions rule the population impact of pollution in spatial networks?" Theoretical Population Biology 64, no. 4 (2003): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-5809(03)00103-5.
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Su, Jin-He, Ying-Chao Piao, Ze Luo, and Bao-Ping Yan. "Modeling Habitat Suitability of Migratory Birds from Remote Sensing Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks." Animals 8, no. 5 (2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8050066.
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Betini, Gustavo S., Mark J. Fitzpatrick, and D. Ryan Norris. "Experimental evidence for the effect of habitat loss on the dynamics of migratory networks." Ecology Letters 18, no. 6 (2015): 526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12432.
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Bellisario, Bruno, Fulvio Cerfolli, and Giuseppe Nascetti. "Climate effects on the distribution of wetland habitats and connectivity in networks of migratory waterbirds." Acta Oecologica 58 (July 2014): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2014.04.002.
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De Marzio, Margherita, Ayşe Kılıç, Enrico Maiorino, et al. "Genomic signatures of the unjamming transition in compressed human bronchial epithelial cells." Science Advances 7, no. 30 (2021): eabf1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf1088.
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Epithelial tissue can transition from a jammed, solid-like, quiescent phase to an unjammed, fluid-like, migratory phase, but the underlying molecular events of the unjamming transition (UJT) remain largely unexplored. Using primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and one well-defined trigger of the UJT, compression mimicking the mechanical effects of bronchoconstriction, here, we combine RNA sequencing data with protein-protein interaction networks to provide the first genome-wide analysis of the UJT. Our results show that compression induces an early transcriptional activation of the membrane and actomyosin network and a delayed activation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-matrix networks. This response is associated with a signaling cascade that promotes actin polymerization and cellular motility through the coordinated interplay of downstream pathways including ERK, JNK, integrin signaling, and energy metabolism. Moreover, in nonasthmatic versus asthmatic HBECs, common genomic patterns associated with ECM remodeling suggest a molecular connection between airway remodeling, bronchoconstriction, and the UJT.
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Silva, Adriano M., Pietro K. Maruyama, Luís Pedro M. Paniago, and Celine Melo. "Modularity in ecological networks between frugivorous birds and congeneric plant species." Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, no. 6 (2016): 526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000444.
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Abstract:Ecological and evolutionary factors influence the presence of modules in species interaction networks, and these modules usually cluster functional similar species. But whether closely related species form modules is still unknown. We tested whether the interaction networks formed by frugivorous birds and Miconia plants are modular and evaluated how modules were divided. To do so, we gathered from the literature data concerning four networks of Miconia and their frugivorous birds (three from Brazilian savanna and one from a rain forest in Panama). We quantified modularity using binary and weighted algorithms and also tested the relationship between bird traits (body mass, dietary specialization, migratory behaviour and phylogeny) in relation to within- and among-module connectivity indices (c and z values). If considering only binary information, networks did not present distinct modular structure. Nevertheless, by including interaction strength, modules can be detected in all four Miconia-bird networks. None of the bird traits, however, was related with the connectivity indices. The possible fluctuation of frugivorous bird abundance coupled with the asynchronic fruiting period of Miconia might favour the formation of temporal modules comprising birds and plant species with phenological overlap, ensuring seed dispersal and facilitating the coexistence in sympatry. Bird traits had little effect on the role that each species plays within the modular network, probably because the frugivorous assemblages were dominated by small-bodied and opportunistic species.
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Gill, Jennifer A., José A. Alves, and Tómas G. Gunnarsson. "Mechanisms driving phenological and range change in migratory species." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (2019): 20180047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0047.
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Many migratory systems are changing rapidly in space and time, and these changes present challenges for conservation. Changes in local abundance and site occupancy across species' ranges have raised concerns over the efficacy of the existing protected area networks, while changes in phenology can potentially create mismatches in the timing of annual events with the availability of key resources. These changes could arise either through individuals shifting in space and time or through generational shifts in the frequency of individuals using different locations or on differing migratory schedules. Using a long-term study of a migratory shorebird in which individuals have been tracked through a period of range expansion and phenological change, we show that these changes occur through generational shifts in spatial and phenological distributions, and that individuals are highly consistent in space and time. Predictions of future rates of changes in range size and phenology, and their implications for species conservation, will require an understanding of the processes that can drive generational shifts. We therefore explore the developmental, demographic and environmental processes that could influence generational shifts in phenology and distribution, and the studies that will be needed to distinguish among these mechanisms of change. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.
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Li, Xiaoguang, Marc Edwards, Kristen F. Swaney, et al. "Mutually inhibitory Ras-PI(3,4)P2 feedback loops mediate cell migration." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 39 (2018): E9125—E9134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809039115.
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Signal transduction and cytoskeleton networks in a wide variety of cells display excitability, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that during random migration and in response to chemoattractants, cells maintain complementary spatial and temporal distributions of Ras activity and phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2]. In addition, depletion of PI(3,4)P2 by disruption of the 5-phosphatase, Dd5P4, or by recruitment of 4-phosphatase INPP4B to the plasma membrane, leads to elevated Ras activity, cell spreading, and altered migratory behavior. Furthermore, RasGAP2 and RapGAP3 bind to PI(3,4)P2, and the phenotypes of cells lacking these genes mimic those with low PI(3,4)P2 levels, providing a molecular mechanism. These findings suggest that Ras activity drives PI(3,4)P2 down, causing the PI(3,4)P2-binding GAPs to dissociate from the membrane, further activating Ras, completing a positive-feedback loop essential for excitability. Consistently, a computational model incorporating such a feedback loop in an excitable network model accurately simulates the dynamic distributions of active Ras and PI(3,4)P2 as well as cell migratory behavior. The mutually inhibitory Ras-PI(3,4)P2 mechanisms we uncovered here provide a framework for Ras regulation that may play a key role in many physiological processes.
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BOWONG, SAMUEL, JEAN JULES TEWA, and JURGEN KURTHS. "DYNAMICS OF THE SPREAD OF TUBERCULOSIS IN HETEROGENEOUS COMPLEX METAPOPULATIONS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 23, no. 07 (2013): 1350128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127413501289.
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This paper analyzes the dynamics of the spread of tuberculosis (TB) on complex metapopulation, that is, networks of populations connected by migratory flows whose configurations are described in terms of connectivity distribution of nodes (patches) and the conditional probabilities of connections among classes of nodes sharing the same degree. The migration and transmission processes occur simultaneously. For uncorrelated networks, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the instability of the disease-free equilibrium. The existence of endemic equilibria is also discussed. Finally, the prevalence of the TB infection across the metapopulation as a function of the path connectivity is studied using numerical simulations.
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Krissman, Fred. "Sin Coyote Ni Patrón: Why the “Migrant Network” Fails to Explain International Migration." International Migration Review 39, no. 1 (2005): 4–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00254.x.
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The “migrant network” concept cannot explain large-scale international migratory flows. This article goes beyond a critique of its ahistorical and post factum nature. First, I argue that restrictions on its composition and functions also render the migrant network unable to explain why such migratory flows continue or expand even further. Second, a review of five studies illustrates why this concept, the propositions on which it rests, the methods it employs, and the conclusions that it imparts must be reconsidered. Third, the network analysis literature, along with my research data from the Mexico-U.S. case, suggest an alternative approach. “International migration networks” include those from the labor-sending hometowns who are emphasized in migrant network studies, as well as a variety of other actors based in the militarized border zone and the labor-receiving regions. I conclude that accurate studies of migration must include the employers that demand new immigrant workers, as well as the labor smugglers and all other actors that respond to this demand. Immigration studies that fail to do so provide erroneous analyses which camouflage the activities of many network actors, and furnish an academic fig leaf behind which unintended, counterproductive, and even lethal public policies have been implemented. By and large, the effective units of migration were (and are) neither individuals nor households but sets of people linked by acquaintance, kinship, and work experience who somehow incorporated American destinations into the mobility alternatives they considered when they reached critical decision points in their individual or collective lives (Tilly, 1990:84, emphasis added). [Migrant n]etwork connections constitute a form of social capital that people can draw upon to gain access to foreign employment (Massey et al., 1993:448, emphasis added)
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Stratman, Amber N., W. Brian Saunders, Anastasia Sacharidou, et al. "Endothelial cell lumen and vascular guidance tunnel formation requires MT1-MMP–dependent proteolysis in 3-dimensional collagen matrices." Blood 114, no. 2 (2009): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-12-196451.
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Abstract Here we show that endothelial cells (EC) require matrix type 1-metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) for the formation of lumens and tube networks in 3-dimensional (3D) collagen matrices. A fundamental consequence of EC lumen formation is the generation of vascular guidance tunnels within collagen matrices through an MT1-MMP-dependent proteolytic process. Vascular guidance tunnels represent a conduit for EC motility within these spaces (a newly remodeled 2D matrix surface) to both assemble and remodel tube structures. Interestingly, it appears that twice as many tunnel spaces are created than are occupied by tube networks after several days of culture. After tunnel formation, these spaces represent a 2D migratory surface within 3D collagen matrices allowing for EC migration in an MMP-independent fashion. Blockade of EC lumenogenesis using inhibitors that interfere with the process (eg, integrin, MMP, PKC, Src) completely abrogates the formation of vascular guidance tunnels. Thus, the MT1-MMP-dependent proteolytic process that creates tunnel spaces is directly and functionally coupled to the signaling mechanisms required for EC lumen and tube network formation. In summary, a fundamental and previously unrecognized purpose of EC tube morphogenesis is to create networks of matrix conduits that are necessary for EC migration and tube remodeling events critical to blood vessel assembly.
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Padhi, Abinash, Alexander H. Thomson, Justin B. Perry, et al. "Bioenergetics underlying single-cell migration on aligned nanofiber scaffolds." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 318, no. 3 (2020): C476—C485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00221.2019.
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Cell migration is centrally involved in a myriad of physiological processes, including morphogenesis, wound healing, tissue repair, and metastatic growth. The bioenergetics that underlie migratory behavior are not fully understood, in part because of variations in cell culture media and utilization of experimental cell culture systems that do not model physiological connective extracellular fibrous networks. In this study, we evaluated the bioenergetics of C2C12 myoblast migration and force production on fibronectin-coated nanofiber scaffolds of controlled diameter and alignment, fabricated using a nonelectrospinning spinneret-based tunable engineered parameters (STEP) platform. The contribution of various metabolic pathways to cellular migration was determined using inhibitors of cellular respiration, ATP synthesis, glycolysis, or glucose uptake. Despite immediate effects on oxygen consumption, mitochondrial inhibition only modestly reduced cell migration velocity, whereas inhibitors of glycolysis and cellular glucose uptake led to striking decreases in migration. The migratory metabolic sensitivity was modifiable based on the substrates present in cell culture media. Cells cultured in galactose (instead of glucose) showed substantial migratory sensitivity to mitochondrial inhibition. We used nanonet force microscopy to determine the bioenergetic factors responsible for single-cell force production and observed that neither mitochondrial nor glycolytic inhibition altered single-cell force production. These data suggest that myoblast migration is heavily reliant on glycolysis in cells grown in conventional media. These studies have wide-ranging implications for the causes, consequences, and putative therapeutic treatments aimed at cellular migration.
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Heissler, Karin A. "Rethinking ‘trafficking’ in children's migratory processes: the role of social networks in child labour migration in Bangladesh." Children's Geographies 11, no. 1 (2013): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.743283.
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Mateaş, Florian. "DOCUMENTARY FRAUD AS SEEN BY THE DOCUMENTARY FRAUD BUREAU OF THE DIRECTION OF BORDER POLICE (Part I)." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 8, no. 4 (2014): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v8i4.1607.
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Today, we are witnessing a globalisation and intensification which is unprecedented in the history of migratory flows in our country. These flows are now of a very complex nature as placed under criminal rule.With this level of organisation, we are not just trying to counter illegal immigration, but fighting against criminality. In this respect, the use of forged documents or documentary fraud in general is a great boon to the activities of the clandestine networks and constitutes an excellent means of introducing illegal immigrants into Western countries.
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Mateaș, Florin. "DOCUMENTARY FRAUD AS SEEN BY THE DOCUMENTARY FRAUD BUREAU OF THE DIRECTION DE LA POLICE AUX FRONTIERES Part II." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 9, no. 1 (2015): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v9i1.1867.
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Today, we are witnessing a globalisation and intensification which is unprecedented in the history of migratory flows in our country. These flows are now of a very complex nature as placed under criminal rule.With this level of organisation, we are not just trying to counter illegal immigration, but fighting against criminality. In this respect, the use of forged documents or documentary fraud in general is a great boon to the activities of the clandestine networks and constitutes an excellent means of introducing illegal immigrants into Western countries.
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Laughton, Jane, Evan Jones, and Christopher Dyer. "The urban hierarchy in the later Middle Ages: a study of the East Midlands." Urban History 28, no. 3 (2001): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926801000311.
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The urban hierarchy of an English region in the period 1300–1540 is defined, using both documentary and archaeological evidence. The part of the East Midlands studied – Leicestershire, Northamptonshire and Rutland – contained twenty towns. ‘Benchmarks’ for placing towns in the hierarchy are explored, including population, topography, social structure, occupational diversity, marketing and migratory networks, administration, and civic and material culture. The conclusion emphasizes the common urban characteristics of all of the towns studied, the compatibility of written and unwritten evidence, and the stability of the urban system.
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Das, Debasish, Nabi Kanta Jha, and Rakesh Kumar Maikhuri. "Fragmentation of Pastoral Grazing Landscape and Herd Migratory Routes: A Case Study from Indian Central Himalaya." International Journal of Life Sciences 9, no. 3 (2015): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i3.12462.
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Natural forage based migratory livestock herding is an important component of regional livelihood in the high altitude regions of Uttarakhand. Bhotiya, Van Gujjars and other hill pastoralists are traditionally engaged in migratory pastoralism. They practice cyclic seasonal migration with their livestock from foothills forests to alpine pastures and vice versa. Over the years, massive land use change and restrictions on grazing and migration in large forest areas have fragmented the pastoral landscape in the region. In 2010-11 Uttarakhand had only 1985.26 km² area designated as permanent pastures and other grazing land for the 5,121,138 grazing livestock. Creation of protected areas which is not inclusive, rapid urbanisation, increasing road networks through forests, hydro-power projects, change in social structure etc. have fragmented this traditional livelihood. There was a negative growth (-6.53%) of sheep population in state during the period 1997-2007 and negative meat production (-13.88%) during 2004-06. Himalayan pastoralism that has been ecologically sound so far is now facing a number of challenges. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i3.12462 International Journal of Life Sciences 9 (3): 2015; 18-23
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Andersson, Jens A. "Reinterpreting the Rural–Urban Connection: Migration Practices and Socio-Cultural Dispositions of Buhera Workers in Harare." Africa 71, no. 1 (2001): 82–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2001.71.1.82.
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AbstractIn the academic debate on labour migration and urbanisation in Southern Africa the persistence of links between urban workers and people in rural areas has proved a pertinent issue. As is implied by the termlabour migration, economic forces have always been regarded as a major determinant of migratory behaviour. State-centred perspectives have dominated studies of rural–urban migration in Zimbabwe, where a restrictive legal framework regulated migration to urban centres during the colonial era in an attempt to prevent large numbers of Africans becoming permanent town dwellers. This ethnographic study of labour migrants in Harare originating from the Buhera district, however, shifts away from perspectives that reduce migratory behaviour to an effect of state intervention and/or economic forces. Such external forces are mediated by migrants’ networks that encompass both rural and urban localities. Rather than being only economically motivated, individual migrants’ participation in these networks has to be understood as an expression of a socio-cultural pattern in which rural identification and kinship ideology are of major importance. Viewing migration practices in this way—i.e. as observable outcomes of migrants’ socio-cultural dispositions—not only helps us to understand better the preferences that motivate economic behaviour but also challenges conventional perspectives in which the rural and urban are often viewed as distinct social worlds and the urbanisation process as part of a wider evolutionary development or transition towards a modern class society.
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Angulo, Mónica Ibáñez. "Referential and vehicular languages in the process of migrant integration." BORDER CROSSING 7, no. 2 (2017): 267–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v7i2.466.
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In this article I examined the strategies developed by Bulgarian immigrants living in Spain in order to promote the learning of Bulgarian language and culture among their children. Starting from the incorporated cultural capital brought by immigrants in the form of habitus (Bulgarian language and culture), I analyse how this devaluated cultural capital in the migratory context is effectively reconverted in other forms of cultural capital (objectified and institutionalized) through the development of non-formal and formal courses on Bulgarian language and culture. In this analysis I show the articulation between, on the one hand, the contexts where these informal, non-formal and formal courses take place and, on the other hand, the reconversion of different forms of social and cultural capital: the initial bonding social capital between family members and close group of compatriots is effectively reconverted into bridging and linking social capital as the organization of these courses requires and contributes to the diversification of social networks. The analysis has also a gender dimension given that in most cases, and certainly in the case of Burgos, women are the main social actors and makers of these strategies. The main objective of the article is to show the relevance of social interaction and social networks in the development of reconversion strategies of different forms of social and cultural capital. In addition, the article also expects to raise more awareness towards the relevance of mother-tongue learning in the migratory context.
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Heo, Su-Jin, Kwang Hoon Song, Shreyasi Thakur, et al. "Nuclear softening expedites interstitial cell migration in fibrous networks and dense connective tissues." Science Advances 6, no. 25 (2020): eaax5083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax5083.
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Dense matrices impede interstitial cell migration and subsequent repair. We hypothesized that nuclear stiffness is a limiting factor in migration and posited that repair could be expedited by transiently decreasing nuclear stiffness. To test this, we interrogated the interstitial migratory capacity of adult meniscal cells through dense fibrous networks and adult tissue before and after nuclear softening via the application of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, Trichostatin A (TSA) or knockdown of the filamentous nuclear protein Lamin A/C. Our results show that transient softening of the nucleus improves migration through microporous membranes, electrospun fibrous matrices, and tissue sections and that nuclear properties and cell function recover after treatment. We also showed that biomaterial delivery of TSA promoted in vivo cellularization of scaffolds by endogenous cells. By addressing the inherent limitations to repair imposed by nuclear stiffness, this work defines a new strategy to promote the repair of damaged dense connective tissues.
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Díaz Infante, Sergio, Carlos Lara, and Maria del Coro Arizmendi. "Temporal dynamics of the hummingbird-plant interaction network of a dry forest in Chamela, Mexico: a 30-year follow-up after two hurricanes." PeerJ 8 (January 9, 2020): e8338. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8338.
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Background Interactions among species are a driving force of community structure. The species composition of animal-plant interaction networks can be highly dynamic on a temporal scale, even though the general network structure is usually not altered. However, few studies have examined how interaction networks change over long periods of time, particularly after extreme natural events. We analyzed herein the structure of the hummingbird-plant interaction network in a dry forest of Chamela, Mexico, comparing the structure in 1985–1986 with that in 2016–2017 following the passage of two hurricanes (category 2 Jova in 2011 and category 4 Patricia in 2015). Methods The fieldwork was carried out in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve in Jalisco, Mexico. In the last 30 years, three severe drought events and two hurricanes have affected this region. Previously, from 1985–1986, hummingbird-plant interactions were recorded monthly for one year in the study area. Then, from 2016–2017, we replicated the sampling in the same localities. We compared the network parameters describing the plant-hummingbird interactions of each period using adjacency matrices. Results We found differences in the number and identity of interacting species, especially plants. The plant species missing in 2016–2017 were either the least connected in the original network (1985–1986) or belonged to groups such as cacti, epiphytes, or trees. The new plant species incorporated in the 2016–2017 network were herbs, vines, and shrubs, or other species barely connected. These changes in the composition are consistent with reports on vegetation damage after strong hurricanes at other study sites. Conversely, all hummingbird species remained in the network, with the exception of Heliomaster constantii, which was primarily connected to a plant species absent in the 2016–2017 network. Migratory and habitat generalist species (i.e., Archilochus spp.) showed higher abundances following the disturbance events. Conclusions Most of the parameters describing the hummingbird-plant network structure remained unchanged after 30 years, with the exception of an increase in plant robustness and hummingbird niche overlap. However, the network’s generalist core was affected by the loss of some species. Also, core plant species such as Ipomoea bracteata, Combretum farinosum, and Justicia candicans were found to be important for maintaining the hummingbird-plant interaction network. The temporal perspective of this study provides unique insights into the conservation of plant-hummingbird networks across time and extreme natural events.
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Frenkiel, Stanislas. "Migratory Networks Used by Algerian Professional Footballers in France: From Colonial Times to the Postcolonial Era, 1932–1991." International Journal of the History of Sport 32, no. 7 (2015): 952–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2015.1045357.
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Orzoff, Andrea. "Citizen of the Staatsoper: Erich Kleiber's Musical Migration." Central European History 54, no. 2 (2021): 326–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938920000527.
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AbstractConductor Erich Kleiber was born in Vienna, made his reputation in Berlin, fled Nazism for Latin America, and tried briefly to return to postwar East Berlin before dying in 1956. His life illustrates the wide diversity in mid-century migratory stories. For so many of Kleiber's fellow migrants, flight disrupted established structures, contexts and networks. More recently, scholars have emphasized refugees' creative self-reinvention. Kleiber's story illustrates both these outcomes while embodying neither; his narrative is one of musical and political continuity, involving a particular kind of Habsburg cultural nostalgia, insulated by his wealth and fame.
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Eyal, Hillel. "Going Local and Global: Internal and Transatlantic Migration in Eighteenth-Century Spain." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 52, no. 2 (2021): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01697.
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Abstract Evidence from eighteenth-century marriage applications in Mexico City and Cadiz reveals that migration from Spain to the New World was primarily an extension of domestic movements from rural to urban areas, not the direct result of transatlantic networks. The migratory dynamism that pervaded Spanish society fueled Spain’s fledgling urbanization in the era of commercial capitalism, as peasants increasingly moved to towns and cities, especially to Cadiz. Many of these internal migrants subsequently used the social capital and other resources that they had accumulated in Cadiz and elsewhere on the Iberian Peninsula to facilitate migration to the New World.
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Morales, Stephanie Alexandra, and Victor Manuel Vazquez. "Surviving “la lucha” in Ciudad Juárez. An anthropological reflection on the cuban community in Ciudad Juárez, México." DECUMANUS 6, no. 6 (2021): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20983/decumanus.2021.1.4.
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The following article presents a brief anthropological and historical reflection based on the Cuban community in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Additionally, we discuss important historical aspects that have contributed to the development of the Cuban community in the El Paso, TX – Ciudad Juárez, CH border, such as the migrant caravans that occurred between 2017-2019 and the migratory policies that have been put into effect. Furthermore, we present an ethnographic analysis on the migration experience of certain participants, placing an emphasis on created networks, and expanding on the concept of community through spatial solidarity and survival in Ciudad Juárez
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Ledo-Andión, Margarita, and Enrique Castelló-Mayo. "Cultural Diversity across the Networks: The Case of National Cinema." Comunicar 20, no. 40 (2013): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c40-2013-03-09.
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The research «Cinema, Diversity and Networks» tries to isolate the principal stimuli or reticences in the consumption of products generated by small cinematographies, analyzing the particular case of the diffusion through the digital interactive networks of cinematographic contents produced in Galicia. It is a multicentral investigation with the collaboration of the universities of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay – the countries with a significant migratory Galician presence, with special focus on the university groups of reception for their special predisposition to the media intercultural consumption. Our work addresses a statistical determination of the social-demographic and axiologic profile as well as the habits of consumption of the participant groups as an introduction to the confrontation with some representative films produced in Galicia between 2003 and 2008 in order to establish the influence of certain thematic, formal and linguistic variables in the acceptance or objection to certain messages. The study can be identified with the models of basic and applied investigation: basic, for its analysis of the cultural determinant indicators of the cinematographic consumption in communities, which although geographically dispersed preserve their identity elements such as the language; and applied, as our investigation provides a transfer of knowledge to their technological partners in addition to the opening of unexplored niches of transnational consumption through the potential that the digital networks offer nowadays.La investigación «Cine, Diversidad y Redes» pretende aislar los principales estímulos o reticencias en el consumo de productos generados por pequeñas cinematografías, analizando el caso concreto de la circulación a través de las redes digitales interactivas de contenidos cinematográficos producidos en Galicia. Se trata de una investigación multicéntrica en la que participan universidades radicadas en Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay –países con una significativa presencia migratoria gallega–, a través de grupos de recepción principalmente universitarios, por su especial predisposición al consumo mediático intercultural. Nuestro trabajo aborda una determinación estadística del perfil sociodemográfico, axiológico y de hábitos de consumo de los grupos participantes, como proemio a su encuentro con una muestra representativa, integrada por obras cinematográficas producidas en Galicia entre 2003 y 2008, a los efectos de precisar la influencia de determinadas variables temáticas, formales y lingüísticas en la aceptación o recusación de determinados mensajes. La investigación responde, en suma, a los modelos de investigación básica y aplicada: básica, por su análisis de indicadores culturales determinantes del consumo cinematográfico en comunidades que, aunque geográficamente dispersas, preservan elementos identitarios como la lengua; y aplicada, en la medida en que la investigación contempla una transferencia de conocimiento a sus socios tecnológicos, coadyuvante de la apertura de nichos inexplorados de consumo transnacional, a través del potencial que actualmente brindan las redes digitales.