Academic literature on the topic 'Migratory paths'

Through compilation of historical whaling data, together with recent aerial and boat-based survey data, a general framework for the overall peaks of migration has been estimated for the temporal and spatial movements of Group IV humpback whales along the Western Australian coast.The migratory paths of humpback whales along the Western Australian coast lie within the continental shelf boundary or 200 m bathymetry. Major resting areas along the migratory path have been identified at Exmouth Gulf (southern migration only) and at Shark Bay. The northern endpoint of migration and resting area for reproductively active whales in the population appears to be Camden Sound in the Kimberley. A 6,750 square km2 area of the Kimberley region, inclusive of Camden Sound, has also been identified as a major calving ground. The northern and southern migratory paths have been shown to be divergent at the Perth Basin, Dampier Archipelago and Kimberley regions. In all cases the northern migratory route is further off-shore.

Transnational migratory labor remains a primary method many Filipinos use in an effort to gain financial security for their families. Based on data collected from an urban Southern Visayan province during the summer of 2007, this study examined a sample of 116 OFW (Overseas Filipino Workers) families and a sample of 99 traditional two-parent households. Comparative analyses revealed that mothers from OFW families demonstrated lower levels of warmth when compared with mothers from two-parent homes. Children from OFW families were reported to demonstrate greater internalizing and externalizing problems when compared with children from homes in which both parents lived in the home. Subsequent regression analyses showed that fathers who worked abroad may contribute to mother behaviors and child outcomes in certain direct and indirect paths.

The population dynamics and fishery policy for a migratory resource with two migration paths are analyzed, based on the supposition that the resource separates into two groups, each migrating along and caught on a different path, after reproduction in a limited area. Two possible mechanisms determining individual migration paths are considered: (i) ``nongenetically controlled'' migration and (ii) ``genetically controlled'' migration. Initially, the relationships between the resource population dynamics and the fishery are analyzed for both these cases. Based on these results, the optimal fishery policy for each migration path is analyzed. Two criteria to be maximized were considered: (i) the ``game situation,'' which aims to maximize catches on each fishery path, and (ii) the ``cooperative situation,'' which aims to maximize the total, overall catch on both paths. In the case of genetically controlled migration, a fishery based on one path negatively affects recruitment on that path but positively affects recruitment on the alternative path. In both the nongenetically controlled and genetically controlled migration cases, the cooperative policy resulted in higher overall maximum catch, especially in the latter case. In the genetically controlled migration case, convergence to equilibrium is often slow, the rate being affected by density dependence of mortalities.

Most migratory birds depend on stopover sites, which are essential for refueling during migration and affect their population dynamics. In the East Asian–Australasian Flyway (EAAF), however, the stopover ecology of migratory waterfowl is severely under-studied. The knowledge gaps regarding the timing, intensity and duration of stopover site usages prevent the development of effective and full annual cycle conservation strategies for migratory waterfowl in EAAF. In this study, we obtained a total of 33,493 relocations and visualized 33 completed spring migratory paths of five geese species using satellite tracking devices. We delineated 2,192,823 ha as the key stopover sites along the migration routes and found that croplands were the largest land use type within the stopover sites, followed by wetlands and natural grasslands (62.94%, 17.86% and 15.48% respectively). We further identified the conservation gaps by overlapping the stopover sites with the World Database on Protected Areas (PA). The results showed that only 15.63% (or 342,757 ha) of the stopover sites are covered by the current PA network. Our findings fulfil some key knowledge gaps for the conservation of the migratory waterbirds along the EAAF, thus enabling an integrative conservation strategy for migratory water birds in the flyway.

In 2015, the resettlement of 25,000 Syrian refugees in Canada placed a strain on social services. Caseworkers employed in these agencies often come from similar migratory trajectories to those of the refugees. This experiential proximity requires an understanding of the subjective perspectives that caseworkers with migratory paths have of refugees in the context of their professional practice. We analyzed fifteen individual interviews with Canadian caseworkers and conducted field observations of resettlement activities in the Ottawa-Gatineau region using inductive reasoning inspired by grounded theory. Adopting a sociogenetic approach to social representation theory, this qualitative study illustrates how the social representation of refugees among foreign-born caseworkers is highly informed by their migratory past experience, as well as by the social identity and social context from which that representation was socio-generated. Our analysis reveals the mirror effect of the caseworkers as a fruitful concept for understanding the identity-otherness dynamics in the encounter between the distant other (refugee) and the self.

AbstractA hypothesis is proposed wherein changes in the Earth's magnetic field affect the migratory paths of snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis), and in particular from wintering grounds in the Russian/Ukrainian steppes to breeding grounds on Svalbard and with a typical stopover in Finnmark in northern Norway. If one were to assume ignorance of the secular movement of the magnetic north pole approximately 1500 km northwards between 1908 and 2020, the magnetoreceptor contribution to snow buntings' navigation would result in winter-to-summer migratory paths progressively further to the East. In turn, this could be a contributing factor to declining populations in Finnmark and favouring a more frequent flightpath over the Kola Peninsula. On the other hand, short-term perturbations in the magnetic field (i.e. induced by solar activity) and therefore existing for a relatively small proportion of the flight time (if at all) for the individual migrations legs seem unlikely to influence the stopover locations significantly. Even so, these space-weather induced variations cannot be disregarded, particularly for success in reaching Svalbard.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>As tartarugas marinhas são espécies ameaçadas, altamente migratórias que apresentam um ciclo de vida longo e uma ampla distribuição geográfica. Assim, melhorar a nossa compreensão sobre a ecologia espacial das tartarugas marinhas é essencial para a elucidação de aspectos da sua história de vida e para o desenvolvimento de medidas eficazes de conservação. Esta tese compreende um conjunto de artigos ou capítulos que visam contribuir ao conhecimento da ecologia espacial da tartaruga-de-couro, Dermochelys coriacea. Este estudo utilizou novas tecnologias como à telemetria por satélite (que proporciona um método útil para monitorar os movimentos de espécies migratórias) e um conjunto de ferramentas de geoprocessamento como abordagem metodológica que visou: examinar os movimentos e migrações da tartaruga-de-couro, identificar áreas de uso intenso e padrões espaço-temporais no uso do habitat, e integrar dados biológicos e oceanográficos para descrever as estratégias comportamentais desta espécie. Cinco tartarugas-de-couro (um subaduto, dois machos adultos e duas fêmeas adultas) foram equipadas com transmissores por satélite no Atlântico Sul Ocidental entre 2005 e 2008. Além de fornecer dados de localização geográfica os tansmissores permitiram registrar informações de mergulho tais como profundidade e duração máxima e media dos mergulhos, perfis completos de mergulhos individuais e dados de temperatura do mar. Movimentos e migrações de tartarugas-de-couro marcadas no Atlântico Sul foram documentados pela primeira vez. Alem disso, foi posível identificar áreas de uso intenso (ou alimentação) previamente desconhecidas para a espécie, assim como uma residência sazonal nestas áreas localizadas em águas tropicais e temperadas fora da costa sul-americana (19-45S). A sazonalidade dos movimentos esteve intimamente associada a processos físicos sazonais de pequena e mesoescala. Dependendo do ambiente marinho explorado, durante os períodos de residência, as tartarugas apresentaram diferentes estratégias alimentares identificadas através da análise dos padrões de mergulho.<br>Sea turtles are long-lived, highly migratory endangered species with a wide distribution. Thus improving our knowledge of the spatial ecology of sea turtles is essential for elucidating aspects of their life history and for the development of effective conservation measures. This thesis comprises a collection of articles or chapters that aim to contribute to the knowledge of the spatial ecology of the leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. This study used new technologies such as satellite telemetry (which provides a useful approach for tracking the movements of migratory species) and a set of geoprocessing tools as a methodological approach that aimed to: examine the movements and migrations of leatherback turtles, identify high use areas and spatio-temporal patterns of habitat use, and integrate biological and environmental data to describe foraging strategies of this species. Five leatherback turtles (a subadut, two adult males and two adult females) were fitted with satellite transmitters in the Southwest Atlantic between 2005 and 2008. Besides providing geographical location data the transmitters also recorded dive information such as mean and maximum dive depth and duration, individual dive profiles and water temperature data. For the first time the movements and migrations of leatherback turtles tagged in the South Atlantic were documented. Previously unidentified high use areas (or foraging areas) were recognized for this species, also a seasonal residence along those areas located in tropical and temperate areas off the coast of South America (19-45 S). The seasonal movements were closely associated with small and mesoscale physical seasonal processes. Depending on the marine environment exploited during periods of residence, the turtles showed different foraging strategies identified through the analysis of the diving patterns.

Cette recherche transdisciplinaire démontre qu’à partir d’un travail sur les biographies langagières, nous pouvons nous ouvrir sur une nouvelle approche méthodologique en direction des publics migrants adultes. Elle a pour visée l’expérimentation concrète, d’une didactique du plurilinguisme à visée d’intégration sociale par la mise en lumière de l’articulation autour des publics migrants, d’une variété d’enjeux : didactiques, institutionnels, sociaux, politiques et personnels.L’enjeu de ce travail sera donc de développer la dimension biographique afin de développer une approche méthodologique à destination des publics migrants adultes.Pour cela, il a fallu dans le premier volet, expliciter la contextualisation institutionnelle et didactique de la situation d’intervention en milieu associatif, les principales caractéristiques du public-cible visé qui servent de point d’appui dans cette recherche intervention et formation afin d’appréhender le migrant dès son arrivée en France.Alors que dans le second volet, nous mettons en exergue à travers quelques exemples de trajectoires migratoires englobant l’ensemble des parcours du migrant (scolaires, sociaux, langagiers, culturels…), les enjeux socio-didactiques et culturels de cette approche méthodologique de recherche et d’enseignement-apprentissage.En définitive, nous axons notre travail sur les moyens d’articulation entre les différents savoirs expérientiels de vie, ou de compétences professionnelles ou conventionnelles, par le biais d’approches biographiques qui sont extensibles, recouvrant à la fois un espace multiforme et transdisciplinaire, et une temporalité historique, tout en étant très contemporaine<br>This research has convened two disciplinary fields sociolinguistics and didactics in order to demonstrate that from a work on the language biography, we can open a new methodological approach in the direction of the adult migrant audiences. This research is aiming the concrete experimentation of didactics of plurilingualism to aim a social integration.This work deals with the meeting of adult migrants in associations with the e biography language through case studies of social integration. The challenge of this work will be to develop the biographic dimension, i.e. from known facts of the lives of our audience to take it audience into unknown territory, potentially least safe in order to develop a methodological approach to destination of migrants adults through the studies 'of some social integration cases.This, il will be necessary to multiply the application in different biographical approaches such as the contextualized portfolio class, which allow the migrant adult to progress in his learning, and to acquire basic knowledge in everyday life and especially to target successful social integrationAfter a presentation of the conceptual and institutional framework for this work, in order to better convey the educational issues of the field of the intervention, we explain through examples, socio- educational and cultural issues of this methodological approach and teaching-learning issues

Cette thèse interroge les dynamiques de construction du rapport à la politique (intérêt, critique, indifférence, engagement etc.) des descendants d’immigrés nés en France – ou y ayant grandi – et résidant dans un quartier d'habitat social dans lequel est mise en oeuvre la politique de la ville. L'originalité de ce travail vient du fait que différents rapports à la politique sont étudiés et que les familles rencontrées sont originaires de différents pays (Sénégal, Algérie, Maroc, Vietnam, Laos, Comores etc.). L'analyse développée à partir d’entretiens biographiques souligne l’influence des différents parcours migratoires des parents et des expériences communes des enfants sur la construction de leurs attitudes politiques ; elle questionne leur éventuelle spécificité. Elle accorde une attention particulière à la mémoire familiale et aux dynamiques des transmissions intergénérationnelles, aux trajectoires socioprofessionnelles des descendants d’immigrés et de leurs parents ainsi qu’au contexte local de vie<br>This PhD questions the dynamics of political attitudes (interest, criticism, indifference, involvement etc.) of French youths from non-European immigrant background born or raised in France in deprived areas where a specific policy is implemented. The originality of this study is that it includes different attitudes towards politics and different countries of origin. The interlocutors interviewed are from Senegal, Algeria, Morocco, Vietnam, Laos, Comoros etc. The analysis developed from biographical interviews underlines the influence of the different migration paths of the parents, and the common experiences of their children on the construction of their political attitudes; it questions their possible specificity. This analysis pays particular attention to the family memory and the dynamics of intergenerational transmission, to the socio-professional trajectories of immigrants’ descendants and those of their parents as well as their local context of residence

La présente recherche s’intéresse au parcours migratoire entre le Mexique et le Canada de demandeurs d’asile mexicains déboutés. Privés des droits et des libertés fondamentales conférés par la citoyenneté, les Mexicains vivent dans un espace-temps constrictif et détiennent un accès limité à la mobilité. Victimes des déroutes et de la défaillance du système socioéconomique et politique du Mexique, l’asile devient bien souvent l’unique option à leur survie. Une fois au Canada, les demandeurs d’asile mexicains sont percutés dû à la prédominance de la criminalisation de l’asile et au discours stigmatisant de la figure du demandeur d’asile qui encouragent un flux considérable de migrations de retour forcé. Dépossédés du droit de choisir là où ils veulent vivre, les demandeurs d’asile mexicains font face à une double exclusion de l’espace. En ce sens, cette recherche explore le parcours migratoire des demandeurs d’asile mexicains à travers le vécu et l’imaginaire migratoire qui l’entourent. Elle tente de saisir les raisons qui motivent la migration et les éléments à l’origine de la modulation et de la transformation de la quête migratoire initiale. Ainsi, elle cherche à percevoir en quoi le processus d’octroi d’asile canadien affecte l’intégration et le sentiment d’appartenance à la société d’accueil. Elle évoque également les difficultés du processus de réintégration à la société d’origine. Finalement, cette étude cherche à s’éloigner du cadre administratif et s’attarde donc particulièrement aux conséquences humaines et vécues de ces phénomènes par l’exploration des perceptions et des interprétations spécifiques à chacun. Les conclusions de cette recherche établissent que les demandeurs d’asile mexicains déboutés par le Canada font face à un double rejet de l’espace. Ayant a priori opté pour l’asile en raison d’une incapacité à accéder à la sécurité et à garantir leur intégrité, l’exil les confronte à un système d’octroi d’asile restrictif et punitif qui freine leur intégration et mène majoritairement à un refus de leur demande. Au retour, la réintégration est bien souvent brimée par la continuation de l’exclusion et la persistance de la discrimination des migrants de retour. La quête migratoire originale se réinitialise, soit la recherche de droits, de libertés et de dignité.<br>This research focuses on the migratory path between Mexico and Canada of disallowed Mexican refugee claimants. Deprived of fundamental rights and freedoms of citizenship, Mexicans live in a constrictive space-time and hold a limited access to mobility. Victims of the failures in the socioeconomic and political systems of Mexico, asylum is often the only option for survival. Once in Canada, Mexican refugee claimants are often confronted with the predominance of asylum criminalization and stigmatization discourse creating a context of massive forced return migrations. Dispossessed of the right to choose where they want to live, Mexican asylum-seekers are facing a double exclusion of space. In this regard, this study explores Mexican refugee claimants’ migratory path through the lived experience and migratory imaginary surrounding it. It also attempts to understand the reasons behind migration as well as the elements responsible of the initial migratory quest’s modulation and transformation. Thus, it seeks to identify to what extent the Canadian asylum granting process affects the integration and sense of belonging to the host country. This research also raises the difficulties of the reintegration process within the society of origin. Finally, this study seeks to move away from the administrative framework and therefore focuses mainly on lived experience and human consequences of these phenomena, by exploring each person’ specific perceptions and interpretations. In conclusion, this research establishes that Mexican refugee claimants disallowed by Canada are facing a double rejection of space. Having a priori opted for asylum because of an inability to obtain safety and ensure their integrity, exile then opposes them to a restrictive and punitive grating system that hinders their integration and often leads to their request being refused. When returning, reintegration is often impeded by the continuation of exclusion and persistent discrimination of returnees. The original migratory quest resets itself, it being the search for rights, freedoms and dignity.

Depuis la fin des années 1990, la recherche s’intéresse de plus en plus à l’insertion professionnelle des enseignants immigrants. On soutient généralement que ceux-ci présentent une richesse pour les sociétés d’accueil (Bascia, 1996 ; Bauer et Akkari, 2016 ; Beynon, Ilieva et Dichupa, 2004 ; Broyon, 2016 ; Deters, 2006 ; Kailasanathan, 2013 ; Myles, Cheng et Wang, 2006 ; Niyubahwe, Mukamurera et Jutras, 2019 ; Phillion, 2003 ; Quiocho et Rios, 2000). Pourtant, les défis auxquels ils font face peuvent devenir sources de tensions et compromettre la réalisation du projet migratoire (Niyubahwe, 2014). Ceci peut provoquer une remise en question sur le plan identitaire et ébranler des conceptions fortement ancrées en ce qui a trait à l’image de soi comme enseignant, ainsi qu’au rapport avec les élèves, les enseignants et la profession (Duchesne, 2017 ; Laghzaoui, 2011 ; Niyubahwe, 2014). Cette recherche vise à comprendre comment ces enseignants négocient le passage d’une identité professionnelle construite dans leur pays d’origine vers une nouvelle identité d’enseignants au Québec. L’analyse, soutenue par les concepts d’insertion professionnelle en enseignement (Mukamurera, Martineau, Bouthiette et Ndoreraho, 2013), de stratégies d’acculturation (Berry, 2005) et d’identité professionnelle (Dubar, 2015), s’intéresse au processus dynamique et interactif de construction identitaire d’enseignants immigrants. Elle permet d’identifier des défis d’acculturation spécifiques à leur insertion professionnelle, de décrire les stratégies mobilisées et d’expliquer le processus de négociation identitaire permettant de se redéfinir comme enseignants en contexte québécois. La collecte de données de cette recherche qualitative interprétative a été réalisée à l’aide d’un questionnaire en ligne ainsi que des entretiens individuels et collectif, semi-dirigés. Les résultats montrent que les défis recensés par les participants concernent majoritairement l’accès à l’emploi. De plus, une perception de discrimination relative au statut ou à l’origine ethnoculturelle est souvent évoquée. Des tensions identitaires se reflètent par une incohérence entre l’image de soi comme professionnel, avant et après l’immigration. Celles-ci entrainent la mobilisation de stratégies d’acculturation visant à négocier ces tensions pour se redéfinir professionnellement. L’analyse permet de constater une forte représentation des stratégies d’assimilation (Berry, 2005) associée au désir de se conformer aux attentes du milieu. De plus, certaines stratégies d’intégration (Berry, 2005) sont identifiées, illustrant l’établissement d’échanges interculturels favorisant une contribution à la société d’accueil. L’interprétation des résultats permet de dégager deux contributions principales de la recherche : l’illustration de postures de négociation identitaires mettant en évidence le rôle des interactions dans le développement de l’identité professionnelle d’enseignants immigrants, et l'adaptation d’un modèle d’analyse des défis d’insertion professionnelle qui tient compte de la phase postmigratoire du parcours. De plus, la thèse contribue aux connaissances en matière d’intégration culturelle en proposant au milieu scolaire, aux ministères concernés et aux universités, des pistes de réflexion au sujet des besoins des enseignants immigrants en insertion professionnelle. Ces pistes pourront aussi alimenter la réflexion des instances concernées au sujet des mesures à mettre en place pour favoriser la rétention du personnel scolaire, la qualité de l’enseignement ainsi que la persévérance scolaire des élèves.<br>Since the late 1990s, research has increasingly focused on the professional integration of immigrant teachers. It is generally argued that these professionals represent a positive contribution to host societies (Bascia, 1996 ; Bauer & Akkari, 2016 ; Beynon, Ilieva & Dichupa, 2004 ; Broyon, 2016 ; Deters, 2006 ; Kailasanathan, 2013 ; Myles, Cheng & Wang, 2006 ; Niyubahwe, Mukamurera & Jutras, 2019 ; Phillion, 2003 ; Quiocho & Rios, 2000). However, the challenges they face become sources of tension, compromising the migration project (Niyubahwe, 2014). This can provoke a questioning about their identity and undermine their conceptions regarding their self-representation as teachers, as well as the relationship with students, teachers and the profession (Duchesne, 2017 ; Laghzaoui, 2011 ; Niyubahwe, 2014). This research aims to understand how these teachers negotiate the transition from a professional identity developed in their country of origin, to a new teacher identity in Quebec. The analysis, supported by the concepts of professional integration in teaching (Mukamurera, Martineau, Bouthiette & Ndoreraho, 2013), acculturation strategies (Berry, 2005) and professional identity (Dubar, 2015), focuses on the dynamic and interactive process of immigrant teachers identity development. The analysis allows us to identify the challenges of acculturation specific to their professional integration, to describe the strategies they mobilized and to explain the identity negotiation process that allows them to redefine themselves as teachers in Quebec. For this interpretative qualitative research the data was collected using an online questionnaire as well as semi-structured individual and group interviews. The results show that the challenges identified by the participants mainly concern employment access. In addition, a perception of discrimination regarding ethnocultural status or origin is often mentioned. Identity tensions are also reflected in an inconsistency between the image of themselves as professionals, before and after immigration. These lead to the mobilization of acculturation strategies to negotiate these tensions in order to redefine their professional identity. The analysis shows a strong representation of assimilation strategies (Berry, 2005) associated with the desire to conform to the environment's expectations. In addition, certain integration strategies (Berry, 2005) are identified, illustrating the establishment of intercultural exchanges contributing to the host society. Scientifically, the research shows two main contributions: the illustration of identity negotiation postures highlighting the role of interactions in the development of immigrant teachers' professional identity, and the adaptation of a model for analyzing the challenges of professional integration that takes into account the migratory path. In addition, this thesis contributes to knowledge of cultural integration by offering school establishments, concerned ministries and universities, avenues regarding the needs of immigrant teachers. These could also stimulate the reflection of the authorities concerned about the measures to put in place to promote the retention of school personnel, the quality of teaching, as well as students' academic perseverance.

In the early 1950s, Kuwait underwent rapid urbanization during which first-generation Hadramis were swiftly absorbed into Kuwaiti urban houses assuming domestic service roles. It is argued that the socioeconomic path of house-serving shaped the Hadrami character and experience of the “model immigrant” as we know it today. However, the study also demonstrates how a Hadrami migratory practice of dependency on the local family and sponsor was inspired by a Kuwaiti cultural and official categorization process of different immigrant groups in which the Hadramis were depicted as loyal, easily satisfied, and non-subversive. While dependency was valued by old Hadramis as a resource and as a form of social capital, it also continued to inform the perceptions, expectations, and actions of the second-generation Hadramis. This chapter analyzes the ways in which the whole experience was conceptualized and contested in daily interaction of the two generations. This study reveals that young Hadramis’ daily activities in Kuwait, and their aspirations for individual self-sufficiency and mobility, can only be carried out by maintaining a difficult balance between the social-triad, and by managing, or perhaps preserving, the legacy of “good reputation.”

AbstractThe phenomenon of irregular migration is very complex in the EU, including Finland. Definitions and practices regarding asylum seekers, refugees, and undocumented migrants are blurred. The laws and immigration policies also attempt to define and enact fixed categories by which to classify undocumented migrants, but these people always escape such legal boundaries through their actions, decisions, and migratory behaviours.In this chapter, we study the asylum-related legislation and processes from the viewpoints of both the authorities who decide whether to grant international protection, and the undocumented migrants who request asylum. The chapter describes the Finnish asylum process in detail, and explains how the undocumented migrants (mostly former asylum seekers) we studied experienced it. Some countries tolerate undocumented migrants, allowing them to work and have access to many public services. In other countries, such as Finland, they are denied the right to work and barely have access to healthcare. Being an undocumented migrant is simultaneously about becoming an undocumented migrant, and failing the asylum process is the most common path to becoming an undocumented migrant. We also indicate how, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of new asylum applications in Finland decreased by more than half.

Italy is experiencing a structural and multigenerational migratory presence in which new generations are increasingly obtaining access to the highest social and educational levels, including university. The presence of foreign students in Italian secondary schools has been extensively covered by research (especially regarding their presence in technical and vocational institutes, which formally open up to a university career but often cause a sort of school marginalisation that frequently results in social disadvantage) but little is known about their presence at the university level. It would be simplistic to assume that those students who enrolled at university had never experienced any trouble in their pre-university or university career. In this chapter, the phenomenon of second-generation immigrant students will be quantitatively contextualised, with specific regard to foreign students in Italian universities, and with a descriptive analysis on the impact of gender on education. The aim of the chapter is to analyse the multifaceted educational paths of young people, those under 35 years old, born in Italy to foreign parents (or who moved to Italy later), their expectations and the real opportunities offered to them.

Migration, the movement of people from birthplace to other-place, whether within their own borders or internationally, is one of globalization’s leitmotifs. The scale of migration has risen rapidly in recent decades, some of it the ‘pull’ of opportunities in other countries, but much of it the ‘push’ of poverty, unemployment, conflicts, and environmental degradations that make life unlivable for many. Migration can improve the health and well-being of migrants, and the remittances sent home by overseas émigrés can contribute to domestic poverty reduction in the countries they leave. But forced migration, migrant exploitation, and increasing barriers to the lesser-skilled irregular migrants or asylum-seekers most able to benefit by moving abroad have given rise to new global imperatives to ‘manage migration’ ethically and effectively. Both men and women may be vulnerable to exploitation along the migratory path, but women face additional gendered discriminations in the risk of assault and trafficking.

Classified as a grade IV tumor of the central nervous system, Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) arises from the glia. A poor understanding of tumor metastasis and limited treatment options have led to increase in deaths of patients suffering from GBM. Studying glioma behavior using aligned structures that mimic native glioblastoma metastatic path is challenging. In this study, we utilize a previously described non-electrospinning platform to manufacture aligned 3D structures called STEP nanonets that not only allows the study of individual cell-nanofiber interaction, but also allows the calculation of migratory forces using beam mechanics. In particular, the blebbing dynamics, force generation, and the effect of an actin disruptor, Cytochalasin D have been investigated on a glioma cell line (DBTRG, Denver Based Tumor Research Group). It was observed that cell pulled onto the nanofibers causing measurable deflections when they were in spread and non-blebbing conditions. In non-spread configurations while attached to fibers, the cells acquired spherical configurations and resumed blebbing. The average migratory force generated by cells exposed to DMSO (control, 1:1000 dilution) using nanonets of 2μm by 400nm fibers was 0.58±0.06nN. Actin disruptor, Cytochalasin D severely compromised the ability of the glioma cells to migrate causing no deflection of the fibers. Forces exerted by tumor cells on their native microenvironment affects their ability to metastasize, invade and proliferate. While the result presents actin disruptor as a potential target to minimize metastasis, the influence of other cytoskeleton disruptors can also be studied using the platform. Moreover, the results obtained from the study can be utilized to better understand the individual cell – nanofibers interaction which can shed light on how cells interact with their native environment during metastasis.