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1
Lynch, Patrick D. "Habitat and Fish Population Dynamics: Advancing Stock Assessments of Highly Migratory Species." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616756.
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Fisheries sustainability is inherently linked to an understanding of the population-level effects of fishing. With an accurate characterization of historical fish and fishery dynamics, management agencies are more equipped to create regulations that sustain fishery resources over the long term. The overarching goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the advancement of fisheries stock assessment and promote resource sustainability. My research focused on highly migratory species (HMS), particularly fishes that reside in the open ocean. These species constitute some of the highest valued global fisheries; however, numerous factors compromise HMS stock assessment and management. These challenges are fully described in Chapter 1, which also includes corresponding research and management recommendations. A key limitation in HMS assessments underlying my research is the lack of independent scientific monitoring programs. In the absence of research surveys, HMS stock assessments must rely on fishery catch and effort data. Therefore, special care is required to infer population dynamics from entities that were not established to monitor populations. In particular, the habitat in which fishing occurs largely dictates the amount and composition of fishes captured. Unfortunately, habitat effects on fishery-dependent data are not commonly accounted for in HMS assessments. Chapter 2 presents the results of a performance evaluation of methods used for estimating HMS abundance trends, including traditional generalized linear models (GLMs), an existing method that considers habitat (statHBS), and a proposed method that hybridizes traditional and habitat-based approaches (HabGLM). I demonstrate that HabGLM was most accurate of those evaluated, while exhibiting minimal sensitivity to errors in input data. I recommend the use of HabGLM in future HMS stock assessments; however, despite being most accurate, there were scenarios where HabGLM still did not sufficiently capture the true abundance pattern. In Chapter 3, the HabGLM was applied to 35 HMS in the Atlantic Ocean using fisher logbook data from the US pelagic longline fishery. This comprehensive analysis portrays an HMS community in the Atlantic as generally depleted, with current abundances of 76% of the species at less than half of their 25-year observed maxima. However, despite these depletions, 26% of the species exhibited population growth, suggesting recent fishing intensities may be adequate for sustaining or rebuilding certain populations. While interpretations of abundance trends can be informative, fisheries management is more often guided by the output of stock assessments. Thus, in Chapter 4, I present the results of a study that evaluated the effects of abundance index quality on the performance of a stock assessment model (Stock Synthesis), with a focus on Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans). In general, assessment model performance was superior when based on abundance indices estimated using HabGLM; however, the management quantities derived from this best case scenario were still overly optimistic, and when the fisheries were regulated accordingly, population biomass was projected to be well below the management target level. Overall, my research emphasizes that (1) habitat should be directly incorporated into HMS stock assessments, and (2) independent stock monitoring programs are essential for effective fisheries management.
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Michielsens, Catherine Godelieve Jaqueline. "Bayesian decision theory for fisheries management of migratory species with multiple life histories." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406134.
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Rivera, Jorge H. Vega. "Premigratory movements of a long-distance migratory species: the Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina)." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30495.
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The postbreeding period in migratory bird species is an important, but often neglected,area of knowledge. From May-October of 1993-95, I studied the breeding andpostbreeding ecology of 61 adults and postfledging movement of 43 juveniles in aradio-tagged population of Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) on the U. S. MarineCorps Base, Quantico, Virginia (38 30' N, 77 25' W). Fledglings became independent 0 0from their parents at 28-36 days post hatching and dispersed 307-5300 m from their natalsites to join flocks of conspecifics. About half (46%) of the young birds stayed in onedispersal site until migrating, but the rest visited other sites. In 40 instances, 15fledglings moved up to 6 km out of the dispersal site and, after 1-5 days, returned to thelocality occupied before initiating the movement. After dispersal, fledglings' positions(n = 556) occurred in (1) second growth and sapling stage sites at the edge of forested areas [52%], (2) gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) damaged deciduous forest [21.8%], (3)Virginia pine (Pinus virginianus) forest that had a heavy understory of young deciduous trees and an open canopy [15.6%], and (4) mature mixed forest [10.6%]. Most fledglings(73%) left the Marine Base in September at the mean age of 81 days. After finishing breeding, adult Wood Thrushes underwent molt that extended from late July to early October. Flight-feather molt lasted on average 38 days and may have impaired flight efficiency in some individuals. Of 30 observed adults, 15 molted in the same area where they nested, and 15 moved 545 to 7290 m from their nesting sites. Molting sites were located in areas with a larger number of pines, less canopy cover, fewer trees with dbh>38 cm, and a denser understory strata than nesting sites (P < 0.1). My data suggest that a conservation strategy that focuses on identifying and protecting nesting habitat in the temperate region, although important, is incomplete at best if the events and needs during the post reproductive and post fledging periods are not considered.<br>Ph. D.
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Ailloud, Lisa Elma. "Improving Stock Assessments and Management Advice for Bluefin Tunas and Other Highly Migratory Species." W&M ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1550153643.
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For years bluefin tuna has been the poster child for overfishing and poor management. However, recent improvements in data collection, catch monitoring and international cooperation are providing an opportunity to reverse the perception of a fishery that is doomed to collapse. Stock assessments are conducted routinely to monitor the abundance and productivity of exploited fish stocks so managers can determine how many fish can be sustainably harvested each year. Should a stock be declared overfished or under-going overfishing, the science behind stock assessments also equip managers with the knowledge necessary to make decisions about what short-term and long-term management measures should be taken to help reverse these trends. in that light, the goal of my research has been to use newly available age data to improve the quality and reliability of assessments for Atlantic bluefin tuna by reducing uncertainty about the data and methods used to infer growth and age composition. A secondary goal has been to provide managers with the knowledge necessary to implement effective stock rebuilding programs for Pacific bluefin tuna. Chapter 2 is focused on cohort slicing, a method routinely used in the Atlantic bluefin tuna assessment to estimate catch-at-age from catch-at-size information. This chapter explores how errors in cohort sliced catch-at-age data can bias estimates of total mortality rate derived from catch curve analysis. Recommendations are provided concerning the appropriate mortality estimator and plus group to use depending on the parameters characterizing the stock. Chapter 3 provides updated growth estimates for western Atlantic bluefin tuna, which were adopted in 2017 as the basis for defining growth in the assessment. Chapter 4 provides an overview of the theory behind age-length keys with particular emphasis on the assumptions that govern each method and provides notes of caution concerning their applications to real data. Chapter 5 evaluates through simulation the relative performance of different methods for estimating age composition of western Atlantic bluefin tuna catches and applies the best performing technique, the combined forward-inverse age-length key, to actual western Atlantic bluefin tuna data. Chapter 6 moves over to the Pacific and focuses on evaluating the potential impacts of different minimum size regulations on the stock of Pacific bluefin tuna and explores ways in which to minimize short-term pain to the industry while still achieving long-term yield and conservation goals. Overall, this work has contributed major improvements to the stock assessment process of Atlantic bluefin tuna and implications of this work resonate beyond the bluefin tuna world to other highly migratory species faced with similar problems.
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Herse, Mark Richard. "Landscape ecology of two species of declining grassland sparrows." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35786.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Biology<br>Alice Boyle<br>Species extinctions over the past two centuries have mainly been caused by habitat destruction. Landscape change typically reduces habitat area, and can fragment contiguous habitat into remnant patches that are more subject to anthropogenic disturbance. Furthermore, changes in the landscape matrix and land-use intensification within remaining natural areas can reduce habitat quality and exacerbate the consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation. Accordingly, wildlife conservation requires an understanding of how landscape structure influences habitat selection. However, most studies of habitat selection are conducted at fine spatial scales and fail to account for landscape context. Temperate grasslands are a critically endangered biome, and remaining prairies are threatened by woody encroachment and disruptions to historic fire-grazing regimes. Here, I investigated the effects of habitat area, fragmentation, woody cover, and rangeland management on habitat selection by two species of declining grassland-obligate sparrows: Henslow’s Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii) and Grasshopper Sparrows (A. savannarum). I conducted >10,000 bird surveys at sites located throughout eastern Kansas, home to North America’s largest remaining tracts of tallgrass prairie, during the breeding seasons of 2015 and 2016. I assessed the relative importance of different landscape attributes in determining occurrence and within-season site-fidelity of Henslow’s Sparrows using dynamic occupancy models. The species was rare, inhabited <1% of sites, and appeared and disappeared from sites within and between seasons. Henslow’s Sparrows only settled in unburned prairie early in spring, but later in the season, inhabited burned areas and responded to landscape structure at larger scales (50-ha area early in spring vs. 200-ha during mid-season). Sparrows usually settled in unfragmented prairie, strongly favored Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields embedded within rangeland, avoided trees, and disappeared from hayfields after mowing. Having identified fragmentation as an important determinant of Henslow’s Sparrow occurrence, I used N-mixture models to test whether abundance of the more common Grasshopper Sparrow was driven by total habitat area or core habitat area (i.e. grasslands >60 m from woodlands, croplands, or urbanized areas). Among 50-ha landscapes containing the same total grassland area, sparrows favored landscapes with more core habitat, and like Henslow’s Sparrows, avoided trees; in landscapes containing ~50–70% grassland, abundance decreased more than threefold if half the grassland area was near an edge, and the landscape contained trees. Effective conservation requires ensuring that habitat is suitable at spatial scales larger than that of the territory or home range. Protecting prairie remnants from agricultural conversion and woody encroachment, promoting CRP enrollment, and maintaining portions of undisturbed prairie in working rangelands each year are critical to protecting threatened grassland species. Both Henslow’s Sparrows and Grasshopper Sparrows were influenced by habitat fragmentation, underscoring the importance of landscape features in driving habitat selection by migratory birds. As habitat loss threatens animal populations worldwide, conservation efforts focused on protecting and restoring core habitat could help mitigate declines of sensitive species.
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Apostolaki, Panayiota. "Modelling tools for evaluating the effectiveness of alternative fisheries management measures in migratory fish species." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405760.
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Colorado, Gabriel J. "Ecology and conservation of Neotropical-Nearctic migratory birds and mixed-species flocks in the Andes." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1291646331.
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Barton, Regina A. "Stopover ecology of five species of migratory songbirds at a coastal site in the Pacific flyway." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13682.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Biology<br>Brett K. Sandercock<br>The migratory period is a critical time for birds. Population declines in long-distance migratory birds have been associated with trophic mismatches among climate change, timing of food availability, and timing of migratory movements. Studies on migratory songbirds have been limited to eastern North America and Europe, and migration strategies of birds may differ along the Pacific flyway. We evaluated the stopover ecology of five species of migratory songbirds at a coastal site in northern California. We found variation in changes in timing of spring migration, but consistent changes in timing of autumn migration over a 22-year period. Timing of spring migration advanced for Swainson’s Thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) and Yellow Warblers (Setophaga petechia), was compressed for Pacific-slope Flycatchers (Empidonax difficilis) and Wilson’s Warblers (Cardellina pusilla), but was protracted for Orange-crowned Warblers (Oreothlypis celata). In contrast, timing of autumn migration was delayed for Pacific-slope Flycatchers, Orange-crowned Warblers, and Yellow Warblers, but was protracted for Wilson’s Warblers. Warm, wet conditions were associated with advanced spring migration, and warm, dry conditions were associated with delayed autumn migration. Changes in timing of migration related to climate conditions were strongest for Pacific-slope Flycatchers and Orange-crowned Warblers. Stopover duration of our five study species was longer than songbirds in eastern flyways, and on average, was longer in spring than autumn. Pacific-slope Flycatchers and Yellow Warblers had longer stopovers in spring, whereas Swainson’s Thrushes and Wilson’s Warblers stopped had longer stopovers in autumn. Birds captured at low body mass had longer stopovers in spring and autumn. Migratory birds in western North America may have different migration strategies because of differences in climate and geography, but more study is needed to discover migratory routes and compare our results to other stopover sites along the Pacific flyway. Understanding differences in migration strategies of different populations of the same species are important in directing conservation efforts, especially in light of ongoing climate change.
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Roades, Heather Nicole. "Species Composition, Relative Abundance, and Habitat Occurrence of Neotropical Migratory Birds Overwintering in Dominica, West Indies." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1343956255.
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Amaral, Susana Cristina Amador Dias. "Permeability of small weirs for upstream fish passage." Doctoral thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21202.
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Martin, Shawn. "An Evaluation of Inclusion Criteria for Highly Migratory Species in the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act." NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/148.
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Blackfin tuna Thunnus atlanticus, dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus, and wahoo Acanthocybium solandri currently are not managed under the highly migratory species (HMS) fishery management plan (FMP) despite being biologically highly migratory and co-occurring in major fisheries. A review of past international, domestic and regional management regimes; recent consolidations of FMPs; the re-classification of some species within the FMPs and of the migratory patterns of these three species clearly draws into question the application of the inclusion criteria for the HMS FMP. In order to collect stakeholder opinion on including these three species into the HMS FMP, a survey was launched via online fishing forums. However, only 87 respondents participated in the 2 months-long survey process, with 43 % not even completing the whole of the survey. Aside from refusal to participate, the responses on the forums were that of extreme opposition. So, although the nature of these species certainly qualifies them to fall under this FMP, the reaction from the recreational fishing community would make these changes difficult. Given that these three stocks are not stressed nor overfished, the need to place these species under the HMS FMP may not be the best course of action at this time. Moreover, such an action could potentially hurt the recreational fishing industry by adding additional and unnecessary regulations.
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Xenophontos, Marina. "Ecology of the endemic migratory passerine Cyprus Wheatear Oenanthe cypriaca : the effects of climate change on a restricted range species." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11967.
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Migrant birds may be vulnerable to climate change at different stages of their annual cycles especially on the breeding grounds, where changes in phenology may affect their ability to synchronise breeding with the peak of resources availability. Understanding how phenology of breeding, survival and productivity varies between and within years is therefore crucial to understand migrant population dynamics. This thesis describes this variation in the Cyprus Wheatear Oenanthe cypriaca, with particular emphasis on a colour-ringed population at Troodos, Cyprus, 2010-2012. Our results suggest that the phenology of breeding of Cyprus Wheatear is variable with breeding onset and number of breeding attempts probably varying with annual temperature variation. Minimum true survival rates were very high for a small passerine migrant, although they were probably sufficiently annually variable to profoundly affect annual population dynamics. For productivity, nest survival was very high and did not vary between years, or nesting attempts, or with clutch initiation date but it was significantly higher in the chick stage versus the egg stage. Post-fledging survival in the first 4 weeks was very high. Renesting probability was significantly different in all years, yet total productivity per pair was the same in each of three years. Cyprus Wheatears at Troodos showed such high productivity and survival that the population must be a major source population and this was reflected in the very high density of breeding pairs at the study site. Finally we used altitude as a proxy for variation in temperature and investigated how abundance, productivity and phenology in Cyprus Wheatears varied between and within years, from sea level to 1952m, using transect surveys to record breeding birds across Cyprus. Cyprus Wheatears were common in all habitats and altitudes; altitudinal temperature variation probably affected the occurrence of double brooding and so the timing of chick production, but not the onset of breeding. The results suggest that Cyprus Wheatears are already very well adapted to high variation in temperature within and between seasons, changing investment accordingly.
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Gesicki, David V. "Utilizing Acoustic Recorders to Investigate the Migratory Behavior of Some Sparrow and Warbler Species along the Ohio Coast of Lake Erie." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1383130343.
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Figueiredo, Gabriela Maria Maimone de. "Distribuição espacial e temporal de ovos e larvas de peixes no rio Cuiabá e áreas adjacentes, Mato Grosso, Brasil." Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 2014. http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/663.
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Previous issue date: 2014-03-17<br>CNPq<br>Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição espacial e temporal das assembleias do ictioplâncton do rio Cuiabá e áreas adjacentes, no período de novembro de 2007 a fevereiro de 2008, bem como estudar as relações de densidades dos ovos e larvas com os fatores locais físicos (temperatura, velocidade da água) químicos (fosfato, nitrogênio total, nitrogênio amoniacal), como indicadores da produtividade no ambiente, fatores bióticos (densidades de fitoplâncton e zooplâncton) e com os fatores regionais (nível do rio e pluviosidade), formando condições e locais favoráveis para seu desenvolvimento e sobrevivência nos estágios iniciais de vida dos peixes. As coletas do ictioplâncton foram realizadas em 14 pontos ao longo do rio e áreas adjacentes, com arrastos sub-superficiais de 20 e 40 cm de profundidade, com rede tipo cilindro-cônica de malha 300 μm. Concomitantemente, foram coletadas amostras de fitoplâncton e zooplâncton, bem como realizadas as medidas das variáveis locais e regionais. Após as coletas as amostras foram triadas e identificadas ao menor nível taxonômico possível. Para avaliar as diferenças nas densidades de ovos e larvas nos locais e nos meses de estudo, foi utilizado o teste de ANOVA por medidas repetidas. Foi utilizada uma correlação de Spearman para a análise das densidades de ovos e larvas com as variáveis regionais e com as variáveis locais. Para avaliar as densidades das larvas com as densidades do fitoplâncton e do zooplâncton também foi utilizada a correlação de Spearman, porém, este teste foi feito com as larvas que foram identificadas em nível de gênero e espécie, e posteriormente, com cada espécie de larva de peixe migrador. Para analisar a composição das estruturas das assembleias de larvas através das densidades nos locais foi utilizado o teste de Mantel parcial, entre as distâncias de similaridades, distâncias ambientais e geográficas. Para avaliar a diferença temporal entre os grupos de Characiformes e Siluriformes foi feito o teste de ANOVA por medidas repetidas. Foi realizada uma ordenação direta das densidades das larvas dos migradores nos pontos amostrais. Os resultados espaciais com as densidades de ovos (F1;10= 0,572; p=0,467), e larvas (F1;10= 3,494 ; p=0,091) não foram significativos. Os resultados temporais com as densidades de ovos (F3;30= 0,533; p=0,663) não foram significativos, já para as larvas (F3;30= 4,539; p=0,009) foram significativos, com picos de densidades em novembro e janeiro. Houve correlação significativa entre as densidades das larvas com o nitrogênio total (r=-0,127; p=0,025) e a temperatura da água (r=0,292; p=0,035). O teste de Mantel parcial mostrou que a variação ambiental não foi fator determinante na distribuição da composição taxonômica dos grupos ao longo do rio (r=-0,214; p=0,966) e que as assembleias de larvas apresentam significativa dependência geográfica (r=0,459; p=0,001), quanto mais próximos os pontos geograficamente, mais similares foram as composições taxonômicas. Os resultados taxonômicos mostraram diferença temporal significativa (F3;48= 3,994; p=0,012) entre os grupos dos Siluriformes e Characiformes.<br>The aim of this study is to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of Ichthyoplankton assemblies of the Cuiabá River and adjacent areas, from November 2007 to February 2008. We also studied the relationships of egg and larvae density with local physical factors (temperature, water velocity) chemical (phosphate, total nitrogen, ammoniac nitrogen) as indicators of productivity in the environment, abiotic factors (densities of phytoplankton and zooplankton), and with regional factors (the river level and rainfall), as they form favorable conditions and locations for their development and survival in the earlier stages of fish life. Ichthyoplankton samples were conducted in 14 points along the river, with subsurface water of 20 and 40 cm deep, with cylinder-type nets of 300 μm. Concomitantly, were collected samples of phytoplankton and zooplankton, and measured the local and regional variables. After the data collecting, the samples were sorted out and identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible. To evaluate differences in densities of eggs and larvae in the localities and in the months of study, ANOVA for repeated measurements was applied. Spearman correlation was used for the analysis of densities of eggs and larvae with regional and local variables. To evaluate larval densities with densities of phytoplankton and zooplankton we also used the Spearman correlation, however, this test was done with larvae that were identified at the level of genus and species, and later, with each species of migrating fish larvae. To analyze the composition of the structure of assemblies of larvae through the densities at the localities, we applied the partial Mantel test, between the distances of similarities, environmental and geographic distances. To evaluate the temporal difference between the groups of Characiformes and Siluriformes, we applied an ANOVA for repeated measurements. A direct ordering of the migratory larvae densities in sampling points was done. The spatial results with egg densities (F1;10= 0,572; p=0,467), and larvae (F1;10= 3,494 ; p=0,091) were not significant. Temporal results with egg densities (F3;30= 0,533; p=0,663) were not significant, however for the larvae (F3;30= 4,539; p=0,009) the results were significant with peaks in November and January. There was a significant correlation between larval densities and total nitrogen (r=-0,127; p=0,025) and the water temperature (r=0,292; p=0,035). The partial Mantel test has shown that the environmental variation was not a determining factor in the distribution of the taxonomic composition of groups along the basin (r=-0,214; p=0,966). The larvae assemblies show significant geographic dependence (r=0,459; p=0,001), the closer the dots geographically, the more similar were the taxonomic compositions. Taxonomic results show significant temporal difference (F3;48= 3,994; p=0,012) between groups of Siluriformes and Characiformes.
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López-Hoffman, Laura, Jay Diffendorfer, Ruscena Wiederholt, et al. "Operationalizing the telecoupling framework for migratory species using the spatial subsidies approach to examine ecosystem services provided by Mexican free-tailed bats." RESILIENCE ALLIANCE, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626546.
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Drivers of environmental change in one location can have profound effects on ecosystem services and human well-being in distant locations, often across international borders. The telecoupling provides a conceptual framework for describing these interactions-for example, locations can be defined as sending areas (sources of flows of ecosystem services, energy, or information) or receiving areas (recipients of flows). However, the ability to quantify feedbacks between ecosystem change in one area and societal benefits in other areas requires analytical approaches. We use spatial subsidies-an approach developed to measure the degree to which a migratory species' ability to provide services in one location depends on habitat in another location-as an example of how telecoupling can be operationalized. Using the cotton pest control and ecotourism services of Mexican free-tailed bats as an example, we determined that of the 16 states in the United States and Mexico where the species resides, three states (Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado) are receiving areas, while the rest of the states are sending areas. In addition, the magnitude of spatial subsidy can be used as an indicator of the degree to which different locations are telecoupled to other locations. In this example, the Mexican free-tailed bat ecosystem services to cotton production and ecotourism in Texas and New Mexico are heavily dependent on winter habitat in four states in central and southern Mexico. In sum, spatial subsidies can be used to operationalize the telecoupling conceptual framework by identifying sending and receiving areas, and by indicating the degree to which locations are telecoupled to other locations.
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Ivande, Samuel T. "Distribution ecology of Palearctic migrants in the humid Guinea savannah in West Africa." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7446.
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Declines in breeding populations of most migrants across much of the Palearctic have been linked to environmental conditions in their African non-breeding grounds. Studying winter distribution dynamics for these species is necessary to understand how factors in these areas may influence their overall population dynamics. This thesis explored in detail the distribution ecology of migrants in the Guinea savannah, the region from where wintering migrants currently show the greatest breeding population declines. In particular, I investigated some prevailing but hitherto little tested ecological hypothesis concerning impacts of geographical, vegetation and anthropogenic characteristics on the densities and winter distribution of migrants in Africa. Migrant distribution seemed to fit a pattern where decisions leading to winter habitat choice and association were hierarchical and jointly influenced by factors extrinsic and intrinsic to the habitats at large and finer scales respectively. Migrants were distributed in reasonable densities across a wide range of habitats. There was also evidence for an independent effect of latitude on densities and distribution, even after controlling for habitat characteristics. There was no evidence of large changes in latitudinal density patterns within a given winter season and site density patterns were generally consistent over the study duration. Migrants and taxonomically-related/ecologically similar Afrotropical residents showed similarities in habitat requirements and utilization, although migrants utilized habitats over a wider latitudinal range. Some migrants tended to show correspondence in site occurrence between consecutive winters but less so within a given winter season and there was an overall low transferability of habitat models for Palearctic migrants between sites in Nigeria. Collectively, the results describe distribution mechanisms typical for ecologically flexible species that can best be described as habitat generalists. As generalists, migrants are expected to show some resilience, especially in dealing with local and small scale changes on their wintering grounds such that these are unlikely to be the primary limiting factor in their population dynamics. However, the scale of ongoing habitat change across much of Africa is perhaps contributing to overcome the resilience engendered by their generalism. Conservation efforts for these mainly generalists species may therefore aim to preserve habitat on a large scale, perhaps through the promotion of sustainable land use practices.
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Shotbolt, Timothy. "Unwanted lighting effects at night in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/94241/1/Timothy_Shotbolt_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis brings together different scientific and engineering disciplines, as well as current legislation, on the subject of unwanted night-time lighting effects on humans and the biosphere. The assessment criteria of Australian Standard AS4282-1997 Control of the obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting are reviewed and criteria incorporating the quantity, quality, spectral composition of light, and exposure time, are proposed to improve light engineering practice. The immediate direct concerns of humans are considered as well as the effects on biota generally in the environment, particularly as outdoor artificial lighting proliferation has the potential to change the environment for human habitation in the longer term.
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Morrell, Thomas J. "Analysis of "Observer Effect" in Logbook Reporting Accuracy for U.S. Pelagic Longline Fishing Vessels in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2019. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/511.
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Commercial pelagic longline fishers within the U.S. Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean are required to report all fishing interactions per each gear deployment to NOAA’s Vessel Logbook Program of the Southeast Fisheries Science Center to quantify bycatch, increase conservation efforts, and avoid jeopardizing the existence of vulnerable species listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). To provide additional accuracy, the Pelagic Observer Program (POP) of the SEFSC deploys professionally trained observers on longline vessels to produce a statistically reliable subset of longline fisheries data. A comparison of self-reported (“unobserved”) datasets versus observer-collected (“observed”) datasets showed a general consistency for most target species but non-reporting or under-reporting for a number of bycatch species and “lesser-valued” target species. These discrepancies between catch compositions and abundancies regarding targeted species, species of bycatch concern, and species of minimum economic value can provide insight into increased fisheries regulations, stricter requirements, or additional observer coverage.
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Shustack, Daniel P. "Reproductive Timing of Passerines in Urbanizing Landscapes." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1217601092.
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MARTINAZZOLI, CATERINA. "Bambini con disabilità provenienti da contesti migratori: aspetti culturali, educativi e didattici." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1027.
Full textAbstract:
Nella società e nella scuola di oggi, multietniche ed in evoluzione, si trovano frequentemente alunni con disabilità provenienti da contesti migratori: l’attenzione scientifica a questo fenomeno in Italia è ancora ridotta.
Il lavoro analizza gli aspetti educativi e didattici che coinvolgono questi bambini, caratterizzati da una doppia difficoltà di inclusione, attraverso la comprensione delle dinamiche migratorie e delle rappresentazioni e concezioni culturali di salute/malattia e disabilità.
Partendo dallo studio delle questioni transculturali del trauma migratorio e della concezione di salute/malattia e disabilità nel mondo e in terra straniera, si è posta l’attenzione sulla questione dell’integrazione in Italia di alunni con disabilità e di alunni migranti, per affrontare il punto focale: lo status di bambino con disabilità proveniente da contesti migratori. Un’indagine esplorativa nelle scuole della provincia di Piacenza, con interviste agli insegnanti e analisi della documentazione scolastica, ha consentito la comprensione del fenomeno sul piano operativo.
Dalla ricerca teorica e dai risultati dell’indagine, è emersa la necessità di una pedagogia e didattica speciale transculturale, che attui una lettura multidimensionale dei bisogni degli alunni con disabilità provenienti da contesti migratori: appare necessario considerare gli aspetti legati sia alla disabilità, sia alla diversa appartenenza culturale, attraverso un intervento globale ed integrato.<br>Pupils with disability coming from migratory backgrounds are frequently present in current, multi-ethnic and in constant changing society and school. Scientific attention to the phenomenon in Italy is still limited. The purpose of the work is to analyse educational and didactic aspects of this category of children, which are characterized by a double inclusion difficulty, through the understanding of migratory dynamics and cultural representations of health, illness and disability. Transcultural questions of migratory shock and different conceptions of health, illness and disability in the world and in foreign countries are addressed in this study with respect to the inclusion of pupils with disability and pupils coming from migratory backgrounds in Italy, for the purpose of focusing on “children with disability coming from migratory backgrounds”. An exploratory field research at schools in the province of Piacenza, with interviews to teachers and analysis of scholar documents, has allowed a practical understanding of the phenomenon. Theoretical and experimental research conducted support a trans-cultural special Education and Didactics approach, which considers children with disability coming from migratory background and their needs through a multidimensional view: both disability and different cultural belonging need to be addressed through a global and integrated action and method.
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MARTINAZZOLI, CATERINA. "Bambini con disabilità provenienti da contesti migratori: aspetti culturali, educativi e didattici." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1027.
Full textAbstract:
Nella società e nella scuola di oggi, multietniche ed in evoluzione, si trovano frequentemente alunni con disabilità provenienti da contesti migratori: l’attenzione scientifica a questo fenomeno in Italia è ancora ridotta.
Il lavoro analizza gli aspetti educativi e didattici che coinvolgono questi bambini, caratterizzati da una doppia difficoltà di inclusione, attraverso la comprensione delle dinamiche migratorie e delle rappresentazioni e concezioni culturali di salute/malattia e disabilità.
Partendo dallo studio delle questioni transculturali del trauma migratorio e della concezione di salute/malattia e disabilità nel mondo e in terra straniera, si è posta l’attenzione sulla questione dell’integrazione in Italia di alunni con disabilità e di alunni migranti, per affrontare il punto focale: lo status di bambino con disabilità proveniente da contesti migratori. Un’indagine esplorativa nelle scuole della provincia di Piacenza, con interviste agli insegnanti e analisi della documentazione scolastica, ha consentito la comprensione del fenomeno sul piano operativo.
Dalla ricerca teorica e dai risultati dell’indagine, è emersa la necessità di una pedagogia e didattica speciale transculturale, che attui una lettura multidimensionale dei bisogni degli alunni con disabilità provenienti da contesti migratori: appare necessario considerare gli aspetti legati sia alla disabilità, sia alla diversa appartenenza culturale, attraverso un intervento globale ed integrato.<br>Pupils with disability coming from migratory backgrounds are frequently present in current, multi-ethnic and in constant changing society and school. Scientific attention to the phenomenon in Italy is still limited. The purpose of the work is to analyse educational and didactic aspects of this category of children, which are characterized by a double inclusion difficulty, through the understanding of migratory dynamics and cultural representations of health, illness and disability. Transcultural questions of migratory shock and different conceptions of health, illness and disability in the world and in foreign countries are addressed in this study with respect to the inclusion of pupils with disability and pupils coming from migratory backgrounds in Italy, for the purpose of focusing on “children with disability coming from migratory backgrounds”. An exploratory field research at schools in the province of Piacenza, with interviews to teachers and analysis of scholar documents, has allowed a practical understanding of the phenomenon. Theoretical and experimental research conducted support a trans-cultural special Education and Didactics approach, which considers children with disability coming from migratory background and their needs through a multidimensional view: both disability and different cultural belonging need to be addressed through a global and integrated action and method.
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Tolba, Amira A. A. E. "Ontogenetic studies on the immune system of two locust species : Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14502/.
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Shu-wen, Liu, and 劉琇文. "Study on Tendency of Conservation and Management on Highly Migratory Species." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50963178053465242996.
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Kreakie, Betty Jane. "Predictive modeling of migratory waterfowl." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-3790.
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Several factors have contributed to impeding the progress of migratory waterfowl spatial modeling, such as (1) waterfowl’s reliance on wetlands, (2) lack of understanding about shifts in distributions through time, and (3) large-scale seasonal migration. This doctoral dissertation provides an array of tools to address each of these concerns in order to better understand and conserve this group of species.
The second chapter of this dissertation addresses issues of modeling species dependent on wetlands, a dynamic and often ephemeral habitat type. Correlation models of the relationships between climatic variables and species occurrence will not capture the full habitat constraints of waterfowl. This study introduces a novel data source that explicitly models the depth to water table, which is a simulated long-term measure of the point where climate and geological/topographic water fluxes balance. The inclusion of the depth to water table data contributes significantly to the ability to predict species probability of occurrence. Furthermore, this data source provides advantages over traditional proxies for wetland habitat, because it is not a static measure of wetland location, and is not biased by sampling method.
Utilizing the long-term banding bird data again, the third chapter examines the behavior of waterfowl niche selection through time. By using the methods developed in chapter two, probability of occurrence models for the 1950s and the 1990s were developed. It was then possible to detect movements in geographic and environmental space, and how movements in these two spaces are related. This type of analysis provides insight into how different bird species might respond to environment changes and potentially improve climate change forecasts.
The final chapter presents a new method for predicting the migratory movement of waterfowl. The method incorporates not only the environmental constraints of stopover habitat, but also includes likely distance and bearing traveled from a source point. This approach uses the USGS’ banding bird database; more specifically, it relies on banding locations, which have multiple recoveries within short time periods. Models made from these banding locations create a framework of migration movement, and allow for predictions to be made from locations where no banding/recovery data are available.<br>text
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Chen, Po-Yuan, and 陳柏沅. "Ecological Risk Assessment of Large Migratory Species in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67093781018789397112.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>海洋研究所<br>102<br>Productivity and susceptibility analysis (PSA) was used to assess the ecological risk of large migratory species in the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO), including albacore, bigeye tuna, yellowfin tuna, Pacific bluefin tuna, longtail tuna, skipjack tuna, swordfish, striped marlin, blue marlin, black marlin, sailfish, common dolphinfish and wahoo. Information from tuna longline (LL), tuna purse seine (PS) and pole and line (PL) fisheries was also used in the analysis. The risk for swordfish, striped marlin, and albacore was assessed by putative stock boundaries (northern and southern) in the WCPO. The productivity index represents the capacity of the stock to recover and was estimated based on biological parameters of the species, including von Bertalanffy growth coef&;#64257;cient, natural mortality (M), maximum age, trophic level, age at 50% maturity and annual fecundity. Six attributes for susceptibility were calculated including (1) areal overlap of fish distribution and fisheries, (2) vertical overlap (i.e., fish depth distribution and fisheries), (3) ratio of fishing mortality (F) to M, (4) fish price, (5) schooling behavior and (6) annual catch trends that represented factors to measure the potential impact of fishing on stocks. Vulnerability for each stock was calculated based on the ranking of the productivity and susceptibility attributes, which was then used to evaluate the ecological risk of the species. Results showed that the ecological risk for Pacific bluefin tuna, black marlin, bigeye tuna and the northern stock of striped marlin were high, suggesting a critical need for detailed monitoring that would, in turn, allow for stock assessments, with special reference for black marlin that to date, has not been assessed. For species identified with medium risk (such as the southern stock of swordfish, blue marlin, both stocks of albacore, longtail tuna, sailfish, the southern stock of striped marlin and yellowfin tuna), data for stock assessments should be collected continuously. The fishery using resources with lower risk (such as the northern stock of swordfish, skipjack tuna, common dolphinfish and wahoo), should be monitored closely. As indicated by removing one variable each time in the sensitivity analysis, the impacts of schooling behavior and maximum age were highly significant in the model, but were relatively minor for trophic level and fish price. The data quality analysis indentified gaps in knowledge and suggests that further studies are warranted for longtail tuna, common dolphinfish and wahoo to obtain biological parameters, and that fishery information and data should also be collected for longtail tuna.
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Martins, Sequeira Ana Micaela. "Global distribution models for whale sharks : assessing occurrence trends of highly migratory marine species." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/81551.
Full textAbstract:
The processes driving distribution and abundance patterns of highly migratory marine species, such as filter-feeding sharks, remain largely unexplained. The whale shark (Rhincodon typus Smith 1828) is a filter-feeding chondrichthyan that can reach > 18 m in total length, making it the largest extant fish species. Its geographic range has been defined within all tropical and warm temperate waters around the globe. However, even though mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA studies have revealed low genetic differentiation among the three major ocean basins, most studies of the species are focussed on the scale of single aggregations. Our understanding of the species’ ecology is therefore based on only a small proportion of its life stages, such that we cannot yet adequately explain its biology and movement patterns (Chapter I). I present a worldwide conceptual model of possible whale shark migration routes, while suggesting a novel perspective for quantifying the species‘ behaviour and ecology. This model can be used to trim the hypotheses related to whale shark movements and aggregation timings, thereby isolating possible mating and breeding areas that are currently unknown (Chapter II). In the next chapter, I quantify the seasonal suitable habitat availability in the Indian Ocean (ocean basin-scale study) by applying generalised linear, spatial mixed-effects and maximum entropy models to produce maps of whale shark habitat suitability (Chapter III). I then assess the inter-annual variation in known whale shark occurrences to unearth temporal trends in a large area of the Indian Ocean. The results from the Indian Ocean suggest both temporal and spatial variability in the whale sharks occurrence (Chapter IV). Therefore, I applied the same analysis to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans using similar broad-scale datasets. While the results for the Pacific Ocean were inconclusive with respect to temporal trends, in the Atlantic Ocean I found preliminary evidence for a cyclic regularity in whale shark occurrence (Chapter V). In Chapter VI, I build a model to predict global whale shark habitat suitability for the present, as well as within a climate change scenario for 2070. Finally, Chapter VII provides a general discussion of the work developed within this thesis and presents ideas for future research.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2013
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Lee, Wan-Yu, and 李婉瑜. "The Legal Regime of the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Species in the North Pacific Ocean." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08787746898288582007.
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Song, Chen En, and 宋承恩. "Using a long-term ecological record of Dou-Liou Weir to analyze migratory behaviors of dominant fish species." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05971682405423625968.
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碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>生物資訊與結構生物研究所<br>104<br>It is necessary to understand the behavior of native migratory fish for making a fishway with complete function. Migratory fish in freshwater can be divided to two group: diadromous fish and potamodromous fish. However, comparing with diadromous fish, there are few studies about native potamodromous fish in Taiwan.
A long-term river ecological record of Dou-Liou Weir in Qing-Shui River was performed. Species richness indicated that Opsariichthys pachycephalus, Acrossocheilus paradoxus, Sinogastromyzon puliensis, Rhinogobius candidianus and Microphysogobio alticorpus are dominant species in this stream segment.
Alterations of fishway of Dou-Liou Weir had been completed on Jan. 2008. Comparison of species composition, species richness and distribution of dominant species’ body length indicated that reconstruction of fishway had beneficial outcomes to local fish ecology. So the ecological record after reconstruction of fishway was used to analysis the migratory behavior of dominant species. The findings here are that O. pachycephalus adults migrate upstream during Feb. to Jun. and Nov. to Jan., A. paradoxus adults migrate upstream during Nov. to Apr., S. puliensis juveniles migrate upstream during Sep. to Nov., R. candidianus adults migrate during Mar. to Jun. and M. alticorpus adults migrate during Feb. to Jun..
All these five dominant species have regularly migration periods year by year, indicating that they are potamodromous fish and also highlighting the importance of a well-function fishway of Dou-Liou Weir. The fish migration cover the time from Sep. to Jun., so we suggest that there should be no human disturbance and keep a well fishway function during this period.
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Ou, Jer-Horng, and 歐哲宏. "The Avian Influenza Risk Assessment of Migratory Waders and Bridge Species Spread to the Poultry Farms in Hanbow Area, Chunghwa." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99541903515150982815.
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碩士<br>東海大學<br>環境科學與工程學系<br>97<br>In this study, I tried to understand the intensities of relative risks when the wild birds utilized the habitat near or in the poultry farms in different temporal scales by observing the activity patterns and habitat utilization. The Habow Wetland is one of the most important sites of the Eastern-Autralia Flyway for wintering, breeding, and stopover. In the Chunghwa Country, there are not only many poultry farms building near the coastal area, but also the major poultry industry in Taiwan.
The censuses from 2006 to 2008 including the background species census in Hanbow and the locomotion of the wild birds near and in the poultry farms were the major field works. According the results, the populations of the Charadriiformes and the Anatidae in Feb to Mar reached the relative higher point then other months, and the Laridaes was in Jan. to Mar. In general speaking, the relative risks were different with species and timing. The Chinese bulbuls, the Eurasian Tree Sparrows, the Crested Mynas, and the Feral Pigeons were observed flying into the poultry farms and regarded as the Bridge Species. Because of that, the relative risk of those species were higher than others. And the spreading risks of different species would be changed in different time periods.
As the result, the Bridge species were in touch with the poultry farms directly could be become the avian influenza virus transmitters between the wild birds and the poultry farms. It would be the one of the most important controlling factors to prevent the Avian Influenza to reduce the opportunities of the Bridge species contact with the poultry farms. The location of the poultry farm should be considered, and choosing the indoor cultivation would reduce the opportunities, too.
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Kershaw, Francine Lindsay Anne. "Understanding the evolution of two species of highly migratory cetacean at multiple scales and the potential value of a mechanistic approach." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8736QBP.
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An improved understanding of how behavior influences the genetic structure of populations would offer insight into the inextricable link between ecological processes and evolutionary patterns. This dissertation aims to demonstrate the need to consider behavior alongside genetics by examining the population genetic structure of two species of highly migratory cetacean across multiple scales and presenting an exploration of some potential lines of enquiry into the behavioral mechanisms underlying the patterns of genetic population structure observed.
The first empirical chapter presents a population genetic analysis conducted on a data set of new and existing samples of Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni spp.) collected from the Western and Central Indo-Pacific and the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Levels of evolutionary divergence between two subspecies (B. e. brydei and B. e. edeni) and the degree of population structure present within each subspecies were explored. The subsequent three empirical chapters represent a series of population- and individual-level genetic analyses on a data set of more than 4,000 individual humpback whales (Megaptera novaengliae) sampled from across the South Atlantic and Western and Northern Indian Oceans over two decades. Patterns of genetic population structure and connectivity between breeding populations are examined across the region, and are complemented by an assessment of genetic structure on shared feeding areas for these populations in the Southern Ocean.
Collectively, these studies demonstrate that a hierarchy of behavioral processes operating at different spatial scales is likely influencing patterns of genetic population structure in highly migratory baleen whales. Notably, for humpback whales, the widely assumed model of maternal fidelity to feeding areas and natal philopatry to breeding areas was found not to be applicable at all spatial scales. From an applied perspective, the complex population patterns observed are not currently accounted for in current management designation and recommendations for applying these findings to the management and protection of these species are presented.
As these empirical studies highlight the importance of behavior as a potential mechanism for shaping the genetic structure of species, the final chapter offers a research prospectus describing how behavioral and genetic data may be integrated using new individual-based modeling techniques to integrate data and information from the fields of behavioral ecology and population genetics.
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Faircloth, Brant C. "An integrative study of social and reproductive systems in northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) a non-migratory, avian species bearing precocial young /." 2008. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/faircloth%5Fbrant%5Fc%5F200805%5Fphd.
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Lee, Chia-Yen, and 李佳燕. "On the conservation and management of Highly Migratory Species in terms of Recommendation by ICCAT Regarding Control of Chinese Taipei’s Atlantic Bigeye Tuna Fishery「05-02」in 2007." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60220559022865372344.
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碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>外交研究所<br>95<br>On 19th regular meeting of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), the commission decided to cut down Taiwan’s quota of Bigeye tuna in Atlantic Ocean form 14,900 tonnage to 4,900, that is Recommendation by ICCAT Regarding Control of Chinese Taipei’s Atlantic Bigeye Tuna Fishery [05-02] in 2005. This case reflects the fact that fishery resource is coming shorter and States compete harshly. It shows that our concept of conservation ecology leaves much space to improve as well.
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Бабенко, Валерія Андріївна, та Valeriia Andriivna Babenko. "Горобцеподібні птахи с. Калинівка та його околиць Роменського району Сумської області". Bachelor's thesis, 2021. http://repository.sspu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11004.
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Робота присвячена вивченню птахів ряду горобцеподібних с. Калинівка та його околиць. Вивчений видовий склад птахів та їх чисельність. Встановлено pозподiл птахiв по piзним мiсцепеpебуванням в pайонi дослiджень. А також виявлено чинники, якi впливають на чисельнiсть птахів.
Дослiдження пpоводилося в селi Калинiвка Pоменського pайону Сумської областi та його околицях iз 1 гpудня 2018 до 1 квiтня 2021 pоку.
В результаті досліджень виявлено 44 види птахів із 16 родин ряду горобцеподібні. Із них 26 видів гніздових перелітних, 12 гніздових осілих, 1 вид залітний, 1 – гніздовий кочуючий, 1 – пролітний та 3 зимуючих види. Серед гніздових птахів 7 синантропних видів, 6 водно-болотних, 9 лугових, 26 лісових та 14 видів із зелених насаджень.<br>This work is devoted to the study of the birds of a number of passerines in the village Kalynivka and its environs. The study of species composition of birds and their numbers.The distribution of birds in their habitats in the study area. Factors which influence the number of birds have been revealed. The research was done in the Kalinivka village, Romensky district of Sumy region and its environs.
The distribution of birds in their habitats in the study area. Factors which influence the number of birds have been revealed.
The research was done in the village of Kalinivka Romensky district of Sumy region and its environs from December 1, 2018 to April 1, 2021.
As a result of the research, 44 bird species from 16 families of the Passeriformes series were identified. Of these, 26 species are nesting migratory, 12 nesting settled, 1 species migratory, 1 nesting rookie, 1 migratory and 3 wintering species. Among nesting birds there are 7 synanthropic species, 6 wetland species, 9 Meadow, 26 forest and 14 greenland species.