Academic literature on the topic 'Migratory standard'
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Journal articles on the topic "Migratory standard"
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Stich, Daniel S., Timothy F. Sheehan, and Joseph D. Zydlewski. "A dam passage performance standard model for American shad." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 76, no. 5 (2019): 762–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0008.
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Objectives for recovery of alosines commonly involve improving fish passage at dams during migration. However, a quantitative basis for dam passage performance standards is largely absent. We describe development of a stochastic life-history-based simulation model for American shad, Alosa sapidissima, to estimate effects of dam passage and migratory delay on abundance, spatial distribution of spawning adults, and demographic structuring in space and time. We used the Penobscot River, Maine, USA, as a case study to examine sensitivity of modeled population metrics and probability of achieving specific management goals to inputs. Spawner abundance and percentage of repeat spawners were most sensitive to survival and migration delay at dams, marine survival, and temperature cues for migratory events. Recovery objectives related to abundance and spatial distribution of spawners were achievable under multiple scenarios, but high rates of upstream and downstream passage were necessary. The simulation indicated trade-offs between upstream and downstream passage efficacy whereby increased downstream passage was required to maintain or increase population abundance in conjunction with increased upstream passage. This model provides a quantitative support tool for managers to inform ecologically based decisions about a suite of management scenarios to facilitate recovery and sustainability of diadromous fish populations.
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Kondo, Beatrice, and Kevin E. Omland. "Ancestral State Reconstruction of Migration: Multistate Analysis Reveals Rapid Changes in New World Orioles (Icterus SPP)." Auk 124, no. 2 (2007): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.2.410.
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AbstractDuring the past century, numerous theoretical articles explored the evolution of seasonal migration in birds; many of these focused on environmental or social conditions that may have led to the origin of migration. More recent work has focused not on the origin of migration, but on changes in migratory behavior that have occurred in modern species and their immediate ancestors. We used a novel approach, a multistate ancestral state reconstruction of migration, to examine patterns of migratory evolution in the New World orioles (Icterus spp.). Both the multistate and binary reconstructions indicated repeated gains in migration. However, the multistate method revealed details of how migration may be gained that the standard binary-state reconstructions would not have shown. Our maximum-likelihood reconstruction, using branch lengths based on a molecular phylogeny, suggested multiple instances of rapid gain of migration. Furthermore, we found that every migratory species' migration type differed from that of its closest relatives. Surprisingly, no partially migratory species was closely related to a fully migratory species. These novel patterns involving gain of migration demonstrate the utility of multistate ancestral reconstruction for examining changes in migratory behavior in closely related birds.Reconstrucción de Estados Ancestrales de la Migración: Análisis con Múltiples Estados de Carácter Revelan Cambios Rápidos en los Orioles del Nuevo Mundo (Icterus spp.)
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Kurowska, Marlena, Elżbieta Sadowska, and Joanna Zawadka. "USTALENIE STANDARDU LOGOPEDYCZNEGO POSTĘPOWANIA DIAGNOSTYCZNEGO U DZIECI DWUJĘZYCZNYCH – UWARUNKOWANIA I WYZWANIA." Poradnik Językowy, no. 6/2021/785 (June 15, 2021): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2021.6.2.
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Gradual, yet constant, changes in the Polish society, which is fairly uniform in terms of culture and unilingual, have been observable in recent years. As a consequence of migratory fl ows, which have covered virtually the whole of Europe, Polish speech therapists (and other specialists) working, among others, in educational establishments, learning disability services, and private practices increasingly often meet non-Polish speaking children and parents. The growing number of such experiences gives rise e.g. to the need to determine a diagnostic procedure standard for such children. This paper is aimed to present selected considerations and challenges regarding the development of a speech therapy standard for bilingual children
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Smutchak, Zinaida Vasylivna, Oksana Yuriivna Sytnyk, and Inna Valentynivna Shchogolieva. "THE APPLICATION OF NON-STANDARD FORMS OF EMPLOYMENT AS MEANS OF STABILIZATION OF LABOUR MIGRATION IN UKRAINE." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA, no. 3(15) (2018): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2018-3(15)-68-74.
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Urgency of the research. The rapid increase of migration flows from Ukraine threatens not only the loss of active labour potential, but also a significant decrease of the demographic potential of the country, which requires the introduction of effective measures to stabilize this process. Target setting. The solution to the problem of migration management lies in the area of improving social standards, quality of education, economic indicators, and especially the level of employment of the population. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Well - known scientists have made a significant contribution to the study of the Ukrainian migration, its causes, consequences, and possibilities of stabilization: A. Kruglashov, I. Gnybidenko, M. Romaniuk, E. Libanova, T. Lupul, O. Malynovska, V. Makar, A. Pozniak, U. Sadova, O. Sych, V. Troshchynskyi and others. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. At the same time, the use of flexible forms of employment as a factor of the stabilization of labour migration remains out of the question. The research objective. The analysis of the causes and the vectorial orientation of the flows of labour resource potential, which give rise to the need to use non-standard forms of employment as a prerequisite for the stabilization of labour migration. The statement of basic material. The article deals with the problem of labour migration in Ukraine. The factors of influence and vectorial orientation of emigration of the population of Ukraine are analyzed. The use of non-standard forms of employment as a means of stabilizing labour migratory flows is substantiated. The model of regulation of labour migration through the prism of application of non-standard forms of employment is offered. Conclusions. A number of social and economic factors pridetermines the migratory movement from Ukraine which leads to loss of the human and professional potential of the country. In this context, the use of non-standard forms of employment is one of the effective means of stabilizing migratory flows.
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Landys, Mėta M., Theunis Piersma, G. Henk Visser, Joop Jukema, and Arnold Wijker. "Water Balance During Real and Simulated Long-Distance Migratory Flight in the Bar-Tailed Godwit." Condor 102, no. 3 (2000): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.3.645.
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Abstract We examined Bar-tailed Godwits (Limosa lapponica), a long-distance migratory shorebird, for evidence of dehydration toward the end of their 4,300-km migratory flight from West Africa to the Dutch Wadden Sea. Bar-tailed Godwits are ideal subjects for research on flight range constraints because they can readily be caught in migratory flight. Because godwits are capable of long nonstop travel, we hypothesized that they are physiologically adapted to minimize en route water loss, and therefore, do not experience water imbalance under standard migratory conditions. To test this hypothesis, we compared the hydration state of flying Bar-tailed Godwits at the end of a long bout of migratory flight to that of recently-landed godwits. Flying godwits were hydrated to the same degree as birds with free access to water, suggesting that godwits maintain water balance during migratory flight. To corroborate these empirical results, we ran a theoretical simulation of flight-incurred loss of water and energy in a male Bar-tailed Godwit based on the published model by Klaassen et al. (1999). When a low body drag is assumed, model output suggests that Bar-tailed Godwits flying at altitudes ranging from sea level to 3,000 m will avoid dehydration, and that flight at about 3,000 m will result in the longest possible flight range.
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Frias-Soler, Roberto Carlos, Lilian Villarín Pildaín, Michael Wink, and Franz Bairlein. "A Revised and Improved Version of the Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) Transcriptome." Diversity 13, no. 4 (2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13040151.
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This work presents an updated and more complete version of the transcriptome of a long-distance migrant, the Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe). The improved transcriptome was produced from the independent mRNA sequencing of adipose tissue, brain, intestines, liver, skin, and muscle tissues sampled during the autumnal migratory season. This new transcriptome has better sequencing coverage and is more representative of the species’ migratory phenotype. We assembled 20,248 transcripts grouped into 16,430 genes, from which 78% were successfully annotated. All the standard assembly quality parameters were improved in the second transcriptome version.
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Akande, Olamide Abigael, Olusola Samuel Jolayemi, Matthew Olusola Oluwamukomi, et al. "Safety Assessment of Locusta migratoria Powder Enriched Peanut-Based Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTF)." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 26, no. 2 (2022): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aucft-2022-0016.
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Abstract Migratory locust has been widely reported as a quality protein source. However, there are food safety problems related with the usage of insects as food. In this study, migratory locust powder (MLP) was used as a protein supply alternative to milk powder (MP) in peanut-based RUTFs. Seven formulations were obtained at different substitution levels (0 – 30%) of MP with MLP. Pesticide residues, aflatoxins, triazine and toxic metals were analysed using a GC-MS system and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Formulation with 30% MLP and without milk have the highest level of organochlorine (3.22 µg/kg), organophosphorus (0.40-4.56µg/kg) amongst others. Aflatoxins of the therapeutic foods increased with increasing levels of MLP. The heavy metals, melamine, and cyanuric acid of the RUTFs were below the standard permissible limits. Migratory locust powder could be used as an alternate protein source in the formulation of peanut based RUTFs without posing health threat.
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G S, NAVEEN KUMAR, VANI A, and BASAVARAJ INAMDAR. "Sheep pastoralism in southern Karnataka." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 92, no. 3 (2022): 398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i3.122282.
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Present study was conducted to understand and document the migratory system followed, socio-economic status, management and healthcare practices adopted by pastoralists of southern Karnataka. In-person interview method with a structured questionnaire was used for collecting data from 25 shepherd groups on migration. Migration starts during December and continues for 6–8 months covering around 200 km. The breed is locally called Tumkur or Sira sheep which is not yet recognized as a separate breed. Migratory flock usually contains 1,000 to 1,200 sheep, 50 goats, 10 donkeys and 2–4 dogs. The average adult male to female ratio is 1 : 22. Sale of lambs and penning rental are the main sources of income. Sheep pastoralism is an established and effective way of utilizing the excess green cover in transient regions by the sheep from pasture deficient dry zones. Maintaining the social and community pasture and forest lands at their home place will be a benefit during the lean and non-migratory periods. Assessing the migratory paths, fodder and water resource and penning demand by the farmers on migratory tract will help policy makers to provide suitable interventions to curtail the problems of pastoralists. The traditional knowledge of shepherds should be documentedand validated for larger use. The pastoralists need to be educated and trained about the use of digital finance management, herd diversification, health management and government schemes to increase their profitability and standard of living.
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Sloat, Matthew R., and Gordon H. Reeves. "Individual condition, standard metabolic rate, and rearing temperature influence steelhead and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) life histories." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 4 (2014): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0366.
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We reared juvenile Oncorhychus mykiss with low and high standard metabolic rates (SMR) under alternative thermal regimes to determine how these proximate factors influence life histories in a partially migratory salmonid fish. High SMR significantly decreased rates of freshwater maturation and increased rates of smoltification in females, but not males, after 1 year of rearing. Warmer water temperatures significantly decreased rates of freshwater maturation and increased rates of smoltification in both sexes. Variation in individual growth influenced the probability of adopting anadromy or freshwater residency as life histories, but produced paradoxical results. Individuals with the highest growth performance within their respective temperature treatments had a higher probability of freshwater maturation, but warmer temperatures decreased freshwater maturation despite significantly increasing somatic growth. Whole-body lipid content was significantly lower for fish reared in the warm temperature treatment, which may explain the decreased probability of freshwater maturation for individuals exposed to warmer temperatures. Our results indicate that changes in somatic growth induced by altered thermal regimes can influence the relationship between body size and the probability of maturation. Accordingly, somatic growth may not be a robust predictor of shifts in the prevalence of anadromy and residency in partially migratory salmonids when compared across thermal regimes.
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RATHOD, B. S., M. P. PATEL, A. B. CHAUDHARI, Y. M. GAMI, and H. H. PANCHASARA. "Conservation and improvement of Kankrej cattle (Bos indicus): Status vis-Ã -vis strategies." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 8 (2021): 1130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i8.109292.
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The present study was conducted at Livestock Research Station, to compare performance of Kankrej cattle at farm and field condition, and to suggest strategies for the overall improvement of this prestigious breed. The average lactation yield (lit.), standard lactation (lit.), fat percentage, age at first calving and calving interval in the farmers herd was 1669.96±12.24 (1523), 1751.23±12.94 (617), 4.13±0.03 (617), 1464.08±18.41 (260) and 549.93±8.61 (387), respectively during the initial phage of progeny testing program initiated by station and the performance of migratory herd was 2.64 litre (wet average). While, the average lactation yield (lit.), standard lactation (lit.), fat percentage, age at first calving and calving interval at station was 2682.27±126.71 (59), 2501.15±87.72 (59), 4.08±0.09 (49), 1218.42±35.27 (12) and 435.73±13.94 (36), respectively (Elite herd, Anonymous 2018). The lactation yield of daughters born under the progeny testing program was 2050.29±119.20 (104) litres. Looking to the performance gap between the herd maintained at station, field and pastoralist indicates wide scope for the genetic improvement in Kankrej breed by following strict breeding strategies which are discussed in this paper. Conclusively, intensive selective breeding with the use of artificial insemination technology at large scale and progeny testing with precise recording at small scale will solve the purpose in the non-migratory population while, supply of high genetic merit male calf or proven bull’s male calf to the Maldharis having migratory population.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Migratory standard"
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Peyronnet, Chloé. "Le standard migratoire de l’Union européenne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0004.
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Le concept de standard migratoire renvoie à l’identification, dans le droit de l’Union, d’un dispositif ayant pour fonction de réguler l’obligation d’intégration des personnes que ce même ordre juridique fait peser sur les États membres. Ce dispositif mobilise des indicateurs de mérite économique et social aux fins d’assurer, à chaque étape du parcours d’intégration d’un citoyen de l’Union ou d’un ressortissant de pays tiers, que l’État membre concerné soit contraint d’intégrer l’intéressé dans la mesure où cela ne met pas en péril la cohésion de sa communauté sociale. Ce dispositif est dans le même temps surdéterminé par le paradigme de la hiérarchie des nationalités, qu’une citoyenneté de l’Union excluant les ressortissants de pays tiers a rendu structurel. La régulation de l’obligation d’intégration pesant sur les États membres comprend donc un objectif de minimisation du droit d’être intégré des ressortissants de pays tiers, laquelle doit permettre de préserver la capacité d’ouverture de la communauté sociale nationale au profit des citoyens de l’Union. Dans le même temps, les valeurs libérales dont l’Union se revendique créent un obstacle éthique à l’inégalité des droits. La volonté d’éviter l’inégalité se traduit par la tentative de limiter l’acquisition du droit d’entrer à ceux d’entre eux qui présentent suffisamment d’indices de mérite économique et social pour exercer une pression minimale sur la cohésion sociale nationale. Le concept de standard migratoire permet ainsi de clarifier le lien entre, d’une part, le développement de la libre circulation des personnes et, d’autre part, les développements de la lutte contre l’immigration irrégulière et l’abus d’asile<br>The concept of migratory standard refers to what we identified, in the framework of EU law, as a device regulating member States’ obligation, stemming from this very legal order, to integrate UE citizens and non-UE citizens. This device relies on economic worth and social worth indicia so that, at every step of one’s integration journey, the host member State only have an obligation to integrate in so far as this integration does not threaten the cohesion of its social community. These indicia, however, are overarchingly irrigated by a paradigmatic hierarchy of nationality. This hierarchy stems from the way in which the notion of UE citizenship is construed, namely by opposition to non-UE individuals. The regulation of the obligation to integrate purposely narrows down the rights of non-UE individuals to be integrated. This structural restriction is supposed to preserve member States’ ability to integrate UE citizens within their national social community. At the same time, liberal values claimed to be at the core of UE law conflicts with the idea of inequality of rights. This concern over inequality is translated by the attempt to restrict the right of entry into the territory of member States to those who meet economic worth and social worth expectations as they are deemed less likely to exert pressure on national social cohesion. The dynamics and relations between the development of the free movement of persons within the UE and the concurring development of the countering of illegal immigration and abuse of asylum rights are at the core of what the concept of migratory standard attempts to shed light on
Books on the topic "Migratory standard"
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Office, International Labour. Marco multilateral de la OIT para las migraciones laborales: Principios y directrices no vinculantes para un enfoque de las migraciones laborales basado en los derechos. Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2009.
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Moreno-Lax, Violeta. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701002.003.0001.
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This chapter presents the subject matter under scrutiny and provides a historical account of the development of extraterritorial strategies of migration management in Europe, coinciding with parallel changes in refugee movements and the composition of migratory flows on the global scale. The objective and research questions the study seeks to address are also introduced, together with a description of the methodology underpinning the research. In particular, the ‘cumulative standards’ or ‘integrated interpretation’ model employed to construe EU Charter of Fundamental Rights standards is canvassed. The concept of ‘jurisdiction’ and the alternative ‘Fransson paradigm’ applicable to interpret the scope of application of EU law is also briefly defined. The structure of the book is outlined at the end, providing an overview of the different chapters and their interrelation.
Book chapters on the topic "Migratory standard"
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Ojo, Philip. "Black Sojourners in the Métropole and in the Homeland: Challenges of Otherness in Calixthe Beyala’s Loukoum: The “Little Prince” of Belleville and Myriam Warner-Vieyra’s Juletane." In Deferred Dreams, Defiant Struggles. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786940339.003.0004.
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Chapter explores the complexities of the postcolonial migrant experience in France via francophone literary works Loukoum: The “Little Prince” of Bellville (Calixthe Beyala) and Juletane Philip Ojo (Myriam Warner-Vieyra). In doing so, it illustrates the extent to which literary representations provide a space for criticism and mediation of migration and otherness, and a voice for disenfranchised immigrants who long for a hybrid space that they can call home. The characters’ use of language, which includes word play and transformations of standard French, is analysed, alongside other ways in which they attempt to negotiate migratory space.
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Valencia-Herverth, J. ,. "Richness and conservation of the birdlife of the municipality of San Felipe Orizatlan, Hidalgo, Mexico." In Sustainability in agricultural production and natural resource management T-I Biotechnology and Agricultural Sciences. ECORFAN, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35429/h.2023.14.1.1.14.
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Between 2020 and 2021, a bird inventory was conducted in the municipality of San Felipe Orizatlán, Hidalgo. A total of 213 bird species were recorded through visual and auditory observations, captures, collections and photographic records. We found 136 resident species, 41 species catalogued as winter visitors, 17 species considered as winter passage visitors, 10 migratory species, nine species are summer visitors and 12 bird species have populations with more than one seasonality category. In the case of 15 species in some category of endemism for Mexico, including four species exclusive to the country. In addition, 28 species were identified in risk categories according to the Mexican Official Standard, three of which are considered in danger of extinction. The analysis of species by vegetation type showed that the greatest richness was found in the secondary vegetation of the medium subperennial rainforest with 126 species, followed by the preserved medium subperennial rainforest with 86 species, riparian vegetation with 83 species, urban areas with 69 species and tropical oak forests with 60 species. In conclusion, the municipality of San Felipe Orizatlán has a high richness of both resident and migratory species that should be protected, especially the sites with relatively conserved vegetation cover that can serve as habitat for species that are in some category of risk
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Cohn, Samuel. "Landlessness and Political Violence." In All Societies Die. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501755903.003.0038.
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This chapter examines one of the most important economic circumstances causing conflict: landlessness. Technically, small cultivators who own their own land are called peasants, while small cultivators who are landless are known as rural proletariats. If rural proletariats want to farm, they have to work for someone else; a migratory harvest worker is a standard example. Why are peasants more conservative than rural proletariats? Peasants own land and have something to lose, while rural proletariats have nothing so they can take more risks. Moreover, peasants live isolated from and compete with each other, while rural proletariats have close relationships of friendship and solidarity. What does this imply for social conflict? If one peasant were to ask another to join a social movement, that other peasant will be reluctant to help out. Crews of proletarianized workers in contrast are natural combat squads; they are used to standing up for each other. Ultimately, owning land keeps peasants out of violent movements; when they are landless, anything can happen.
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Djamel, Brahimi, Rahmouni Abdelkader, Brahimi Abdelghani, and Mesli Lotfi. "Evaluating Insects as Bioindicators of the Wetland Environment Quality (Arid Region of Algeria)." In Vegetation Index and Dynamics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97700.
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The wetland of Naâma situated in the arid region of Alegria offers an important fauna and flora diversity due to its geographical location it constitutes the main resting place in North Africa for migratory birds. Insects are used as bioindicators, due to their sensitivity to environmental conditions which, because of their ecological peculiarities, gives information on the characteristics of terrestrial and aquatic environments. The aim of this study is to know and specify the entomofauna bio-indicator of the quality of the aquatic environment of the wetland Naâma (SW Algeria). The study carried out in the wetland from September 2017 to September 2020. Benthic insects were sampled according to the IBGN protocol (Standard Global Biological Index). Study and statistical analysis of insects communities was based by the use of the structural and statistical index, Correspondence factor analysis (CFA), and The ascending hierarchical classification (C.H.A). The results show that the collected insect 51 species, belong to 9 orders, The Coleoptera order is the most represented with 11 species, followed by the Odonata with six species, Lepidoptera ranks third with five species followed by Diptera with 03 species. The various indicators used, namely the specific richness (51 species), the Shannon index (1.01 bits), and fairness (0.56) show that this environment is characterized by significant fauna biodiversity. The study of the hydro-biological quality of the water courses of this site, assessed by the IBGN method showed a good hydro-biological quality with moderate pollution (IBGN = 14). This pollution is precisely marked by the requirement of Ephemeroptera and the disappearance of Plecoptera. These results lay the foundation for any biomonitoring action of the ecological quality of the waters of this wetland.
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Habbi, Yūsuf. "Christians in Iraq." In Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East The Challenge of the Future. Oxford University PressOxford, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198293880.003.0015.
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Abstract Following the Gulf War, more than 150,000 Christians, a sixth of the total Christian population in the country, left Iraq for various destinations. Most were young people and some of the places they left for are areas of risk, in the sense that they offer little hope of finding acceptable work and standards of living. The migratory trend of Christians is not just affecting Iraq, but also the other Middle Eastern States where they are present. The increase in the exodus in recent years could arouse suspicions of a deliberate evacuation of Eastern Christians from their country of origin (Iraq, Persia, Syria, and other countries). The causes of this phenomenon in Iraq and the factors involved are the subject of this contribution.
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Yigit, Sureyya. "From Schengen to Lisbon." In Handbook of Research on the Regulation of the Modern Global Migration and Economic Crisis. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6334-5.ch016.
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The complex phenomenon of migration has always accompanied human existence, concerning movements of entire populations or tribes migrating to different regions in the hope of finding better living conditions. Precarious living standards, a climate of violence and wars, environmental degradation, economic prospects of misery, and a growing gap between poorer and richer countries form the basis of the complexity that characterizes this phenomenon. Migratory movements involve the movement of millions of people every year from one place to another around the world; according to the UNHCR, as many as 5% of the world's population are migrants, with millions of people uprooted from their places of residence and life, including millions of refugees outside their country of origin, as well as millions of internally displaced people who have fled war and persecution including several million asylum seekers.
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Mital, K. M. "ICT, Unique Identity and Inclusive Growth." In E-Governance and Civic Engagement. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61350-083-5.ch029.
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Government of India has recently sought to establish identity of country’s each resident including migratory population from one state to another through IT-enabled unique identification (UID) numbers under the aegis of Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), which shall lead to inclusive growth. UID numbers offer diverse benefits to each resident, such as quick opening of bank accounts, speedier issuance of passports, efficient administration of the PDS (public distribution system) for food grains at subsidized rates to the BPL (below poverty line) families by preventing ‘leakage’ to open markets, rapid enrollment to and efficient disbursal of wages under the ‘Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)’ for guaranteed employment for every household, et cetera. The chapter reviews the role of ICT and UID numbers in achieving inclusive growth, achieving food security, augmenting employment opportunities, efficiently accessing public services, and achieving higher standards of livelihood and quality-of-life sustained though different welfare schemes.
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Natalie, Klein, and Parlett Kate. "8 Fisheries." In Judging the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198853350.003.0008.
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This chapter analyses judicial decisions that have bearing on international fisheries and their regulation under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The chapter first assesses decisions relating to traditional fishing and then turns to fishing in the territorial sea. Despite jurisdictional limitations, there have been several notable judicial proceedings examining rights and obligations relating to fishing in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The chapter considers the scope of sovereign rights over fishing in the EEZ, the content of obligations relating to the conservation and utilisation of living resources in the EEZ, and due diligence standards. Disputes have also emerged in relation to law enforcement of fisheries regulations in the EEZ and have been addressed on the merits as well as in the context of prompt release proceedings under Article 292 of UNCLOS. The chapter discusses the small amount of case law on straddling stocks and highly migratory species before turning to fisheries disputes on the high seas and what judicial consideration has emerged in relation to the UNCLOS provisions dealing with the conservation and management of high seas fisheries.
Conference papers on the topic "Migratory standard"
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AbdalKhabir Ali, Ali, and Hajar Salah Auda. "The effect of marsh draining on biodiversity." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/64.
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"The marsh represents a rare natural environment of its kind for a number of reasons. First, the marshes were the cradle of the Sumerian civilization and an environment that embraces a unique biodiversity. Its geography and vast area, which is equivalent to the size of a country like Lebanon, made it a resting place and provided food and reproduction for migratory birds. It is worthy of being included in the World Heritage List as one of the treasures of the world that must be preserved, but unfortunately, the Iraqi marshes have not been subjected throughout history to extensive and systematic drying operations, which reached 95% of their total area, as they were exposed to during the era of the previous dictatorial regime in the nineties of last century, which led to the emergence of a number of environmental problems that collectively led to the disruption of natural ecological balance through the loss of the ability to achieve the environmental balance and causing biological diversity damage . This is as a result of the lack of incoming water resources and the high percentage of salinity and pollution, which caused the death of huge numbers of wildlife and aquatic life, as well as the extinction of large numbers of them, causing a mass migration of the population of those areas to other areas that provide them with a minimum standard of decent living after they lost their main sources of livelihood represented by fishing and raising animals. The paper aims to present a study on the impact of the widespread and systematic drying stages that began after the Iran-Iraq war in the eighties of last century and culminated in the nineties, bringing the percentage of the remaining water from the marshes to 5% in 2002, and the extent of its impact on the destruction of the environment and biodiversity, which includes humans and animals, as well as migratory birds from Siberia to the Indian subcontinent, which lost their habitats and places for laying eggs and breeding. It will also present a number of solutions that will help reduce the environmental degradation that the marshes have been exposed to."
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Tran, Phat L., Jessica R. Gamboa, Katherine E. McCracken, Jeong-Yeol Yoon, and Marvin J. Slepian. "Interaction With Nanoscale Topography: The Use of Nanowell-Trapped Charged Ligand-Bearing Nanoparticle Surfaces To Modulate Physiological Focal Adhesions in Endothelial Cells." In ASME 2013 2nd Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2013-93345.
Full textAbstract:
Achieving cell adhesion, growth and homeostasis on an underlying biomaterial surface may be a desirable feature in implant device design and tissue engineering. Insight has been gained from numerous cell patterning strategies where spatial cues and physical constraints have been shown to regulate the structure and function of cells. Despite significant advances in modifying substrates for cellular attachment, migration and proliferation, the achievement of confluent and aligned growth of functional endothelial cells on cardiovascular blood-contacting implants under physiologically significant wall shear stress has proven difficult. Recently we have reported on a method that enhances cellular adhesion under flow conditions on synthetic polymer surfaces, without reliance on pro-adhesive protein biomaterials, which are often thrombogenic. In this method we utilize electron beam lithography and size-dependent self-assembly to fabricate line arrays of nanowells allowing entrapment and retention of charged nanoparticles, covalently conjugated with a RGD adhesive ligand, GRGDSPK. This approach is an additive strategy of combining substrata topographic alteration, electrostatic charge and biochemical ligands, all uniquely incorporated as an ensemble of charged, ligand-bearing nanoparticles entrapped in arrays of nanowells. However, the modulation of endothelial cell physiologic mechanisms as a result of ensemble surface exposure remains to be characterized. In this report, we extend our studies and probe cell physiologic mechanisms altered as a result of nanofeatured surface exposure. We first examined the functional intactness or normalcy of endothelial cells adherent to the nanofeatured ensemble surface utilizing standard immunostaining and flow cytometry methods. We found β1-integrin expression dominated quiescent adherent endothelial cells while αVβ3-integrins expression was more common in migratory cells. Endothelial cells were noted to express high levels of PECAM-1 over time when exposed to nanofeatured surface and RGD peptides. For understanding the contribution of the nanofeatured surface (entrapped RGD conjugated nanoparticles) to cell adhesion, cytochalasin B was used to alter cell spreading. Confocal microscopy illustrated the uptake of nanoparticles in endothelial cells on composite surfaces, as well as the inhibition of this endocytosis by cytochalasin B. After prohibiting the cells from engulfing nanoparticles, we found an 80% reduction in cell adhesion; suggesting that an endocytic mechanism might play a role in maintaining cell adhesion. Nanofeatured ensemble surfaces appear to be good substrates for achieving a high level of EC adhesion, with maintained growth and stability.