Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mikroplaster'
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Björk, My, and Linn Månsson. "Mikroplasters spridning längs den svenska västkusten - En studie om koncentration och distribution av mikroplaster i marina sediment." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22550.
Full textIn recent years, a new research field regarding microscopic plastic fragments in the marineenvironment, called microplastics, have emerged. Microplastics derives from anthropogenicsources such as sewage treatment plants and the fragmentation of macro plastic. There are alimited number of studies regarding micro plastics, especially concerning Swedish waters,indicating the need for more research. In this study sediment samples were collected from thelittoral area at seven different locations as well as one sediment sample from a deep sea at oneof the sites. The aim is to investigate the concentration and distribution of microplastics alongthe Swedish west coast. A correlation analysis was performed between microplastics and twovariables; grain size and salinity. The results showed that the highest concentration of microplastics were found at the north part of the Swedish west coast and decreased the farther souththe samples were taken. The results showed a strong correlation between microplastics andhigh salinity R2 = 0, 61, and a correlation was seen between micro plastics and coarse sandwith a R2 = 0.38. The results contribute to the understanding of how micro plastics aredistributed in marine environment along the Swedish west coast. The researchers behind thisstudy calls for sampling of all marine zones to further understand how microplastics areconcentrated and distributed in the marine environment
Regnell, Fredrick. "Mikroplaster från konstgräsplaner : Orsaker till spridning av mikroplaster samt en kvalitativ analys av spridningen till dränerings- och dagvattenbrunnar." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-213830.
Full textMicroplastics and its environmental impacts is a research area under development. Sampling and analysis methods are complicated by the fact that microplastics may come from different raw materials, which means that its content, particle size and density may vary. It is clear that microplastics is a problem in marine environments as intake and accumulation of micro- and macroplastics have been recorded in invertebrates, fish, mammals and birds. The microplastics may affect, among other things, the digestion and reproduction of aquatic animals. The microplastics have also been recorded in foods that are relevant to humans, but what effects microplastics have on humans is still unclear. In a report from 2017, the Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) estimated artificial turf fields to be the second largest quantified source for spreading the microplastics to the environment with 1638 - 2456 tons per year, after wear of tire and roads. Football is one of Sweden's most popular sports and the number of artificial turf fields in the country in 2016 reached 1336. Due to the fact that artificial turf fields is considered an important reason for the spreading of microplastics, it becomes important to investigate the reasons why and how microplastics are spread from artificial turf fields and also what measures can be taken to reduce the spread. The purpose of this study is to identify the reasons why microplastics are spread, as well as to present measures that can reduce the overall spread of microplastics from artificial turf fields. The methodology is based on previous studies of microplastics in aquatic environments and water samples were collected from drainage wells that belonged to two artificial turf fields and from a “water-infiltration-sampler” from a third field. In addition, field studies with observations have been carried out at two other artificial turf fields, and conversations with maintenance personal have provided additional relevant information on how microplastics can be spread. The results show that microplastics are spread from artificial turf fields and the identified reasons for this spreading, without specific order of magnitude, are mainly: Activity on the field Brushing of the fields Snow plowing of the fields Rain (which means infiltration through the field as well as surface runoff) These causes, as well as possible pathways for the spreading of microplastics from an artificial turf field to the surroundings, have been visualized in a conceptual model, Figure 11. The model has two system boundaries; the inner system consists of the field itself, while the outer system is the direct area around the field and can be equated with the sports facility. It is only microplastics that are spread from the outer system to the environment which is considered to cause ecological consequences. Ocular microscopy studies of water samples from drainage wells showed presence of microplastics. Quantification of the amount of solids that can reach the drainage wells, where microplastics constitute an unknown proportion, amounted to a maximum of 340 – 370 kg per year and artificial turf field measuring 105m×65m. The maximum amount of microplastics that can infiltrate through an artificial turf field down to its drainage system was quantified to 0,003 kg per year and artificial turf of 105m×65m. This indicates that more open transport routes, such as open wells, could be needed to allow microplastics to reach drainage wells to a greater extent. The quantification of other causes for the spreading of microplastics from artificial turf fields to the environment area is uncertain, but careful estimations show that they are weighty comprehensive. To measure and secure the number of particles that are spread from artificial turf fields, more extensive sampling and analysis would have to be carried out.
Josic, Elma. "Provtagningsmetoder för mikroplaster i dagvatten och sediment." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-255616.
Full textPlastics have created the conditions for us people for decades because of its wide use. It has, however, resulted that there are amounts of microplastics in the environment and it is today an environmental problem that needs to be fixed. It is a challenge to clarify the origin of the microplastics, but it can be stated that artificial turf is one of the largest sources in Sweden and is expected to release several tonnes of microplastics. To find out how much microplastics an artificial turf can spread with stormwater, various samples are taken in eg. water and sediment environments. The purpose of this thesis was to present various sampling methods that can be used when sampling microplastics from artificial turf in water and sediment. Then, the results can be used as a basis for adapting future samples for microplastics in water and sediment. The following three goals were therefore set up; identify different sampling methods suitable for microplastics, compare these with each other and suggest appropriate sampling methods for microplastics from artificial turf in mainly water. For successful sampling, planning and preparation are required before the execution. This means that a concept model should be developed over how the soccer field is designed, where and when samplings should be performed, which parameters should be analyzed and that there are references for background contents, see figure 3, page 16. Information about the sampling location needs to be compiled, for example, which plastic materials are present in the artificial turf and which expected primary and secondary microplastics can be spread from the soccerfield. During this thesis, two sampling alternatives were identified to investigate microplastics in water samples: • Sampling of water (active sampling) for microplastic analysis • Sampling of filtrate (passive sampling) where microplastic is filtered. In this case, the microplastics that have been captured by the filter are analyzed. This thesis also deals with other samplings - sampling with pump, water-container and dredge. It is because to see which alternatives are available for water and sediment sampling and for obtaining a comparison between these samples. At sampling, there is currently no common standard for implementation, which would probably have facilitated the sampling work. Especially when the results were easier to compare with each other. A study visit was made at Bergavik's IP in Kalmar to perform sampling in three wells and in a nearby stormwater pond to drain the surface and drainage water from the artificial turf. The sampling began with the stormwater flow and the amount of rainfall during the previous days before the measurement was noted. All sampling occasions occur at similar weather and flow conditions. The water samples were then sent for analysis. This method can be repeated and after a few sampling occasions, a mean value of microplastic content can be obtained. The thesis conclusion is that it is important to look at how and where the sampling is performed. Both when it comes to active sampling and passive sampling, it is necessary to take samples taken on several occasions, describe the precipitation conditions before sampling, take samples at the same place and the same depth in order to more easily identify the amount of microplastics from the source and how much is then disseminated. The reason why it is today mainly active and passive sampling that is used in sampling microplastics from artificial turf is that these are proven methods. A suggestion for future studies is to identify a common standard for execution. It would facilitate analyzes of microplastic spread from artificial turf if the same standard was used everywhere.
Bujak, Klaudia. "Kartläggning av analysmetoder för mikroplaster från konstgräsplaner." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240305.
Full textThe presence of microplastics in marine and sedimentary environments is a relatively new problem. Presently, there are no clear standards to which methods that should be implored with sampling, treating and analysing microplastics. Because of this, some troubles occur when estimating field concentrations and comparing microplastics flow and composition. Artificial turf plants have been considered to be the second largest source of microplastic emissions in Sweden. Pre-emptive measures have been taken in several regions in Sweden in order to decrease spreading of microplastics. Because of this, it is important to be able to measure the amount of microplastics in marine environment and sediment in order to monitor how it changes when using different methods. The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge of the methods available and suitable for sampling, treatment and analysis of microplastics from artificial turf in water and sediment environments. The aim is to provide a suggestion of measurement methods that may be suitable for analysis of microplastics from artificial turf in Ältasjön. In order to clarify the importance of a holistic view of the microplastics, an analytical chain has been developed. It is regarded to be a useful tool in order to further the develop a standardized method for the entire analytical process, from sampling to interpretation of results. This analytical chain is comprised by four major steps: sampling, laboratory preparation of samples, analysis and interpretation of the results. Sampling will be of crucial importance for the evaluation of final results, because the sampling efficiency has direct impact on the content of the sample which will proceed to the analysis. There are no standardized procedures for sampling of microplastics with regard to location, sampling equipment, volumes and sampling time. This results in a limited comparability with previous studies. The treatment is usually comprised of volume reduction, density separation and chemical or enzymatic purification. These treatment methods need to be adapted in regard to the expected content of the sample and the chosen analytical method. Analysis of microplastic could be done with the help of optical, spectrophotometric or chromatographic methods. The optical analysis enables to monitor the particles physical properties such as size, shape, colour and degree of degradation. The spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods provide information about chemical composition, polymer type and the additive content of microplastics. These methods investigate different properties and therefore they result in different answers. Each technique should be thought of and analysed from the information that is provided. Also, all analytic methods have different detection limits. These detection limits vary between and it is important to take into consideration when choosing the correct analytical method. If different studies use the same methods to gain the desired information, the results will be more easily compared. The combined results will help to complete more of the missing information and improve the monitoring of microplastics spreading to marine environments and sediment. Provided that all studies not only follow the same methods but also the same analytical chain from sampling to analyzing the results. From the information and knowledge that was gathered, it is expected that Scanning Electron Microscopy / Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) has the biggest potential to efficiently measure microplastics from artificial turf in water environment and sediment. Both SEM-EDS and ICP-MS makes it possible to detect all types of granulate and plastic straws from artificial turf even when the grain is between 10 and 20 mm. Further studies of these methods are recommended to build a reference library for each respective method and to find a working standard method when analysing microplastic from artificial grass.
Fjordefalk, Vera. "Reningsmetoder för dagvatten innehållande mikroplaster från konstgräsplaner." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240310.
Full textThe number of artificial turfs in Sweden has increased significantly since the year 2000. Today there are about 1255 outdoor pitches made from artificial turf and the annual increase is estimated at 100 pitches. Artificial turfs provide many benefits for sporting activities such as longer game seasons and more playing hours. To gain characteristics as close to natural turfs as possible, infill is used on top of the artificial grass. The infill is usually made out of styrene-butadien rubber (SBR), ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer-rubber (EPDM) or thermoplastic estalomer (TPE). However, there is also organic alternativs made from cork or coconut. Since the filling materials mostly consist of plastic polymers, some environmental concerns have been raised in the connection of the use of infill. The manufacturing size of infill is between 2-3 mm and is thereby classified as primary microplastics. The Swedish Environment Institute performed a study to map the sources of microplastic emissions to the marine environment. The study concluded that artificial turfs was the second largest land-based source of microplastic emission. The conclusion was based on the suggested annual amount for refill of infill for a full-size pitch. The amount of microplastics ending up in the sea, lakes and streams was not answered in the study, as it would require a more extensive mapping of routes. Former studies have shown that a certain amount of infill ends up in the stormwater wells which is placed around the turfs to prevent water collection. In order to prevent continued spreading via stormwater wells out to marine environments, treatment methods for stormwater runoff from artificial turfs has been requested.The objective of this study is to identify suitable methods for treatment of stormwater containing microplastics from artificial turfs. To find out what methods are used today, four manufacturers of granulate traps and filters were contacted. The municipalities that have installed or planned to install any of the stormwater treatment methods was also contacted to get an understanding of how these methods works in practice. From the study it is apparent that the development of treatment methods mentioned is in an early stage where efficiency is not tested for any of the methods. In order to determine what a suitable stormwater treatment method is in this case, further studies on how water flows vary between different pitch designs and surrounding surfaces are required. In this study the amount of microplastics found in the stormwater wells is solely based on ocular inspection and often described as "small" by the interviewees. To determine the exact amount of microplastics that can occur in stormwater wells, it would be necessary to weigh the microplastics found in the wells on every single plant. Because of differences in maintenance routines and depending on the existence of available surfaces for storage of snow and infill, the amount of microplastics found in the wells varies. The size of microplastics found was estimated to be of manufacturing size (2-3 mm). However, microplastics can become very small, down to 1 μm and hard to see with the naked eye. Further studies are recommended to set up a grain size distribution curve which can be used to manufacture the mesh in a reasonable size. The small sizes of microplastics makes it unreasonable to expect a purification degree f 100%, the mesh size would make it impossible for water to flow through. This calls for establishing guidance values for microplastics in stormwater. In order to establish guidance values and carry out necessary studies to develope the existing methods, a better cooperation between institution and trade and industry is needed. A method can be considered to be suitable for microplastics if the largest percentage part by weight of microplastics is caught. The suitability of the current methods cannot be judged until this is determined.
Ekholm, Robin. "Lösningar för att eliminera utsläpp av mikroplaster från plastindustrin." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-18216.
Full textMikroplaster är ett allt växande problem för miljön och riskerar att i allt större utsträckning hamna i maten vi äter och vattnet vi dricker. Det påverkar även djurliv och det är allt vanligare att fiskar, fåglar och till och med valar dör på grund av undernäring, på grund av att deras magar är fulla av plast. Syftet med detta projekt är att minska utsläppet av mikroplaster från plastindustrin genom att ta fram en metod för att lokalisera och åtgärda utsläpp av mikroplaster. Projektet har gjorts i samarbete med Tarkett Ronneby där en kartläggning av deras fabrik och vart de genererar mikroplaster har genomförts. Även lösningsförslag och åtgärder för att minska utsläpp av mikroplaster har tagits fram, dels på Tarkett Ronneby men som även andra aktörer inom samma bransch kan implementera. Metoden för att eliminera utsläpp av mikroplaster från plastindustrin består av tio steg som innefattar bland annat olika protokoll och inkluderar allt från att lokalisera utsläpp till att åtgärda dessa. Denna metod är applicerbar på alla plastindustrier, både som producerar plastgranulat men också som använder plast för att tillverka andra produkter.
Karlsson, Joakim. "Förekomst av mikroplaster i tångmärlor (Gammaridae) längs södra Hallandskusten." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43351.
Full textSedan mitten av 1900-talet har forskare observerat att marina organismer tar in plaster i olika former, direkt eller via föda. Plastpartiklar mindre än 5 millimeter, så kallade mikroplaster, har på senare år fått större uppmärksamhet och har också visat sig kunna ackumulera miljögifter. En familj av organismer som man funnit mikroplaster i är tångmärlor (Gammaridae), vilka i många ekosystem är viktiga som födokällor och nedbrytare. I denna studie undersöktes förekomsten av mikroplaster i marina tångmärlor på tre lokaler i stadsområden respektive landsbygdsområden, längs Hallandskusten och Skånes norra kust. Syftet var att se ifall dessa organismer innehåller mikroplaster samt jämföra förekomsten i landsbygdsområden kontra stadsområden. Av 221 analyserade prov förekom mikroplaster i 33 (ca 14,9 %) och förekomsten per individ varierade från 0 till 3 mikroplaster. En signifikant skillnad i medelvärde av mikroplaster per individ fanns mellan landsbygdsområden och urbana områden; urbana områden innehöll i genomsnitt mer men med ett undantag. I andra studier har man funnit belägg för att stadsområden ofta innehåller mer mikroplaster än landsbygdsområden, något som ökar risken för att organismer i dessa områden tar in plaster. Med mer båttrafik och antal invånare överlag, tillsammans med vattendrag som för med sig plast från inlandet, kan det i dessa områden ge en större utsläppsmängd i jämförelse med i landsbygdsområden. Resultatet visar på att mikroplaster förekommer i marina tångmärlor i de undersökta områdena och att dessa organismer därmed kan vara en viktig del i överföringen av mikroplaster mellan trofiska nivåer.
Thuné, William. "Mikroplaster i jord och sediment – utveckling av metodför provbehandling och analys." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233868.
Full textThe phenomenon of micro plastics in soil and sediment has recently become more and more noticeable and every day new articles are published about the presence and effects of micro plastics. The interest has also increased significantly for micro plastic litter particles in the environment. The definition of micro plastic particles is that they are smaller than 5 mm in size. The finished and ongoing studies have shown that the micro plastics have a bad effect on the environment (Lassen et al., 2015). It has become a very big environmental problem that the micro plastics created as it has been shown to produce harmful effects on aquatic organism in particular. What happens is that the aquatic organism confuses micro plastics with plankton and they devour the micro plastics instead of food. Unfortunately, there is no major study when it comes to soil-based organism, but it can be said that they are also affected by this problem since micro plastics in soil and sediment is spread on arable land. To be able to analyze micro plastrics, these has to be isolated from other particles. This was done by adding different chemicals at different temperatures and conditions to investigate how the micro plastics are affected by different circumstances. The important part for the micro plastics is to stay true to its original form or shape even after going through different steps throughout the procedure. The sediment samples occurred from the same harbor basin that has a depth of 0 – 0.3 meters and the soil was purchased from Plantagen in Uppsala. The samples were divided into manageable amounts for the procedure to operate without complications. Studies have already shown that the chemicals that are best suited for both separation and digestive solution was sodium chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride and sodium iodide. In this study, however, only sodium chloride and calcium chloride were investigated, as both zinc chloride and sodium iodide did show a significant impact on the environment and furthermore required several grams of salt per sample thus they both got excluded from this study. After closer examination, it was clear that calcium chloride had the best density of 1.4 g/cm3 which was enough to separate the unwanted particles to fall to the bottom (sediment) and the four most common plastics e.g. PE, PET, PP and PVC, to float to the surface. The fractionating column (figure 2) used in this study, the top phase could easily be separated from the rest of the solution by closing the valve dividing the column. Since the fractionating column was unable to handle large number of samples, alternative separation techniques were investigated, but since the decantation step is critical, the other options were not fitted in this study. The next step in the procedure was digesting the rest of the materials in the matrix. The digestive agents, sodium hydroxide, nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide were investigated. The purpose of the digestion step was to dissolve other materials in the sample matrix e.g. organic material. It was important to investigate a base, an acid and an oxidant to really know how the micro plastic reacts. Furthermore, these digestives were combined with various temperature of 25 °C, 50 °C and 80 °C. The reason why hydrogen peroxide doesn’t have an 80 °C in the charts, figure 3, is because of the unknown reactions that could occur, since the samples of sediment and soil, contains a large amount of other materials. The decision was made to use nitric acid at 50 °C, it was most suitable for dissolving as much as possible without affecting the five most common plastics for further analysis. Since the size of micro plastics extends over 0 – 5 mm, the samples were filtered through three filters. A filter of 1 mm mesh size, a filter of 100 μ m and the smallest filter of 10 μ m. The biggest was easily evaluated by looking at the particles to decide which are plastics and not. The 100 μ m-filter was evaluated under stereo microscope and the particles that could be plastic were picked up and glued on a piece of carbon tape which then went through a SEM-analysis to determine which of these hand-picked particles were plastics and not. The final and smallest filter, 10 μm, passed through the SEM-analysis directly, these particles were too small to evaluate with the stereo microscope. By looking at the composition of the substances on a single particle, the assessment could be made if it was plastic, mineral or organic material. The important part with the evaluation made with the eye to identify which particle is plastic or not was by adding external stress, e.g. pressure, heat and other factors. It is known that plastics has a characteristic appearance, usually thread-shaped with a smooth surface. By gauging the, what we think is plastic, it could easy be decided if it’s a plastic or not. As we know, plastic has a trait of going back to its original state. If the particle caused by the external stress returned to its original form, it was considered a plastic, however if it remained deformed it was eliminated. The 100 μm is evaluated by stereo microscope and SEM-analysis, the particles that looks like plastic were picked up and glued on a carbon tape that was analyzed by the SEM-analysis. What made the SEM suitable for this study is that by looking at the composition of the substances on a single particle, the evaluation went quick by looking at the spectra. The smallest filter, 10 μm, was evaluated directly in the SEM-analysis. Using its electrons drawn to different particles of different composition, a spectrum could be produced and evaluated in the vase of a micro plastic or not, if the particle gave rise to carbon and oxygen alone onthe spectrum, it can be a micro plastic.
Dahlén, Marie. "Förekomst av mikroplaster i kommunalt avloppsvatten - : En undersökning av Gövikens avloppsreningsverk." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41978.
Full textIn this study Göviken's wastewater treatment plant located in Östersund has been studied. Micro plastics that are quantified are greater than 35 - 45 μm and of clear homogeneous colors. The colors black and white have been chosen to be excluded from this study. The black particles due to contamination through the salt at the density separation and the white ones because the difficulty to distinguish them from the white filter chosen for analysis, that made a characterization of the white particles impracticable. A density separation was performed before the analysis thereof were those plastics that could be found of a kind with a density lower than 1.2 g cm-3. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which micro plastics are present in waste water to Göviken, and to investigate where they are found in the purification process and how much micro plastic that are released via outgoing water. The use of plastic and the plastic production have increased in the world over the last few decades, due to that also the micro plastics have increased. Since the 1950s, the number of different types of plastics has increased and their uses are many. Micro plastic is defined as small plastic particles or plastic fibers smaller than 5 mm. Several studies show that micro plastic occurs in nature, many studies show that it is the marine systems that have suffered the hardest. The micro plastic itself threatens animal species that swallow the plastic as food and thus can, among other things, starve themselves by eating these plastic particles. What has also emerged as a potential and significant danger regarding micro plastics in the marine systems is its ability to attract and retain hydrophobic contaminants such as PCB and PAHs. Research in the field is increasing and micro plastics have got more and more attention in recent years. In the field of wastewater treatment plants and occurrence of micro plastics, few studies have been done, all of them show that most of the micro plastics are found in the sludge at the treatment plants. Possible sources of micro plastics to wastewater treatment plants could be laundry of textiles and through plastics in stormwater. Conclusions drawn after completed study is that micro plastics occurs in incoming water to treatment plant. In the outgoing water was there also presence of micro plastics, but reduced with 27 % by comparison with the quantity of micro plastics in the incoming water.
2018-06-28
Turstam, Mika, and Sofie Winkler. "Återvinning av sopsand : Provtagning och reningsmöjligheter avseende metaller, kolväten och mikroplaster." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggd miljö och energiteknik (BET), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104815.
Full textLiljedahl, Charlotta. "Livscykelanalys och Produktutveckling i spåren av förbud mot mikroplaster i hygieniska produkter." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-77091.
Full textJeppsson, Frida. "Kartläggning av källor till utsläpp av mikroplaster från verksamheter inom Käppalaförbundets upptagningsområde." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-220717.
Full textIn recent years, microplastics have been more frequently recognized and new articles about its presence and effects are published every day. Microplastics are small fragments, fibers or granules of plastics that usually are defined as particles smaller than 5 mm and bigger than 100 nm in diameter. The presence of microplastics have been recognized as a major environmental threat, because microplastics have proven to cause damage to aquatic organisms. These organisms ingest the microplastics by mistake, instead of plankton, while feeding. Significantly fewer studies have been carried out to analyze how terrestrial organisms have been affected by microplastics but it has been suspected that microplastics may serve as a threat when mud is spread on arable soil. Swedish coastal waters receive microplastics from sources originating both from the ocean and terrestrial origins. Sewage plants serve as one of several different sources from which microplastics are being spread. The spread of microplastics through sewage plants is very much due to the significant emission levels coming from the vast number of households. Due to insufficient information regarding the different industries, services and facilities and the volumes of microplastics that they disperse, Käppalaförbundet asked for a mapping of which activities within its catchment area that may represent sources of the spreading of microplastics to the wastewater network. A study of that nature should also include a discussion about reasonable methods of analytics for quantify the amounts of microplastics. Käppalaförbundet is a sewage plant located at Lidingö, which purifies water from 502 000 people from 11 member counties, industries and businesses North and East of Stockholm. The objective of this project was to increase the awareness regarding which activities and industries that cause the emission of microplastics to the wastewater network. The methods to identify the sources were literature studies and the EnvoMap database, which contains activities connected to the Käppalaverket. In addition, interviews with businesses and offices with environmental responsibilities have been conducted in each counties. The purpose is to gain information about the water processes, and if there are any connection to Käppalaverket and their emissions. Businesses that were investigated was laundromats, swimming facilities, car washes, manufacturing cosmetic products and businesses that uses plastics as their primary product. Part of the research included an estimate regarding the amount of microplastics that reach the Käppalaverket each year. Laundromats emission of microplastics have been quantified. They only make up a small portion of the total emission of microplastics related to the sewage network. Lack of data have made it difficult to quantify the amount of microplastics coming from swimming facilities and car washes but both facilities are potential sources for emission of microplastics in the catchment area of Käppalaförbundet. This study estimates that there is no emission of microplastics that originates from plastic industries. The amounts of microplastics from cosmetic production are most likely insignificant due to the fact that extremely small amounts reach the wastewater network. The recommended method to analyze microplastics is FTIR-image processing with Focal Plane Array. As this method allows quantification of weight, numbers of particles and information about which types of polymers the microplastics contain. Throughout the project, several knowledge-gaps have been identified. For example, data that may quantify the different amounts of emissions coming from pre-identified sources as well as the amount of incorrect draining procedures are not available. The amount of incorrect draining procedures relates to waste that do not belong in the drain but nevertheless end up in the system. This project should be viewed as an initial study and needs further analysis that investigates whether microplastic emissions from these sources occur. In addition, continued check-ups are needed to determine the inventory associated with other facilities. Hospitals and businesses in the plastic bullet industry are examples of some facilities that have not been covered in this project. In summary, it can be established that regardless of that new data on microplastics is constantly being published, it remains clear that the information is very much inadequate. What amounts of microplastics that originate from the different sources are difficult to quantify and the estimations that have been presented in this report contain high levels of uncertainty.
Fredricsson, Emil, Oscar Axelsson, Anna Winstedt, Anastasia Novikova, and Disa Barkefors. "Hantering av mikroplaster i industriprocesser : En studie vid Sandvik Coromants skärtillverkning i Gimo." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444019.
Full textJonsson, Kajsa. "KONSTGRÄSPLANER SOM MILJÖFARLIG VERKSAMHET : En undersökning av kommunernas arbete med att minska spridningen av mikroplaster." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-182291.
Full textNilsson, Malin. "Åtgärdsförslag för minskad spridning av mikroplaster från konstgräsplaner till vattenmiljöer. : risker och möjligheter utifrån ett hållbarhetsperspektiv." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för naturvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-22118.
Full textSjöblom, Lisa. "Prata om konstgräsplaner." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22553.
Full textArtificial turfs for sports use have helped enable sports practise on grass during winter months. The possibility of prolonging grass season throughout the year has resulted in a high demand for more artificial turfs. While the demand is high, a discussion about micro plastic pollution originating from the turfs is getting attention. Little is yet known about the exact amount of micro plastics migrating from our artificial turfs today. More knowledge is also requested about the extent of environmental effects of micro plastics. This study examines how Kristianstad municipality can work to reduce the amount of micro plastics migrating from its current artificial turfs. The study recognizes three main areas of improvement that the municipality should pay attention to. The main areas for improvement are; more knowledge provided, cooperation between all involved administrations and recognizing artificial turfs as environmentally hazardous activities. The data material that serves as a base for the analysis has been collected through interviews and a content analysis. The purpose of the study is to provide a base of knowledge for further work within Kristianstad municipality to be built on.
Talsi, Eeva. "Miljövänligt friluftsliv – friluftsmänniskors miljömedvetenhet och hållbar konsumtion av friluftskläder." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-143988.
Full textSöderberg, Emily, and Kristoffer Sundin. "Fibersläpp från polyester i tvätt : Utvärdering och utveckling av testmetod för att bestämma emission av mikroplaster från textil." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-14876.
Full textPlastics in the marine environment are an issue that has gotten a lot of attention. Lately microplastics have also been observed as an environmental problem. Contaminants in the water can be adsorbed onto the microplastics, they can also be mistaken for food and enter the food web. The health effects of this are still unknown, but research suggests that it can have a negative impact. A large proportion of the microplastics in the oceans are derived from synthetic clothing. They are shed from the garments during laundry and since most wastewater treatment plants do not efficiently filter out these particles, they end up in the ocean. Today there is no standardized method of measuring shedding and therefore difficult to make any comparisons between studies. It is considered important to develop standardized testing methods to obtain comparable results in the development of textile materials that shed less. Fabric samples of polyester were analyzed for the purpose of evaluating and validating a method of measuring shedding in laundry, developed by Swerea IVF through the research program Mistra Future Fashion. The method is based on gyrowash combined with optical microscopy and connected software that quantifies the number of particles. The method could not be reproduced at the University of Borås without significant differences in shedding. This is probably due to differences in conditions, such as the use of a laser cutter in this project. To facilitate pre-treatment and increase the reproducibility, a fixture was developed for vacuuming. The fixture also reduced the statistical dispersion of the test results. However, the results showed an interaction between the material and the method of vacuuming, thus making it inadvisable to draw any conclusions regarding each individual factor. For the recycled polyester there is no difference in shedding with the use of the fixture, but in the case of virgin polyester a significant difference is observed. Due to interaction and deviations of more than one construction parameter in the paired materials, it is not possible to draw any conclusions regarding differences in shedding between virgin and recycled polyester. The method is not suitable for measuring the actual shedding in household laundry and only functions to compare differences when one parameter is varied solely. Furthermore, comparisons between trials carried out under different conditions should be avoided unless their impact has been properly established.
Sund, Hanna. "Mikroplastförluster från konstgräsplaner via snöröjning : En kvantitativ studie samt kostnad-nyttoanalys av hanteringsmetoder för granulat." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415499.
Full textPetersson, Hanna, and Sofia Roslund. "Tvättemission : En undersökning av polyesterplaggs fiberutsläpp vid hushållstvättning." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-202.
Full textThe marine environment today, has become the end station for plastics, waste from wastewater and general litter. Large quantities of plastic particles of different sizes have been detected in the ocean, with resulting animals ingesting this mistaking it for food. Science shows that a large part of these plastic fragments are of microscopic size, named microplastics, and within this group there are textile fibres that like other plastics are resistant and detrimental to nature. Studies have shown that when washing, the wastewater carries these small textile fibres and allows them to pass trough the purification. PET is one of the most used plastics and common in polyester fibre manufacture, by far the most used material in textile manufacturing. A new discovery, finds that the plastic fragments damage the marine environment, and the subject needs to be analysed in more detail than research has covered so far. This project aims to clarify which properties affect the amount of polyester fibre emissions when domestic washing. To investigate this, experimental tests were carried out on different material combinations washed under the same circumstances. Water from the wash was analysed and fibres were counted in order to complete a comparative study of polyester materials tend to shed. Three factors were considered for developing the method: development and improvement of existing method, aiming to resemble household wash and ensure reliability of results, all done by laboration washers instead of using commercial washing machines. Safety of results has been considerably affirmed during every step. Every polyester material was knitted, coloured and mechanically processed by the research group to guarantee that all of the materials was manufactured under same conditions. Different filter methods have been used to determine safety in results. Manufacturing of material, washing, filtering and analysis were the central focus for the practical work. The analysis came from manual count of every fibre particle. The result showed that microfiber yarn generally shed more than the filament yarn. A higher gauge gave more emission than a lower and that a worn material resulted in more shedding. The combination of these three factors; microfiber yarn, high gauge and a worn material gave markedly higher results than when tested with only two factors. The tests that only contained one of these factors gave significantly lower amount of emission. Fleece knitted in microfiber yarn had a lower level of shedding than a single jersey material in same yarn type with higher gauge. The method used for manufacturing is questioned, because the quality that should correspond an industrial produced fleece was not matched. Therefore, the result is critically inspected. The two combinations from the chosen parameters that gave the most respective and the least amount fibre emission were analysed additionally with more wash to assess their further effect. Here the emission seemed to increase with the amount of wash until it eventually subsided when more or less the fibres had worn away. Based on this result, one can finally say that these three factors should not be combined to manufacture knitted material in polyester.
Svensson, Karin. "Mikropartiklar från polyester : En undersökning om hur ruggning, tid och temperatur påverkar fiberutfällning från textilier vid tvätt." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-12701.
Full textAgewall, John, and Kim Wallgren. "Mikroplastutsläpp från däckslitage : Ett rullande utsläpp." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253839.
Full textThe number of cars has been on a steady increase in Sweden and in mars 2019 there were almost 4,9 million cars in active use. Nowadays most of the attention is focused on pollution through carbon dioxide and the wear of roads. However, a problem that often goes unrecognized is the tear of car tyres and the release of microplastics into the environment. In order to quantify the amount of microplastics released into the environment, the Swedish government has instructed The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) to carry through with this. The aim of this report is to, with the help of VTI, try to quantify the amount of microplastics released from private car traffic and examine the main types of tyre wear. This report consists of two parts, one study of what microplastics is and how tyre wear arises. The second part consists of measuring, where used tyres have had their weight and tread measured. The profile of the tear, DOT number, production date, model, dimensions and type of tyre is additional data that was collected. Through the use of data provided by the tyre companies and the collected data, the total loss of weight and volume together with a yearly weight and volume loss could be calculated. Through analysis of the tyre profiles and their tread depths the most occurring type of wear patterns was determined, which were central, even and side wear. The estimated yearly amount of microplastics released in Sweden was between 8 300 and 16 700 tonnes.
Persson, Annie, and Johanna Bergsten. "PlaCo : The plastic collecting robot." Thesis, KTH, Mekatronik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-295807.
Full textGlobalt sett är världens hav en viktig resurs för alla levande organismer men inte minst för människan. Trots detta fortsätter vi att, år efter år, försumma återvinningen av vårt avfall vilket resulterar i att skräp i stället hamnar i haven. Majoriteten av de sopor som hamnar där är resultatet av förbrukade engångsprodukter i plast. Genom sönderfall och erosion skapas allt mindre och mindre bitar av plast. Detta resulterar i att så kallade mikro- och nanoplaster skapas. De är mindre än 5 mm i bredd och om deras påverkan på det marina djurlivet och den marina miljön vet vi mycket lite om. För att minska kunskapsluckorna och för att få en bättre förståelse för deras påverkan har nu därför PlaCo konstruerats. Med hjälp av tre sorters filter kan PlaCo samla upp marintskräp, så som plast, i vattnet där den arbetar. Filtrens finhet varierar, där det första är mycket grovt medan det sista är fint nog att klara av att samla upp mikroplaster. När PlaCo sedan töms kan mikroplasterna undersökas och dokumenteras. När en tömning behöver göras indikeras detta för användaren med hjälp utav en LED. Roboten är försedd med en sensor som läser av hur fulla filtren är. För att driva PlaCo framåt och för att underlätta filtreringsprocessen är den också försedd med två 6 V DC-motorer. Allt detta styrs med hjälp av mikrokontrollern Arduino Uno. För att uppnå bästa tänkbara funktion hos roboten undersöktes två olika sensortyper, en IR-sensor och en ultraljudssensor. Det visade sig att ultraljudssensorn var betydligt mer pålitlig än IR-sensorn och därför valde man att använda denna. Det var även av intresse att ta reda på hur mycket vatten PlaCo kunde rena per sekund. Tyvärr skulle det visa sig att de valda motorerna inte var kraftfulla nog att driva PlaCo i vattnet. Det är därför något som behöver åtgärdas i en framtida version av PlaCo.
Andersson, Amanda, Johanna Burström, Gustaf Dahlstrand, Axel Lavenius, Oscar Lidbeck, and Wiktor Trojanowski. "Jämförelse av alternativa fyllnadsmaterial till konstgräsplaner." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323095.
Full textMelin, Louise, and Linn Carlsson. "Mikroplast : En studie om textilföretags kommunikation och generering av mikroplast." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-22062.
Full textMicroplastic waste is something that is featured more and more frequently in media today. There is a lot of confusion, due to the focus in the media, on what microplastic waste actually is and in what way it is harmful to the environment. The Environmental Protection Agency has listed the seven biggest sources to microplastic shedding and it shows that household laundry of synthetic fibers is one of them. Microplastic waste, or microplastics, are small plastic fragments (1 nm- 5 mm) and originate not only from synthetic fibers, but from tire wear, general plastic waste and fishing tools. During household laundry, the synthetic fibers shed microplastic that travels through the wastewater and sewage treatment plants before it finally ends up in the ocean where they have the potential to attract hazardous chemicals and damage aquatic organisms. This study examines textile companies environmental communication regarding microplastics towards their customer and what kind of guidelines different organizations, institutes and authorities offer to textile companies regarding their generation of microplastics. The ambition of the study is to gather overall guidelines to textile companies that can be applied to their businesses. The study is supported by RISE IVF and the MinShed project and has been accomplished by literature-, questionnaire-, and interview studies. The outcome of the study shows that textile companies generally do not communicate about microplastics to their customer. This is due to the, so far, inadequate research regarding microplastic shedding. Textile companies experience that they do not have enough information to make long-term decisions that can improve their microplastic management, since there is no standardized test methods for fabrics available. The result also shows that organizations and authorities generally do not provide guidelines specific to textile companies. Based on the result from the study, the writers will not accomplish to gather guidelines to textile companies regarding microplastic management. The writers request further research on microplastics, primarily regarding the development of filters in washing machines, which could prevent microplastics from spreading out into the marine environment via the wastewater.
Johansson, Emilia, and Emma-Helena Ericsson. "Quantification for the Flow of Microplastic Particles in Urban Environment: A Case of the Chao Phraya River, Bangkok Thailand : A Minor Field Study." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230990.
Full textPlast, däribland mikroplaster, är en vanlig förekommande produkt i samhället idag och börjar bli allt vanligare i hav där det också kan stanna ett långt tag efter att det hamnat där. Mikroplaster definieras oftast med storleks intervallet fem millimeter och mindre och tillsammans med den viktiga floden Chao Phraya i Bangkok, Thailand, är huvudämnet för denna studie beskriven. Mer tydligt, målet för denna studie är att förse en första kvantifiering av mikroplaster som flödar in till Chao Phraya floden. Prover togs på platser som var uppströms, i mitten och nedströms på floden och sedan analyserades dessa prover i ett laboratorium. Resultatet som framkom visade på ökande belastning av mikroplaster i floden från Bangkok, exempelvis visade resultatet för storleks intervallet fem till en millimeter på en sex gånger ökning av mikroplaster mellan uppströms platsen och nedströms platsen. Ökningen som troligen kommer från innerstaden kan bero på olika faktorer såsom väder, stadens avfallshantering och användningen av engångsprodukter som är av plastmaterial. Således påvisar detta vikten av, bland annat, en fungerande avfallshantering.
Kameníková, Eliška. "Osud mikroplastů v půdě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442872.
Full textErmis, Martin. "Odstraňování mikroplastů z vody." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444298.
Full textRománeková, Ivana. "Stanovení mikroplastů PLA v půdě pyrolýzními metodami." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413552.
Full textColin, Sonny. "Mikroplast i dagvatten : problem och möjliga förebyggande åtgärder." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20680.
Full textDziubek, Arkadiusz [Verfasser], and M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Kurrat. "Mikroplasmen in Kanälen bei Atmosphärendruck / Arkadiusz Dziubek ; Betreuer: M. Kurrat." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2009. http://d-nb.info/117582738X/34.
Full textAndersson, Victor. "Mikroplastens uppkomst och spridning : En fallstudie förlagd till Hudiksvalls kommun." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32784.
Full textPlastic and microplastics in nature, sea and water are a major global problem. Because plastics in different forms are present in a big variety of products, this leads to a big volume of plastics that can be spread out to nature from different emission sources. Plastics do not have a sure degradation time; plastics can, therefore, affect the environment for a very long time due to the formation of degraded plastics microplastics over time. Microplastics can also be manufactured as such, in the form of, for example rubber granules. This thesis is a literature study of microplastics in the municipality of Hudiksvall, with a delimitation of four of the following major emission sources of microplastics, artificial turf, littering, washing of synthetic fibres textiles and wire tear and road marking paint. The rapport is also showing the approximate quantity of the emissions from the sources above in the municipality of Hudiksvall together with proposed actions with a proposed priority order. The results show the emissions within the municipality to be relatively large, however, it is possible to greatly reduce some of the emissions with relatively simple and cost-effective means. The emissions from artificial turf can be greatly reduced with the following actions. Shoe brushes near the artificial grass, granular traps in the nearby stormwater drains for collection of rubber granular that otherwise would have ended up in the stormwater. The third action is a barrier at the sides of the artificial turf to prevent the spreading of rubber granular to nearby areas. More studies are needed regarding the emissions from littering, wire tear and road marking paints and washing of synthetic textiles to find more secure local and regional data and to get more data of what happens to the microplastics after it leaves the roads. The emissions of microplastics from artificial turfs can physically be addressed while the other three emission sources require both more information and changed habits and patterns to give a bigger impact to the measures. Some examples may be to reduce the use of trucks for heavy transport and use trains to a greater extent. Another is to increase the use of public transport to reduce the use of cars. The municipality of Hudiksvall intends to follow Agenda 2 030, which is several global goals for economic, social, and ecological sustainability. In Sweden and Hudiksvall the environmental goals have been even more specified to clarify the most important measures. Hudiksvall municipality is an eco-municipality since 2 002. That means all decisions must be included in the sustainability principle, new ways of thinking are seen as important. Future studies of microplastics and its emission pathways are required to get more specific local data to be able to work actively to reduce the emissions regardless of the size or source.
Lind, Timmy. "Mikroplast i hästspillning : En kvantifiering av polymer i träck." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-40785.
Full textMicroplastics have been studied almost exclusively in marine environments, and knowledge about ecological impacts of microplastics in land-based ecosystems is limited. This is despite the fact, that marine environments are likely to accumulate plastic waste from land environments, and that the land environments are the primary sources of global plastic contamination. Of the total amount of waste that is discharged or dumped into the environment, plastic account for up to 54% of the total mass. In agriculture land and landfills in Europe, the top layer of soil down to a depth of 10 cm it has been measured as much as 607 plastic particles per kilo soil. The main sources of plastic particles in our soil are sludge from wastewater deposits and mulching films and plastic coatings used in agricultural and garden products. 63 000 – 430 000 tonnes of microplastics is deposited on agriculture land in Europe annually via fertilizers. Horse manure accounts for 10% of the total amount of livestock manure used in agriculture in Sweden. The estimated total amount of horse manure is 2.7 million tonnes per year. Horses are fed with coarse fodder packaged in plastic film made of polyethylene, and hay packed with twine made of polypropylene. Feeding also takes place partly from slow feeding nets made of polymers such as polypropylene, nylon and terylene (PET; polyester). The aim of this study is to investigate whether microplastics are present in horse manure. Manure from horses with different fodder combinations is analysed for presence of microplastic. Organic matter was degraded with 30% hydrogen peroxide and all the samples were examined with light microscopy. The results of the study showed several particles in the form of small microplastics identified in primary and secondary form in all samples. The quantification of particles in the samples showed a significant difference in mean values between two fodder types. The presence of microplastic in all samples in this study indicate that there is a need for further research on microplastics in animal manure, in order to understand the effect of different fertilizers used in agriculture.
Karlsson, Tobias. "Mikroplast skapar makroproblem : Grafik över ett förlopp som inte syns." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-36178.
Full textHow does microplastics end up in the Baltic sea? Which are the sources, how does the process look and how does it affect the environment and the wildlife? This thesis examines how this process can be portrayed in an accurate way while still satisfying information requirements, the context and the target audience. The focus is on how complex processes are visualized in a way that promote understanding while creating interest. The study began with research based on the requirements set for the material and continued with theory formation to guide the design process. In addition, three similar artefacts related to the subject were analysed. The design process resulted in a prototype that was tested on the target audience to see the efficiency and to identify shortcomings. The results of these methods influenced the design and the shortcomings found were improved. It resulted in a final design that could be evaluated. The conclusion of the study is that processes of this kind can advantageously present the entities in an accurate order with a clearly marked starting point and graphical codes that show the interaction between entities. To visualize a complex process with numerous elements can result in a messy material, therefore key elements in the graphic should stand out to facilitate perception and create an overview of the artefact as a whole. The design of a process can be aesthetically appealing, however, purely decorative elements should be avoided.
Ekvall, Moa, and Creaser Linnéa Bengtsson. "En undersökning av dispersionsfärgämnen i textil : Allergiframkallande kemikalier och färgämnen." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-26570.
Full textIn Europe, there is a growing concern regarding the safety of textile sensitisers, which has become more discussed since the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) has received a proposal to limit skin sensitisers within textiles and leather. A large number of disperse dyes, used to color polyester, have sensitising properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of allergenic disperse dyes and their colorfastness to washing and abrasion for textile garments purchased from markets outside the EU. The tendency of the dyes to leave the garments together with microplastics was also analyzed by examining washing water and weight loss during abrasion. The laboratory results were supplemented with a literature study and interviews with researchers in the subject. Polyester garments purchased from markets outside the EU were chosen to be analyzed because private individuals who import garments are responsible for the chemical content of the goods, but often have a lack of knowledge regarding chemical risks and regulations. Allergenic disperse dyes in concentrations above 10 mg/kg, according to the OEKO-TEX method, were not identified in the garments. Concentrations lower than 10 mg/kg of allergenic disperse dyes were found in the garments and risk assessment showed that one of the levels could possibly indicate a risk. Loss of color in the garments was noted during washing and abrasion. The garment’s color change was estimated to approximately meet issued minimum requirements for color change. In the wash water microplastics and dyestuff were observed at wash temperatures of 40 ℃ and 60 ℃. No measurable weight loss was caused when the garments were abraded with 7500 rub as highest number of rubs. The study concludes that the number of disperse dyes classified as allergenic is increasing and that consumers are experiencing allergic symptoms from new textiles with close exposure that they have purchased. Four of the six examined garments are probably dyed with contaminated dyes containing allergenic disperse dyes. The presence of allergenic disperse dyes in low concentrations should be prevented as they may mimic sensitisation in individuals. Limit values for allergenic disperse dyes from environmental and health certification organizations BLUESIGN and OEKO-TEX are probably not low enough to avoid allergic reactions. If the current EU restriction proposal regarding skin sensitisers in textiles and leather is introduced, the limit values will need to be lowered.
Šilhánková, Lenka. "Vývoj metody pro semikvantitativní stanovení mikroplastů v půdách metodou TGA-MS." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-376860.
Full textKühn, Silvio [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Heinrich. "Mikrowellenoszillatoren für die Erzeugung von atmosphärischen Mikroplasmen / Silvio Kühn. Betreuer: Wolfgang Heinrich." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1023762242/34.
Full textJönsson, Robert. "Mikroplast i dagvatten och spillvatten : Avskiljning i dagvattendammar och anlagda våtmarker." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-308455.
Full textMicroplastics (MPs), here defined as plastic objects smaller than 5 mm, are suspected to cause great harm to fish when released into lakes and oceans. Studies of MP retention have until recently mainly been done for sewage treatment plants (STPs), where much of the plastics are shown to be retained in the sludge. However, due to large water flows in STPs, they can be seen as significant points for the spreading of MPs to recipient waters. Today there isn’t much information to be found about MP contents in stormwater. Stormwater is often released untreated and depending on climate it can be released in greater volumes than sewage water from urban areas. The occurrence of MPs >20 µm (>0.02 mm) has been studied in two STP effluents, and in stormwater from three urban catchments. The retention of MPs has been studied for two stormwater ponds, and for two free water surface wetlands constructed for tertiary treatment of sewage. Wetland Alhagen and Örsundsbro wetland both receive the effluents of secondary STPs. In wetland Alhagen there is also a stormwater inlet from the town of Nynäshamn. To the stormwater pond Korsängens vattenpark, stormwater is lead from the town of Enköping, while the stormwater pond Tibbledammen receives stormwater from Kungsängen in Upplands-Bro municipality. Influents and effluents from the facilities, as well as water from two points within wetland Alhagen was pumped through 20 µm and 300 µm filters. In addition, water from every sampling point was collected in minor volumes for later filtration carried out in a laboratory. Quantification was done with microscopy and a number of objects were analyzed with FTIR spectroscopy for material determination. In wetland Alhagen, the sewage inlet contained 4 MPs/liter, which is similar to results for STP effluents in other Swedish studies. In Örsundsbro wetland, the incoming water contained more than 950 MPs/liter, far greater than what other studies have shown for untreated sewage. The MP concentrations in the three stormwater inlets were between 5.4-10 MPs/liter. This indicates that untreated stormwater could be seen as a pathway for MPs at least as big as treated sewage. In almost all inlets, characteristic red particles were found in great numbers and in sizes of 20-300 µm. Analysis of some of the red particles indicated that they contained plastic while others were of unknown materials. The particles had a similar appearance to red particles commonly found in Swedish coastal waters. Black particles, a kind of microscopic particles that may originate in tyre wear (i.e. MPs) or combustion, was also found in large quantities. Except for in the main influents of wetland Alhagen, where the number of red particles was slightly higher, the black particles were always found in far greater numbers than both regular MPs and red particles (often >100x greater). The retention of MPs, black particles and red particles >20 µm was high in all the facilities, often around 90-100 percent. Based on these results and the variation of size, design and year of construction, stormwater ponds and constructed free water surface wetlands can be seen as effective barriers against the spreading of MPs.
Bertilsson, Sabina. "Mikroplast i marina livsmedelEn studie om förekomst, risker och överföring mellan trofinivåer." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-68743.
Full textJansson, Josefin. "Konceptframtagning av granulatfälla : Ett arbete för att minska spridning av mikroplast från konstgräs." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85993.
Full textThis report summarizes a Bachelor Thesis of Science in Innovation Technology and Design at Karlstad University, conducted by Josefin Jansson. The thesis was commissioned by Säffle Kommun, where the aim was to develop a concept solution that reduces the spread of microplastics from artificial turf. One of the biggest sources of microplastic proliferation is artificial turf. In order for an artificial turf to have the desired playing properties, they are filled with granules. The granulate is then spread through plowing, work machines and players before they end up in our oceans.The work was based on the product development process with an iterative approach. The project is divided into two loops with the following phases; project planning, feasibility study, idea and concept development, concept selection, analysis and evaluation. To develop a concept, methods as 6-3-5 and brainstorming was used. Then concept selection was then made by comparing the concepts with the product specification and Pughs matrix. The result was a station that the players pass through when they leave the field. In the station the players are given the opportunity to brush off the granules that sticks to their clothes and shoes. However, after the concept selection of the subproblems recommendations are given on how the station should be updated. After analysis the concept is recommended to be used only temporary.
Vu, Jennifer, and Julia Ekberg. "Emission av mikroplast vid hushållstvätt : En kritiskt granskning av nuvarande forskning inom mikroplastemission vid tvätt." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23509.
Full textThis study is performed under the project MinShed run by RISE. MinShed is a 3-year project that investigates in Microplastics emissions from synthetic textiles during domestic washing. The aim of the study is to do a Critical Review on previous research in the subject: Various synthetic materials that release microplastics during domestic laundry. The previous research is presented in a matrix, where information about the presented by the investigated laundry parameters, as well as the textile parameters. The main reason why such matrix is needed is to find the gap that contains the textile parameters for the various researches. Some of the most important textile parameters will be described during the literature review. At present, there is not enough traceable material for existing research, hence it is difficult to determine exactly which textile parameters which cause during washing. Therefore, companies cannot prioritize smarter design choices in order to reduce microplastics emissions from the materials. Of the 18research studies which were analyzed, only 2 of them had full control over their sample material. This means that further research in this area is needed. What can prevent future research is currently the textile industry. There is no reliable oversight of textile materials and their processes, which makes it difficult to track textile parameters that cause emission when washing. In order to be able to draw conclusions between emission and textile design parameters, researchers should remember to test only one parameter at a time and have an inhouse or own production of the specimens, this will give a better control of the results.
Trinh, Yvonne. "Förekomst av mikroplast i dagvatten : En jämförande studie av dagvatten från vägtrafik och konstgräs i Uppsala." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-392093.
Full textMaterials made from plastic are practical and durable, therefore plastic is found in many every day products. Because of the properties of plastics, the manufacturing of products and usage of the material has increased consequently leading to the creations of microplastics in varying sizes. The definition of microplastics is plastic materials with a size smaller than 5 millimeters. Because of a huge prevalence in products the consequence is microplastics being found on many places in nature around the world. The Swedish Environmental Research Institute, IVL, has been assigned by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency to review identified origins and the pathways of microplastics in Sweden. According to the study the largest source of microplastics from outdoor activities on land is from road wear and the abrasion of tyres followed by artificial turfs. Since microplastics are presumed to be spread to the environment, it is of concern to investigate potential microplastic load in storm water from these sources. The investigation of microplastic amounts has been studied in sizes ≥100 micrometres in storm water from the traffic road Bolandsgatan and the artificial turf Stenhagens IP in Uppsala. Samples were collected, using random sampling and with an automatic sampler enabling flow proportional sampling. Filtration of collected water samples were carried out followed by analysing microplastic visually in a stereo microscope. The analyses of microplastics were also combined with a melting test. In the study of the traffic road Bolandsgatan 98 % of all particles were black colored. The black colored particles were identified as microplastic originated from road wear. When studying the artificial turf Stenhagens IP a grass fragment was identified as microplastic originated from the artifical turf. Microplastic amounts from the traffic road Bolandsgatan are 33 kg/year. The emission factor for mixed fleet is 2.2∙10-5 kg/vehicle km. An emission factor for microplastic from road traffic has not been presented in other studies before. The amount of microplastics from road traffic in Uppsala was estimated to 27 000 kg/year and in Sweden to 1.5∙106 kg/year. From the artificial turf Stenhagens IP the amount was 6.3∙10-2 kg/year. By upscaling the amounts of microplastics from artificial turfs in Uppsala and Sweden the amounts were estimated to 0.56 and 48 kg/year, respectively. According to this study, the spread of microplastic from road traffic in Sweden is 5 times less than the estimated value and the amount from artificial turfs is 30-50 times less compared to the investigation by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.
Anger, Philipp Maximilian [Verfasser], Reinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Nießner, Thomas [Gutachter] Baumann, and Reinhard [Gutachter] Nießner. "Strategien zur Analyse von Mikroplastik mittels Raman-Mikrospektroskopie / Philipp Maximilian Anger ; Gutachter: Thomas Baumann, Reinhard Nießner ; Betreuer: Reinhard Nießner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1217783822/34.
Full textKrähling, Tobias [Verfasser], Joachim [Akademischer Betreuer] Franzke, and Manfred [Gutachter] Bayer. "Emissionsspektroskopische Diagnostik an Mikroplasmen zur Analyse von gasförmigen und flüssigen Proben / Tobias Krähling ; Gutachter: Manfred Bayer ; Betreuer: Joachim Franzke." Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1179449479/34.
Full textPeez, Nadine [Verfasser], Wolfgang [Gutachter] Imhof, Thomas [Gutachter] Ternes, and Werner [Gutachter] Manz. "Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Mikroplastik mittels quantitativer ¹H-NMR Spektroskopie / Nadine Peez ; Gutachter: Wolfgang Imhof, Thomas Ternes, Werner Manz." Koblenz, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1226762263/34.
Full textWiesheu, Alexandra Christina [Verfasser], Reinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Nießner, and Martin [Gutachter] Elsner. "Raman-Mikrospektroskopie zur Analyse von organischen Bodensubstanzen und Mikroplastik / Alexandra Christina Wiesheu ; Gutachter: Martin Elsner, Reinhard Nießner ; Betreuer: Reinhard Nießner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/113671894X/34.
Full textHerbort, Adrian Frank [Verfasser], Katrin [Akademischer Betreuer] Schuhen, and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Imhof. "Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Reduktion von Mikroplastik aus aquatischen Medien mittels innovativer Hybridmaterialien / Adrian Frank Herbort ; Katrin Schuhen, Wolfgang Imhof." Landau : Universität Koblenz-Landau, Campus Landau, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206183500/34.
Full textLiwenius, Linnéa, and Petra Johansson. "Kan fiskar spela fotboll? : Närliggande vattendrag som möjlig spridningsvägför gummigranulat från konstgräsplaner i Halmstad kommun." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-34185.
Full textKäppler, Andrea [Verfasser], Brigitte [Gutachter] Voit, and Christian [Gutachter] Laforsch. "Charakterisierung von Mikroplastik in marinen Proben: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der FTIR- und Raman-Spektroskopie / Andrea Käppler ; Gutachter: Brigitte Voit, Christian Laforsch." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1227198167/34.
Full textDubaish, Fatehi [Verfasser], Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Liebezeit, and Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Schupp. "Mikroplastik im Niedersächsischen Wattenmeer und in der Unterweser: Quellen, Senken und die Auswirkungen auf benthische Organismen / Fatehi Dubaish ; Gerd Liebezeit, Peter Schupp." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190283905/34.
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