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Journal articles on the topic 'Mild Fluorosis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Xie, Jing, Xiaoyu Huang, Meifeng Zhang, Zhengfan Sun, and Ling Guo. "Effects of Immediate Dentin Sealing and Er:YAG Laser Immediate Treatment on the Micro-Tensile Strength of Dental Fluorosis." Journal of International Oral Health 17, no. 3 (2025): 221–30. https://doi.org/10.4103/jioh.jioh_26_25.

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Abstract Aim: This study investigated the effects of immediate dentin sealing (IDS) and Er:YAG laser treatment on the micro-tensile strength (μTBS) of dentin affected by varying degrees of dental fluorosis. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two extracted human molars were classified by the Thylstrup–Fejerskov index into normal (TFI 0), mild (TFI 1–3), moderate (TFI 4–5), and severe fluorosis (TFI 6–9) groups (n = 18 each). Each group was further divided into three treatment subgroups: control (saline), IDS (Adper™ Single Bond 2), and Er:YAG laser-treated dentin. Composite resin blocks were bonded

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Shanbhag, Raghavendra, R. Veena, Girish Nanjannawar, Jaykumar Patil, Santosh Hugar, and Hemanth Vagrali. "Use of Clinical Bleaching with 35% Hydrogen Peroxide in Esthetic Improvement of Fluorotic Human Incisors in vivo." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 2 (2013): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1301.

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ABSTRACT Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate esthetic improvement with the use of 35% hydrogen peroxide clinical bleaching as related to the different grades of enamel fluorosis in vivo and to study adverse effect of clinical bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide on teeth and gingiva. Materials and methods A total of 60 children of different grades of fluorosis were included in the study. With 35% hydrogen peroxide-based dual activated bleaching system, in-office vital teeth bleaching was carried out for each subject. Clinical evaluation for improvement in esthetics, effect on teeth and gi

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Pérez-Pérez, N., N. Torres-Mendoza, A. Borges-Yéñez, and ME Irigoyen-Camacho. "Dental Fluorosis: Concentration of Fluoride in Drinking Water and Consumption of Bottled Beverages in School Children." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 38, no. 4 (2014): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.38.4.e77h557k0005077n.

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Objective: The purpose of the study was to identify dental fluorosis prevalence and to analyze its association with tap water fluoride concentration and beverage consumption in school children from the city of Oaxaca, who were receiving fluoridated salt. Study design: A cross-sectional study was performed on elementary public school children. Dean's Index was applied to assess dental fluorosis. The parents of the children who were studied completed a questionnaire about socio-demographic characteristics and type of beverages consumed by their children. A total of 917 school children participat

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Sampaio, Layana Santtana Freitas, Tatiana Frederico de Almeida, and Ricardo Araújo da Silva. "Prevalência e impacto da fluorose dentária na qualidade de vida em escolares de uma ONG em Salvador, Bahia." Revista de Saúde Coletiva da UEFS 9 (December 28, 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/rscdauefs.v9i0.4367.

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Introdução: Medidas de saúde de amplo impacto (fluoretação da água, dentifrícios fluoretados e aplicação de flúor), mas sem devidos controles, podem resultar no aumento da prevalência e gravidade da fluorose. A avaliação demedidas subjetivas da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida, favorecida pela incorporação de dimensões clínicas e psicossociais, é requerida para estudos epidemiológicos de fluorose. Objetivos: descrever a prevalência e gravidade da fluorose dentária em escolares de uma Organização Não Governamental (ONG) e avaliar o impacto desse agravo na qualidade de vida. Metodologia: estudo

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Monjarás Ávila, Ana Josefina, Veronica Zavala Alonso, Grace Morales Alcocer, Gabriel Alejandro Martínez Castañón, Nuria Patiño Marín, and Jorge Ramírez González. "Analysis of the surface of healthy and fluorotic human enamel using microhardness test." Superficies y Vacío 30, no. 1 (2017): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47566/2017_syv30_1-010006.

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The microhardness is an essential property of tooth enamel; there may be many factors that alter or diminish this quality causing weakness, one of which is dental fluorosis. The aim of this study was evaluate the surface microhardness of fluorotic enamel compared with healthy enamel. Two hundred forty extracted human molars were classified into four groups: Healthy (H), mild (MI), moderate (MO) and severe (S) fluorosis according to the Dean index. All samples were analyzed by Micro Vickers Hardness Tester. Average, standard deviation and ranges were calculated for quantitative variables, the A

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Sundström, B. "ON MILD DEGREES OF FLUOROSIS." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Section A Pathology 80A, no. 1 (2009): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb00264.x.

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Dr., Nishtha Sharma. "Brighten Up Your Smile. Bring out the Natural Whiteness." International Journal of Advanced Dental Sciences and Technology (IJADST) 4, no. 3 (2024): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.54105/ijadst.C1011.04030424.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> Aesthetics are often a major concern for young patients with anterior tooth involvement. Patients typically seek dental care to improve their smiles due to irregularities in the enamel and superficial stains. These stains or anomalies in dental hard tissue can be caused by fluorosis, mineralized white patches, hypoplasia, and amelogenesis imperfecta. Different treatment modalities are used to treat these staining of teeth. In the present case report dental fluorosis is treated with MDC Antivet Bleaching agent in anterior teeth and stainless-steel crowns in all four p

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Kaskova, L. F., N. A. Morhun, L. I. Amosova, N. V. Yanko, and A. V. Artemiev. "REVIEW OF MODERN APPROACHES TO DENTAL FLUOROSIS MANAGEMENT." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 3 (September 6, 2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.3.2019.11.

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Dental fluorosis is caused by ingesting too much fluoride while the teeth are developing. Poltava region belongs to Buchach fluorine hydrogeological province which ground waters are characterized by a high content of fluorine. Such districts as Myrgorod, Lubny, Gadyach, Globino, Mashivka, Shyshaky and Novy Sanzshary have fluoride concentration in drinking water from 2,5 tо 7 mg/l. It is known that the overdose of fluoride has deleterious effect on enamel development, generating a hypomineralized porous subsuperfacial enamel. Mild fluorosis transforms into moderate fluorosis with brown pigmenta

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Zavala-Alonso, Verónica, Gabriel A. Martínez-Castanon, Nuria Patiño-Marín, Humberto Terrones, Kenneth Anusavice, and Juan P. Loyola-Rodríguez. "Characterization of Healthy and Fluorotic Enamel by Atomic Force Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 16, no. 5 (2010): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610093748.

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AbstractThe aim was to characterize the external structure, roughness, and absolute depth profile (ADP) of fluorotic enamel compared with healthy enamel. Eighty extracted human molars were classified into four groups [TFI: 0, control (C); 1–3, mild (MI); 4–5, moderate (MO); 6–9, severe fluorosis (S)] according to the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index (TFI). All samples were analyzed by atomic force microscopy.The mean values of enamel surface roughness (ESR) in nm were: Group C, 92.6; Group MI, 188.8; Group MO, 246.9; and Group S, 532.2. The mean values of absolute depth profile in nm were: C, 1,065.7

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Bagramian, R. A., S. Narendran, and M. Ward. "Relationship of Dental Caries and Fluorosis to Fluoride Supplement History in a Non-Fluoridated Sample of Schoolchildren." Advances in Dental Research 3, no. 2 (1989): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374890030021501.

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A random sample of 206 Michigan children, aged from 9 to 13, were examined for fluorosis from a larger group of 2038 children participating in a dental project. Clinical examinations included caries data (DMFS) and assessment of fluorosis by use of the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF). Separate examiners were used for each index. The response rate of a questionnaire mailed to parents to gather information on residence histories, use of fluoride supplements, and antibiotics was 78%. The prevalence of fluorosis was about 20% among the respondents. Of the 4868 tooth surfaces examined, 9.2%

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Silva, Cristiane Araújo Maia, Frederico Barbosa de Sousa, Esperanza Angeles Martinez-Mier, Basílio Rodrigues Vieira, Johnatan Meireles do Nascimento, and Anderson Takeo Hara. "Fluorotic Enamel Susceptibility to Dental Erosion and Fluoride Treatment." Brazilian Dental Journal 34, no. 6 (2023): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202305595.

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Abstract The purpose of this in vitro study was to test the hypothesis that fluoride treatment can prevent dental erosion on fluorotic enamel of different severities. It followed a 3×2 factorial design, considering a) fluorosis severity: sound (TF0, Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index), mild (TF1-2), moderate (TF3-4); and b) fluoride treatment: 0 (negative control) and 1150ppmF. Human molars with the three fluorosis severities (n=16, each) were selected and randomly assigned to the two fluoride treatments (n=8). Enamel blocks (4×4mm) were prepared from each tooth and subjected to a dental erosion cyclin

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Ghanem, Orkeed, A. F. Abo Elezz, and A. F. Ghoniem. "Effect of Combining Minimal Invasive Modalities on Treating Mild Dental Fluorosis: An In vivo Study." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 11, no. D (2023): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2023.11436.

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BACKGROUND: Fluorosis is intrinsic tooth discoloration which compromises esthetics depending on its severity. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the efficiency of various treatment modalities in esthetic improvement of mild fluorosed teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four patients with 48 mild fluorosed teeth were randomly assigned to four treatment modalities (n = 12). The modalities included M1: power bleaching, M2: microabrasion and power bleaching, M3: power bleaching and resin infiltration and M4: microabrasion, power bleaching and resin infiltration. Color parameters (L, a, b) and visib

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Bardal, Priscila Ariede Petinuci, Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio, Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf, and José Roberto de Magalhães Bastos. "Dental caries and dental fluorosis in 7-12-year-old schoolchildren in Catalão, Goiás, Brazil." Journal of Applied Oral Science 13, no. 1 (2005): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572005000100008.

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INTRODUCTION: Over the last two decades, the prevalence of dental caries in children has decreased and the prevalence of dental fluorosis has increased. Knowledge on the epidemiologic conditions of a population is fundamental for the planning of health programs. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis among schoolchildren, in Catalão, Goiás, Brazil. METHODS: A random sample of 432 schoolchildren aged 7-12-years old was obtained. WHO (1997) criteria for dental caries and fluorosis diagnosis were used. RESULTS: The DMFT indexes were 0.97; 1.20; 1.80; 1.62; 2

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Khairuddin, Muhammad Nur Izham, Pengiran Muhammad Badi’uzzaman Awang Iskanderdzulkarnein, and Mohd Haikal Mohd Halil. "Resin Infiltration Technique as Minimal Invasive Approach Towards Mild to Moderate Dental Fluorosis in an Adolescent: a Case Report." IIUM Journal of Orofacial and Health Sciences 2, no. 2 (2021): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/ijohs.v2i2.98.

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Dental fluorosis can be defined as a developmental condition that affects dental hard tissue, mainly enamel characterised with white or yellowish lesions due to excessive fluoride exposure. Fluorosis can have a major impact on the appearance, structure and shape of the tooth which posed a significant aesthetic concern to individuals having this condition. There are several treatments recommended in treating dental fluorosis depending on the severity of the disease itself ranging from tooth bleaching to prosthetic crowns in severe cases. This case report describes the use of resin infiltration

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LIMA, Laynna Marina Santos, Neusa Barros DANTAS-NETA, Werttey da Silva MOURA, et al. "Impact of dental fluorosis on the quality of life of children and adolescents." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 43, no. 5 (2014): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/rou.2014.052.

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INTRODUCTION: Dental fluorosis is a disturbance of high prevalence caused by the ingestion of fluoride ions present mainly in toothpaste. Preventive measures to avoid it are still controversial. Thus, knowing the impact that fluorosis can cause on the population's quality of life it is important for planning public health policies.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of dental fluorosis on the quality of life of children and adolescents.MATERIAL AND METHOD: We studied 300 subjects aged 8 to 12 years divided into 4 groups: children (8-10 years) and adolescents (10 to 12 years) with and without flu

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Cuevas-Espinosa, D. M., E. A. Martinez-Mier, M. Ando, et al. "In vitro Validation of Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence for the Diagnosis of Enamel Fluorosis in Permanent Teeth." Caries Research 51, no. 5 (2017): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000479905.

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This study aimed to validate quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) as a diagnostic tool for mild and moderate enamel fluorosis in permanent teeth, comparing it to visual diagnosis and histological assessment completed using polarized light microscopy (PLM). The buccal surfaces of 139 teeth were visually classified using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TFI) into sound (TFI 0; n = 17), mild (TFI 1-2; n = 69), and moderate (TFI 3-4; n = 43) fluorosis. Fluorosis was then assessed with QLF (variables ΔF, A, and ΔQ at 5-, 15-, and 30-radiance thresholds) using as reference areas the entir

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Garg, SA, and SM Chavda. "Color Masking White Fluorotic Spots by Resin Infiltration and Its Quantitation by Computerized Photographic Analysis: A 12-month Follow-up Study." Operative Dentistry 45, no. 1 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/17-260-t.

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SUMMARY Objective: To manage three cases of mild to moderate fluorosis by resin infiltration technique and to quantify the tooth color changes by measuring CIE L*a*b* values of digital photographs and calculating ΔE00 based on the CIEDE2000 formula using Adobe Photoshop software. Methods and Materials: Three cases of mild to moderate fluorosis were treated with a combination of bleaching and a resin infiltration technique. CIE L*a*b* values of 18 fluorosed spots were measured from digital photographs of these cases at four different stages—preoperative, postbleaching, postinfiltration and at 1

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Islam, El Ayachi, Mejri Oumayma, Kalghoum Imen, et al. "Esthetic rehabilitation of dental fluorosis with CAD-CAM generated yttria-stabilized zirconia and glass-ceramic laminate veneers." Journal of Dental Health, Oral Disorders & Therapy 15, no. 1 (2024): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jdhodt.2024.15.00609.

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Dental fluorosis is a growing public health problem. Its manifestation could compromise esthetics and function. Several treatment modalities have been proposed to manage mild to severe dental fluorosis. Treatment options varied from bleaching to full coverage crowns. This clinical report demonstrates the use of two different ceramic biomaterials for the treatment of two different levels of fluorosis.

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Moraes, Rafael Reis, Michelle Coelho Ferreira Lotito, Michelle Jenné Allegretto, et al. "Resin infiltration for esthetic improvement of mild fluorosis in a patient with autism spectrum disorder: A 36-month follow-up." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 9 (2022): e14511931540. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i9.31540.

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Report a case using a minimally invasive technique (ICON®) to treat mild dental fluorosis in an adolescent with an autism spectrum disorder. Male patient, 15 years old, diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, with the chief complaint of white spots on anterior teeth resulting in low self-esteem. Upon clinical examination, opaque white areas were observed in the enamel of all teeth, compatible with the diagnosis of mild dental fluorosis. As the patient has a mild degree of autism spectrum disorder and exhibits collaborative behavior, the treatment of choice was the resin infiltration in the ma

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Castiblanco-Rubio, Gina A., Emily C. Hector, Jose Urena-Cirett, et al. "Dietary Fluoride Exposure During Early Childhood and Its Association with Dental Fluorosis in a Sample of Mexican Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 5 (2025): 689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050689.

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Dental fluorosis indicates past fluoride intake. People living in Mexico City are exposed to fluoridated salt, which contributes significantly to fluoride intake. This study aimed to (1) estimate fluoride intake during early childhood and fluorosis prevalence in permanent teeth in adolescence and (2) identify intake windows associated with higher fluorosis scores in upper central incisors (UCIs). We included 432 participants from the ELEMENT project (Early-Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants), with data on fluoride intake at ages 1–5 and fluorosis (TFI) at adolescence. Median i

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Mejàre, I. "Current Guidance for Fluoride Intake: Is It Appropriate?" Advances in Dental Research 29, no. 2 (2018): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034517750589.

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The purpose of this report is to examine critically the appropriateness of the current guidance for fluoride intake in the population (0.05–0.07 mg F/kg bodyweight/d), consider whether changes to the current guidance are desirable, and suggest further research that will strengthen the evidence base for future decisions on guidance/advice in this area. The benefits and the risks of using fluoride particularly concern preschool children because it is at this age that excessive fluoride intake may result in dental fluorosis. Data from mostly cross-sectional studies show a wide variation in exposu

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Silva, Mikaelle Claro Costa, Cacilda Castelo Branco Lima, Marina de Deus Moura de Lima, Lúcia de Fátima Almeida de Deus Moura, Cinthia Pereira Machado Tabchoury, and Marcoeli Silva de Moura. "Effect of fluoridated water on dental caries and fluorosis in schoolchildren who use fluoridated dentifrice." Brazilian Dental Journal 32, no. 3 (2021): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202104167.

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Abstract This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence and severity of dental caries and fluorosis in children and adolescents using fluoridated toothpaste, from areas with and without fluoridated water. Parents of 5-year-old children and 12-year-old adolescents from neighbourhoods that are supplied with and without fluoridated water answered questionnaires for determining socio-economic and demographic characteristics and habits related to oral health. The individuals were examined, and dental caries and fluorosis were measured by dmft/DMFT and TF indexes, respectively. Descriptive, biv

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Kisel'nikova, Larisa, and Diana Khudr. "FLUOROSIS OF PRIMARY TEETH: A LITERATURE REVIEW." Actual problems in dentistry 20, no. 3 (2024): 14–20. https://doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2024-20-3-14-20.

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Subject. Foreign and domestic studies on fluorosis of primary teeth. Dental fluorosis is a malformation in which the structure of hard dental tissues of the teeth changes during their formation due to excessive fluoride intake. There are many studies on fluorosis of permanent teeth. Problems associated with fluorosis of primary teeth are covered much less frequently. An analysis of such studies is presented in this review. Objectives. Analysis of foreign and domestic studies on fluorosis of primary teeth. Methodology. The search for publications was carried out on the PubMed platform, in the e

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Dutta, Sharbari, Gayatri Palla, Brahmananda Dutta, and Abinash Mohapatra. "Combined in–office and at-home bleaching of vital teeth in an adolescent patient- A case report." IP International Journal of Medical Paediatrics and Oncology 10, no. 4 (2024): 97–102. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmpo.2024.025.

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Fluorosis is one of the prevalent causes of discoloration of teeth. Teeth discolouration is a common aesthetic issue which can be caused by various factors, categorized into either extrinsic or intrinsic. Numerous recent advancements are available to manage teeth discoloration effectively. This case report demonstrates a remarkable aesthetic improvement of fluorosed teeth achieved through in-office bleaching, highlighting the procedure’s efficacy in restoring a brighter smile.A twelve-year-old patient with mild to moderate dental fluorosis underwent a conservative treatment to address fluorosi

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Jordão, Lidia Moraes Ribeiro, Daniela Nobre Vasconcelos, Rafael da Silveira Moreira, and Maria do Carmo Matias Freire. "Dental fluorosis: prevalence and associated factors in 12-year-old schoolchildren in Goiânia, Goiás." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 18, no. 3 (2015): 568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201500030004.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of dental fluorosis, to investigate its association with individual and contextual variables among 12-year-old schoolchildren, and to determine whether there were changes in the prevalence of this condition from 2003 to 2010. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from an oral health survey carried out in Goiânia, Goiás, in 2010 (n = 2,075), and secondary data from the files of the local health authority. Clinical data were collected through oral examinations in public and private schools. The dependent variable was the presence of dental fluorosis,

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International, Journal of Dental Science and Innovative Research (IJDSIR). "Enamel Hypoplasia – A Case Presentation of A Disease Affecting Enamel of Teeth." International Journal of Dental Science and Innovative Research (IJDSIR) 8, no. 1 (2025): 107–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15202446.

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Enamel hypoplasia is one manifestation of developmental enamel defects, which have been attributed to an increased likelihood of dental caries in the teeth that have become affected. The intent of this study was to employ Dean's fluorosis index to estimate the prevalence of enamel hypoplasia. A total of 100 individuals who had dental exams between the ages of 10 and 40 constituted the study sample. In accordance with the study's outcomes, the total number of individuals with mild fluorosis was most significant (58), then moderate (24), very mild (13) and least severe (5).

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Anayochukwu-Odo, J. I., K. B. Gbaranor, S. J. Ozims, et al. "Ascertaining the Overall Occurrence of Dental Fluorosis in Students of Selected Secondary Schools in Rivers State." GPH - International Journal of Health Sciences and Nursing 07, no. 03 (2024): 01–08. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11099626.

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<strong>Public health places a premium on understanding the amount of fluoride in potable water and other toothpastes, as well as how it affects skeletal and dental tissues to cause fluorosis. Fluorosis is, however, poorly understood and known in Nigeria. The goal of this research was to Ascertain the Overall Occurrence of Dental Fluorosis in Students of Selected Secondary Schools in Rivers State. A cross-sectional survey of 541 students from selected secondary schools in Rivers State who were between the ages of 9 and 17 was carried out. All students present at school on the day of data colle

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Singh, Shilpa, Vikas Singh, Pradeep Tangade, Ankita Jain, Ishmita Jain, and Manika Rawat. "The Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis among Adolescents Aged 12–15 Years in Schools of Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 17, Suppl 2 (2025): S1142—S1144. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1371_24.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To provide significant insights into the incidence rates, severity levels, and possible risk factors related with dental fluorosis to promote evidence-based public health measures. Materials and Methods: A stratified sampling technique will be conducted on the adolescent patients (12–15 years) attending school in Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh. A sample of 672 students from different schools will be selected for the survey. An informed consent in writing will be collected from the children’s parents those who are willing to participate in the study. Results: The prevalen

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Ashraf, Sobia, Muhammad Usman Khalid, and Hamza Jamil. "DENTAL FLUOROSIS." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 02 (2018): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.02.450.

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Objectives: To assess the incidence of dental fluorosis in schoolchildren aged12 to 15 years resident of Gojra, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: 10Different Public Schools of the City Gojra. Period: May to July 2017. Method: 526 volunteerswere examined in ten public schools of Gojra. The examination was performed in the schoolplayground by three dentists after tooth brushing under observation by a hygienist. Beforeexamination cotton pellets were applied on the teeth surfaces to remove the moisture and makethem perfectly dried and were examined in day light, with the use

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Curtis, A. M., S. M. Levy, J. E. Cavanaugh, J. J. Warren, J. L. Kolker, and K. Weber-Gasparoni. "Decline in Dental Fluorosis Severity during Adolescence: A Cohort Study." Journal of Dental Research 99, no. 4 (2020): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034520906089.

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Dental fluorosis occurs from overingestion of fluoride during tooth formation. However, there is little evidence in the literature on whether or how fluorosis prevalence and severity change over time after tooth eruption. Permanent dentition dental examinations were conducted at ages 9, 13, 17, and 23 as part of the Iowa Fluoride Study, which has followed a cohort from birth. Fluorosis was assessed using the Fluorosis Risk Index (FRI) and Russell’s criteria for differential diagnosis. Measures of fluorosis severity at the person and tooth level were calculated: second highest FRI score at the

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Goel, Aditi, Ashtha Arya, Anshul Arora, Mandeep S. Grewal, and Simran Verma. "Microabrasion - A Conservative Approach for Mild to Moderate Fluorosis – A Case Report." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 30 (2021): 2334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/477.

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The undesirable discoloration or pitting of teeth due to fluorosis or developmental defects like amelogenesis imperfecta or enamel hypoplasia pose a challenge to the clinician to cater to the aesthetic requirements of patients. Fluorosis had been reported way back in 1901. There are treatment options depending upon individual cases as follows: microabrasion / macroabrasion, bleaching, composite restoration, veneers or full crowns. For the aesthetic enhancement of stains associated with mild to moderate fluorosis enamel microabrasion is the preferred treatment. This technique involves removal o

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Jaffar, Tajwar, Hira Butt, Mariya Jabbar, et al. "Aesthetic Rehabilitation of a Patient with Dental Fluorosis Using Composite Veneers: A Case Report." Journal of Wazir Muhammad Institute of Paramedical Technology 2, no. 1 (2022): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37762/jwmipt.37.

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When it comes to dental fluorosis, the severity of the condition determines which treatment method is the best. Considering the good aesthetics, wear resistance, biocompatibility, and ease of manipulation of direct composite veneers, they are considered the treatment for mild to moderate cases of fluorosis. In this case study, a 20-year-old female underwent a step-by-step rehabilitation of fluorosis teeth with resin composite as direct veneers. The patient presented in the department of operative and restorative dentistry at the College of Dentistry, Sharif medical and dental college with toot

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Castiblanco, Gina Alejandra, Blanca Cecilia Silva-Hermida, Mario Opazo G, et al. "Distribution pattern of enamel fluorosis severity: What is it telling us about local fluoride exposure?" CES Odontología 34, no. 2 (2021): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21615/cesodon.5615.

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Introduction and objective: dental fluorosis severity reflects fluoride exposure during dental enamel development. Recently, prenatal and postnatal exposure to fluoride has been associated with negative neurodevelopmental outcomes. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the severity and distribution pattern of dental fluorosis in the primary and permanent dentition, as a basis to discuss the timing and extent of fluoride exposure of children living in endemic areas of fluorosis in the department of Huila. Materials and methods: 840 children (preschoolers and schoolchildren) from fou

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Khan, Farzeen, Zia ul Ain Sabiha, Amina Ajmal, Miss Shawana, Abdul Ahad Khurshid, and Junaid Ahmed. "Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis amongst patients attending the tertiary care hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan." Pakistan BioMedical Journal 5, no. 1 (2022): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i1.310.

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Pakistan is a developing country where peoples drink any available water. In Pakistan water sources are limited and drinking water contains high level of fluoride, which causes both dental and skeletal fluorosis. Objectives: Objectives of the current study was to evaluate the incidence of dental fluorosis among patients who visits the tertiary care hospital, Peshawar and to assess the level and distribution of fluorosis. Methods: The study was carried out at Dental unit of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, from January 2021 to December 2021. All the samples were collected after the research w

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Qin, Xianghui, Shouying Wang, Maojuan Yu, et al. "Child Skeletal Fluorosis from Indoor Burning of Coal in Southwestern China." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2009 (2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/969764.

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Objectives. We assess the prevalence and pathogenic stage of skeletal fluorosis among children and adolescents residing in a severe coal-burning endemic fluorosis area of southwest China.Methods. We used a cross-sectional design. A total of 1,616 students aged between 7 and 16 years in Zhijin County, Guizhou, China in late 2004 were selected via a cluster sampling of all 9-year compulsory education schools to complete the study questionnaire. Any student lived in a household that burned coal, used an open-burning stove, or baked foodstuffs over a coal stove was deemed high-risk for skeletal fl

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Gonzaga, José Alejandro Rivera, Ana Josefina Monjarás Ávila, Louis Hardan, et al. "Calcium and Microhardness Quantification in Healthy and Fluorotic Dentin Conditioned with a Self-Etching System: An In Vitro Study." Dentistry Journal 13, no. 4 (2025): 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13040168.

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Background: Dental fluorosis can affect the micromorphology of dentin, a fact that could present constraints relating to the structural, mechanical, and chemical stability of dentin when it is demineralized in operative maneuvers. Introduction: The aim of this article is to quantify the amount of calcium and the microhardness of both a healthy and a fluorotic dentin through conditioning with a two-step self-etching system (Optibond Versa, Kerr, CA, USA). Methods: Dentin samples were obtained from healthy molars diagnosed with mild, moderate, and severe fluorosis. The amount of calcium was quan

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Yadav, Jyoti, Niraj Kumar Yadav, Deepak Raisingani, and Anshum Jain. "Microabrasion of teeth with fluorosis: A minimally invasive solution to unaesthetic smile." IP Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics 8, no. 4 (2023): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijce.2023.044.

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Dental hypomineralization like dental fluorosis leads to a less aesthetic appearance of the teeth visible in the vicinity. Dental fluorosis results from excessive fluoride intake during enamel formation, which may lead to color abnormalities or defects in the tooth surface. Microabrasion is the preferred treatment for aesthetic improvement of stains in mild to moderate cases. In this procedure, trapped stains are removed with the help of the abrasive agent and HCL acid which is directly applied to the stained enamel surface. Casein phosphopeptide - Amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) applied

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Kaskova, L. F., N. A. Morhun, I. Yu Vashchenko, et al. "FLUOROSIS PREVALENCE AT DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE EARTH (LITERATURE REVIEW)." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 2 (June 26, 2024): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.2.2024.16.

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The aim of the study is to analyze the literature about the fluorosis prevalence and the factors which lead to dental and bone fluorosis. The search for articles published in 2016-2023 was conducted by the authors in Scopus and Web of Science scientific data bases using the keywords “fluorosis”, “dental fluorosis”. To classify the severity of dental fluorosis, the index of developmental defects of enamel (DDE), the index of tooth surface fluorosis (TSIF), and mostly Dean’s index Thylstrup & Fejerskov Index (TFI) are used. The risk factors for dental fluorosis include living in regions with

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Zia ur Rehman, Arbab. "Usage of Fluoridated toothpaste in children and Fluorosis of permanent teeth." Isra Medical Journal 16, no. 1 (2024): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55282/imj.oa1368.

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Objective: To determine the usage of fluoridated toothpaste in children and the presence of fluorosis in permanent teeth. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: This study was undertaken in Hayatabad Model School Hayatabad Peshawar, from 1st March, 2022 to 31st October, 2022. Methodology: Eighty (N=80) school going children of both genders from 11-16 years age with healthy and vital teeth were included in this study. Children with chronic diseases were excluded from this study. Ingestion of childhood fluoride toothpaste and degree of fluorosis was recorded by usin

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Al Warawreh, Amjad M., Zaid H. Al Tamimi, Mohammad I. Al Qatawna, et al. "Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis among Southern Jordanian Population." International Journal of Dentistry 2020 (October 29, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8890004.

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Introduction. Jordan is one of the Middle Eastern countries that is classified as a poor water resource country. People in Jordan consume any available water. In the south of Jordan, water resources are limited. The drinking water contains high levels of fluoride, which in turn leads to augmented danger of both skeletal and dental fluorosis. Aims. This study is focused on evaluating the pervasiveness of dental fluorosis among patients of Karak City and assessing the degree and distribution of fluorosis. Materials and Methods. This research focuses on 2,512 patients ranging from 12 to 52 years

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Deepika, Kumari, Kriti Bansal, Rekha Gupta, and Shubhra Gill. "MANAGEMENT OF DENTAL FLUOROSIS BASED ON SEVERITY INDEX." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 03 (2023): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16382.

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Aim and Objective: The purpose of present case series is to illustrate treatment procedure of discoloration due to dental fluorosis based on severity index. Background: Dental fluorosis is the appearance of faint white lines or streaks on the teeth that occurs when younger children consume too much fluoride, from any source, over long periods when teeth are under developing stage. It affects the esthetic and also the confidence of the affected person. The esthetic improvement can have great effect on patient confidence and oral health and may be sought for various reasons like discoloration, s

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Ahmad, Fareed, Ali Anwaar, Bilal Abdul Qayum Mirza, Mustafa Qadeer, Muhammad Afzal, and Anwaar Alam. "Is Dental Fluorosis More Prone/Susceptible to Tooth Erosion?" Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 8 (2021): 2067–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211582067.

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Background: The fluoride drug is mentioned as a double-edged weapon due to its positive and negative outcomes. Reducing dental caries in large population, cost effective and excess fluoride in teeth or body may lead to systemic diseases and even death. Dental erosion affects the hard tissues of the teeth rendering them vulnerable to decay. Methods & Materials: A school based descriptive cross-sectional survey. Purposive sampling was performed. All examiners were calibrated and trained for the criteria to identify dental fluorosis and dental erosion. The World Health Organisation Oral Healt

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Srivastava, Rangoli, Pradeep Tangade, and Surbhi Priyadarshi. "Managing dental fluorosis: A guide to improving appearance of the teeth." Archives of Dental Research 13, no. 1 (2023): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.adr.2023.005.

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Too much consumption of fluoride during tooth formation causes the disorder known as dental fluorosis, leading to changes in their appearance and structure. The severity of dental fluorosis is typically classified into different stages based on the visual appearance of the teeth. Mild cases of dental fluorosis may not require any treatment, and the condition may improve over time as the enamel continues to mineralize. In more severe cases, treatment options include teeth whitening, dental bonding, veneers, and crowns. While treatment can improve the appearance of the teeth, it cannot reverse t

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AlDaiji, Reem, Malak Alotaibi, Dania Alnowaiser, et al. "Awareness of dental fluorosis among undergraduate dental students in Riyadh region: a survey based study." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 12 (2018): 3852. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20184739.

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Background: Fluoride protects the teeth from dental caries using the needed amount of fluoride products.Methods: A Modified structured questionnaire has been validated through a pilot trial (20 responses) prior to administration that contains16 questions was distributed. Other than the demographics, the data were collected from 500 participants including undergraduate male and female dental students.Results: The majority described the mild fluorosis appearance in the teeth according to Dean’s index appropriately as white opacity of the enamel (64%, n=320). On the other hand, only 31.1% (n=155)

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Ibarra-Santana, Claudia, Ma del Socorro Ruiz-Rodríguez, Ma del Pilar Fonseca-Leal, Francisco Javier Gutiérrez-Cantú, and Amaury de Pozos-Guillén. "Enamel Hypoplasia in Children with Renal Disease in a Fluoridated Area." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 31, no. 4 (2007): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.31.4.m97777625k278261.

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The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of enamel hypoplasia in children with renal disease and healthy children, all of whom live in a fluoridated area. A cross-sectional study was made in 42 children divided into 2 groups. To describe enamel changes, 3 diagnostic criteria were applied: TSIF Index to describe dental fluorosis, Jackson-Al-Alousi Index to describe enamel hypoplasia, and Russell criteria to differentiate mild forms of dental fluorosis and enamel hypoplasia. The frequency of enamel hypoplasia in patients with renal disease was 38.09%. This frequency is smaller than tha

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Prachi, Deepanshi, Ashtha Arya, Mandeep S. Grewal, and Gaurav Thapak. "Minimally invasive technique for improvement of aesthetic in cases of mild to moderate fluorosis: A case report." IP Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics 8, no. 2 (2023): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijce.2023.020.

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Patients have been increasingly worried about tooth discolouration in recent years, particularly when the maxillary anterior teeth are implicated. Dental fluorosis appears clinically as white patches or opaque white lines, or the tooth surface may have a white, parchment-like look. The brown stains visible in moderate to severe fluorosis are caused by the ingestion of extrinsic stains, primarily from the food. Higher fluoride concentrations cause discontiguous or confluent pitting of the enamel surface, which is accompanied by extrinsic stains.The aim of this case report is to demonstrate a co

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Das, Gotam, Vineet Tirth, Suraj Arora, et al. "Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Dental Fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (2020): 3914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113914.

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This study was intended to evaluate the fluoride concentration in drinking water and its effect on dental fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia. Water samples were gathered rom wells, filtration plants and commercial brands (bottled water) in distinct urban and rural areas of Asir region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Overall, 63 water samples were collected from 12 locations and 9 brands of bottled water. ExStik® FL700Fluoridemeter was used in the analysis of water samples for fluoride levels. The total number of screened patients for dental fluorosis, aged between 9 and 50 years, was 11

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Rozier, R. G. "Epidemiologic Indices for Measuring the Clinical Manifestations of Dental Fluorosis: Overview and Critique." Advances in Dental Research 8, no. 1 (1994): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374940080010901.

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Several indices have been used to describe the clinical appearance of dental fluorosis. The purpose of this paper is to describe and compare the three principal ones in use today: those developed by Dean (1934, 1942), Thylstrup and Fejerskov (1978), and Horowitz et al. (1984). A recent index (Fluorosis Risk Index) developed by Pendrys (1990) is also included in this review. The continued use of Dean's classification system and derived index (CFI) for more than a half century is testimony to its simplicity and utility. The index has been criticized because the unit of analysis is the person, be

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Ebot, Etta Barnabas, Ashu Michael Agbor, and Sudeshni Naidoo. "Risk factors of dental fluorosis and fluoride content in drinking water in the far north region of Cameroon." Saudi Journal of Oral Sciences 12, no. 1 (2025): 61–71. https://doi.org/10.4103/sjoralsci.sjoralsci_74_24.

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Abstract Introduction: Dental fluorosis is a developmental disturbance of enamel that results from ingesting high amounts of fluoride during tooth mineralization. Consumption of untreated fluoridated groundwater remains the leading cause of dental fluorosis. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted between January and September 2021 on individuals who have lived for at least 6 years in the Far North Region of Cameroon using structured questionnaires and oral examination. The Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI) was used to evaluate the severity of dental fluorosis.

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Vélez-León, Eleonor María, Alberto Albaladejo-Martínez, Paulina Ortíz-Ortega, Katherine Cuenca-León, Ana Armas-Vega, and María Melo. "Distribution of Dental Fluorosis in the Southern Zone of Ecuador: An Epidemiological Study." Dentistry Journal 11, no. 3 (2023): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj11030071.

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In recent decades, the increase in fluoride exposure has raised the numbers of dental fluorosis in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities In Ecuador, but the last national epidemiological study on DF was conducted more than a decade ago. The objective of this cross-sectional descriptive study was to determine the prevalence, distribution and severity of dental fluorosis (DF) using the Dean index in 1606 schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years from urban and rural environments in provinces that make up the Southern Region of Ecuador. Participants met the inclusion criteria which were age, locali

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