Academic literature on the topic 'Mild steel pipe'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Mild steel pipe.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Mild steel pipe"
1
Adetunji, Olayide R., Raphael A. Obakhavbaye, Afolabi K. Ajileye, et al. "Cathodic Protection of Underground Mild Steel Pipes by Impressed Current Using Solar Cells as Rectifier." Journal of Innovative Solutions 2, no. 1 (2019): 12–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7073579.
Full textAbstract:
The need for constant supply of electricity to protect steel structures brings about the use of solar cells. This research work involves the cathodic protection of underground mild steel pipes by impressed current using solar cells as rectifier. The pipes were buried at two separate sites; X and Y. Site X for the control experiment and Y for the main experiment. The Impressed Current cathodic Protection (ICCP) was applied to the pipes on site Y and the pipes on site X buried without any protection for a period of 40 days. The Pipe to Soil Potentials (PSP) was measured for the pipes on the two sites using multimeter. The pipe to soil potentials measured for the pipes on site Y were within the range recommended for protection (<-850mV) and that of the pipes on site X were above the range. Protection efficiencies using the results obtained from the PSP tests were obtained with maximum protection efficiencies of 82%. Physical examination and microstructures of the pipes also indicated visible proof of corrosion on the buried pipes without protection and this was not seen on the buried pipes under ICCP using solar cell.
2
Mohammed, Iqbal Khatib, Shaikh Shahin, Hisham Uddin Mohammed, and Zia Mohammed. "DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF LAND CUTTING AND PIPE LAYING MACHINE." International Journal of Scientific Research and Modern Education (IJSRME) 5, no. 1 (2020): 11–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3884099.
Full textAbstract:
Within industry, piping is a systems of pipes used convey fluids (liquids and gases) from one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping design studies the efficient transport of fluid. Various piping materials used in industry are Carbon Steel, Mild Steel, Plastic, Stainless Steel, Cupro Nickel, HDPE, LDPE, Tantalum, Tempered Glass, Cement and Asbestos pipes etc., Various areas of piping are refineries, power plants, petrochemicals, hydro power plants, water treatment and distribution, municipalities etc. However in most of the above areas there will be requirement of laying 100’s of kilometers of large pipe laying which is one of the most laborious and time taking process. As a part of our project work we are planning to fabricate a land cutting and pipe laying machine which makes the process faster.
3
Khan, Rehan, Michał Wieczorowski, Darko Damjanović, Mohammad Rezaul Karim, and Ibrahim A. Alnaser. "Erosion–Corrosion Failure Analysis of a Mild Steel Nozzle Pipe in Water–Sand Flow." Materials 16, no. 22 (2023): 7084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16227084.
Full textAbstract:
Several leaks appeared in a mild steel (MS) pipe jet nozzle installed in a direct impact test rig after a few months of operation in erosive flow at the Centre for Erosion–Corrosion Research. The locations of perforation leaks were primarily upstream, but severe wall thinning was also noticed adjacent to the exit section. In this paper, a failure analysis was carried out on the leaking of a pipe jet nozzle, and the results are discussed in detail. The investigation carried out includes visual observation, scanning electron microscopy, 3D scanning, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and laser profilometry measurements. In addition, numerical simulations based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the discrete phase model (DPM) were conducted to investigate the root cause of the failure of leaks in the pipe jet nozzle. Further CFD-DPM simulations were performed on three different pipe jet designs for liquid–solid flow conditions, and were compared to find an alternative design to prevent the failure of the pipe jet nozzles. It was found that the increase in turbulence along with multiple impacts of particles on the wall generate leaks and cracks in the pipe jet nozzle. Moreover, the CFD-DPM showed a five-fold reduction in the maximum erosion rate; this was observed in the replacement of failed pipes with the proposed alternative nozzle pipe design featuring a chamfer reducer section. The CFD-DPM analysis of all geometric configurations showed that alteration of reducer section design has the greatest impact on erosive wear mitigation.
4
Jafar, N. Mohamad, T. Abubakar, C. Y. Chong, and N. H. Ahmad. "Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Morphology and Adhesion Strength of Eggshell Coating on Mild Steel." Solid State Phenomena 264 (September 2017): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.264.190.
Full textAbstract:
Eggshell waste is rich source of calcium carbonate and can be applied to protect steel pipe from corrosion. Calcium carbonate precipitation can be naturally formed as a coating to protect steel pipe from oxygen diffusion. However, with calcium carbonate formed due to natural process, it is difficult to achieve the adequate thickness and capable of protecting the steel pipe. By adapting his corrosion protection mechanism, application of eggshell is of mild steel to eliminate the lengthy and complicated corrosion control system has been practiced. In this research, the eggshell powder was applied to coat the mild steel substrate using the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process. The EPD process is simple and cheap. The eggshell was successfully coated on mild steel substrates at deposition voltage ranged between 20 to 100 volts and sintering temperatures at 400, 500 and 600°C. The best coating morphology and adhesion strength were determined at deposition voltage of 100 volts for 1 minute and sintering temperature at 600°C. These conditions are based on the morphology of the eggshell surface and the highest adhesion strength of the coated samples. The finding demonstrates the ability of the eggshell to be coated on steel substrate using the EPD process with good adhesion strength.
5
Ali, H., M. A. Abdul Razak, T. S. Tengku Amran, A. F. A. Zaidi, A. H. Haron, and M. A. Mohd Yusof. "Evaluation and analysis of underground depth mild steel pipe using pipe cable locator and ground penetrating radar." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2998, no. 1 (2025): 012014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2998/1/012014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This research evaluates subsurface mild steel pipes, crucial for urban utility systems, using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Pipe Cable Locator (PCL). Accurate depth measurement is vital for maintenance, preventing construction damage, and ensuring utility network robustness. GPR uses electromagnetic waves for underground object detection, while PCL provides precision metal detection. This study addresses challenges in accurately determining pipe depths, emphasizing modern technology's role in evaluations. Objectives include comparing GPR and PCL features, assessing their effectiveness in depth estimation, and determining pipe depths. Data were collected in control and uncontrolled environments, processed using RD Manager and RADAN 7 software, and analysed for depth accuracy. Results indicate that GPR is more accurate and reliable than PCL, especially in noisy environments. Future work should focus on improving PCL accuracy and exploring advanced filtering techniques for GPR.
6
Pramita, Cynthia Rosa, Agus Suprapto, and Ike Widyastuti. "Failure Analysis of Galvanized Iron Pipe at Perumda Tirta Kanjuruhan." TRANSMISI 19, no. 2 (2023): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/jtmt.v19i2.12015.
Full textAbstract:
The most commonly used type of water pipe is iron pipe or commonly called Galvanized Iron pipe. The disadvantage of GI pipe is that it rusts easily. So it can result in degradation, decreased efficiency and construction, poor water quality, and higher maintenance costs. Water channeled through rusty pipes will pollute the water and adversely affect the health of those who consume it. This study aims to determine the factors causing failures of GI pipe in the distribution pipeline that have failed due to corrosion. The tested pipes is 1/2"ᴓ sized, 5-year-old corroded pipe whose distribution uses a gravity system and a pumping system. To support this analysis, operational data on fluid and environmental conditions around the pipeline are needed, observations on macro and micro structures, and hardness testing. The corrosion rate is calculated through the thickness loss method and the corrosion rate in the gravity system is 0.153 mm / year that higher than pipe in pumping system. Microstructure observations support the characterization of the material that this pipe is a mild steel, where this type of steel has a high Fe content so it is vulnerable to corrosion attacks. Rockwell hardness testing showed that the corrosion rate is directly proportional to the hardness value of the pipeline. The results of the analysis show that the environment around the pipe which has low soil resistivity and high humidity levels is the main factor in the occurrence of uniform corrosion of the pipe. The selection of inappropriate materials is also supportive as the cause of corrosion occurring.
7
Jones, N., S. E. Birch, R. S. Birch, L. Zhu, and M. Brown. "An Experimental Study on the Lateral Impact of Fully Clamped Mild Steel Pipes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 206, no. 2 (1992): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_207_02.
Full textAbstract:
This report presents some experimental data that were recorded from 130 impact tests on mild steel pipes in two drop hammer rigs. The pipes were fully clamped across a span which was ten times the corresponding outside pipe diameters which lie between 22 and 324 mm. All of the pipes except five had wall thicknesses of 2 mm approximately and were impacted laterally by a rigid wedge indenter at the mid span, one-quarter span or near to a support. The impact velocities ranged up to 14 m/s and caused various failure modes. Some comparisons between two sets of experimental results indicate that the laws of geometrically similar scaling are almost satisfied over a scale range of approximately five.
8
Mufid, Mufid, Arif Rahman Hakim, and Bambang Widiono. "Pengaruh Pitch Turbulator Terhadap Ntu Pada Double Pipe Heat Exchanger." Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan 3, no. 1 (2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtkl.v3i1.101.
Full textAbstract:
Saat ini kebutuhan akan energi di dunia terus meningkat, sejalan dengan semakin tumbuhnya industri untuk menopang kehidupan manusia. Namun kenaikan kebutuhan energi tersebut tidak diimbangi dengan bertambahnya sumber energi, sehingga harga energi semakin mahal. Untuk meminimalisir kebutuhan energi, maka perlu dicari sumber-sumber energi alternatif baru, terutama sumber energi baru dan terbarukan. Disamping itu perlu dilakukan pengelolaan energi yang lebih baik, sehingga kebutuhan energi dunia bisa dikurangi. Double Pipe Heat exchanger memiliki pipa luar stainless steel dengan diameter dalam (Do) 3,5 inchi, ketebalan pipa (To) 1,5 mm, dan panjang pipa (Lo) 790mm dan pipa dalam (Di) 1 3/8 inchi, ketebalan(Ti) 0,6 mm, dan panjang pipa (Li) 920mm, dengan air dingin dan air panas yang digunakan sebagai fluida uji di annulus dan pipa dalam. Helical turbulator dari besi (mild steel) dengan dimensi geometris jarak antar elemen (pitch) sebesar 25mm, 50 mm dan 75 mm berdiameter dalam (Di) 5/16 inchi dan diameter luar(Do) 1 5/16 inchi dengan panjang 750mm dimasukkan dalam inner tube dari heat exchanger. Air panas memasuki tabung dengan variasi flowate mulai 400 l/jam sampai 900 l/jam, sedangkan flowrate air dingin konstan 900 l/jam. Hasil penelitian dengan disisipkannya helical turbulator sebagai turbulator pada heat exchanger mengakibatkan peningkatan laju perpindahan kalor. Helical turbulator dengan pitch 25mm menimbulkan peningkatan laju perpindahan kalor paling besar sebesar ±62% dibandingkan plain tube. Helical turbulator mengakibatkan peningkatan NTU heat exchanger terbesar sebesar ±63% dihasilkan oleh helical turbulator dengan pitch 25mm.At present the need for energy in the world continues to increase, in line with the growing industry to sustain human life. However, the increase in energy needs is not offset by the increase in energy sources, so energy prices are increasingly expensive. To minimize energy needs, it is necessary to look for new alternative energy sources, especially new and renewable energy sources. Besides that, better energy management is needed, so that the world's energy needs can be reduced. Double Pipe Heat Exchanger has stainless steel outer pipe with inner diameter (Do) 3.5 inch, pipe thickness (To) 1.5 mm, and pipe length (Lo) 790 mm and pipe inside (Di) 1 3/8 inch, thickness (Ti) 0.6 mm, and the length of pipe (Li) 920 mm, with cold water and hot water used as test fluid in the annulus and inner pipe. Mild steel helical turbulators with geometric dimensions of 25mm, 50mm and 75mm intervals between 5/16 inch in diameter and a 750mm length 5/16 inch outer diameter (Do) are included in the inner tube of heat exchanger. Hot water enters the tube with variations in flowate from 400 l / hour to 900 l / hour, while the cold water flowrate is constant 900 l / hour. The results of the study by inserting a helical turbulator as a turbulator in a heat exchanger resulted in an increase in the heat transfer rate. Helical turbulators with a pitch of 25mm give rise to the highest heat transfer rate of ±62% compared to plain tubes. Helical turbulators cause the largest increase in NTU heat exchanger of ±63% produced by a helical turbulator with a 25mm pitch.
9
Vu, Quang Duc. "Effect of contact blast loading on the plastic deformation forming ability of large steel pipes." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 4 (July 19, 2024): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2024.003262.
Full textAbstract:
Plastic deformation forming with metal pipe blanks by contact blast loading inside pipes is an interesting moldless forming technique, also a complex and error-prone process. Some advantages are very characteristic of this forming technique such as no cost of mold, tooling and low energy consumption, no complicated control equipment compared to other forming techniques such as casting, rolling, tube hydrostatic forming, bending – welding. Up to now, the calculation and design of this forming technique mainly use some existing reference empirical formulas, so the experimental results are only suitable in the range of small pipe diameters, and still there are significant deviations for larger pipe diameters. In order to increase the predictability and accuracy of forming process by contact blast loading inside large pipes, this paper presents a study on the influence of the mass of highly explosive material – TNT to the forming ability of large steel pipes from API-5LX-42 mild steel materials by modern 3D numerical simulation – using Abaqus/Cae software. Four output criteria with maximum values are used to evaluate the efficiency of this forming process, including maximum diameter of the blast zone (Dmax£2D0), Von Mises stress (Smax£UTS), Hoop plastic strain component (PE22max£1), and Pipe wall thinning rate (eT-max£60 %). The results of this research on the plastic deformation forming process using numerical simulation can be used for the next experimental step to evaluate the difference between simulation and experiment, as well as use this data in the calculation and design of pipe products with circular or square cross-sections to save both time and money of trial and error before application in actual manufacturing
10
Jones, N., and R. S. Birch. "Influence of Internal Pressure on the Impact Behavior of Steel Pipelines." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 118, no. 4 (1996): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842215.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents some experimental data recorded from 54 impact tests on pressurized mild steel pipes. The pipes were fully clamped across a span which was ten times the outside pipe diameter of 60 mm. The pipes had a wall thickness of 1.70 mm and were impacted laterally by a rigid wedge indenter at the mid-span and one-quarter-span positions. The impact velocities ranged up to 13.6 m/s and caused large inelastic indentations for the lower values and at higher values a loss of integrity which could occur underneath the indenter and/or at an end support. The critical values for the two failure energies were obtained for a range of internal gas pressures.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mild steel pipe"
1
Qureshi, Mansoorul-Haq. "Floating plug drawing of mild steel tubes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252933.
Full text
2
Fan, Mengyuan. "EFFECTIVENESS OF PRE-RINSE DURING IN-PLACE CLEANING OF STAINLESS STEEL PIPE LINES." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1398696323.
Full textBooks on the topic "Mild steel pipe"
Book chapters on the topic "Mild steel pipe"
1
Vuong, Vinh-Dat, Anh Quang Vu, Marina Kawai, Kazuhito Tsujimoto, Thang Van Le, and Nguyen Danh Thao. "Formation of Rust Scales on Mild Steel Pile in Brackish Water of Phu My Port - Vietnam." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0802-8_121.
Full text
2
Yoshimura, Yusuke, Shunsuke Sasaki, Tatsuro Katsumura, and Masaru Miyake. "Development of Dimensional Control Technology for Seamless Steel Pipe Rolling by Controlling Circumference Length in Sizing Mill." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41023-9_18.
Full text
3
COLEMAN, M. C. "The High Temperature Deformation and Fracture of a Mild Steel Weldment in Heavy Section Low Alloy Ferritic Steel Pipe." In Proceedings of The 7th International Conference On Fracture (ICF7). Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-034341-9.50175-3.
Full text
4
Kiefner, J. F., and E. B. Clark. "Identifying Unknown Samples of Line Pipe." In History of Line Pipe Manufacturing in North America. ASME, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.812334_ch8.
Full textAbstract:
Occasionally, a pipeline operator encounters a pipeline or a segment of a pipeline for which the history of manufacturing may be unknown. Aside from the diameter which can be easily measured and the wall thickness which can be determined ultrasonically, how does one go about identifying the grade, the material (iron or steel), the seam type (if any), the manufacturer, and whether or not the material is API line pipe? Some helpful techniques are discussed below. First, it is wise to thoroughly check one's files. Sometimes the mill certificates for old pipe orders still exist. Alternatively, if a third-party inspection company was used, it may be worthwhile contacting that company to see if they still have the mill certificates.
5
Bibby-Wilson, Kim. "A Piper’s Lament (Online Content)." In Hadrian's Wall in our Time. Archaeopress Archaeology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/9781803277349-music.
Full textAbstract:
The inspiring landscape of Hadrian’s Wall has always evoked a creative response from musicians: a quick internet search will find a number of tunes and songs celebrating the Wall and the Sycamore Gap tree in its glory or lamenting its loss. Well suited to both energetic rippling melodies and lyrical airs or laments, the soft tones of the bellows-blown Northumbrian small pipes have often been heard at events connected with Hadrian’s Wall. In the days of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle’s gloriously-named Ancient Melodies Committee and the 1882 publication of the bible of local music and song Northumbrian Minstrelsy, the pipes were played at dinners or receptions during the Hadrian’s Wall Pilgrimages of 1886 and 1906 by Richard Mowat and James Hall (Piper to the Duke of Northumberland) respectively; much more recently, since the establishment of the Morpeth Chantry Bagpipe Museum, I have been honoured to play the small pipes at the last four Pilgrimages, and also introduced our local instrument to the international 2009 Congress of Roman Frontier Studies in Newcastle. Perhaps the most memorable occasion was being invited to play at a hand-fasting ceremony for an Australian couple at Steel Rigg. Some passing German tourists seemed to assume this was a normal occurrence in such wild parts. The first pipes tune here, The Sycamore, is followed by Mind The Gap – not a facetious title, but a gentle pun on both the Northumbrian expression “mind” meaning “remember, be mindful of” and the Standard English usage for “object to”, reflecting the outrage felt when the tree was felled. This second tune starts in a cheerful major key with tree and landscape in harmony, but is cut off with a slow descent into the more poignant minor key of the lament.
6
Islam, Moavin, Amal Al-Borno, and Chad Walz. "Premature Failure of Ni-coated Carbon Steel Fittings in Water Injection Service Due to Microbiologically Induced Corrosion." In Case Studies in Corrosion Failures. AMPP, Association for Materials Protection and Performance15835 Park Ten Place, Houston, TX 77084, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/37692-ch08.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper presents the findings of an investigation that was carried out to determine the root cause of the premature failure of Ni-coated carbon steel fittings on the water injection composite piping system installed at an oil production facility in Western Canada. The facility had been in operation since 2011 without major corrosion issues. Many of the Ni-coated fittings, which are expected to have a service life of 20 years, started to fail (developed leaks) unexpectedly after about 4 years. The core structure of composite pipe is a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) inner pipe, a middle layer of high-strength dry fiberglass, and a protective thermoplastic outer jacket. The interconnecting fittings are made of carbon steel coated with a thin, ~40 micron (1.5 mil) layer of Nickel. The failure investigation results (bacteria, water, and corrosion product analyses as well as photographic documentation of the corrosion damage morphology) provided quite convincing evidence that the premature failures observed in the fittings occurred as a result of MIC (microbiologically influenced corrosion) due to the presence of high counts of SRB (sulfate reducing bacteria) and APB (acid producing bacteria) in the system. Of course, under-deposit corrosion, crevice type corrosion, and galvanic corrosion may also have occurred in conjunction with MIC. It is also to be noted that if the integrity of the thin Ni coating is compromised in any way, such as pitting damage due to MIC, or manufacturing flaws, accelerated galvanic corrosion attack of the carbon steel substrate would be expected at that location, since Ni is cathodic to carbon steel.
Conference papers on the topic "Mild steel pipe"
1
Stephenson, L. D., Steven C. Sweeney, Ralph H. Eichlin, and Robert A. Weber. "Corrosion Resistant Steel Pipe Replacement for Fire Suppression System at a Fuel Tank Farm." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01169.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Sections of mild steel above-ground water-foam conveyance pipes were found to be leaking due to severe corrosion. These pipes were part of a deluge (fire suppression system) for a large fuel tank farm operated by the U. S. Army in Okinawa, Japan. Analysis of cross sections of the pipes indicated that corrosion had initiated on the exterior of the pipes, most likely due to salt–laden rain water running down the sides and collecting on the underside. The corrosion was especially severe at the saddles where the pipes were supported, and the chloride-containing water could easily pond. The most severely corroded pipe sections of the pipes were replaced with SAE 304L (UNS S30403) stainless steel and the fasteners were replaced with SAE 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel, which are expected to be more resistant to the severely corrosive atmospheric environment. Although the total installed cost of the new stainless steel replacement is 25% greater than the cost of the replacing with similar mild steel, preliminary cost/benefits analysis indicates an expected useful life that exceeds 100 years for the stainless steel pipe and fasteners, as compared with the observed 17 year life of mild-carbon steel pipe. Details of the analysis, materials selection and replacement will be discussed.
2
Kimura, Mitsuo, Yukio Miyata, Takaaki Toyooka, and Fumio Murase. "Corrosion Performance of Martenstic Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe for Linepipe Application." In CORROSION 1999. NACE International, 1999. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1999-99582.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The corrosion performance of two types of weldable martensitic stainless steel seamless pipe for pipeline application is investigated. 11 Cr steel pipe developed for sweet environment gives better resistance to CO2 corrosion than the 13Cr martensitic stainless steel for OCTG. 12Cr steel pipe developed for light sour environment shows good SSC resistance in a mild sour environment and superior CO2 corrosion resistance at high temperature and high CO2 partial pressure condition. The suitable condition for the 11Cr steel pipe and the 12 Cr steel pipe in sweet environment, and the critical pH and H2S partial pressure for the 12 Cr steel pipe welded joint in sour environment are clarified. Both welded joints have superior resistance to hydrogen embrittlement under the cathodic protection condition in sea water.
3
Ladeuille, Laurent, Richard Jones, Yifei Zeng, et al. "Corrosion Fatigue of X80 Weld in Mild Sour Environment." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-17778.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The developments in deep and ultra-deep waters require the application of heavy wall pipes for steel risers in conventional grades. The utilization of higher-strength grade such as X80 reduces the constraints related to the manufacturing and the installation by saving line pipe weight. Seamless X80 pipes were manufactured in 323.9 x 25.4 mm and characterized. Girth welding was made using the Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process on these seamless line pipes. Four-point-bend tests were conducted as per NACE TM0316(2) to evaluate the Sulfide Stress Cracking resistance on X80 pipe and welds. There are only limited results about the fatigue behavior of high-strength steel welded joints and, especially, in sour environments. Therefore, the performance of X80 mechanized girth weld was assessed in air and in mild sour environment. Fatigue endurance tests were performed in air at room temperature at loading frequencies of 4-8 Hz and completed by tests at 24°C, pH 5.9, 0.1 psi H2S partial pressure using a frequency of 0.2 Hz. The in-air fatigue performance of the X80 girth weld was found to be comparable to X65 tested in similar conditions; the results exceeded the BS 7608 class E target curve. The environmental knock down factor (EKDF), which was obtained by comparing the mean of the in-air data with the mean of sour data, is equal to 10.
4
Benedict, Risque L. "Corrosion Protection of Concrete Cylinder Pipe." In CORROSION 1989. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89368.
Full textAbstract:
Concrete cylinder pipe referred to in this paper consists of a thin steel cylinder which acts primarily as a water proofing membrane surrounded by concrete. Steel reinforcements consisting of either mild steel rods (AWWA C-303) or prestressed wire (AWWA C-301) are wrapped over the core and embedded in a mortar coating. Little has been published on corrosion protection measures for concrete cylinder pipe. Since concrete cylinder pipe has experienced relatively few corrosion problems, there has been very little history in its protection. Because of this sparsity of data it is not surprising that even the qualified corrosion engineers in the field do not always agree on the techniques and criteria for the protection of concrete cylinder pipe. In a previous paper1, the three basic corrosion mechanisms by which mortar protects steel, and how these differ from the protective mechanisms of organically coated steel pipe, were described. Since the corrosion protective mechanisms of concrete cylinder pipe are very different from those of dielectric coated steel, it is not surprising that the methods of protection are also different. The vast majority of environments encountered in the United States and Canada are benign to concrete cylinder pipe.
5
Jauseau, Nicolas, and Srdjan Nesic. "A Study of the Flow Effect on Naphthenic Acid Corrosion of Mild Steel." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07519.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The oil refining industry often relies on the use of easily available and cheaper crude oils rich in naphthenic acids (NAP) to improve its profit margins. However, the processing of these acidic crudes in distillation units can lead to severe corrosion issues in oil transfer lines. Moreover, it has been suggested that high flow velocities and multiphase flow conditions can enhance NAP corrosion in bends of transfer lines. To better understand the underlying phenomenon driving NAP corrosion, a flow loop was designed to mimic operating conditions encountered in the transfer lines of oil refineries. Experiments were performed to measure corrosion rates in single phase and multiphase flow conditions using metal samples with different piping geometries (straight and 90° elbow). The corrosion rates of carbon steel samples exposed to both single oil phase and gas-oil two-phase flow conditions (USL = 0.1-0.2 m/s; USG = 0-40 m/s) were determined using the weight loss method. This study demonstrates that the liquid refreshment rate was more important than the liquid velocity in controlling NAP corrosion in single phase flow conditions. In multiphase flow conditions, an annular-dispersed flow enhanced NAP corrosion in the pipe. In particular, the liquid film wetting the pipe proved to be more corrosive than a liquid phase transported as entrained droplets in the gas phase. The different piping geometry of the samples used to model the transfer lines did not show an effect on NAP corrosion as suggested by field observations.
6
Huang, Jin, Bruce Brown, Xiu Jiang, Brian Kinsella, and Srdjan Nesic. "Internal CO2 Corrosion of Mild Steel Pipelines under Inert Solid Deposits." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10379.
Full textAbstract:
Under-deposit CO2 corrosion occurs when solids like sand, corrosion products, wax or a variety of other particles deposit on the bottom of pipelines, forming a bed or layer of solids1, 2. Under-deposit CO2 corrosion is different from “regular” CO2 corrosion as the aqueous solution beneath the solids is chemically and physically different from the “bulk” solution in the pipe. The presence of solids can also limit inhibitor access to the metal surface which can initiate severe localized corrosion3. Initial testing was directed towards defining and modeling the fundamental mild steel CO2 corrosion mechanisms occurring in the presence of clean inert solid deposits with different particle sizes and shapes (SiO2 powder, glass beads (GB) and sand). Experiments were conducted in a glass cell at a total pressure of 1 bar for temperatures of 25°C and 80°C. The mild steel sample was immersed in 1 wt% NaCl electrolyte for one day. Corrosion behavior was characterized by electrochemical techniques, including LPR (linear polarization resistance), EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and potentiodynamic sweeps. Steel surface morphologies have been analyzed by using SEM (scanning electron microscope) and EDX (energy dispersive x-ray).
7
Cao, Liu, Feng Gui, Harry Cotton, Yuri Tkach, and Robert Best. "Susceptibility of Vintage Pipe to Embrittlement in Hydrogen-Natural Gas Blends." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00575.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Hydrogen gas is considered as one of promising renewable energy alternatives in the wave of global decarbonation and zero emission. Storage and transporting hydrogen gas impose huge risks in existing pipeline system as result of known hydrogen embrittlement issues with mild carbon steel. Vintage pipe (pre-1970s) typically has higher impurity levels and lower toughness in comparison to the same grade modern steels, so might be expected to have higher susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement and thus lower pressure/capacity in operation with hydrogen gas or mix of hydrogen and natural gas. In the current work, fracture toughness of a vintage X60 (1971) line pipe material was investigated in a wide range of hydrogen pressures, from 0.5 bara to 100 bara. The J-R curve, initiation toughness and corresponding KJ values are summarized with respect to hydrogen pressures.
8
Lee, Chi-Ming, Stuart Bond, Per Egil Kvaale, Rolf E. Lye, and Stig Lyder Støme. "Corrosion Testing of Weldable 13%Cr Supermartensitic Stainless Steel for Weld Procedure Qualification." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01245.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The use of weldable 13%Cr supermartensitic stainless steel (SMSS) for flowlines is becoming more widespread, largely due to its attractive price, high strength and good corrosion resistance in oxygen-free, high CO2 brine environments. However, the sensitivity of this material to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) when H2S is present precludes its use in all but very mild sour environments. This paper presents results from the corrosion qualification testing of butt welded DNV SML 13CR-2.5MO grade 13%Cr steel pipes, for use in a subsea flowline project. Welds were manufactured using a manual GTAW process and a superduplex stainless steel consumable, which were then subjected to a plastic straining cycle to simulate reeling, the preferred method of pipe laying. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and electrochemical polarization tests were carried out on the welds, in simulated formation water service environments with 178,000mg/l and 235,000mg/l chloride at pH4.5. The results showed no failures in four-point bend SCC tests stressed to 550MPa (100% of the SMYS of the parent material), when tested at 130°C in two simulated formation water environments. Supplementary tests using electrochemical cyclic polarization scans were also conducted on the parent material and HAZ of the welds in the same environments.
9
Ayello, François, Chong Li, Xuanping Tang, et al. "Determination of Phase Wetting in Oil–Water Pipe Flows." In CORROSION 2008. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08566.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Oil-water two-phase flow often presents a internal corrosion problem in pipeline transportation. The corrosion rate of the mild steel line is closely related to which phase wets the pipe wall. The problem has been investigated here on a large scale, in a 60 meter-long flow loop with crude oils. In this paper extensive experimental studies of flow pattern as well as phase wetting determination have been carried out for different crude oils and different pipe inclinations. Four experimental techniques have been applied to determine which phase, water or oil, wets the pipe inner wall at different flowing conditions: wall conductance probes, wall sampling, flow visualization, and corrosion monitoring by electric resistance probes. Based on the overlapping information from these techniques, comprehensive phase wetting maps for different crudes as a function of water cut and flow velocities were obtained. Three main flow patterns were observed: stratified flow, stratified flow with mixed layer, and dispersed flows. The comparison of flow pattern and wetting regimes gives good understanding of the water wetting mechanism. Moreover, the phase wetting maps produced are a precious tool which can be used as a useful reference for corrosion engineers and pipeline operators to manipulate oil-water two-phase flow systems under corrosion free conditions.
10
Urquidi-Macdonald, Mirna, Dewey Van Voorhis, and Digby D. Macdonald. "Prediction of Single-Phase Erosion-Corrosion in Mild Steel Pipes Using Artificial Neural Networks and a Deterministic Model." In CORROSION 1995. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95546.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Erosion-corrosion is flow-assisted corrosion that can cause wall thinning in fluid piping systems. Several key parameters, such as pH, temperature, flow rate, mass transfer coefficient (which is a function of the geometry and pipe configuration), and materials determine the rate at which damage develops. In this study, we generated an experimental data base from the open literature which we used to train and to test an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). We also developed a deterministic model which we used to make predictions. The predictions from the deterministic model, and from the ANN were compared to the experimental data collected and the results are reviewed and discussed. The artificial Neural Network was designed to learn from about 60% of the experimental data collected. The data contained as variables experimental single phase erosion-corrosion rates (mm/yr) (for several configurations of mild steel piping under various environmental and mechanical conditions including: pH, temperature, flow rate, mass transfer coefficient, and oxygen concentration). However, most of the data collected contains no information on the oxygen concentration in the solution, the hydrodynamic numbers characterizing the geometry, or flow velocity. Instead of the hydrodynamic characteristics, the mass transfer coefficient was given (the mass transfer coefficient will account for geometry and flow velocity effects). The experimental information usually does not contain detailed information on the material composition, or on the chemical composition of the solution. Accordingly, the number of variables used to train the ANN was limited. The main difference between the two models concerns the prediction of erosion-corrosion rates at various temperatures at high pH values. The ANN, which was trained on experimental data, predicts that erosion-corrosion will decrease with pH independently of the temperature and flow rate. On the other hand, the deterministic model predicts that the erosion-corrosion rates will remain high even at high pH and high temperature, and is independent of the flow rate (this latest result agrees with the measured observations on the dissolution of magnetite), and only at low temperatures will it decrease with pH. At this time, there is insufficient experimental data of sufficient quality to indicate which of the two models more accurately predicts erosion-corrosion rates versus pH at several temperatures.
Reports on the topic "Mild steel pipe"
1
Leis. L51845 Database of Mechanical and Toughness Properties of Pipe. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010150.
Full textAbstract:
�The lower-strength grades of steel used for transmission pipelines into the 60s were much like those used in other steel construction in that era. These steels gained strength by traditional hardening mechanisms through chemistry changes, largely involving carbon and manganese additions. Improvement of these grades, primarily through control of ingot chemistry and steel processing, became necessary when running brittle fracture was identified as a failure mechanism in gas-transmission pipelines in the late 50s. Eventually, this avenue to increasing strength was exhausted for pipeline applications because this approach causes increased susceptibility to hydrogen-related cracking mechanisms as strength increases. For this reason, modern steels differ significantly from their predecessors in several ways, with the transition from traditional C-Mn ferrite-pearlite steels beginning in the mid 60s with the introduction of high-strength-low-alloy (HSLA) steels. This report presents the results of projects, PR-3-9606 and PR-3-9737, both of which were planned as multi-year projects. The first of these projects initially was conceived to provide broad evaluation of the fitness-for-service of wrinkle bends while the second was conceived to generate mechanical and fracture properties data for use in the integrity analysis of both the pipe body and weld seams in modern gas-transmission pipeline systems. As possible duplication between a joint industry project and the PRCI project became apparent, this project was scaled back to focus on properties of steels used in construction involving wrinkle bends. Consideration also was given to a more modern steel such as might be found in ripple bends, which are formed in bending machines that now have become widely used. The second project likewise was reduced in scope, with a focus on only the pipe body. Because both projects ended being centered on mechanical and fracture properties, both are presented in this combination report.
2
Mannucci and Demofonti. L51882 Mill Test Techniques for Predicting Crack Arrest Ability in High Toughness Steels. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011210.
Full textAbstract:
The cost for construction of new pipelines to meet the demand for natural gas can be justified by using high strength materials: however line safety requires steel properties that preclude catastrophic failures should the pipe wall be breached. Important problems faced in the eighties, come now again onto the table of the international scientific community driven directly by the incoming projects of future high productivity transmission lines, and need final solutions. The objective of this project, was to develop a simple laboratory testing method, that can be easily transferred and used in the mill practice, to provide a reliable measure of the ductile fracture toughness, expressed by the critical value of the Crack Tip Opening Angle (CTOAc), for high grade/high toughness line pipe steel (grade API X80 and Charpy V shelf energy 200 J). Such parameter has been measured up to now by using the CSM Two Specimen CTOA Test Methodology (methodology developed in the frame of past PRCI sponsored project for gas pipeline steels in grade up to API X80 and with Charpy V shelf energy up to about 200 Joule).
3
Glauz, W. D., and Cecil Chappelow. L51467A On-Site Assessment of Mill-Applied Fusion-Bonded Coating Quality. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010089.
Full textAbstract:
This report is an addendum to L51467. The commercial application of rapid cure fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings to line pipe is a fast operation. Accordingly, it is possible to coat a large number of pipe joints improperly before the inferior coating quality can be detected and the cause remedied. The quality control techniques currently used in coating plants are too slow to meet the demands of this coating and its application procedures. The primary goal of this program was to develop on-site, repeatable, accurate, and operatively simple test procedures that are capable of determining (a) the degree of reaction (cure) of the applied FBE coating, (b) the adhesive bond strength of the coating to the steel pipe substrate, and (c) the void content of the coating created by bubble entrapment or gas formation during application. The secondary goal was to develop on-site test methods to monitor coating quality continuously and nondestructively on the coating production line.
4
Chen, Weixing. PR378-173601-Z01 Effect of Pressure Fluctuations on the Growth Rate of Near-Neutral pH SCC. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012112.
Full textAbstract:
This report summarizes the work completed in PRCI SCC-2-12A project: The Effect of Pressure Fluctuations on the Growth Rate of Near-Neutral pH SCC, which is Phase 3 of the work on the same subject of investigation. The following insights from the current phase of the PRCI SCC-2-12A project are thought to be the most important: - Near neutral pH crack initiation is pressure-fluctuation dependent. Severe pressure fluctuations accelerate the fracture and spallation of mill scale on the pipeline steel surfaces, making it harder to initiate SCC cracks from the bottom of pits that are developed at flawed mill scale sites. On the other hand, the presence of a primer layer before application of the protective coating preserves the mill scale on the pipe steel surface and promotes crack initiation. - The early-stage crack growth primarily features crack length extension on the pipe surface but limited crack growth in the depth direction. Three different mechanisms of crack length extension have been identified, including that determined by the geometry of coating disbondment, a chaotic process of crack coalescence, and the ability of existing cracks to induce further crack initiation and growth. This latter process is pressure-fluctuation sensitive. - A complete set of equations governing crack growth in Stage 2 has been established based on experimental specimens with surface cracks under mechanical loading conditions realistic to pressure fluctuations during the operation of oil and gas pipelines. - The contribution to crack growth by direct dissolution of the steel at the crack tip has been determined, which has been found to be crack depth-dependent and pressure-fluctuation-sensitive. Gas pipelines operated under high mean pressure show higher rates of dissolution. - The severity of crack growth and the accuracy of the predictive model can be significantly affected by crack tip morphology, either sharp or blunt, and this would yield different threshold values for Stage 2 crack growth and therefore different lengths of remaining life. - Full scale testing was performed and has validated the crack growth models contained herein. - The PipeOnline software has been revised to incorporate the new experimental results obtained from the current PRCI SCC 2-12A project. This PipeOnline software was previously developed from the two earlier phases of the PRCI project.
5
Cialone, H., D. N. Williams, and T. P. Groeneveld. L51621 Hydrogen-Related Failures at Mechanically Damaged Regions. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010313.
Full textAbstract:
Leaks attributed to hydrogen-stress cracking (HSC) initiating in regions of mild mechanical damage have been reported in cathodically protected pipe lines constructed from high-strength, microalloyed, controlled-rolled steels. The hydrogen is believed to be present in service from the cathodic potential applied. Laboratory studies were initiated to determine the factors that contributed to those unexpected failures. Strain aging at ambient temperatures as a result of deformation introduced during the mechanical damage, was found to be a significant factor. Smooth-bar specimens that were strained and then aged failed by HSC within one week, whereas specimens that were not strain aged did not fail by HSC. Result: The findings of this research indicate a potential sequence of events which may lead to hydrogen-related failures in regions of mild mechanical damage: (1) Following the damage, ambient-temperature strain aging which promotes sensitivity to HSC takes place in the mechanically damaged region, in a surface layer of the pipe wall which has been subjected to a critical level of strain. The time period for this step would be on the order of several years. (2) Electrochemical conditions which promote hydrogen charging develop at the pipe surface from the cathodic current applied (or possibly corrosion). (3) Local stresses in the mechanically damaged region are elevated above the threshold stress for HSC by the moderate stress concentration provided by the mechanical damage. For the X70 pipe studied, the stress elevation should be at least 20 percent above the nominal hoop stress. (4) An HSC crack initiates and grows in the strain-aged surface layer. (5) The crack propagates further by HSC, through the non-strain-aged portion of the wall, as a result of the high stress concentration at the crack tip. (6) When the crack grows to a critical depth, it propagates rapidly through the wall by overload and causes a leak.
6
Parkins, R. N., and R. R. Fessler. NG-18-85-R01 Line Pipe Stress Corrosion Cracking Mechanisms and Remedies. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012143.
Full textAbstract:
Stress corrosion cracking of line pipe from the soil side involves slow crack growth at stresses which may be as low as half the yield strength, this slow crack growth continuing until the crack penetrates the wall to produce a leak or until the stress intensity on the uncracked ligament reaches the value for a fast fracture to penetrate the wall thickness. The controlling parameters that contribute to the mechanism of failure, essentially involving growth by dissolution in the grain boundary regions, are, as with other systems displaying such failure, electrochemical, mechanical, and metallurgical, acting conjointly. Electrochemical influences relate to environment composition, potential, and its variation under disbonded coatings and temperature, whilst mechanical factors of significance include pressure variations, and their time dependence, as well as maximum pressure. Metallurgical parameters, whilst not yet fully understood, including those aspects of steel composition and structure that influence grain boundary composition and the microplasticity associated with load changes, as well as surface condition, e.g. the presence or otherwise of mill scale. These controlling parameters indicate the remedial measures available for control of the problem, although some, for practical or economic reasons, are not invariably applicable. Thus, control by metallurgical approaches or through coatings or manipulation of the surface conditions is only applicable to future lines, but for those already in existence lowering the temperature, limiting pressure fluctuations and more precise control of cathodic protection should help alleviate the problem.
7
Payer. L51903 Damage to FBE and Liquid Epoxy Coating from Hydrogen Outgassing from Welds. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010383.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrogen in welds and its affect on performance from the perspective of cracking and embrittlement of steels has been widely studied, and welding procedures have been developed to minimize the deleterious effects of hydrogen. The practical problem is whether hydrogen outgassing from welds causes damage to FBE and liquid epoxy coatings on pipelines. FBE coatings on longitudinal welds made at pipe mills have developed defects because of hydrogen outgassing. Field welds are often coated shortly after welding, inspected and either buried or submerged, and there is a greater chance for more hydrogen in the field welds than mill welds. If coating damage occurred by outgassing, the damage could go undetected and affect the pipeline corrosion control. The objectives were to examine hydrogen outgassing as a cause of damage to FBE and liquid epoxy coatings, to collect and contrast experience with hydrogen in longitudinal welds and circumferential welds, to quantify hydrogen pickup and release from steel pipe and welds. Methods and practices are identified to avoid damage to FBE and liquid epoxy pipeline coatings from hydrogen outgassing. The approach was to examine epoxy coatings applied over welds for damage from hydrogen outgassing and to conduct experiments to determine the amount and rate of hydrogen desorption (outgassing) from welds. The effects of hydrogen desorption on coatings was examined for commercial FBE and liquid epoxy coatings along with screening tests with liquid glycerol and clear epoxy. Hydrogen desorption was measured directly on welds, and a model was developed to describe the outgassing of diffusible hydrogen and the amount of diffusible hydrogen remaining in the weld.
8
Shannon. L51584 Effect of Water Chemistry on Internal Corrosion Rates in Offshore Pipelines.pdf. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010643.
Full textAbstract:
This work is an extension of a program reported in 1984 to establish factors which control corrosion of API line pipe in gas containing carbon dioxide and water. In this phase of the program, there were four objectives. One was to establish the temperature of maximum corrosion in the range of 75�, 100� and 175�F at 1000 psi in water saturated with carbon dioxide at partial pressures of 15 and 50 psia. The next was to explore the role of carbon content and microstructure in the steel, iron carbonate film formation, and resulting corrosion rates. The third was to examine the role of pre-existing mill scale and corrosion films on accelerating pitting attack. The final objective was to extend a spread sheet computer model to calculate corrosion rates from field data. Tests were run in a refreshed, recirculating autoclave at a total pressure of 1000 psi in water saturated with CO2 at partial pressures of 15 and 50 psia, and containing bicarbonate ion to adjust the pH either to 5 or 6. Six materials were tested: ASTM-A53B, two lots of API5LX-X52 and three lots of API5LX-X60. Samples were pulled at intervals for weight loss corrosion and to examine the surface films by electron microscope and metallography. After plotting the weight loss results, corrosion rates in mils per year (MPY) were calculated. The microstructure of the metal, the corrosion films of iron carbonate, and the weight loss results were then examined. The corrosion data were incorporated into a spread sheet computer model for users to calculate their own pipe line corrosion rates.
9
Zhu, Xian-Kui, Brian Leis, and Tom McGaughy. PR-185-173600-R01 Reference Stress for Metal-loss Assessment of Pipelines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011516.
Full textAbstract:
This project focused on quantifying the reference stress to be used in predictive models for assessing the effects of metal loss on pipeline integrity. The results of this project will work in concert with the outcomes of project EC-2-7 that examined sources of scatter in metal-loss predictions with respect to the metal-loss defect geometry. The methodology for developing a new reference stress included empirical and finite element analyses along with comparison of full-scale experimental results that indicate the failure behavior of defect-free pipe has dependence on the strain hardening rate, n, of the pipe steel. Since the strain hardening rate is often unreported in qualification test records and mill certification reports, the development of a new reference stress will seek to include the utilization of the ratio of yield-to-tensile strength (Y/T) as a surrogate for n. This approach ideally would be insensitive to pipe grade, and thus, allow broad application of the reference stress without increasing scatter or bias across grade levels. This work also compared the resulting metal-loss criterion with the new reference stress relative to the B31G and Modified B31G models using a dataset of approximately 75 full-scale burst test results for test vessels containing isolated defects. This comparison was performed by C-FER Technologies under sub-contract to EWI and quantified the prediction bias and prediction variability of the new criterion relative to those widely in use.
10
Maxey and Barnes. L51622 The Chevron Notched Drop-Weight-Tear-Test Specimen. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010366.
Full textAbstract:
This research is aimed at finding a new type of notch that would produce propagation data similar to that produced by the PC DWTT. High-toughness materials and materials that had previously been studied were used assuming that if the new notch worked on these materials it would be satisfactory for lower toughness materials. Several notch modifications were tried and most were no better than the standard pressed notch used in the API specimen. A search for a new type of notch for the standard drop-weight-tear-test (DWTT) specimen has been completed. This new notch specimen is to replace the precracked DWTT specimen which has been shown to predict full-scale behavior but has received-little support from pipe manufacturers. The new notch is a chevron notch causing fracture initiation to occur at a machined point located at mid-wall thicknessand about 0.2 inch below the specimen edge (i.e., at the same depth as the pressed-in notch of the standard DWTT). No precracking or other severe prestraining, which may create strain aging problems, is required to produce the specimen. A good correlation was obtained between the chevron-notched DWTT and the Charpy V-notch specimens for conventionally rolled steels; this correlation effectively ties the chevron notched data to past fracture research data and to published correlations thatdescribe fracture in terms of Charpy upper-shelf energy. A procedure is included for preparing and conducting the Chevron notched DWTT.