Journal articles on the topic 'Milieu innovateur'

Cet article tente d’esquisser un bilan des principaux apports théoriques et empiriques des recherches menées depuis 1984 à partir du concept de milieu innovateur. Ce concept a été utilisé pour étudier les interactions entre les comportements innovateurs des firmes, les processus d’organisation et de dynamique industrielle et l’environnement territorial. Il sera l’occasion de réexaminer l’évolution de la problématique, de spécifier les apports et de souligner l’originalité de la démarche. Cette mise en perspective permettra de confronter les travaux sur les milieux innovateurs avec d’autres démarches, d’en souligner la complémentarité, les points d’accord et éventuellement les divergences. Cette revue des débats permettra de définir la notion de milieu innovateur, de la replacer dans une problématique plus large relative à l’analyse des dynamiques industrielles localisées pour finalement dégager de nouvelles pistes de recherches.

Ce texte se divise en deux parties. Nous proposons dans un premier temps, une synthèse des composantes induites par le concept de « milieu innovateur». Tous les facteurs répertoriés dans la littérature sont exposés dans un modèle général. Selon le corpus théorique actuel, les décideurs (ou acteurs) du milieu local ou régional doivent chercher collectivement la combinaison appropriée de facteurs nécessaires pour leur propre territoire. Ainsi, dans un deuxième temps, une procédure de planification est offerte aux territoires en quête d'innovation et de dynamisme socio-économique. Ensuite, nous exposons les tâches à effectuer aux différentes étapes d’organisation d’un milieu innovateur. De fait, la procédure de planification proposée prend la forme d’un processus systématique d’apprentissage continu pour les acteurs de la collectivité territoriale.

Partant du constat selon lequel les grilles de lecture habituelles des associations en Afrique occultent les mutations en cours dans ce milieu ainsi que l’articulation de celles-ci avec les enjeux sociétaux, cet article cherche à mettre en évidence les innovations sociales en milieu associatif sénégalais. C’est pourquoi il part de l’itinéraire du mouvement associatif en vue de systématiser ses tendances lourdes ainsi que son potentiel innovateur et alternatif à la lumière des mutations que vit ce pays. L’analyse révèle le fait que dans ce contexte de précarité, le mouvement associatif se positionne comme acteur d’innovations sociales autour de quatre tendances actuelles : l’empowerment communautaire et territorial, l’entrepreneuriat communautaire, la coproduction de services publics locaux ainsi que le positionnement sur des enjeux nationaux et internationaux. Toutefois, ce potentiel innovateur pluriel reste inhibé par diverses contraintes expressives d’un potentiel alternatif limité.

Résumé Cet article présente Ie cheminement vécu au cours de l'implantation d'un programme de prévention en santé mentale en milieu communautaire, qui origine d'une institution psychiatrique de troisième ligne. II raconte les différentes phases de la mise sur pied de ce projet autant du point de vue du vécu dés intervenants, de révolution idéologique, des modalités d'organisation que de son impact sur Ie réseau de distribution des services de santé mentale. L'implantation de ce système innovateur n'a pas été facile, pour la communauté et pour les initiateurs. Mais heureusement les efforts ont valu Ia peine car la nécessité d'un tel type de services est maintenant reconnue.

Résumé Lors de la publication des trois premières fictions de J.R. Léveillé: Tombeau (1968), La disparate (1975) et Plage (1984) – qui ont été rééditées dans l’oeuvre intitulée Romans –, la critique littéraire avait souligné le caractère d’avant-garde innovateur du style d’écriture de l’écrivain franco-manitobain. Issu d’un milieu minoritaire, et proposant des textes en marge du mainstream, J.R. Léveillé incarne, à notre avis, l’artiste postmoderne par excellence qui conçoit chaque «projet d’écriture» sous un nouvel angle expérimental. À l’instar de Rimbaud, J.R. Léveillé déploie différentes stratégies pour dérégler non seulement les sens, mais aussi «le sens», ou la cohérence attendue d’un récit. Une étude des procédés mis en oeuvre dans ces trois fictions nous permettra de voir, d’une part, comment le matériau premier du texte, à savoir les mots et les images, est manipulé par l’auteur et quel impact ces manipulations ont sur la cohérence attendue d’un récit. Nous espérons, d’autre part, pouvoir dégager la portée d’une telle écriture qui se renouvelle avec chaque nouveau titre en explorant la richesse de la marge, voire de «l’extrême marge».

A busca de melhores condições de vida, da vontade coletiva, da identificação das potencialidades em suas localidades, das características, da capacidade de cada região e mantendo os recursos naturais, culturais e históricos, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento local. Objetivo de promover uma abordagem do desenvolvimento local segundo diferentes perspectivas e sobre os arranjos produtivos locais APLs. De caráter descritivo, realizado por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica de artigos, livros, revistas e teses, abordam as teorias de desenvolvimento local, numa abordagem qualitativa. O Estado Nacional não consegue cumprir com suas funções básicas, onde identificamos como paradigma de desenvolvimento exógeno e top-down. No paradigma do desenvolvimento endógeno e bottom-up, o desenvolvimento local se liberta das políticas nacionais, buscando na sua potencialidade sua capacidade de desenvolvimento. Suas principais abordagens são, a nova teoria do crescimento, o distrito industrial, o milieu innovateur (ambiente Inovador), o cluster (agrupamento econômico), a abordagem do capital social e os termos indústria criativa e economia criativa. Gerando experiências com o arranjo produtivo local (APL), a indicação geográfica, o planejamento estratégico de cidades, ou o planejamento estratégico urbano e city marketing. São Paulo apresenta APLs espalhado pelo território, com distintas atividades econômicas como calçados (Franca, Birigui e Jaú) e software (Presidente Prudente).

Cet article se propose d’étudier l’apport de l’approche par milieux innovateurs aux politiques de développement territorial. Sur les trente dernières années, l’approche a permis un nouveau regard et de profonds renouvellements d’hypothèses et de problématiques de l’analyse territoriale. Elle permet de mieux lier le comportement innovateur des acteurs locaux à la dynamique économique, originellement, dans le sens que c’est le territoire qui secrète l’innovation et l’entrepreneuriat innovant. Nous proposons une réflexion croisée entre la notion de "ressource patrimoniale" et le référentiel théorique de base, les milieux innovateurs. Il d’agit notamment de présenter le caractère innovateur des milieux producteurs à base de ressources patrimoniales, les configurations possibles de l’inscription territoriale des ressources ainsi qu’une typologie de dynamiques qui se créent et qui font émerger de nouvelles combinaisons d’éléments, potentiellement pertinentes ou handicapantes pour un développement territorial durable.

Cet article porte sur l’évolution du rapport local-international selon les différents modèles (ou théories) de la diffusion spatiale de l’innovation: les modèles épidémico-hiérarchiques, les modèles de la division spatiale du travail, les modèles réticulaires. Il essaye, d’une façon originale, de situer la position de la PME innovatrice en distinguant trois espaces de vie de la firme : l’espace de marché, l’espace de production et l’espace de soutien. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que, dans une vision classique, la PME agirait plutôt selon le cadre défini par son espace de marché et dans un modèle où les règles du jeu seraient dictées par le marché et par la hiérarchie urbaine. Dans un contexte structurel de division spatiale du travail, au contraire, la PME devra surtout agir pour adapter son « espace de production » sans pour autant s’affranchir d’une certaine subordination par rapport à la grande entreprise multinationale et aux centres métropolitains. Enfin, le modèle récent d’analyse selon une approche réticulaire place théoriquement la PME dans une position d’affranchissement par rapport aux subordinations citées, à la condition qu’elle sache développer son espace de « soutien », c’est-à-dire une stratégie de rapport « hors marché » à caractère précompétitif. Or, ce qui est intéressant, c’est que cet espace de soutien sera avec une bonne probabilité réalisable dans certains lieux spatialement marqués par une cohésion nouvelle, par des synergies locales qui représentent à la fois un élément constitutif et un résultat de l’existence d’un « milieu innovateur », selon la terminologie du GREMI.

Résumé L'article décrit comment, à la fin des années 70, en France, la communauté sourde et le milieu professionnel concerné entrèrent en contact, via des gens de théâtre et des professionnels américains, avec une tout autre manière d'appréhender la surdité. Le changement passait par le recours des personnes sourdes, autant que possible, à la langue des signes, pour les relations qu'elles tissaient entre elles ou avec des professionnels. Ce changement de perspective eut un impact considérable sur les pratiques de prise en charge des personnes sourdes (en particulier les enfants). Mais les réactions des intervenants et des ressources concernées ne furent pas homogènes. Certains milieux psychothérapeutiques se montrèrent ouverts et renouvelèrent leurs pratiques. D'autres milieux institutionnels, traditionnellement impliqués dans le champ de la surdité, opposèrent de fortes résistances. Pour favoriser l'essor de la nouvelle approche, certains professionnels, dont l'auteur de l'article, créèrent, en mai 1988, le Groupe d'études spécialisées : thérapies et surdité (GESTES) qui devait soutenir un grand nombre de projets innovateurs.

This paper deals with innovation adoption, with the purpose of analyzing the uptake of sustainable innovations among young farms working in urban and periurban contexts. Our hypothesis is that innovative milieus (IM) play a fundamental role in boosting sustainable innovation. In order to analyze the uptake of sustainable innovation, we will make reference to the two logics of the IM approach: the logics of interactions and the logics of learning. The former is focused on the socio-institutional domain, more precisely on relational assets and coordination mechanisms activated by the farms. The latter makes reference to the profile of innovation adopted and on various impacts innovation have under economic, social and environmental points of view. A questionnaire has been submitted to young farms participating to the Oscar Green Coldiretti Awards. In total, three dimensions of innovation are taken into account: economic, social and environmental. Data are processed through statistical tools aiming at describing the diversified set of interaction-learning mechanisms. Results evidence different innovative milieus which pave the way to diversified paths of innovation with different degree of sustainability and impacts.

In the era of the knowledge economy, knowledge management is increasingly important. Knowledge management ability is one of the core factors influencing enterprise competitiveness, affecting innovation performance and sustainable development. To test the impact mechanism of the knowledge management of enterprises on innovation performance, a multilevel structural equation model was established using data from the automobile industry in China, with “knowledge management” (KM) as the independent variable, the three dimensions of absorptive capacity as the mediating variables, and “innovation performance” (IP) as the dependent variable at the firm level. At the cluster level, the innovation milieu of the cluster was introduced into the model. The results show that the three dimensions of absorptive capacity all significantly mediate the relationship between knowledge management and innovation performance. The innovation milieu of the cluster had a direct cross-level effect on the innovation performance of enterprises and a positive cross-level moderated effect on the relationship between explorative learning and innovation performance. These results support the promotion of enterprise innovation ability and the creation of an innovation milieu in the automobile industry in China.

Résumé Cet article présente un bilan des travaux de recherche concernant le phénomène des innovations pédagogiques survenu en milieu universitaire au cours des quinze dernières années. Il porte sur la nature des innovations pédagogiques dans l’enseignement supérieur, sur les conceptions et les comportements des innovateurs et, enfin, sur les facteurs opérationnels, structurels, stratégiques et environnementaux qui peuvent avoir un impact accélérateur ou inhibiteur sur le déploiement des expérimentations pédagogiques en contexte universitaire. En conclusion, l’auteur propose une série de pistes de réflexion et de recherche susceptibles de dépasser le caractère descriptif et normatif des premières études.

The idea of ‘regional innovative milieux’ allows us to understand how certain regional actors innovate and manage to create new industrial activities. After this idea has been made more precise, it can be applied to the case of the Jura region. This provides an interesting picture of the numerous industrial transformations of this region. Innovative milieux are compared with some other views about regional development. The implications of this view on the interactions between industry and space are discussed.

Green Revolution and the birth of the current global economic system had two opposite, subsequent effects. If, initially, they led to processes of crop homogenization, seasonal adjustment, homogenization of the landscape and markets standardization, they have subsequently pushed local communities towards a recovery of endemic biodiversity at risk of extinction because of such planetary processes, as well as a fundamental element in terms of local development, food security and sovereignty and reduction of environmental impacts. Starting from these instances of recovery and protection, which are increasingly taking place in Apulia, this work will examine both projects created "from above" and initiatives "from below", being the latter the result of a new consciousness that renews social cohesion and gives new value to the territorial milieu. In this regard, the case of the Salento km0 network will be examined: born in 2011 and now made up of 61 local subjects including producers, restaurateurs, associations, ethical purchasing groups and traditional stores, which represent a key symbol of a territory that resists and a population that has chosen to stay and innovate according to economic, social, cultural and environmental sustainability.

Due to shared conceptions of the degeneracy of the modern era and a common distrust of mainstream narratives, New Age and conspiratorial milieus have often cross-fertilized. Conspiracy narratives can provide accounts of the types of corruption to be remedied by the advent of the next world age, and prophetic narratives of a new age can provide a teleological focus for the eventual success or defeat of the conspiracy. New Age interest in the millenarian significance of the Maya Long Count calendar took hold in the 1970s as an array of expectations for an approaching golden age around the year 2012. As such expectations became a more well-established commodity in countercultural circles, the associated dates were eventually incorporated into a variety of conspiracy narratives. Each innovator of 2012 conspiracism adapted this dating scheme into his or her own context in a manner that is exemplary of the improvisational style that Michael Barkun noticed to be prevalent in contemporary American conspiracy discourse; “2012” became utilized as a teleological trope which could be incorporated wherever such a temporal focus was desired.

During July to November 2000, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants with powdery mildew symptoms were observed in commercial hay and seed fields, research plots, and a greenhouse in southwestern Idaho (Canyon County) and eastern Oregon (Malheur County). Affected leaves and stems showed white, effuse, dense, amphigenous mycelium bearing Oidium conidia, often with necrotic, brown blotches or streaks. In July, symptoms and signs were found mostly on the lower stems and leaves, but by October, all aerial parts of the plants were involved. Based on location of the mycelium and the conidiophore and conidial characteristics, the fungus was identified as Erysiphe pisi (J. C. David, personal communication). Cleistothecia were not observed. Natural incidence of the disease, which varied from less than 5% infected plants in July to more than 90% infected plants in November, was observed in commercial fields of cvs. Pioneer 53V08 (hay), Sparta (hay), and DS 907 (seed); in research (seed production) plots on cvs. Alfagraze, Anchor, Barrier, Beaver, Cut'N'Graze, Rambler, and Rangelander; and in the greenhouse on cvs. Aggressor, Archer II, Nemagone, Pecos, and Robust. Greenhouse inoculations by dusting with conidia from infected alfalfa plants (cv. Pioneer 53V08) demonstrated the susceptibility of alfalfa cvs. Affinity, Amerigraze, Innovator, and Salado and pea (Pisum sativum L.) cvs. Aladdin, Badger, Bolero, Cabree, Dwarf Gray Sugar, Early Perfection, Encore, Lazor, Maestro, Melting Sugar, Novella, Pursur, Somerwood, Spring, Stampede, and Sugar Ann. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cvs. Redland, Redland II, and Premier showed positive but limited symptoms (smaller colonies, scant mycelium, and brown necrosis) following inoculation. Uninoculated control plants remained free from powdery mildew. Previous reports of powdery mildew on alfalfa in the United States (2) have attributed it to E. polygoni (Massachusetts and Wyoming) or Oidium sp. (Hawaii). Recently, powdery mildew caused by E. pisi was reported from alfalfa in research nurseries and greenhouses in Wisconsin (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of occurrence of powdery mildew of alfalfa caused by E. pisi in the northwestern U.S., and may constitute a potential new problem for hay and seed production in this region. References: (1) J. I. Edmunds et al. Plant Dis. 82:832, 1998. (2) D. F. Farr et al. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.

AbstractThis article illustrates the power of discourse in free trade agreement (FTA) negotiation, elucidating the concept from the perspective of a country’s abilities of rule control, rule assimilation and rule contestation. To enhance rule control, the G2 (the US and EU) have chosen their FTA partners, designed the FTA rules, and offered offensive-defensive exchange strategically. They have approached weak or trade-dependent parties first in FTA negotiation, innovated new rules to accelerate FTA negotiation, skillfully constructed intentional ambiguity and exemptions to remove rule discrepancies and made offensive-defensive exchange with their negotiating parties. Some of these strategies have been copied by China although in a different way. Further, a template approach for negotiating an FTA and exporting domestic laws and normative values to others contributes to the G2’s rule assimilation. A de facto FTA template has also been established by China recently, but its legal culture and political stance have led it to sign incomplete contracts and tolerate rule differences with its negotiating parties instead of transposition of domestic law. In facing the rival rules adopted by their competitors, the G2 have incorporated counteractive rules in their FTAs with their competitors’ close trading nations. China has also contested rules treating China as a non-market economy in its FTAs, but its stance toward state-owned enterprises (SOE) disciplines and rules forbidding forced technology transfer is milder due to its lack of experience in dealing with unfavourable rules.

This colloquium serves as a conceptual and experiential platform to stage the insights generated on the case method by the faculty who have taught and/or trained at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA). It comprises three sections titled Contexts (including Technology and Culture), Institutions, and Futures. The institutions comprise IIM, Ahmedabad, IIM, Bangalore, and IIM, Indore though the primary focus remains on the curricular and pedagogical innovations at IIMA. The insights on the future of the case method in India that emerged from the colloquium are the following: The availability of information and communication technologies in the emerging milieu is not a threat but an opportunity to reinvent the method; this, however, requires breaking from the ‘classical method’ in order to innovate. The changing demographics of the classroom necessitate a greater appreciation and sensitization to how cultural differences can affect the receptivity to the case method. The written analysis of cases (WAC) was and will continue to remain the site for introducing the case method to the incoming students of the Post-Graduate Programme (PGP) at IIMA. Communication skills can be taught effectively if a performative dimension is built into the case discussion through role plays. Many of the cases used in the IIMs reflect the ethos of a socialist, pre-liberal era of the Indian economy. There is a pressing need to develop cases that reflect the economic developments of recent times. The case method will continue to be the mainstay of the forthcoming PGPX (PGP for executives) at IIMA since the greater work experience of the participants will make it possible to combine ‘inductive and personalized’ forms of learning. An examination of the barriers to effective case teaching and writing at IIM, Bangalore reveals that a formal review process may help to increase the standard of cases and teaching notes. The institutionalization of the case method in a new IIM requires enormous efforts on the part of both individual faculty (with prior exposure to the method) and the institute as a whole. The learnings from the experiment at IIM, Indore are relevant to understanding what is at stake in the replication of the method in a new institution. The Socratic Method is not synonymous with the case method; it is not the instructor�s task to invoke the dialectical method in response to an ‘inner voice,’ but an attempt to facilitate the learning process. The method persists despite adverse conditions in many institutions. Questions of form remain more important than content in teaching through this method since it helps to negotiate the gap between ‘management reality’ and ‘methodical management.’ The method should move from a mere ‘post-mortem’ of a business situation to a dynamic orientation and facilitate active learning through the realization of the dictum that ‘the past is in the present as in the future.’ The case method will continue to structure the education of managers in the future despite changes in the nature of competition, the organizational environment, etc. However, it may be necessary to supplement the case method with field-based projects to generate the habit of decision-making; this will also make the learning contemporary for the participants.

Cet article illustre une approche innovante pour renforcer les moyens de subsistance en milieu rural au moyen du tourisme communautaire, en Ouganda. Suivant les principes de participation locale et de liaison avec les systèmes existants dans le tourisme favorable aux pauvres, le projet Gorilla Friends Tented Camp a ouvert ses portes dans le village de Ruhija, où des gorilles des montagnes ont été récemment habitués à des safaris pistage. Dans un village qui n’offrait antérieurement aucun hébergement touristique et peu de possibilités pour les villageois de gagner un revenu, un pourcentage des bénéfices provenant du projet Gorilla Friends Tented Camp sont remis en appui à d’autres initiatives d’amélioration des moyens de subsistance dans le village. Bien qu’une grande partie de nos recherches à ce jour ait porté sur l’identification et le développement de la capacité locale à participer de façon significative à l’industrie touristique de l’Ouganda, une attention doit également être accordée l’expérience des touristes sur le site afin de maintenir la viabilité. Les constatations basées sur des entretiens avec les touristes à Ruhija montrent le besoin de réseaux de partenariats nationaux afin d’appuyer le tourisme durable local. De plus, la compréhension de la motivation des touristes et de leur expérience dans la collectivité aidera les populations locales quant à la viabilité de leurs opérations et de leurs activités et les renseignera sur l’innovation continue dans le développement du tourisme communautaire à Ruhija.

The paper deals with the support system of geographical indications (GIs): more precisely, it aims at investigating the territorial dynamics of the rural knowledge, by analysing the role of agricultural extension systems (AES) as tool to support farm's management and innovation in GI areas. By putting forward a milieu innovateur approach, we intend to verify eventual differences between GI and not GI farms in knowledge transfer and innovation adoption. Interaction and learning logics at the basis of this approach confirm differences even though with some exception based on territorial characteristics and models of AES governance.

AbstractThe Canadian National Farm Radio Forum was launched in January 1941 as an innovativepartnership among three newly-formed organizations: the Canadian Association for AdultEducation (CAAE), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), and the CanadianFederation of Agriculture (CFA). During the winter months from 1941 to 1965, the FarmRadio Forum supplemented weekly radio broadcasts for the casual listener with printed educationalmaterials that were mailed in advance to registered rural discussion forums. This articleexplores these broadcasts, and argues that the discussions and the reports send back from thediscussion groups to the central offices of the National Farm Radio Forum provided the core ofa distinctive and immensely popular experiment in adult education and grassroots rural, oftenradical, social activism in mid-twentieth century Canada.RésuméLancée en janvier 1941, la Tribune radiophonique agricole nationale du Canada s’est avéré unpartenariat innovateur de trois organismes fondés depuis peu : l’Association canadienne pourl’éducation des adultes (ACÉA), la Société Radio-Canada (SRC) et la Fédération canadienne del’agriculture (FCA). Pendant les mois d’hiver de 1941 à 1965, la Tribune radiophonique agricoleen complément de ses émissions hebdomadaires fournissait à l’intention de ses auditeursdu matériel pédagogique expédié à l’avance, par la poste, à des forums de discussion agréés.Cet article étudie ces émissions et soutient que les discussions ainsi suscitées et les rapportssubséquents envoyés par les groupes de discussion au siège social de la Tribune radiophoniqueagricole constituaient le coeur d’une expérience particulière très appréciée en éducation desadultes et en activisme populaire — souvent radical — au milieu du vingtième siècle au Canada.

AbstractIn the mid-1930s, in the midst of economic depression, social turmoil and political upheaval,the province of Alberta introduced an innovative progressive school curriculum, consistingof the “enterprise” approach and the replacement of history courses with Social Studies.Historians who have examined this revision, like Robert Patterson, assert that the curriculumwas never seriously implemented, particularly in the rural schools of the province. They arguethat young and inexperienced teachers with few teaching resources were simply not up to thetask of putting the child-centred, project-based program into effect. This paper argues thatrural teachers, not inhibited by many elements of what Tyack and Cuban call “the grammarof schooling,” were actually well placed to implement hands-on, subject-integrated andstudent-directed learning activities. An examination of a range of primary source material, includingteacher memoirs, newspaper accounts and Department of Education correspondence,indicates that rural teachers, though they faced considerable challenges in fully implementingprogressive curriculum reforms, adopted and adapted teaching practices they saw as relevantand useful for the students in their classrooms.RésuméAu milieu des années 1930, dans un contexte de crise économique, d’agitation sociale et debouleversement politique, la province d’Alberta introduisit un programme d’études progressisteet innovateur, caractérisé par l’approche « entreprenariale » et le remplacement des coursd’histoire par les sciences sociales. Des historiens qui ont étudié ce changement, comme RobertPatterson, maintiennent que le programme d’études n’a jamais été véritablement mis en oeuvre,particulièrement dans les écoles rurales de la province. Ils affirment que de jeunes enseignantsinexpérimentés, travaillant avec peu de ressources pédagogiques, n’étaient tout simplement pasen mesure d’appliquer le programme orienté vers des projets centrés sur l’enfant. Cet articlesoutient que les enseignants des écoles rurales n’étaient pas limités par plusieurs éléments dece que Tyack et Cuban appellent « la grammaire de l’enseignement », mais qu’ils étaient plutôtbien placés pour mettre en pratique la transmission des savoirs basée sur l’intégration des matièreset l’apprentissage individuel. Notre étude d’un corpus de sources primaires comprenantles mémoires d’enseignants, des journaux et la correspondance du Département de l’éducationrévèle que les instituteurs ruraux, bien qu’ils aient affronté des défis importants dans la miseen oeuvre des réformes, ont su adopter et adapter dans leurs classes les pratiques pédagogiquesqu’ils trouvaient pertinentes et utiles pour leurs élèves.

Los objetivos del trabajo consisten en analizar las formas de organización productiva del sistema de lácteos de la región Valles Centrales en Querétaro y reconocer las distintas modalidades de gobernanza que se han construido a partir de la interacción de agentes productivos y de sus incidencias organizativas territoriales. La metodología parte del enfoque milieux innovateurs que permite documentar los efectos del proceso de cambio tecnológico del sistema lácteo respecto del sistema lechero y analizar la competitividad territorial mediante la evaluación de los impactos en el nivel de eficiencia con el cual las empresas combinan sus recursos humanos, tecnológicos y de capital en el ámbito regional. El cuestionamiento general que rige la investigación es: ¿Qué concesiones (ventajas, privilegios, beneficios) han construido los actores de este territorio para desplegar procesos de cambio tecnológico efectivos en la competitividad del sistema lácteo regional? Como resultado se encontró que la principal consecuencia de las interacciones locales en torno a la lechería en Querétaro responde a las estrategias del nivel global más que a una visión de desarrollo regional, no obstante poseer este territorio vocación cultural, natural y manifestarse como un medio innovador. La limitación principal se debió a la insuficiente información sobre la organización interna de las grandes empresas del conglomerado estudiado. Las conclusiones señalan cómo el aprovechamiento disímil de los recursos naturales y del potencial humano han redefinido los patrones de especialización lechera y han coadyuvado a concentrar la renta del suelo en un grupo selecto de actores del territorio en estudio.

ABSTRACT Introduction We aimed to evaluate the effect of the SARS-COV2 pandemic on chaplain utilization at Brooke Army Medical Center. Our hypothesis was that multiple pandemic-related factors led to a care environment with increased mental and spiritual stress for patients and their families, leading to an increased need for adjunct services such as chaplaincy. Materials and Methods This was a single-institution retrospective chart review study that evaluated the records of 10,698 patients admitted between July 1, 2019, and January 31, 2020, or between July 1, 2020, and January 31, 2021. Our primary study outcomes included the number of chaplain consultations, the number of visits per consultation, and the time of visits between the two study cohorts. Secondary outcomes included inpatient mortality and the number of end-of-life visits. We also isolated a subgroup of patients admitted with COVID-19 and compared their outcomes with the two larger cohorts. Statistical analysis included t-test or chi-squared test, based on the variable. This study was reviewed and approved by the Brooke Army Medical Center Institutional Review Board (IRB ID C.2021.010e). Results Fewer consults were performed during the study period affected by the SARS-COV2 pandemic (4814 vs. 5884, P-value <.01). There were fewer individual visits per consult during the study period affected by the SARS-COV2 pandemic (1.44 vs. 1.64, P-value <.01), which led to fewer overall time spent per consult (37.41 vs. 41.19 minutes, P-value <.01). The 2020 cohort (without COVID-19 cases) demonstrated a higher mortality rate than the 2019 cohort (2.8% vs. 1.9%, P-value <.01). The COVID-19 diagnosis cohort demonstrated a much higher mortality rate compared to other patients in the 2020 cohort (19.3% vs. 2.8%, P-value <.01). We demonstrated the relative need for EOL consults by presenting the ratio of EOL consults to inpatient deaths. This ratio was highest for the COVID-19 diagnosis cohort (0.76) compared to the 2020 cohort (0.50) and the 2019 cohort (0.60). Conclusions This study demonstrates that factors related to the SARS-COV2 pandemic resulted in fewer chaplaincy consults in our inpatient setting. We did not find other reports of a change in the rate of chaplaincy consultation, but available reports suggest that many centers have had difficulty balancing the spiritual needs of patients with local exposure guidelines. Although fewer individual chaplain consults occurred during the SARS-COV2 pandemic, our chaplain service innovated by utilizing various phone, video, and web-based platforms to deliver spiritual support to our community. Our study also suggests that the patients most greatly affected by the pandemic have an increased need for spiritual support, especially at the end of life. Future studies in this subject should examine the effect of various types of chaplain services as they relate to the health and well-being of hospitalized patients.

Abstract Background The challenges faced by healthcare personnel in relation to dengue prevention and control are perennial but noticeably unexplored. It is often difficult to translate policies and decision making by the elite into astute management in consonance with the needs of rank-and-file personnel. In this study, we assess the impact of governance on dengue prevention and control activities in Malaysia as narrated by the elite. Methods A qualitative study using a case-study approach was conducted between January 2019 and November 2019 in the districts of Gombak and Klang, where the relevant key informants were located. Nineteen interviews were conducted among elite healthcare personnel from different divisions: management, vector, laboratory, inspectorate, health promotion and entomology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. The sample size was determined through saturation point criteria. Purposive sampling techniques were used to recruit the participants. The interviews were audio recorded, and the transcribed text was analysed with deductive thematic analysis. Results Data analysis led to the development of 5 themes and 13 categories. The major principles of governance were embodied in a milieu of predicament, linked to constraints but also opportunities. The constraints resulted from inherent determinants of dengue outbreaks, the serviceability of governing policies and the macro-economics of budget allocation. The opportunities to sustain governance at the local operating level stem from a prevalent supportive internal management system, collaborative efforts among corresponding external government agencies and willingness to innovate and embrace novel technology. Conclusion Elites are influential, often well-informed personnel tasked with making decisions that can reverberate across an organisation, impacting future plans and strategic policies. Political arrangements at higher levels will reflect in advance the tone of how governance in dengue prevention and control is operationalised by entities and individuals at lower levels of the health system. The prevailing centralised structure in the Malaysian health system will continue to entrench the position of the elite and intertwine it with governance and its predicaments.

Introduction The counterculture that arose during the 1960s and 1970s left lasting social and political reverberations in developed nations. This was a time of increasing affluence and liberalisation which opened up remarkable political opportunities for social change. Within this context, an array of new social movements were a vital ingredient of the ferment that saw existing norms challenged and the establishment of new rights for many oppressed groups. An expanding arena of concerns included the environmental damage caused by 200 years of industrial capitalism. This article examines one aspect of a current environment movement in Australia, the anti-Coal Seam Gas (CSG) movement, and the part played by participants. In particular, the focus is upon one action that emerged during the recent Bentley Blockade, which was a regional mobilisation against proposed unconventional gas mining (UGM) near Lismore, NSW. Over the course of the blockade, the conventional ritual of waving at passers-by was transformed into a mechanism for garnering broad community support. Arguably, this was a crucial factor in the eventual outcome. In this case, we contend that the wave, rather than a countercultural artefact being appropriated by the mainstream, represents an everyday behaviour that builds social solidarity, which is subverted to become an effective part of the repertoire of the movement. At a more general level, this article examines how counterculture and mainstream interact via the subversion of “ordinary” citizens and the role of certain cultural understandings for that purpose. We will begin by examining the nature of the counterculture and its relationship to social movements before discussing the character of the anti-CSG movement in general and the Bentley Blockade in particular, using the personal experience of one of the writers. We will then be able to explore our thesis in detail and make some concluding remarks. The Counterculture and Social Movements In this article, we follow Cox’s understanding of the counterculture as a kind of meta-movement within which specific social movements are situated. For Cox (105), the counterculture that flourished during the 1960s and 1970s was an overarching movement in which existing social relations—in particular the family—were rejected by a younger generation, who succeeded in effectively fusing previously separate political and cultural spheres of dissent into one. Cox (103-04) points out that the precondition for such a phenomenon is “free space”—conditions under which counter-hegemonic activity can occur—for example, being liberated from the constraints of working to subsist, something which the unprecedented prosperity of the post WWII years allowed. Hence, in the 1960s and 1970s, as the counterculture emerged, a wave of activism arose in the western world which later came to be referred to as new social movements. These included the civil rights movement, women’s liberation, pacifism and the anti-nuclear and environment movements. The new movements rejected established power and organisational structures and tended, some scholars argued, to cross class lines, basing their claims on non-material issues. Della Porta and Diani claim this wave of movements is characterised by: a critical ideology in relation to modernism and progress; decentralized and participatory organizational structures; defense of interpersonal solidarity against the great bureaucracies; and the reclamation of autonomous spaces, rather than material advantages. (9) This depiction clearly announces the countercultural nature of the new social movements. As Carter (91) avers, these movements attempted to bypass the state and instead mobilise civil society, employing a range of innovative tactics and strategies—the repertoire of action—which may involve breaking laws. It should be noted that over time, some of these movements did shift towards accommodation of existing power structures and became more reformist in nature, to the point of forming political parties in the case of the Greens. However, inasmuch as the counterculture represented a merging of distinctively non-mainstream ways of life with the practice of actively challenging social arrangements at a political level (Cox 18–19; Grossberg 15–18;), the tactic of mobilising civil society to join social movements demonstrates in fact a reverse direction: large numbers of people are transfigured in radical ways by their involvement in social movements. One important principle underlying much of the repertoire of action of these new movements was non-violence. Again, this signals countercultural norms of the period. As Sharp (583–86) wrote at the time, non-violence is crucial in that it denies the aggressor their rationale for violent repression. This principle is founded on the liberal notion, whose legacy goes back to Locke, that the legitimacy of the government rests upon the consent of the governed—that is, the people can withdraw their consent (Locke in Ball & Dagger 92). Ghandi also relied upon this idea when formulating his non-violent approach to conflict, satyagraha (Sharp 83–84). Thus an idea that upholds the modern state is adopted by the counterculture in order to undermine it (the state), again demonstrating an instance of counterflow from the mainstream. Non-violence does not mean non-resistance. In fact, it usually involves non-compliance with a government or other authority and when practised in large numbers, can be very effective, as Ghandi and those in the civil rights movement showed. The result will be either that the government enters into negotiation with the protestors, or they can engage in violence to suppress them, which generally alienates the wider population, leading to a loss of support (Finley & Soifer 104–105). Tarrow (88) makes the important point that the less threatening an action, the harder it is to repress. As a result, democratic states have generally modified their response towards the “strategic weapon of nonviolent protest and even moved towards accommodation and recognition of this tactic as legitimate” (Tarrow 172). Nevertheless, the potential for state violence remains, and the freedom to protest is proscribed by various laws. One of the key figures to emerge from the new social movements that formed an integral part of the counterculture was Bill Moyer, who, in conjunction with colleagues produced a seminal text for theorising and organising social movements (Moyer et al.). Many contemporary social movements have been significantly influenced by Moyer’s Movement Action Plan (MAP), which describes not only key theoretical concepts but is also a practical guide to movement building and achieving aims. Moyer’s model was utilised in training the Northern Rivers community in the anti-CSG movement in conjunction with the non-violent direct action (NVDA) model developed by the North-East Forest Alliance (NEFA) that resisted logging in the forests of north-eastern NSW during the late 1980s and 1990s (Ricketts 138–40). Indeed, the Northern Rivers region of NSW—dubbed the Rainbow Region—is celebrated, as a “‘meeting place’ of countercultures and for the articulation of social and environmental ideals that challenge mainstream practice” (Ward and van Vuuren 63). As Bible (6–7) outlines, the Northern Rivers’ place in countercultural history is cemented by the holding of the Aquarius Festival in Nimbin in 1973 and the consequent decision of many attendees to stay on and settle in the region. They formed new kinds of communities based on an alternative ethics that eschewed a consumerist, individualist agenda in favour of modes of existence that emphasised living in harmony with the environment. The Terania Creek campaign of the late 1970s made the region famous for its environmental activism, when the new settlers resisted the logging of Nightcap National Park using nonviolent methods (Bible 5). It was also instrumental in developing an array of ingenious actions that were used in subsequent campaigns such as the Franklin Dam blockade in Tasmania in the early 1980s (Kelly 116). Indeed, many of these earlier activists were key figures in the anti-CSG movement that has developed in the Rainbow Region over the last few years. The Anti-CSG Movement Despite opposition to other forms of UGM, such as tight sands and shale oil extraction techniques, the term anti-CSG is used here, as it still seems to attract wide recognition. Unconventional gas extraction usually involves a process called fracking, which is the injection at high pressure of water, sand and a number of highly toxic chemicals underground to release the gas that is trapped in rock formations. Among the risks attributed to fracking are contamination of aquifers, air pollution from fugitive emissions and exposure to radioactive particles with resultant threats to human and animal health, as well as an increased risk of earthquakes (Ellsworth; Hand 13; Sovacool 254–260). Additionally, the vast amount of water that is extracted in the fracking process is saline and may contain residues of the fracking chemicals, heavy metals and radioactive matter. This produced water must either be stored or treated (Howarth 273–73; Sovacool 255). Further, there is potential for accidents and incidents and there are many reports—particularly in the United States where the practice is well established—of adverse events such as compressors exploding, leaks and spills, and water from taps catching fire (Sovacool 255–257). Despite an abundance of anecdotal evidence, until recently authorities and academics believed there was not enough “rigorous evidence” to make a definitive judgment of harm to animal and human health as a result of fracking (Mitka 2135). For example, in Australia, the Queensland Government was unable to find a clear link between fracking and health complaints in the Tara gasfield (Thompson 56), even though it is known that there are fugitive emissions from these gasfields (Tait et al. 3099-103). It is within this context that grassroots opposition to UGM began in Australia. The largest and most sustained challenge has come from the Northern Rivers of New South Wales, where a company called Metgasco has been attempting to engage in UGM for a number of years. Stiff community opposition has developed over this time, with activists training, co-ordinating and organising using the principles of Moyer’s MAP and NEFA’s NVDA. Numerous community and affinity groups opposing UGM sprang up including the Lock the Gate Alliance (LTG), a grassroots organisation opposing coal and gas mining, which formed in 2010 (Lock the Gate Alliance online). The movement put up sustained resistance to Metgasco’s attempts to establish wells at Glenugie, near Grafton and Doubtful Creek, near Kyogle in 2012 and 2013, despite the use of a substantial police presence at both locations. In the event, neither site was used for production despite exploratory wells being sunk (ABC News; Dobney). Metgasco announced it would be withdrawing its operations following new Federal and State government regulations at the time of the Doubtful Creek blockade. However it returned to the fray with a formal announcement in February 2014 (Metgasco), that it would drill at Bentley, 12 kilometres west of Lismore. It was widely believed this would occur with a view to production on an industrial scale should initial exploration prove fruitful. The Bentley Blockade It was known well before the formal announcement that Metgasco planned to drill at Bentley and community actions such as flash mobs, media releases and planning meetings were part of the build-up to direct action at the site. One of the authors of this article was actively involved in the movement and participated in a variety of these actions. By the end of January 2014 it was decided to hold an ongoing vigil at the site, which was still entirely undeveloped. Participants, including one author, volunteered for four-hour shifts which began at 5 a.m. each day and before long, were lasting into the night. The purpose of a vigil is to bear witness, maintain a presence and express a point of view. It thus accords well with the principle of non-violence. Eventually the site mushroomed into a tent village with three gates being blockaded. The main gate, Gate A, sprouted a variety of poles, tripods and other installations together with colourful tents and shelters, peopled by protesters on a 24-hour basis. The vigils persisted on all three gates for the duration of the blockade. As the number of blockaders swelled, popular support grew, lending weight to the notion that countercultural ideas and practices were spreading throughout the community. In response, Metgasco called on the State Government to provide police to coincide with the arrival of equipment. It was rumoured that 200 police would be drafted to defend the site in late April. When alerts were sent out to the community warning of imminent police action, an estimated crowd of 2000 people attended in the early hours of the morning and the police called off their operation (Feliu). As the weeks wore on, training was stepped up, attendees were educated in non-violent resistance and protestors willing to act as police liaison persons were placed on a rotating roster. In May, the State Government was preparing to send up to 800 police and the Riot Squad to break the blockade (NSW Hansard in Buckingham). Local farmers (now a part of the movement) and activist leaders had gone to Sydney in an effort to find a political solution in order to avoid what threatened to be a clash that would involve police violence. A confluence of events, such as: the sudden resignation of the Premier; revelations via the Independent Commission against Corruption about nefarious dealings and undue influence of the coal industry upon the government; a radio interview with locals by a popular broadcaster in Sydney; and the reputed hesitation of the police themselves in engaging with a group of possibly 7,000 to 10,000 protestors, resulted in the Office for Coal Seam Gas suspending Metgasco’s drilling licence on 15 May (NSW Department of Resources & Energy). The grounds were that the company had not adequately fulfilled its obligations to consult with the community. At the date of writing, the suspension still holds. The Wave The repertoire of contention at the Bentley Blockade was expansive, comprising most of the standard actions and strategies developed in earlier environmental struggles. These included direct blocking tactics in addition to the use of more carnivalesque actions like music and theatre, as well as the use of various media to reach a broader public. Non-violence was at the core of all actions, but we would tentatively suggest that Bentley may have provided a novel addition to the repertoire, stemming originally from the vigil, which brought the first protestors to the site. At the beginning of the vigil, which was initially held near the entrance to the proposed drilling site atop a cutting, occupants of passing vehicles below would demonstrate their support by sounding their horns and/or waving to the vigil-keepers, who at first were few in number. There was a precedent for this behaviour in the campaign leading up to the blockade. Activist groups such as the Knitting Nannas against Gas had encouraged vehicles to show support by sounding their horns. So when the motorists tooted spontaneously at Bentley, we waved back. Occupants of other vehicles would show disapproval by means of rude gestures and/or yelling and we would wave to them as well. After some weeks, as a presence began to be established at the site, it became routine for vigil keepers to smile and wave at all passing vehicles. This often elicited a positive response. After the first mass call-out discussed above, a number of us migrated to another gate, where numbers were much sparser and there was a perceived need for a greater presence. At this point, the participating writer had begun to act as a police liaison person, but the practice of waving routinely was continued. Those protecting this gate usually included protestors ready to block access, the police liaison person, a legal observer, vigil-keepers and a passing parade of visitors. Because this location was directly on the road, it was possible to see the drivers of vehicles and make eye contact more easily. Certain vehicles became familiar, passing at regular times, on the way to work or school, for example. As time passed, most of those protecting the gate also joined the waving ritual to the point where it became like a game to try to prise a signal of acknowledgement from the passing motorists, or even to win over a disapprover. Police vehicles, some of which passed at set intervals, were included in this game. Mostly they waved cheerfully. There were some we never managed to win over, but waving and making direct eye contact with regular motorists over time created a sense of community and an acknowledgement of the work we were doing, as they increasingly responded in kind. Motorists could hardly feel threatened when they encountered smiling, waving protestors. By including the disapprovers, we acted inclusively and our determined good humour seemed to de-escalate demonstrated hostility. Locals who did not want drilling to go ahead but who were nevertheless unwilling to join a direct action were thus able to participate in the resistance in a way that may have felt safe for them. Some of them even stopped and visited the site, voicing their support. Standing on the side of the road and waving to passers-by may seem peripheral to the “real” action, even trivial. But we would argue it is a valuable adjunct to a blockade (which is situated near a road) when one of the strategies of the overall campaign is to win popular backing. Hence waving, whilst not a completely new part of the repertoire, constitutes what Tilly (41–45) would call innovation at the margins, something he asserts is necessary to maintain the effectiveness and vitality of contentious action. In this case, it is arguable that the sheer size of community support probably helped to concentrate the minds of the state government politicians in Sydney, particularly as they contemplated initiating a massive, taxpayer-funded police action against the people for the benefit of a commercial operation. Waving is a symbolic gesture indicating acknowledgement and goodwill. It fits well within a repertoire based on the principle of non-violence. Moreover, it is a conventional social norm and everyday behaviour that is so innocuous that it is difficult to see how it could be suppressed by police or other authorities. Therein lies its subversiveness. For in communicating our common humanity in a spirit of friendliness, we drew attention to the fact that we were without rancour and tacitly invited others to join us and to explore our concerns. In this way, the counterculture drew upon a mainstream custom to develop and extend upon a new form of dissent. This constitutes a reversal of the more usual phenomenon of countercultural artefacts—such as “hippie clothing”—being appropriated or co-opted by the prevailing culture (see Reading). But it also fits with the more general phenomenon that we have argued was occurring; that of enticing ordinary residents into joining together in countercultural activity, via the pathway of a social movement. Conclusion The anti-CSG movement in the Northern Rivers was developed and organised by countercultural participants of previous contentious challenges. It was highly effective in building popular support whilst at the same time forging a loose coalition of various activist groups. We have surveyed one practice—the wave—that evolved out of mainstream culture over the course of the Bentley Blockade and suggested it may come to be seen as part of the repertoire of actions that can be beneficially employed under suitable conditions. Waving to passers-by invites them to become part of the movement in a non-threatening and inclusive way. It thus envelops supporters and non-supporters alike, and its very innocuousness makes it difficult to suppress. We have argued that this instance can be referenced to a similar reverse movement at a broader level—that of co-opting liberal notions and involving the general populace in new practices and activities that undermine the status quo. The ability of the counterculture in general and environment movements in particular to innovate in the quest to challenge and change what it perceives as damaging or unethical practices demonstrates its ingenuity and spirit. This movement is testament to its dynamic nature. References ABC News. Metgasco Has No CSG Extraction Plans for Glenugie. 2013. 30 July 2014 ‹http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-01-22/metgasco-says-no-csg-extraction-planned-for-glenugie/4477652›. Bible, Vanessa. 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