Relevant bibliographies by topics / Military architecture fortifications history

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Academic literature on the topic 'Military architecture fortifications history'

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Published: 26 July 2024
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Journal articles on the topic "Military architecture fortifications history"

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Bevz, Mykola, and Taras Pinyazhko. "FORTIFICATION ARCHITECTURE OF GALICIA IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 19th CENTURY: GENERAL EUROPEAN CONTEXT, OBJECTIVES OF PRESERVATION, AND MUSEUM." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 16, no. 2022 (2022): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2022.16.122.

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The concept of "military architecture", unfortunately, has not yet been established in the domestic theory and history of architecture. Outlining a set of methodological problems associated with the formation, we consider it appropriate to propose to study several previous tasks: a) to develop a special approach to the formation of its theoretical and conceptual apparatus as a basis for the development of this area in domestic architectural science; b) to publish a dictionary of fortification architecture of Ukraine by collective efforts; c) to create a public scientific-advisory body that would perform coordination functions on the research of military architecture. This body or organization should be a liaison between ministries, state reserves, universities, state bodies for the protection of cultural heritage, and public organizations. The purpose of our publication is related to the first task. In line with the formation of the conceptual apparatus, we want to outline some key theoretical provisions on the defense architecture of the nineteenth century. According to the results of our research, we propose to conditionally divide the so-called "negative militarism" of the industrial period (ie, actually the nineteenth century and later) and "positive militarism" of the pre-industrial time. It is also proposed to expand the concept of "object of military architecture", including objects of administrative, service and other infrastructure. The results of our research indicate that the fortifications of Galicia in the mid-nineteenth century were in fact the only full expression of the movement of modernization of Venetian-Renaissance objects in Austrian military architecture. Thus, the objects of military architecture of Galicia (Lviv, Krakow, Przemyśl, Mykolayiv-Rozvadiv, Zalishchyky, etc.) occupy an exceptional position in the history of both Austrian and European architectural heritage.
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Lynn, John, Simon Pepper, and Nicholas Adams. "Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena." Journal of Military History 53, no. 2 (April 1989): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1985749.

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Chandler, David G., Simon Pepper, and Nicholas Adams. "Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 3 (1988): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/203916.

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y Robertson, Rodrigo Garcia, Simon Pepper, and Nicholas Adams. "Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena." Technology and Culture 29, no. 1 (January 1988): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105237.

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Parker, Geoffrey, Simon Pepper, and Nicholas Adams. "Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena." American Historical Review 94, no. 1 (February 1989): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1862182.

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Bevz, Volodymyr, and Mykola Bevz. "HYPOTHETICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PLANNING STRUCTURE AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE HIGH DEFENSIVE WALL OF THE MIDTOWN OF LVIV FOR THE 13th-14th CENTURY." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 2023, no. 19 (2023): 153–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.19.153.

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Lviv is one of the cities in Ukraine that had a highly developed system of medieval fortifications. This system of fortifications was built in the XIII-XIV centuries, modernized many times and served until the 18th century. However, today in Lviv, only small remains of the medieval fortifications of the city center have been preserved in the form of architectural objects - several fragments of the defensive wall and only one defensive tower, which was rebuilt into a tower in the 16th century. These preserved objects belong to the so-called High defensive wall. These are: a fragment of the lower part of the defensive wall on 16 Svobody Avenue, a fragment of the wall and the Povoroznyk tower (connected to the building of the City Arsenal), a fragment of the wall on the Pidvalna Street (to the Royal Arsenal is attached), a fragment of the wall and the remains of the corner Rymarska tower, the remains of the foundations of the corner Shevska tower, a preserved and superimposed fragment of the wall near the Vienna coffee house (12 Svobody avenue), the remains of the wall in the basements of the building on 9 Mickiewicz Square. The rest of the remains of the High Wall are underground in the state of archaeological objects. These unique objects of military construction are not registered as architectural monuments. Also, they are not listed as monuments of archeology. Every fragment of city defense fortifications preserved today is, as a rule, a valuable document of its era and requires careful protection and preservation. Therefore, the study of the architecture of the medieval defense complex of the Lviv city center, which was created before the appearance of firearms, is important both for the history of the city and for the history and theory of domestic military architecture. This paper presents an analysis of the first stage of the construction of the High Defense Wall around the Lviv midtown and presents a hypothesis regarding its architectural solution. Special attention is paid to the issue of the planning structure of the fortified belt. The hypothesis that initially the defensive contour of the High Wall had a rounded shape has been substantiated. The argumentation about the towerless nature of the defensive belt at the first stage of the development of its fortifications is presented. There were two gates at the first stage of the construction of fortifications, which were called Tatarska and Halytska. The architectural solution of the gates was specific. The gate was formed by two towers (semicircular in plan). The gate-entrance with drawbridge was located between two high towers. At the second stage of development, the defensive High Wall was modernized, raised and a number of defensive towers were built. At the third stage, the planning scheme of the fortified belt changes. The line of the High Wall in the eastern span acquires a rectangular character with outward-projecting towers and corner towers.
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Dubman, E. L. "New Zakamskaya line: organization and maintenance of the defense system." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 28, no. 3 (October 14, 2022): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2022-28-3-8-19.

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The article studies the totality of military, fortification and other features of the New Zakamskaya Line as a defensive line of the South-East of European Russia. The author continued a more in-depth study of the problems of Russian field defensive architecture, which he had previously touched upon in his monograph, as well as in publications of recent years. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of aspects that were previously considered superficially or practically untouched. The fortifications and garrisons of the Novaya Zakamskaya line were chosen as the object of study. In particular, the problem of the sufficiency of the landmilitia forces for the effective protection of such extended borders was highlighted. The ways of using the space of the internal ranges of fortresses and feldshans and the fortifications that defended them to place guns and soldiers during enemy attacks are considered. Particular attention was paid to the presence of auxiliary buildings in the bastion trenches and redoubts: powder magazines, shops, guardrooms, wells, etc. For a comparative analysis of the defensive systems of the European South and South-East, conclusions and specific data obtained from the study of the lines under construction or reconstructed at the same time as the Novaya Zakamskaya, Ukrainian and Tsaritsynskaya lines were used. The historiographic basis for the study of this problem was, first of all, fundamental research on the history of fortification undertaken by F.F. Laskovsky, A.Z. Telyakovsky and a number of other military historians, including those, which were published recently. The source base for studying the proposed issues are, first of all, unpublished sources from the funds of the central archives. It is also necessary to point on materials from field surveys and archaeological excavations. The obtained results confirmed the earlier conclusion that the basic principles in the construction of a defensive line in the Trans-Volga region for the military leadership of the country in the first half of the 1730-ies were following the patterns of Western European fortification and using the land militia as the main military force to protect the border lines, as in Ukraine
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Santosuosso, Antonio. "Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena. Simon Pepper , Nicholas Adams." Journal of Modern History 61, no. 4 (December 1989): 809–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468379.

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Yuliya Vladimirovna, Zinov’eva, and Vavilov Evgenij Aleksandrovich. "Preservation of objects of cultural heritage on the example of Kronshtadt fortress." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 2 (51) (2022): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2022-2-58-64.

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Kronshtadt forts are the unique fortifications, which make it possible to visually trace the interdependence of the development of defensive structures, artillery and architecture, technology and military equipment on the more than two hundred years period on the example of naval fortress, never gave up to the enemy. Monuments are important from the point of view of science and technology history, military affairs, having the potential for moral and patriotic education, civiс and regional identity. Their uniqueness and importance for the world community is emphasized by the inclusion in the list of World Heritage of UNESCO as the component of the nomination «The historical center of St. Petersburg and related groups of monuments». However, despite the federal status of protection, cultural heritage sites are destroyed under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. It is important to preserve the fortifications of the Kronstadt fortress for future generations not in the form of ruins, but by adapting them to the modern use. As the objects of immovable cultural heritage constructions and places can be used to perform new functions, gaining a second life. Adaptation and museumification of fortifications have the potential of economical and sociocultural development of Kronshtadt and region. Directions and forms of adaptation to the modern use of cultural heritage objects are considered in the article.
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Gmyrya, Lyudmila B. "TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION MILITARY ENGINEERING FACILITIES RUBAS FORTIFICATION VI C. (EAST CAUCASUS)." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 18, no. 2 (June 23, 2022): 463–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch182463-496.

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The article reviews building techniques, used for constructing a monumental fortification of the 6th century, erected in the river-valley of Rubas, near the village of Kommuna, Derbent region of the Republic of Dagestan. The site includes six objects different in layout and construction, connected with building junctions into a single object – a construction of arched type, Wall 1, Long wall 2, Stepped structure 6, Wall 3, Platform 5. Analysis of the excavation material shows that the technology of their building was due to the functional purpose of these objects. Moreover, each of the architectural structures was built with the use of unique building techniques, variety of masonry, as well as the sizes of stone blocks and plates. The aim of the research is to conduct the analysis of the technological methods of constructing multi-type military-engineering fortifications; to determine the links of technological methods with the object’s functional purposes; to determine the level of development of construction engineering and architecture in the Peri-Caspian region in the era of the Great Migration of Peoples and the significance of this site as a military-defensive construction. The research methodology includes a detailed analysis of technological methods for the construction of military engineering structures; carrying out the classification of methods for the construction of defensive objects and the system of laying stone structures; analysis of building materials used in the construction of structures. The analysis of the excavation materials of the Rubas fortification shows that, according to the technology of construction, this object is close to the Derbent defensive complex of the middle 6th century (large stone blocks; massiveness of structures; the use of “opus quadratum” masonry; the presence of a bonding lime mortar, etc.). According to the main indicators (monumentality and functional orientation), this structure belongs to a series of barriers in the Western Peri-Caspian, built by Persia with the financial assistance of Byzantium in the era of the Great Migration of Peoples, typologically and chronologically similar to Derbent.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Military architecture fortifications history"

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Howard, Bryan Paul. "Fortifications of St Eustatius: An Archaeological and Historical Study of Defense in the Caribbean." W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625659.

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Benselama-Messikh, Safia. "Les fortifications ottomanes d’Alger : Essai de restitution typologique et défensive 1516-1830." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3095.

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Le XVIe siècle qui voit l'expansion de l'empire ottoman en Méditerranée orientale, propulse la petite bourgade d'Alger au rang de capitale de Régence et bastion militaire de la Porte Sublime, sur les côtes du Maghreb, face à l'hégémonie de l'empire espagnol. Les Ottomans qui la transforment en ville guerrière, lui créent un port artificiel, la dotent de nouveaux remparts et établissent autour d'elle, un réseau de points de fortification, qui quadrille le territoire et contrôle la province. Entre 1516 et 1830, Alger qui est surnommée al Maḥrūssa (la bien gardée), reste imprenable par la mer. Son souci permanent de protection se traduit par un renforcement et un entretien continuels de ses fortifications. Cet essai qui ne prétend qu'à une contribution au vaste champ de recherche d'un corpus inédit, est une enquête sur une architecture totalement inexplorée, sur la base d'archives et de relevés in situ. L'exploration des archives du Génie militaire français, constituant une source fondamentale en grande partie inédite, servira à la restitution de la structure défensive de la province d'Alger. L'intérêt de ce travail réside principalement dans l'identification des typologies constructive et architecturale militaires d'Alger ottoman, qui permettent de cerner la culture constructive de guerre ottomane en Afrique du Nord
The 16th century which saw the expansion of the ottoman empire in Eastern Mediterranean, propels the small town of Algiers to the rank of capital of Regency and military bastion of the Sublime Porte, on the Maghreb coast, facing the hegemony of the Spanish empire. The Ottomans who transform it into city Warrior, creates an artificial port, equipped with new ramparts and establish around it, a network of points of fortification, which quadrille the territory and supervise the province. Between 1516 and 1830, Algiers which is called al Maḥrūssa (well kept), remains impregnable by the sea. Its permanent concern for protection is to show the strengthened and continual maintenance of its fortifications. This essay claiming to a contribution to the vast field of research of an unpublished corpus is an investigation into a totally unexplored architecture, on the basis of archives and records in situ. The exploration of the archives of the French military engineering, constituting a fundamental source largely unpublished, will serve as the return of the defensive structure of the province of Algiers. The interest of this work lies mainly in the identification of the military constructive typologies and architectural of ottoman Algiers, which identify the constructive culture of Ottoman war in North Africa
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Hayot, Denis. "L'architecture fortifiée capétienne au XIIIème siècle." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040167.

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Sous le règne de Philippe Auguste, une nouvelle forme d’architecture fortifiée, fondée notamment sur l’utilisation de tours de flanquement cylindriques à archères, se développe et se diffuse sur tout le territoire correspondant à la sphère d’influence de la couronne capétienne, aussi bien dans la maîtrise d’ouvrage royale que non royale. Cette architecture « capétienne » devait s’imposer sans partage jusqu’à la fin du règne de Louis IX. Historiquement, ce phénomène architectural participe de la montée en puissance de la couronne capétienne, qui trouve dans la fortification un moyen de contrôler et sécuriser le territoire qu’elle domine, surtout sous Philippe Auguste qui multiplie les chantiers dans tout le royaume. Mais le nouveau pouvoir royal s’exprime aussi dans le contrôle que la couronne exerce sur l’activité architecturale des maîtres d’ouvrage non royaux, qui lui permet de limiter l’emploi des formes de l‘architecture capétienne aux alliés de la couronne. L’analyse montre que la genèse et l’évolution de cette architecture furent le résultat d’une interaction entre les sphères royale et non royale, et non pas simplement, comme on l’a longtemps considéré, le résultat de la diffusion d’un hypothétique « modèle » royal, qui aurait été copié partout. L’architecture royale n’en joue pas moins un rôle important dans le phénomène, en particulier sous le règne de Philippe Auguste, lorsque la couronne développe progressivement une architecture très standardisée, qui devient l’expression de la nouvelle puissance royale et de l’intégration des différentes villes du royaume à une organisation étatique naissante
Under Philip Augustus reign, a new form of fortified architecture, founded in particular on the use of circular towers with arrow loops, rose and spread across the territory under the capetian crown’s sphere of influence, in both royal and non-royal buildings. This « capetian » architecture would become the norm until the end of Louis IX’s reign. Historically, this architectural phenomenon was part of the capetian crown’s rise; the crown found in fortification a way to control and secure the territory it dominated, especially under Philip Augustus who multiplied constructions across the kingdom. Royal power, however, also manifested itself in the crown’s control over feudatories’ architectural activity, effectively limiting the use of capetian architecture to the crown’s allies. Our analysis shows that this architecture’s inception and evolution were the result of interactions between royal and non-royal spheres, and not merely, as previously thought, the result of a hypothetical royal « model » copied everywhere. Royal architecture nonetheless played an important role in the phenomenon, in particular under the reign of Philip Augustus, when the crown progressively developed a highly standardized architecture, which became the expression of the new royal power and of the integration of the kingdom's multiple cities with an emerging state organization
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Morelle, Nicolas. "L'évolution de l'architecture militaire du Deccan (Inde) dans les forts de Firozabad, Torgal, Naldurg et Bellary." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0575/document.

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Une étude architecturale à travers quatre monographies des forts du Deccan (Inde), Naldurg, Torgal, Firozabad et Bellary dans le contexte des échanges interculturels (Orient-Occident) au sein de la culture technique de la guerre (fortification, artillerie, rôle des défenses, gestion de l’eau) dans la société médiévale et moderne indienne.Finalement, cette thèse cherche à définir les spécificités de l’architecture militaire du Deccan du 14ème au 18ème siècle, comme l’aboutissement technique de la défense médiévale et moderne en Inde
Architectural studies of four forts of Deccan (India): Naldurg, Torgal, Firozabad and Bellary in the context of intercultural exchange (between East-West) in the technical culture of war (fortification, artillery, defenses role, water management) in the medieval and modern Indian society.Finally, this study seek to define specificities of the military architecture of Deccan from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century, as the technical outcome of medieval and modern defense in India
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Vergnaud, Baptiste. "Recherches sur les fortifications d'Anatolie occidentale et centrale au début du premier millénaire av. J.-C. (Xe-VIe s.)." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802897.

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La présente thèse vise à apporter des éclaircissements sur la réapparition du souci défensif, sa matérialisation et son évolution en Anatolie occidentale et centrale au début du premier millénaire av. J.-C. (Xe-VIe s.). Le territoire soumis à l'examen comprend la Phrygie, la boucle de l'Halys, la Carie, la Lydie, l'Ionie, l'Eolide et la Troade. Cette étude s'intéresse en premier lieu aux différentes méthodes de fortification utilisées au cours de cette période. Par l'examen des principales caractéristiques architecturales des murs de défense (techniques de construction, dispositifs défensifs), cette étude cherche à déterminer de quelle manière ces nouvelles constructions s'inscrivent dans la tradition architecturale anatolienne et dans quelle mesure leurs concepteurs contribuèrent à l'évolution de celle-ci en adoptant et en transformant les méthodes de fortification qui en sont issues. La construction d'un rempart, parce qu'elle impliquait de nombreux acteurs, était un fait de société majeur. Par leur conception, les techniques utilisées pour leur construction, leur emprise dans le paysage, les murailles sont des monuments chargés de symboles et des témoins privilégiés de l'histoire des sociétés qui les ont construites et perfectionnées. Au-delà des considérations archéologiques, cette étude s'attache donc aussi à replacer la construction de fortifications dans le contexte militaire mouvementé de l'Anatolie préclassique et tente également d'évaluer l'impact d'un tel projet de construction dans l'histoire politique et sociale des populations anatoliennes de l'âge du fer.
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Coutsinas, Nadia. "Défenses crétoises : fortifications urbaines et défense du territoire en Crète aux époques classique et hellénistique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210510.

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Le but de cette étude est de présenter un tableau des questions de défense en Crète aux époques classique et hellénistique. La cité grecque étant une entité double, la défense de la ville n’a pas été séparée de celle de son territoire.

Le point de départ de ce travail est le catalogue des fortifications crétoises, qui comprend 61 sites fortifiés (enceintes urbaines, forts et tours isolées).

À partir d’une étude qui fait une grande place aux questions de topographie, il a été possible d’une part, de dégager des dynamiques régionales et d’autre part, d’identifier certaines caractéristiques et certaines évolutions dans l’implantation des cités crétoises.

L’exemple de la Crète permet d’alimenter le débat sur la place de l’enceinte dans la définition de la cité. Les vestiges archéologiques ne semblent pas aller dans le sens des sources littéraires, selon lesquelles toute cité était nécessairement ceinte d’un rempart. Mais l’existence d’une enceinte semble bien être la marque du statut de cité./This study aims to raise various questions regarding defence in Crete during the classical and Hellenistic Periods. As the Greek city-state was a double entity, it seemed important to not separate the defence of the town from the defence of the territory.

The starting point of this work was the catalogue of Cretan fortifications, which contains 61 fortified sites (city walls, forts and watch-towers).

Topography plays a key role in the study therefore it is possible, on the one hand to separate regional dynamics of some cities and, on the other, to identify certain characteristics and evolutions in the settlement of Cretan cities.

The example of Crete encourages the debate on the role of the city-wall in the definition of the city-state. Archaeological remains do not seem not to agree with literary sources which declare that every town had a wall. However the existence of a city-wall appears to be indicative of the city-state.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Gregory, Shelagh. "Roman military architecture on the Eastern frontier." Amsterdam : A. M. Hakkert, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb377292042.

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Baudry, Marie-Pierre. "Les fortifications des Plantagenet en Poitou, 1154-1242." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010635.

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La presente etude a pour objet les fortifications des plantagenet en poitou, de 1152 a 1242. Prenant appui sur les methodes croisees de l'archeologie monumentale, et de l'analyse des textes, elle met en evidence les particularites de construction des fortifications edifiees par ou avec le soutien des rois d'angleterre en poitou. Cette recherche eclaire l'histoire des poitevins, et leurs relations avec les plantagenet, autant que l'evolution des modes de construction des places-fortes. L'ancien comte de poitou, qui comprend actuellement les departements de la vienne, les deuxsevres et la vendee, passe aux mains d'henri plantagenet par son mariage avec alienor d'aquitaine en 1152. Si henri ii reste assez peu present en poitou, ou il affronte plusieurs revoltes de barons, son fils richard y reside en tant que comte des 1172, et entreprend des campagnes de fortification (niort, scorbe-clairvaux, talmont). Au debut du xiiie siecle, jeansans-terre, puis henri iii, s'attachent a conserver egalement des points d'appui dans cette region, surtout apres 1204, lorsque la frontiere nord de leurs territoires continentaux est repoussee au sud de la loire. Ces places sont confiees a de puissants vassaux capables d'en assumer la garde (thouars, parthenay, mauleon), ou aux bourgeois des villes encourages par des privileges ou des chartes de communes (niort, poitiers). Partant de l'analyse d'une centaine de chateaux en poitou, l'etude retient une douzaine de constructions attribuees aux plantagenet dans les annees 1180-1242. Ce sont les caracteristiques architecturales defensives de ces chateaux et enceintes urbaines qui revelent l'intervention de maitres d'oeuvre proches de la couronne anglaise ; le developpement systematique des tours de flanquement sur l'enceinte est commun aux constructions de philippe-auguste a la meme epoque. L'innovation s'exprime a travers les elements de la defense, talus et eperons, machicoulis sur arcs, archeres. Certaines de ces caracteristiques traduisent une influence de l'architecture orientale, mais les constructions des plantagenet revelent une recherche originale, repondant sans doute a une evolution rapide des techniques d'attaque des places dans les annees 1200. En l'attente de fouilles sur l'ensemble des sites, les conclusions de cette etude soulignent le role majeur de quelques fortifications poitevines dans la politique des plantagenet
The object of this research is to examine the angevin's fortifications in poitou, from 1152 to 1242. A close observation of archeological remains, as well as documentary evidences, brings us a few informations about the original way the buildings of the kings of england developped in that period. It reflects the history of the poitou, the relations between the angevins and the local nobility, as well as the building of the castles. The county of poitou covers the present-day departments of vendee, deux-sevres, and vienne. The province comes into angevin hands in 1152. Poitou doesn't seem to be a very important land for henry ii, who rather stays in anjou, and has to face several uprisings from the poitevin lords. As count of poitou, as soon as 1172, richard installes a new administration and builds fortifications (niort, scorbe-clairvaux, talmont). At the beginning of the 13th century, john lackland, and his son henri iii, are more interested in getting strongholds in poitou, since they lost normandy, anjou and touraine. Conceding grants and giving money, they encouraged some powerful local lords (thouars, parthenay, mauleon), or burgenses, to keep the control of their fortifications. A dozen of the hundred castles studied in poitou can be attributed to angevin architecture. This military architecture sees the development and the systematization of the flanking towers with arrow slits. Innovating details can be noticed such as the buttresses machicolations, arrow slits alcoves, or beaked towers. The influence of the oriental architecture is certain but the plantagenet style still presents a notable creativity. The excavations which would enable us to fully understand the architecture of those sites have not been carried out yet. But so far, the questions raised by the first survey lets us foresee new prospects for further research regarding the major part those castles played in the angevin policy
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Walvoord, Kreg A. (Kreg Anthony). "Czechoslovakia's Fortifications: Their Development and Impact on Czech and German Confrontation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500554/.

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During the 1930s, the Republic of Czechoslovakia endeavored to construct a system of modern fortifications along its frontiers to protect the Republic from German and Hungarian aggression and from external Versailles revisionism. Czechoslovakia's fortifications have been greatly misrepresented through comparison with the Maginot Line. By utilizing extant German military reports, this thesis demonstrates that Czechoslovakia's fortifications were incomplete and were much weaker than the Maginot Line at the time of the Munich Crisis in 1938. The German threat of war against Czechoslovakia was very real in 1938 and Germany would have penetrated most of the fortifications and defeated Czechoslovakia quickly had a German-Czech war occurred in 1938.
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Swieciochowski, Slawomir. "Fortifications napoléoniennes des villes portuaires : leurs stratégie, trace, architecture et conséquences urbaines à Gdansk et en Europe." Paris 8, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA081699.

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Les fortifications napoleoniennes, construites ou projetees par les ingenieurs-fortificateurs francais pendant la periode du premier empire sont a ce jour relativement peu etudiees. La raison en est que pendant longtemps on considerait que napoleon, connu surtout pour ses exploits dans le domaine de la guerre offensive, n'etait pas interesse par les fortifications stationnaires defensives. Si cela s'avere relativement vrai en france; la situation en est toute autre dans d'autres pays faisant partie de l'empire. L'etude commence a gdansk, qui de par sa position geopolitique etait predestinee a devenir une des plus importantes des villes-"bases d'appui" ou des vestiges des fortifications napoleoniennes sont encore en place aujourd'hui. Cette ville ou ont travaille les plus grands fortificateurs de l'epoque: chasseloup-laubat, haxo, kirgener et dont le developpement des travaux etait suivi de pres par napoleon lui meme, servira de reference dans l'analyse des autres villes portuaires de l'europe, en passant par l'allemagne, la hollande, la belgique, la france, l'italie, la yougoslavie et se terminant a corfou. Les comptes-rendus, les memoires, les rapports de l'epoque font connaitre la facon d'aborder le probleme de la conception des fortifications par les ingenieurs, en fonction de la situation sur place, de la strategie generale et du developpement des evenements politiques. Les ingenieurs fortificateurs de cette epoque font de grands itineraires, elaborent des projets pour plusieurs villes. Tous les projets sont vises par le comite des fortifications a paris et dans la plupart des cas l'empereur lui meme donne ses propres directives. Ainsi, malgre les distances qui separent les villes etudiees, il est possible d'y retrouver des traits semblables. Ca travail vise aussi a etablir une typologie des traces et de formes d'architecture militaire utilises a cette epoque, en fonction de la strategie, de leurs auteurs, de leur position geographique et politique. Hormis les traites generaux de fortification il existe tres peu d'ouvrages sur les sujet. L'etude est donc basee essentiellement sur les archives: lecture des rapports et des plans, etablissement d'une correlation entre les informations ecrites et les informations graphiques et dans le cas de gdansk aussi des releves et analyses in situ.
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Books on the topic "Military architecture fortifications history"

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Patrolin, Alain. Fortifications: En Champagne-Ardenne. Chaumont: Castor et Pollux, 2006.

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Jean-François, Pernot, Institut d'aménagement et d'urbanisme de la région d'Île-de-France, Conseil régional d'Île-de-France (France), and Association Vauban (Paris France), eds. Les fortifications en Ile-de-France: 1792-1944. Paris: Institut d'aménagement et d'urbanisme de la région d'Ile-de-France, 2005.

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Nicholas, Adams, ed. Firearms & fortifications: Military architecture and siege warfare in sixteenth-century Siena. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.

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M, Macdermott, ed. Military architecture. London: Greenhill, 1990.

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Medieval fortifications. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.

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Medieval fortifications. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1990.

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David, Winfield, ed. Byzantine fortifications: An introduction. Pretoria: University of South Africa, 1986.

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Javellana, Rene B. Fortress of empire: Spanish colonial fortifications of the Philippines, 1565-1898. Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark, 1997.

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Vogel, Carola. The fortifications of ancient Egypt, 3000-1780 BC. Oxford: Osprey, 2010.

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Vogel, Carola. The fortifications of ancient Egypt, 3000-1780 BC. Oxford: Osprey, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Military architecture fortifications history"

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Aronova, Alla. "The post-Petrine metamorphosis of triumphant military celebrations." In A History of Russian Exposition and Festival Architecture, 82–94. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge research in architecture: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315461854-4.

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Rijnoveanu, Carmen-Sorina. "Military History and Collective Identity." In Handbook of Military Sciences, 1–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_92-1.

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AbstractEach country has a national story that forges a sense of identity and – as Patrick Finney put it – while language, religion, culture, and traditions are key elements, war has traditionally been at the core of identity construction, shaping the collective national sentiment and the sense of Self (Finney, Remembering the Road to World War Two: International history, national identity, collective memory. Routledge, 2011).Recently, scholars have increasingly become interested in the way in which war and war experiences frame collective identities. From this perspective war and identity are closely intertwined, and this interactive process can explain not only how identities are created but how they may produce various typologies of warfare practices and states’ conduct. Such a conceptual paradigm provides new windows to a study of past wars but also prepares the ground for a better understating of current or future conflicts.Which role does military history play in the collective identity of nations and other collectives, how does war memory shape the architecture of identity construction, and how does identity-memory dynamics frame states’ strategic thinking? These are the central questions of this text. While the possible answers to such questions depend on multiple variables, there is a broad scholarly consensus that this is an area of research that needs to be further explored, especially in the light of new advancements in the field of cultural and social studies. Wars are fought on two main fronts: on the battlefield and in people’s minds where it maintains an enduring influence that is preserved over generations. The way people remember and memorialize the experiences of war allows us to gain a more comprehensive view on the set of practices, norms, values, and emotions that shape collective identities and determine typologies of state behavior in military and security affairs.
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"Jesuit Writings on Military Architecture." In Jesuits and Fortifications, 185–234. BRILL, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004223783_004.

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"The Characteristics of Armenian Military Architecture." In Medieval Fortifications in Cilicia, 117–38. BRILL, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004417410_006.

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"Fortifications East and West." In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria, 281–94. BRILL, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047417460_024.

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"Military Technology — Fortifications — General." In A Cumulative Bibliography of Medieval Military History and Technology, 815–17. BRILL, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047401018_179.

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Juchniewicz, Karol. "The Fortifications and Military Architecture of Palmyra." In The Oxford Handbook of Palmyra, 383–96. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190858117.013.24.

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Abstract This chapter discusses current issues concerning the Palmyra fortifications as well as the overall military architecture of the city. The city walls have seen their share of discussion and controversy regarding their chronology. In this chapter, chronological aspects of particular sections of the defensive works are addressed. The prevailing view on this issue, regarding the fortifications of Palmyra as the work of Diocletian, later rebuilt by Justinian, is presented and challenged by new research based on the analysis of the archaeological material and the study of the architecture and masonry of the military structures. The new approach proposes that the fortifications were constructed by Aurelian and rebuilt by Diocletian.
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"Military Technology — Premodern — Fortifications — Italy." In A Cumulative Bibliography of Medieval Military History and Technology, 922–30. BRILL, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047401018_192.

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"Military Technology — Premodern — Fortifications — General." In A Cumulative Bibliography of Medieval Military History and Technology, 817–23. BRILL, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047401018_180.

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"Military Technology — Premodern — Fortifications — Byzantium." In A Cumulative Bibliography of Medieval Military History and Technology, 843–44. BRILL, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047401018_185.

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Conference papers on the topic "Military architecture fortifications history"

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Scientific Committee, FORTMED. "Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean Vol. XVII (FORTMED2024)." In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.18552.

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“Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean” (volumes XVI and XVII) is the continuation of a series of publications that highlight the latest research on the fortifications of the Mediterranean region. These contributions were gathered in the seventh edition of the international conference Fortifications of the Mediterranean Coast, FORTMED 2024, hosted by Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranës in Tirana, Albania on April 18, 19, and 20, 2024.The series 'Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean' aims to share knowledge about the historical and current state of military architecture along the Mediterranean coast, including structures built overseas that are influenced by those in the Mediterranean.The conference and the 17 published volumes of the series have demonstrated to be the most persistent and serious effort in researching and documenting military architecture in the Mediterranean over the last decade.While fortresses and castles have always been recognized as vital components of historic built heritage, their strategic defensive role hasn't always been fully understood and explored. The study of military architecture, a multidisciplinary task, prompts a reassessment of this cultural environment, often neglected or at risk. From prehistoric fortification traces to contemporary bunkers and military infrastructures, the discourse on documenting and preserving military heritage welcomes and encourages contributions from diverse fields, including architecture, engineering, archaeology, history, geography, and cultural heritage.FORTMED, the international conference on the Fortifications of the Mediterranean Coast, has evolved into a research-based platform that transcends borders and centuries, delving into the strategic, historical, and cultural significance of fortifications along the Mediterranean coast. FORTMED has embraced diverse venues, ranging from Valencia to Florence, Alicante to Turin, and later to Granada, and finally to Pisa. These conferences have become synonymous with collaboration, knowledge exchange, and the exploration of multifaceted perspectives on defensive architecture. This initiative has turned into an intellectual odyssey, traversing the historical landscapes of the Mediterranean, exploring intricate fortifications that have shaped civilizations, and engaging with contemporary challenges in the preservation and restoration of architectural heritage.
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Russo, Michele, Giulia Flenghi, Alessio Buonacucina, and Valentina Russo. "Virtual reconstruction of destroyed fortifications: the case study of Santa Caterina in Verona." In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.18107.

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Military fortifications have always played a key role in territorial defense. Their location and visibility often depended on strategic military choices, such as shape. The geometric development of the latter is the result of centuries of refinement of construction techniques concerning the evolution of warfare, the architectural consistency of the fortified area, and adaptation to the orography of the territory. A final common aspect is their history, often marked by transformations that have determined the architecture's level of preservation and use. These architectures can be perfectly preserved, destroyed, or fallen into disuse. Of the latter, many examples are scattered throughout the territories, a fascinating constellation of vestiges that have lost their visibility and importance. The instruments of surveying, drawing, and representation can support the virtual rediscovery of the ancient role of architecture. This research project focuses on the Fort of Santa Caterina in Verona. Originally called Werk Hess, it is a fortification located south of Verona and built between 1848 and 1856. Only a few small traces remain today, but the Fort of Santa Caterina was an architecture of remarkable beauty because of its naturalistic and environmental inclusion, an architectural and perspective cornerstone of the fortified city due to its dominant position. Through a comprehensive course of source analysis, the survey of the existing territory, and representation in plan and space, the research project aims to give a virtual shape to this military marvel, laying the groundwork for more complex multi-disciplinary analyses of the artifact and the surrounding area.
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Veizaj, Denada, Gjergji Islami, and Andrea Maliqari. "Albanian bunkers. Modern fortifications built in socialism." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11492.

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During the communist regime of Enver Hoxha, Albania built nearly 200 000 bunkers as a measure of protection towards an imaginary attack from (un)known enemies of the Popular Socialist Republic. Most of these structures built in concrete are still part of the landscapes almost in every part of the territory. While the most common type is small and identified from the semi spherical shape, particular bunkers have quite large dimensions and specific features related to their function and location. During the last five years, three of the most unique modern fortifications built during socialism for the displacement of the governmental authorities in case of war, were revealed and made accessible to the public. These structures, transformed today in museums, cultural spaces or simply visitable attractions, are the symbol of an auto-referenced reality within Europe, where the paranoia produced an unusual typology of modern age fortifications. These bunkers, planned to withstand twentieth century military attacks, are extraordinary structures in terms of engineering and building features, and at the same time they represent a very valuable heritage related to the history of communism in Albania. This article aims to offer a comprehensive analysis of the fortification of the Albanian territory during the twentieth century as an overall country defence plan, while focusing on the governmental bunkers in order to understand how the ideological differences with the rest of the world created the need for protection and produced an amazing military infrastructure. The discussion on the future of these structures seems to be strongly related to the ability of recognising these modern fortifications on the Mediterranean as cultural heritage.
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Plyku Demaj, Marsela, Joli Mitrojorgji, and Klodjana Gjata. "Beyond the walls - The impact of urban sprawl on the fortifications in Albania." In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.17946.

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The need for protection of human settlements has existed since the earliest times of human society. It is reflected in the choice of the terrain, strategic location and through the construction of castles and fortification walls to protect the life inside the settlement. Being interdependent to the human settlement that they aim to protect, fortifications, apart from reflecting the building and military techniques of the time, are also a significant indicator of the life and extent of the historic built settlement within the walls, its accessibility, main transportation routes, etc. In Albania, fortifications, based on a classification on typology, function, building techniques, among others, are one of the first architectural genre designated as monuments of culture in the first national List of Cultural Monuments back in 1948. When in urban areas, these elements often constituted the core of the settlement. As such, they are permanent urban nodes in times of growth, development and change during the centuries and often conditioning/determining the growth policies around them. In present days, many only preserve traces of the protective structures and the walls and few still continue to host living neighborhoods within the perimeter. This article focuses on the fortifications in urban areas linked to historic settlements and impacted from the urban sprawl through history or currently due to urban development pressures. How do these permanent features of the city face urban growth, offering a categorization of the impacts being: building within, out or close to the encirclement of walls, or even the impact on the traditional landscape? By displaying a detailed view of the nature and range of impacts the study aims at helping national and local authorities dealing with cultural heritage, to undertake informed decisions for the protection and management of cultural heritage facing risk or loss of cultural values, and to be able to produce contemporary urban landscapes where historical layers combine.
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Lamacchia, Enrico. "The “Castelvecchio” of Matera. Documentation and analysis of a urban fortress in the apulian-lucanian context." In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.18117.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the medieval genesis of the town of Matera, by examining a specific area, now known as Castelvecchio, meaning old castle, site of the original fortified urban nucleus, by presenting a reconstruction of the main evolutionary phases, from the Lombard castrum to the Angevin walls, up to the transformation for civil use in the modern and contemporary age.This area is identified today as the top part of the famous Sassi, the historic districts of Matera (UNESCO Heritage), where there are still visible traces of these primitive fortifications absorbed in the complex urban fabric.The site was an ideal observation point for monitoring the surrounding area, while the harsh morphology of the rocky terrain presented optimal conditions to meet defensive needs.The research has led to hypothesize a complex in very close relationship with the geological substrate to be understood as an anthropic transformation of a pre-existing "natural fortification".The military function survived until the late medieval era, when urban development and modern revolutions in the field of defensive architecture led to the need to build other structures in the city and the consequent sale of the area under consideration for civilian use. Particular attention was paid to the relationship of the object in question with the context around, since a castle is not an element in itself, but the node of a network designed to control the territory, in very close relationship with the neighbouring lands and historical road network.
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Parrinello, Sandro, Francesca Picchio, Anna Dell’Amico, and Chiara Malusardi. "Le mura di Cartagena de Indias tra sperimentazione metodologica e protocolli operativi. Strumentazioni digitali a confronto per lo studio del sistema difensivo antonelliano." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11393.

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The walls of Cartagena de Indias through methodological experimentation and survey systems protocols. Digital tools comparison for the study of the Antonelli’s defense systemCartagena de Indias, one of the main Spanish commercial ports in the Caribbean Sea, was strategically built on a system of islands and peninsulas that formed a lacustrine system along the coast of Tierra Firme, known today as Colombia. For several centuries, Cartagena fortifications have been at the fore-front of Spanish military technologies. This site became the scene of action of the main military engineers at the service of the Spanish crown. In 1586 Battista Antonelli received from King Philipe II the task to design this monumental defensive system. The first project for the Cartagena wall enclosure (1595) is due to Battista and it was continued and modified by his nephew Cristoforo Roda. Nowadays, Antonelli walls still fit into the urban fabric of the city and delineate the perimeter of the historic city. The research project follows the previous research experiments conducted by the Lab DAda-LAB of the University of Pavia in the territory of Panama for the study of the Antonelli fortifications systems of Portobello and San Lorenzo del Chagres. It concerned an extensive action aimed at the documentation and to the study of the entire fortified system of the historic center of Cartagena. The perimeter walls of the old city and the fort of San Felipe de Barajas have been documented through the use of a mobile laser scanner that uses SLAM technology, evaluating the most effective performed strategies for fast survey activities. In parallel, a more specific action was conducted on the portion of the Baluarte of Santa Catalina walls, where it was possible to give a comparison between different methods and instruments, in order to verify the reliability of the 3D databases. Analysis protocols have been developed for the documentation and study of the defensive system. The paper will highlight the construction technologies that qualify the fortresses of Cartagena de Indias and the results obtained by the comparison between different data acquisition technologies to evaluate the quality of the models for the development of documentation strategies for heritage enhancement and protection.
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Tricarico, Giuseppe. "Le fortificazioni litoranee di Terra d’Otranto: una panoramica sulle torri costiere della provincia di Lecce." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11471.

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The coastal fortifications of Terra d’Otranto: a panoramic view of the coastal towers in the province of LecceDuring the Modern Age we witnessed the birth, consolidation and decline of great powers that dragged numerous political and religious conflicts with them. The Mediterranean Sea, as area of contact between the most distant Empires, experienced an era of intense naval activity in the form of piracy, race wars and armed deterrence, spreading along its shores with coastal watch towers. The organization of the defensive coastal system took place in intimate relationship with the territory, strongly characterizing the coasts which for centuries have seen them as the unique anthropical presence. Their exclusively military character has, however, inhibited their reuse over time, arousing until a few decades ago the disinterest of the community and their disavowal of architectures worthy of protection. The knowledge of the historical events and the morphotypological characteristics of the Apulian system of coastal towers thus becomes the starting point for their acknowledgment as fundamental identifying characters of the territory, finalizing their study to the re-appropriation of these assets by the community as strategical vehicles for the transmission of the local history and its intrinsic values. The classification of the towers in the province of Lecce has made them the object of spatial and typological analyses produced with the help of the opensource software “Quantum GIS” and geo-referenced on the official cartographic bases.
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Petrucci, Enrica, Diana Lapucci, and Noemi Lapucci. "La Rocca di Arquata del Tronto: simbolo di rinascita per il territorio marchigiano colpito dal sisma." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11371.

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The fortress of Arquata del Tronto: symbol of rebirth for the Marche Region affected by the earthquakeThe Fortress of Arquata del Tronto in the Marche region is an imposing structure that rises on the crag to the north of the historic center. It represents a typical example of military architecture in the Apennines Area. Its foundation is between the eleventh and the twelfth century, an initial phase of embankment which undergoes a gradual and progressive increase in structures to enhance the functionality of the fortress. The city of Ascoli Piceno, worried about consolidating the defense outposts located at its borders, soon took possession of it. From the thirteenth to the sixteenth century, the Rocca lived alternate events, clashing with nearby castles, especially with Norcia. At the end of the eighteenth century, Arquata will be absorbed in the territory of the Clitunno Department, in the ancient Duchy of Spoleto. During this period, it was partially restored, to house a stable military garrison, becoming the third fortress of the Trasimeno Department, until it returned under the Papal States. Continuous interventions make the structure suitable for military uses. At the end of the nineteenth century, Giuseppe Sacconi, as director of the Conservation Office in the Marche and Umbria Region, undertook an important restoration. The ruins of the fortress were reconfigured according to medieval forms, taken by analogy from the repertoire of fortifications in the Apennine area. A further conservative intervention was carried out in 1990 to allow a new use. Unfortunately, the seismic events in 2016-2017 have compromised the Rocca, with large collapses that currently make the complex unusable. The intention is to undertake new restoration work, setting up a school construction site; this could represent a virtuous example to favor the rebirth of Arquata del Tronto, so strongly hit by the earthquake, through a project for the enhancement of its architectural heritage.
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Di Gregorio, Giuseppe. "Il digitale e la rappresentazione: la seconda linea e il castello dimenticato di Fiumedinisi." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11398.

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Digital and representation: the second line and the forgotten castle of FiumedinisiThe Belvedere Castle of Fiumedinisi (ME) belongs to that historical heritage of Sicily characterized by abandoned and forgotten military architecture. Along the Ionian coast the defensive problem has been particularly felt over time, due to the proximity of the Turkish coast, the Middle East and the African one. The first defensive line was the coastal one, defined by principals placed on the sea in a strategic position for direct control of the coast. They were part of this group: the Maniace castle of Syracuse, that of Augusta, of Brucoli, of Catania, of Acicastello, the Tocco of Acireale, Schisò in the territory of Giardini, Capo Sant'Alessio, the Saracen Tower of Roccalumera, Capo Grosso in Ali , San Salvatore in Messina. Along the eastern side of the Peloritani mountains from Calatabiano to Messina, the island's defensive strategy also included a second line of fortifications, which controlled a more distant horizon from their position. These include the castle of Calatabiano, Taormina, Castelmola, Forza d’Agrò, Savoca, Fiumedinisi, Scaletta Zanclea, Santo Stefano di Briga, Matagrifone. Among them, the Belvedere castle of Fiumedinisi, at a critical distance from the village, so as to be in a state of neglect, among those listed is that which is in the worst conditions. In stark contrast to the dignity and history of the site and territory of Fiumedinisi, dating back to the Greek period. In this work we propose the survey of the castle with digital, photogrammetric technologies, Structure From Motion (SFM) and dense matching, to arrive at a 3D documentation and graphic drawings, considering that to date there are no significant scientific surveys and representations of this abandoned fortress.
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Rinaldi, Simona. "L’architettura militare italiana della Cittadella di Ancona: tecniche costruttive e sistemi difensivi del XVI secolo." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11481.

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The Italian military architecture of Ancona’s Citadel: construction techniques and defensive systems in the sixteenth centuryThe objective of this research is regarding the construction techniques used in the military architecture of Cittadella-Fortezza (Ancona, Marche, Italy). In this case, attention will focus primarily on historical, bibliographic and archive research, then through a comprehensive analysis of building methods used in the sixteenth century and on the strategic function that this fortification covered in the coastal strip of the Middle Adriatic. Together with Rocca Paolina (Perugia) and Fortezza da Basso (Florence), it has in fact a remarkable importance in the military architecture’s history, as it was one of the first experiments of fronte bastionato all’italiana. Built from 1532 by Antonio da Sangallo il Giovane, it rises on the top of Astagno hill in a panoramic and defensive position, overlooking the city and the port. It clearly distinguishes itself from the surrounding building fabric as it is characterized by five mighty bastions in bricks and by the central bulwark with the vaulted ground floor. The study aims to investigate the structural details of Ancona’s fortress such as the modeling of walls, the suppression of protruding volumes, the extension and rounding of the corner towers and the introduction of the central type plan. A great understanding of this research will be analyzed in the drawings and the volumes’ reliefs, which highlighted the general geometric data, the materials used for the realization of the work, the angle of the curtain walls and the technical/constructive strategies. Therefore, the methodical-metric knowledge of the parts will be made more accessible also in relation to the three-dimensional modeling of the fortress, in addition to the critical comparison based on other historical examples of military architecture in the Renaissance period.
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