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1
Gądek-Moszczak, Aneta. "HISTORY OF STEREOLOGY." Image Analysis & Stereology 36, no. 3 (December 18, 2017): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.1867.
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Nowadays it is difficult to list all disciplines where stereology is applied, starting from biology and medicine, through materials science, geology and agriculture, up to military systems, biometry, meteorology, geography, physics, astronomy, sophisticated vision systems and even history or art sciences. The strength of the stereology as a scientific discipline lies in its multidisciplinary character and even now, in the century of the digital revolution, doesn’t become obsolete. Over the last five decades stereology has responded to the challenges of the times. Its creators and enthusiasts have adapted this field of science to the current challenges existing practically everywhere if only an image (formally: section or projection) is a source of information.
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Ryabova, Vera I. "Book Collections of European Military Libraries of the 18th — 19th Centuries in the Library for Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 70, no. 4 (September 10, 2021): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2021-70-4-385-394.
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It is known that the history of book collections of past centuries’ libraries, including military ones, is tragic: for many reasons, they are often either scattered or preserved in small fragments. Today, when libraries intensively work to digitize their holdings and search out historical book collections, it is very important to identify and attribute books from foreign, as well as from Russian military libraries.For the first time, the article describes the work carried out to identify publications of foreign (and partly Russian) military libraries from the rare books collection of the Library for Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The article considers the publications as a source of information about scientific knowledge (military libraries were aimed to acquaint their readers with the basics of military art and the latest achievements in military science). There is shown that the content of such libraries’ collections did not exclude thematic diversity, targeted to comprehensively form the officer’s personality: professional, moral and cultural. The article examines the books of the 18th—19th centuries from military libraries of Europe, currently stored in the Library for Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the book marks in them proving the publications’ belonging to specific military libraries. There is highlighted the importance of book marks for the attribution of collections (and libraries) that existed in the past, but turned out to be scattered. The results obtained show that the publications and book marks of military book collections are a strong and reliable source in studying the history of military affairs, military science, and the history of military libraries, and confirm the need for further serious work with the library’s rare book collection.
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Galvany, Albert. "The court as a battlefield: the art of war and the art of politics in the Han Feizi." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 80, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x16001063.
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AbstractMost scholarly contributions analysing the Han Feizi tend not only to overlook the influence military literature might have had on its conception and unfolding, but also to assert that the figure of the ruler, as described in this text, and that of the commander, as portrayed in military treatises, are incompatible. In refuting this view, I shall attempt to demonstrate that the writings collected in the Han Feizi fully embrace the logic of military confrontation, which entails, among other things, the deployment of deception and irregular procedures as a necessary means to secure sovereign power and to achieve a complete control of the administration. Accordingly, I shall show that a comprehensive understanding of this important work in the history of classical Chinese thought is not possible unless one takes into account this convergence of shared ideas and concepts from both spheres, that of military strategy and that of political science as set forth in the Han Feizi.
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Kipp, Jacob W. "Toward understanding: A military‐to‐military conversation on doctrine, military art, and field regulations." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 6, no. 2 (June 1993): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518049308430097.
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Hanska, Jan. "Narrative approach to the art of war and military studies - Narratology as military science research paradigm." Journal of Military Studies 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jms-2016-0186.
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Abstract The purpose of this article is to initiate discussion into the role narratives could play in military studies. Narratology is an old and well-established research paradigm that first emerged as part of the linguistic turn. Yet its potential has not been depleted. It is the study of narratives or stories. There are plenty of topics not yet approached from this perspective especially in the field of military studies. The military academia needs to broaden its scope of research and allow for alternative orientations and theories to be used to address traditional dilemmas, create new research paradigms and enrich the variety of analysis. Critical security studies approach shared topics with military studies by embracing the aesthetic turn that differentiates between the representation and the represented. The argument in this article is that to produce comprehensive information on its research topics military studies would benefit from embracing them as people experience them and not focus on their ontology. The article does not offer a methodological toolbox to the reader but rather an introduction to some classics of narratology and offers a few insights how this type of approach could be used in military history, strategy, operational art or even leadership studies.
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Dorofeyev, Sergey P. "Military Art of Ancient China in the Era of the Three Kingdom." Общество: философия, история, культура, no. 10 (October 18, 2023): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2023.10.16.
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The military art of Ancient China, which was developed on the basis of the military-theoretical heritage of Sun Tzu, Wu Tzu, contains many examples of achieving victory in war through military cunning, improving tactical techniques of armed struggle, as well as information and psychological impact on the enemy’s troops and population. The era of the Three Kingdoms in the history of China occupies a relatively short period of time – 220–280 A.D., however, the qualitative characteristics of the military aspect deserve special attention. The mili-tary leadership abilities of Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang, Sima Yi and other commanders clearly demonstrate the pro-gress in the development of strategy and tactics, military engineering construction of the Celestial Empire. Along with land forces, consisting of infantry and cavalry, there is a river flotilla, capable of solving problems of a strategic nature. The confrontation of the three kingdoms is reflected in the historical chronicles of Chen Shou, the epic of Luo Guan-zhong, numerous studies by Chinese and foreign experts. Sun Tzu’s recommen-dations and instructions were applied in the United States to wage psychological warfare against Russia.
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Casapu, Eugen, and Marius Nicoară. "Elements of Air Power in the Romanian Military Art Evolution." Romanian Military Thinking 2024, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 110–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2024.1.07.
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The emergence of the aircraft as a means of combat has changed both the strategies and the tactics of waging wars, determining in a relatively short time major changes at the level of the forces doctrines, organization and training, their management, as well as command and control arrangements. At the same time, the aircraft has proved to be an important vector of progress and human civilization in the technical, economic, social and cultural fields, playing an important role in both war and peace. The ability of the air force to fulfil its role in a war or in military operations depends on the science and skill in harnessing the components of air power. The evolution of these components over time is reflected by the history of military art, which highlights both continuity and tradition as well as innovation. Moreover, it points out the similarities and differences, draws the necessary conclusions, which, filtered by military thinking, give the opportunity to formulate new rules and principles to be inserted in military doctrines and regulations, in training and education plans, as well as in economic development strategies and policies, including the defence and aeronautical industries, both civilian and military. The Romanian aviation has adapted, since the first use of the aircraft as a weapon, to the new reality of the battlefield, and this article is aimed at presenting the evolution of the concepts of its use in the first half of the 20th century, the principles of the use of aviation in battle, as well as the lessons learned following the participation of the Romanian military aviation in the campaigns of the two world conflagrations. To meet this purpose, the method of studying historical documents is employed.
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Rodzeń, Jacek. "Motywy matematyczne na frontyspisach siedemnastowiecznego polskiego piśmiennictwa techniczno-wojskowego." Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki 68, no. 2 (June 29, 2023): 105–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/0023589xkhnt.23.017.17879.
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This article aims to analyze (from autopsy) mathematical motifs in the frontispieces to selected seventeenth-century Polish technical-military treatises (by Adam Freytag, Kazimierz Siemienowicz and Józef Naronowicz-Naroński). The frontispiece is considered here an iconographic source for the history of science and technology. The rationale for investigating this topic is the process of the progressive mathematization of technical knowledge in Europe in the 15th-18th centuries. It is the first study of this subject with regard to Polish technical-military writing. Only one other article is devoted to this issue (Delphine Schreuder, When Mars Meets Euclid. The Relationship between War and Mathematical Sciences in Frontispecies of Fortification Treatises, 2021), but it does not cover the works of Polish authors. There are also several general studies (mainly in art or architectural history) on frontispieces to fortification treaties (Armin Schlechter, Engraved Title Pages of Fortification Manuals, 2014, Jeroen Goudeau, Harnessed Heroes: Mars, the Title-page, and the Dutch Stadtholders, 2016). The analysis of the typographic compositions of the discussed frontispieces revealed three main motifs: 1. the connection between the art of war and mathematical knowledge, as far as the knowledge of fortification and artillery is concerned; 2. the degree to which those disciplines - both of which combine the practice of the battlefield with theory - were mathematicized; 3. the crucial importance of drafting and measuring instruments for these sciences. The article’s final section addresses the issue of the rhetorical and persuasive function of the frontispieces.
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Becker, Jordan. "Arguing about alliances: the art of agreement in military-pact negotiations." Defence Studies 20, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2020.1750301.
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Ferris, John, and Michael I. Handel. "Clausewitz, intelligence, uncertainty and the art of command in military operations." Intelligence and National Security 10, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684529508432286.
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Avsajanishvili, Ioseb. "Impact of Modern Technologies on Combat and Military Decisions." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 4(522) (December 21, 2021): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2021-4-92-104.
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The history of the society development and its scientific and technological progress is constantly correlated with the history of wars. The desire to raise a person’s standard of living, the rapid pace of life and the aspiration to its high quality have always depended on inventions, technological innovations and the continuous process of development. Military science and the military industry are no exception. The importance of using modern technologies and precision intellectual weapons in a 21st century war is discussed. The issue of reconnaissance drones and the kinetic-strike capability of drones in combat is highlighted, as well as their support by space-based systems. This opened a new era in the art of modern warfare and pointed to the transformation of modern warfare. The article discusses features that have actually emerged in combat in airspace and cyberspace. All the challenges and problems that accompany military decision-making process are shown in the synthesis of these actions. The role and significance of reconnaissance and fighter drones in modern large-scale or local combat operations, especially for a small country like Georgia, are also discussed.
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Kay, Carolyn. "German children’s art during World War I." Global Studies of Childhood 11, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20436106211015694.
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My article considers German wartime propaganda and pedagogy from 1914 to 1916, which influenced young schoolchildren (aged 5–14) to create drawings and paintings of Germany’s military in World War I. In this art, the children drew bodies of German soldiers as tough, heroic, on the move, armed with powerful weapons, and part of a superior military movement; their enemies (French, Russian, British soldiers) embodied disorder, backwardness, ineptitude, and deadly weakness. The artwork by these schoolchildren thus reveals the intense propaganda of the war years, and the children’s tendency to see the German military as the most accomplished combatant in the war. During the first two years of the war, in the primary schools of the nation, many children did such art under the supervision of teachers who passionately embraced the nation and the war cause. Within the classroom, teachers directed students to imagine the war by drawing scenes of battles, including the sinking of the Lusitania. Some of these teachers had been influenced by the Kunsterziehungsbewegung (the arts’ education movement) and thus encouraged children’s creativity in art of the war years. In this pedagogical wartime environment the young student became actively engaged in creative learning and study about the war, expressing romantic ideas of the indomitable German soldier and sailor. My research has involved analysis of over 250 school drawings done by children aged 10–14 in a school in Wilhelmsburg, near Hamburg, in 1915. I analyze the depiction of the German forces in six of these sources and also consider the history of art instruction in German schools. Furthermore, I address the ways in which historians can analyze children’s art as a historical document for understanding the child’s experience.
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McDonald, Christopher. "From Art Form to Engineering Discipline? A History of US Military Software Development Standards, 1974–1998." IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 32, no. 4 (October 2010): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2009.58.
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Glantz, David M. "Excerpts on Soviet 1938–40 operations fromthe history of warfare, military art, and military science,a 1977 textbook of the military academy of the general staff of the USSR armed forces." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 6, no. 1 (March 1993): 85–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518049308430091.
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Bibi, Ambreen, Saimaan Ashfaq, Qazi Muhammad Saeed Ullah, and Naseem Abbas. "Ajoka Theatre as an Icon of Liberal Humanist Values." Review of Education, Administration & LAW 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v4i1.135.
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There are multiple ways of transferring human values, cultures and history from one generation to another. Literature, Art, Paintings and Theatrical performances are the real reflection of any civilization. In the history of subcontinent, theatres played a vital role in promoting the Pakistani and Indian history; Mughal culture and traditions. Pakistani theatre, “Ajoka” played significant role to propagate positive, humanitarian and liberal humanist values. This research aims to investigate the transformation in the history of Pakistani theatre specifically the “Ajoka” theatre that was established under the government of military dictatorship in Pakistan in the late nineteenth century. It was not a compromising time for the celebration of liberal humanist values in Pakistan as the country was under the rules of military dictatorship. The present study is intended to explore the dissemination of liberal humanist values in the plays and performances of “Ajoka” theatre. The research is meant to highlight the struggle of “Ajoka” theatre for enhancing the message of love, tolerance, peace and other humanist values in such crucial time.
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Balikić, Lucija, John Paul Newman, and Vojtěch Pojar. "Introduction: The Sokol Movement between State and Society in Interwar East Central and Southeastern Europe." East Central Europe 50, no. 2-3 (October 9, 2023): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763308-50020001.
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Abstract This special issue is the result of the three year-long collaboration between the contributors and a larger group of scholars on the topic of Sokol and analogous organizations and phenomena mainly in East Central Europe in the modern era. Our goal was to examine such organizations from multiple perspectives, including the history of political thought, the history of knowledge production, military history, art history, youth history, urban history, the history of religion, history of sports, as well as the history of medicine and eugenics. To that end, we organized three events whereby we identified key themes and workshopped the contributions to the prospective special issue, as well as situated our findings within broader disciplinary and theoretical frameworks.
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Gallagher, Catherine. "The Formalism of Military History." Representations 104, no. 1 (2008): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2008.104.1.23.
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Scholz, Norbert. "BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERIODICAL LITERATURE." Journal of Palestine Studies 33, no. 3 (2004): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2004.33.3.206.
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This section lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (to 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature and Art; Book Reviews; and Reports Received.
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Scholz, Norbert. "BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERIODICAL LITERATURE." Journal of Palestine Studies 34, no. 1 (2004): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2004.34.1.195.
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This section lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (to 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature and Art; Book Reviews; and Reports Received.
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Bellisari, Andrew. "The Art of Decolonization: The Battle for Algeria’s French Art, 1962–70." Journal of Contemporary History 52, no. 3 (October 17, 2016): 625–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416652715.
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In May 1962 French museum administrators removed over 300 works of art from the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Algiers and transported them, under military escort, to the Louvre in Paris. The artwork, however, no longer belonged to France. Under the terms of the Evian Accords it had become the official property of the Algerian state-to-be and the incoming nationalist government wanted it back. This article will examine not only the French decision to act in contravention of the Evian Accords and the ensuing negotiations that took place between France and Algeria, but also the cultural complexities of post-colonial restitution. What does it mean for artwork produced by some of France’s most iconic artists – Monet, Delacroix, Courbet – to become the cultural property of a former colony? Moreover, what is at stake when a former colony demands the repatriation of artwork emblematic of the former colonizer, deeming it a valuable part of the nation’s cultural heritage? The negotiations undertaken to repatriate French art to Algeria expose the kinds of awkward cultural refashioning precipitated by the process of decolonization and epitomizes the lingering connections of colonial disentanglement that do not fit neatly into the common narrative of the ‘end of empire'.
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Sibenac, Mark, Tarun Podder, William Kirkwood, and Hans Thomas. "Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for Ocean Research: Current Needs and State of the Art Technologies." Marine Technology Society Journal 38, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533204787522848.
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Research in the field of scientific Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) has been underway for over three decades. Much of the original work was funded by the military, and the vehicles were intended for Naval Ordnance Systems Command oceanographic needs, although the payloads were for general scientific use. Over the last decade, several autonomous underwater vehicles have been purpose built for both the science community and industrial operations around the world. Because of the variety of mission requirements, AUV configurations and options available today are numerous.Beginning with a brief overview of the history of AUVs for science, the paper continues with discussion of the ocean applications that are suitable to AUVs. Highlighted are some points a potential user might consider when selecting an AUV for a particular science application. An overview of several AUVs available today has been included exploring the cross-section of capabilities offered. This leads into the emerging requirements for AUVs of the future. In conclusion, some insight is given on lessons learned by several members of the oceanographic AUV community and how these lessons might be applicable when considering AUVs as a solution to today's intriguing oceanographic science questions.
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STANCU, Mihai-Cristian. "Comanda și controlul la nivelul grupării de forțe terestre." Gândirea Militară Românească 2022, no. 1 (February 2022): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2022.1.02.
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"Command-and-control is not only a combat function, but also a system that encompasses personnel, processes, communication and information system/ CIS, as well as command posts/CPs, used to lead the tactical activities of the Land Task Force/LTF, in particular, and of any force structure, in general. Command-and-control, more than any of the combat functions, will decisively influence the outcome of military action. In order to develop the present article, we have used a series of analysis and scientific research methods specific to sociology, but with applicability in the field of military science. For the analysis of command-and-control as a combat function, we have used the data collection method as well as the historical method to show what the roots of the mission command in military art history are. Subsequently, using the analysis method, we have managed to present the most important aspects regarding the organisation of the command-andcontrol system of the LTFs as well as a “code of good practices” regarding the organisation of the Battle Rhythm/BR and the decision-making during the execution of military activities. An efficient command-and-control of the LTFs during military activities is the result of the compliance with the principles of command and control and the harmonisation of the staff processes carried out within the CPs deployed during military actions, in order to optimise the understanding – analysis – planning/ synchronisation – decision – dissemination decision-making cycle."
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STANCU, Mihai-Cristian. "Land Task Force’s Command and Control." Romanian Military Thinking 2022, no. 1 (February 2022): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.1.02.
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"Command-and-control is not only a combat function, but also a system that encompasses personnel, processes, communication and information system/ CIS, as well as command posts/CPs, used to lead the tactical activities of the Land Task Force/LTF, in particular, and of any force structure, in general. Command-and-control, more than any of the combat functions, will decisively influence the outcome of military action. In order to develop the present article, we have used a series of analysis and scientific research methods specific to sociology, but with applicability in the field of military science. For the analysis of command-and-control as a combat function, we have used the data collection method as well as the historical method to show what the roots of the mission command in military art history are. Subsequently, using the analysis method, we have managed to present the most important aspects regarding the organisation of the command-andcontrol system of the LTFs as well as a “code of good practices” regarding the organisation of the Battle Rhythm/BR and the decision-making during the execution of military activities. An efficient command-and-control of the LTFs during military activities is the result of the compliance with the principles of command and control and the harmonisation of the staff processes carried out within the CPs deployed during military actions, in order to optimise the understanding – analysis – planning/ synchronisation – decision – dissemination decision-making cycle."
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Agan, Brian K., Anuradha Ganesan, Morgan Byrne, Robert Deiss, Christina Schofield, Ryan C. Maves, Jason Okulicz, et al. "The US Military HIV Natural History Study: Informing Military HIV Care and Policy for Over 30 Years." Military Medicine 184, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2019): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy430.
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ABSTRACT Introduction In October 1985, 4 years after the initial descriptions of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) began routine screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to prevent infected recruits from exposure to live virus vaccines, implemented routine active-duty force screening to ensure timely care and help protect the walking blood bank, and initiated the U.S. Military HIV Natural History Study (NHS) to develop epidemiologic, clinical, and basic science evidence to inform military HIV policy and establish a repository of data and specimens for future research. Here, we have reviewed accomplishments of the NHS over the past 30 years and sought to describe relevant trends among NHS subjects over this time, with emphasis on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) use and non-AIDS comorbidities. Methods Subjects who were prospectively enrolled in the NHS from 1986 through 2015 were included in this analysis. Time periods were classified by decade of study conduct, 1986–1995, 1996–2005, and 2006–2015, which also correlate approximately with pre-, early-, and late-combination ART (cART) eras. Analyses included descriptive statistics and comparisons among decades. We also evaluated mean community log10 HIV viral load (CVL) and CD4 counts for each year. Results A total of 5,758 subjects were enrolled between 1986 and 2015, of whom 92% were male with a median age of 28 years, and 45% were African-American, 42% Caucasian, and 13% Hispanic/other. The proportion of African-Americans remained stable over the decades (45%, 47%, and 42%, respectively), while the proportion of Hispanic/other increased (10%, 13%, and 24%, respectively). The CD4 count at HIV diagnosis has remained high (median 496 cells/uL), while the occurrence of AIDS-defining conditions (excluding low CD4 count) has decreased by decade (36.7%, 5.4%, and 2.9%, respectively). Following the introduction of effective cART in 1996, CVL declined through 2000 as use increased and then plateaued until guidelines changed. After 2004, cART use again increased and CVL declined further until 2012-15 when the vast majority of subjects achieved viral suppression. Non-AIDS comorbidities have remained common, with approximately half of subjects experiencing one or more new diagnoses overall and nearly half of subjects diagnosed between 2006 and 2015, in spite of their relatively young age, shorter median follow-up, and wide use of cART. Conclusions The US Military HIV NHS has been critical to understanding the impact of HIV infection among active-duty service members and military beneficiaries, as well as producing insights that are broadly relevant. In addition, the rich repository of NHS data and specimens serves as a resource to investigators in the DoD, NIH, and academic community, markedly increasing scientific yield and identifying novel associations. Looking forward, the NHS remains relevant to understanding host factor correlates of virologic and immunologic control, biologic pathways of HIV pathogenesis, causes and consequences of residual inflammation in spite of effective cART, identifying predictors of and potential approaches to mitigation of excess non-AIDS comorbidities, and helping to understand the latent reservoir.
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Huhtinen, Aki-Mauri. "From Military Threats to Everyday Fear." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 2, no. 2 (April 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2012040101.
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The history of combat is primarily the history of radically changing fields of perception. In other words, war consists not so much of scoring territorial, economic or other material victories but of appropriating the immateriality of perceptual field. The function of the eye has become the function of the weapons (Virilio, 1989; 2009). To understand information age warfare we have to understand the concept of representation as a part of our process of violence. The idea of information warfare or an information operation is based on the process where the physical target is no longer destroyed with the kinetic systems, but the process where the non-kinetic systems, like information, scan the symbols-semiotics networks. We like to consume safety different kind of fears. The feeling of the safety fear based on the virtual boundaries, which are set in the movement from “principle” to “practice, in other words in the actualization of the cyber-form. The power of fear is not a form. It is not abstract. It is the movement of form into the content outside of which it is a void of potential function, of the abstract into the particular it cannot be or do without. (see Massumi 1993, 20-21) Today, particularly the advanced mobile technology, the Internet and the entertainment industry immensely exploit the experiences from different wars and conflicts for example as ideas of computer games. In return the military industrial complex represents its own language for example in the concept of information operations with the help of applications particularly rising from the entertainment industry. The roles of Hector and Achilles, the teachings of Jomini and Clausewitz have an effect in the background of games and gaming. Opposite to Clauseiwitz’s thinking, Jomini took the view that the amount of force deployed should be kept to the minimum in order to lower casualties and that war was a science, not an art. The most central genres in gaming are ”strategy”, ”adventure”, ”shooter”, ”sports”, ”simulation”, ”music”, ”role playing” and ”puzzle”. All of these are related to warfare one way or another. Another interesting fact is that in the 1950’s the first computer games were mathematic strategy based games that that had been developed in universities (Czosseck, 2009; Peltoniemi, 2009).
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Estruth, Jeannette Alden. "Biden’s CHIPS and Science Act in Historical Perspective." California History 101, no. 2 (2024): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2024.101.2.68.
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In August 2022, the CHIPS Act made headlines across the country with its monumental subsidy numbers and dizzying policy provisions. But what does CHIPS mean in historical context? And in particular, what does the act mean for California, and what does California’s past tell us about CHIPS’s future? This article introduces the reader to recent technology policy history, and writes into the present moment to place the act’s elements in context and explain how it may shape public investment, climate legislation, wealth inequality, foreign policy, the jobs economy, the environment, military spending, and even a Green New Deal.
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Hussain, Syed Ejaz. "History as Memory: Alexander in South Asian Demotic Literature and Popular Media." Asian Review of World Histories 9, no. 2 (July 16, 2021): 157–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22879811-12340092.
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Abstract The diversity and range of existing archives on the history and romance of Alexander have projected on him a multiplicity of images. Alexander’s conquests, military achievements, romance, myths, and legends have fascinated writers, scholars, historians, poets, filmmakers, the media, and designers of websites around the world. His invasion of India in 326 BCE left an indelible influence on Indian art, history, and literature. The present essay takes up a theme on which not much work has been done in modern scholarship. It focuses on the nature and diversity of the historical memory of Alexander in modern South Asia, particularly as reflected in modern Urdu and Hindi, the two major languages of the subcontinent. It also examines how Alexander is portrayed in popular culture and India’s nationalist discourse.
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Mishchenko, Igor' Evgenyevich. "Representation of the images of army and military man in the U.S. mass cinematography of the 2010s." Философская мысль, no. 12 (December 2020): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2020.12.34522.
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The author explores the problematic of the images of army and military in mass cinematography on the example of U.S. film industry of the second decade of the XXI century. The object of this research is the sociocultural representation of army and war via expressive means of cinematographic art. Within the Russian science, this problematic is poorly studied; at the same time, its relevance cannot be overestimated, since cinematography is an important component in formation of “soft power” of the country. According to the testimony of numerous Russian experts, namely cinematography of the United States has highest impact potential and forms mental images of the army and military not only among the U.S. citizens, but also for the Russian society, which always triggers questions related to the cultural aspects of national security. It is worth noting that modern U.S. military cinematography becomes the special subject of scientific research for the first time. The author comes to the conclusion that in the recent decade, U.S. film production in military genre has undergone substantial transformations. The films on the World War II and the Vietnam War are replaced with the films on global war on terrorism and local national conflicts. Among other peculiarities of recent years in U.S. military cinematography, the author notes female film directors in this sphere, personification of the images of enemy, deconstruction of the image of military man as a mythological defender and rescuer. The latter noticeably contradicts the Russian film tradition and culture, for which the army and military history remain the important points of national self-identity, key components of formation of images of the great past and common future.
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Armanios, Febe. "Approaches to Coptic History after 641." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 3 (July 15, 2010): 483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810000504.
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The study of Coptic history usually brings to mind gnostic texts, remote monastic enclaves, archeological ruins, conflicts with Byzantium, or a long-forgotten language. Until recently, a disproportionate focus on early Christianity has bound Copts to an ancient and seemingly timeless heritage, which explains the dearth of critical examinations on Coptic life from the Islamic conquests to the early modern period. In general, Coptic experiences after 641 have been overshadowed by other themes in Egyptian history writing, in particular political and military changes. Although the latter are as relevant for a better understanding of the Coptic past, they have been predominately examined from the perspective of the Muslim majority, exclusive of Coptic concerns, perspectives, and beliefs. Only in recent years has scholarship on Copts begun to expand. Scholars have drawn from fields such as papyrology, gender studies, art history, and law in pursuit of a more comprehensive historical narrative. We are increasingly encouraged to evaluate the Coptic experience not only as a missing cog in Egyptian historiography but also as one that complicates canonical studies of postconquest Egypt and enriches our understanding of Middle Eastern history in general.
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Burganova, Maria A. "Letter from the editor." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 18, no. 4 (September 10, 2022): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2022-18-4-6-9.
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Dear readers, We are pleased to present to you Issue 4, 2022, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. The journal opens with articles by Chinese researchers devoted to the art of Ancient China. In the article "The Heaven-and-Man Oneness Concept and the Style of Funerary Plastic Art During the Han Dynasty", Xiang Wu analyses the idea of heaven-and-man oneness, which was important for the art of this period. It was based on the Confucian view, the rituals of a strict social hierarchy and Taoist metaphysics. Qiu Mubing’s scientific research topic is “Objects of the Funerary Cult in the Han Dynasty. Gold and Silver Items. Aesthetics of Gold and Silver in the Han Dynasty”. Examining archaeological sources, the author concludes the high achievements of Chinese artisans during the Han Dynasty on examples of works of arts and crafts made of precious metals. In the article “Aesthetics of the Song Dynasty. The Origins of the New Style of Furniture Design in China", N.Kazakova and Qiu Qi analyse the vector of development of the furniture industry through the prism of the industrial design evolution. The reasons for the emergence of the New style in furniture design in China are studied. They are analysed in detail against the background of changing economic, political and cultural realities. The issues of the influence of Ancient China aesthetics on the formation and development of a new language in furniture design are touched upon. In the article "Problems of Colour Harmonisation of Composition and Development of Associative and Imaginative Thinking in the Environmental Design", N.Bogatova reveals the potential of colouristic graphic two-dimensional modelling in artistic and imaginative thematic compositions. On the example of the compositional laws of colouristics, the author traces the path of ascent from the concrete to the abstract, pictorial to the expressive, and emotional to the figurative. P.Dobrolyubov presents the text “Sculptor Alexander Matveev’s School and His Students”, which includes many archival documents and photographs. The author describes the process of learning from teacher and sculptor A.Matveev, names the main dates in his creative work, reveals the details of the sculptural craft, talks about the variety of moves in the master’s plasticity, analyses the methods and principles of work in sculpture, shows the attitude of students to their teacher, and highlights the entire course of historical milestones in the sculptor’s creative biography. In the article "The Golden Age of PRC History Painting (1949–1966): Origins, Searches, Achievements”, K.Gavrilin and L.Xiaonan consider the issues of the formation of the modern Chinese art school. Its foundation was laid in the framework of the creative and educational dialogue between China and the Soviet Union at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. The authors believe that the characteristic features of the golden age of Chinese historical painting were, on the one hand, the popularisation of painting as an art form and, on the other hand, the predominance of the dominant position of realism over the traditional styles of Chinese painting. It is noted that during this period, two main plots became widespread: scenes of socialist construction and historical events of the revolution. S.Zubarev considers theoretical and practical aspects of the activities of military musicians in the article "Academic Music in the Practice of Russian Military Bands of the 19th - early 21st Centuries". In the process of studying military bands, special attention is paid to the study of the features of military band service development in the 19th and 20th centuries. Factors revealing the role of Russian composers in the history of military musical culture are highlighted, and several works of academic music performed by military bands are analysed. In conclusion, the author notes that in the national culture, unique conditions for the development of military musicians’ arranging activity were created. They made it possible to preserve the traditions of the military band service and form the value principles of academic art. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.
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Искендеров, Анар. "THE ORIGINS OF THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MYTHOLOGICAL WORLDVIEW IN THE ART OF ANCIENT CHINA." SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 7, no. 32 (July 15, 2022): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31567/ssd.668.
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China is one of the most ancient civilizations of mankind. Ancient Chinese art and culture have deep spiritual traditions that arose from the fusion of various ethno-cultural values. The art and culture of ancient China are rightfully considered one of the most striking and unique phenomena in the history of human civilization. Since the fifth millennium, the first agricultural centers have appeared in ancient China. It should be noted that the very first mythological and cosmological worldviews of ancient China are connected with the ancient Chinese agricultural culture. Geometric and floral ornaments, zoomorphic and anthropomorphic images that adorn ancient Chinese ceramics of the Neolithic era reflect the myths and rituals of the ancient Chinese. In the middle of the II millennium BC, the Yin civilization was formed in the Yellow River basin. The Yin period in the history of ancient Chinese culture marks a huge progress in many areas of ancient Chinese society. It is also noteworthy that in the decorative and applied art of ancient China of the Yin period, completely new and different art products with elements and motifs of the "animal" style appear in their forms and compositional content. Many researchers believe that the ancient Chinese animal style could have originated and developed under the influence of neighboring nomadic tribes and peoples, as a result of military and trade contacts. Objects with zoomorphic images and compositions that relate to the art of Ancient China of the Han period are carriers of the aesthetic principles of “steppe animalismˮ. These artistic images made in the “animal style” have a high level of decorative stylization, which are characteristic of Ancient Scythian and Hunnic art. Ancient Chinese art, unique both in its ancient semantics and in the style of depicting artistic images, is a phenomenal and still not fully explored phenomenon.
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Wander, Maggie. "Making new history: Contemporary art and the temporal orientations of climate change in Oceania." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00072_1.
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This article explores artistic production in the region of Oceania that resists the ahistorical and future-oriented temporality of climate change discourse, as it perpetuates colonial structures of power by denying Indigenous futures and ignoring the violent histories that have led to the current climate breakdown. In the video poem Anointed (2018), prominent climate justice activist Kathy Jetñil-Kijiner strategically combines spoken word poetry with visual montage in order to situate Cold War nuclear tests by the US military within the same temporal plane as rising sea levels currently threatening the Marshall Islands. Katerina Teaiwa’s exhibition Project Banaba (2017) similarly mobilizes archival imagery in order to visualize the genealogical relationship between Banabans and the settler landscapes of Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia. Sean Connelly’s architectural and design practice in Hawaii Futures, an ongoing digital design project that engages with the threats of sea level rise and coastal erosion in Hawaii, problematizes linear formations of time and favours a future structured around cyclical, ecological time instead. Interacting with vastly different sites, strategies and temporalities, these three multidisciplinary projects provide critical alternatives to the ahistorical framing of colonial climate change in Oceania and thus play a crucial role in constructing a more just future.
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İşler, Didem. "Un rapporto di Ferigo Foscari, Bailo veneto a Costantinopoli nel 1795: “l’Arsenale dei Dardanelli”." Oriente Moderno 100, no. 3 (April 23, 2021): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340235.
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Abstract The report of Bailo Ferigo Foscari dated April 10, 1795, protect in the Venetian State Archive today, includes an unpublished architectural drawing about the renovation of Gallipoli Shipyard that with its strategic location and production capacity one of the most important naval bases of the Ottoman Empire. The drawing, which is among the “Senato Dispacci Costantinopoli” documents that not only provides contributions to the history studies by shedding light on the political and military developments of the periods in terms of Venetian-Ottoman relations in archival studies, but also is an extremely valuable evidence that contributes to the art and architectural history as a visually documenting the Gallipoli shipyard, which has not survived to the present day.
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Goldstein, Cora Sol. "The Ulenspiegel and anti-American Discourse in the American Sector of Berlin." German Politics and Society 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 28–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503005780880722.
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In December 1945, less than six months after the unconditional defeat of the Third Reich and the military occupation of Germany, two anti-Nazi German intellectuals, Herbert Sandberg and Günther Weisenborn, launched the bimonthly journal, Ulenspiegel: Literatur, Kunst, und Satire (Ulenspiegel: Literature, Art and Satire), in the American sector of Berlin. Sandberg, the art editor, was a graphic artist. He was also a Communist who had spent ten years in Nazi concentration camps—the last seven in Buchenwald. Weisenborn, a Social Democrat and the literary editor, was a playwright, novelist, and literary critic. He had been a member of the rote Kapelle resistance group, was captured and imprisoned by the Gestapo in 1942, and was liberated by the Red Army in 1945.
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Greenfield, N. M. "UNPACKING WALTER BENJAMIN’S SOCIOLOGY OF VIOLENCE AND WAR." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 2(58) (August 7, 2023): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2023.2(58).285589.
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Conflict, violence and, ultimately, war are central to Walter Benjamin’s sociology of language. Using biblical language, his earlies work shows that after the fall of man, language becomes a vessel to be filled by the usurper, a tool, he uses that bends others to his will, as Satan does in Paradise Lost. Benjamin’s study of German Trauspiels, mourning plays similar to Hamlet and Richard III, leads him to posit that the law and constitutional structures in the Baroque period are of single importance in understanding the role of conflict and violence. In “Towards a Critique of Violence,” Benjamin makes two key arguments. The first is that a workers’ general strike” is a legitimate form of violence and that the state’s response, often military, is not. The second is that the Commandment “Thou Shalt Not Kill” is misunderstood because it does not contain a penalty and, secondly, it cannot be a blanket injunction; Jewish law, he notes, allowed for self-defence. His best-known works, “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” and “Theses on the Philosophy of History,” are written after his turn to Marxism associated with the Frankfurt School. In the first, in addition to showing how mechanical reproduction destroys the “aura” of art, he is concerned with how Fascist art, such a Leni Riefenstahl’s films glorifying Hitler. These performances are designed to “absorb” or overawe viewers, making them quiescent, silent participants in the power play that leads to conflict and, ultimately war. Using quasi-religious language, the Theses deconstruct “historicism,” showing how Rankian history sides with the victors, the Great Men and Women of History at the expense of the ruled. He argues that each generation can redeem the past by “brushing history against the grain” and using discontinuities to show the violence and conflict that historicists seek to hide.
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Casapu, Eugen, and Marius Nicoară. "Elemente ale puterii aeriene reflectate în evoluția artei militare românești." Gândirea Militară Românească 2024, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 112–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2024.1.07.
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The emergence of the aircraft as a means of combat has changed both the strategies and the tactics of waging wars, determining in a relatively short time major changes at the level of the forces doctrines, organization and training, their management, as well as command and control arrangements. At the same time, the aircraft has proved to be an important vector of progress and human civilization in the technical, economic, social and cultural fields, playing an important role in both war and peace. The ability of the air force to fulfil its role in a war or in military operations depends on the science and skill in harnessing the components of air power. The evolution of these components over time is reflected by the history of military art, which highlights both continuity and tradition as well as innovation. Moreover, it points out the similarities and differences, draws the necessary conclusions, which, filtered by military thinking, give the opportunity to formulate new rules and principles to be inserted in military doctrines and regulations, in training and education plans, as well as in economic development strategies and policies, including the defence and aeronautical industries, both civilian and military. The Romanian aviation has adapted, since the first use of the aircraft as a weapon, to the new reality of the battlefield, and this article is aimed at presenting the evolution of the concepts of its use in the first half of the 20th century, the principles of the use of aviation in battle, as well as the lessons learned following the participation of the Romanian military aviation in the campaigns of the two world conflagrations. To meet this purpose, the method of studying historical documents is employed.
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Kalenichenko, Mariya Vladimirovna. "The works of Leningrad popular science film studio “Lennauchfilm” in the 1970s – 1980s." Культура и искусство, no. 4 (April 2021): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0625.2021.4.35584.
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This article is dedicated to examination of works of the film directors of the Leningrad popular science film studio “Lennauchfilm” in the 1970s – 1980s. Based on the archival documents presented in the Central Archive of Literature and Art of Saint Petersburg, the author analyzes the work of the film studio: carries out classification of filmography by formal-semantic criterion, as well as determines the key processes typical to this time period. The following main trends are highlighted: natural science, technical-propagandistic, historical-revolutionary, military-patriotic, social life, history of art and culture. Special attention is given to the films that cover the topics, which have not previously been included in the field of popular science cinematography. The novelty of this research lies in classification of the thematic trends of the Leningrad film studio as an integral artistic system, as well as in comparison of the plots of popular science film texts by each direction over the two decades. As a result, the author identified the main trends, which broadened the thematic field in the work of the studio, as well as fundamentally changed the representations on the goals and tasks of popular science cinematography. The key object of popular science cinematography is being shifted during the Perestroika period. Emphasis is place not on science and technological achievements, but human and society. Film directors through their works conveyed the attitude of society towards science, raising the questions of transformation of ethics and morality in the context of scientific and technological revolution. The idea of the harm of scientific achievements and responsibility of the scholars before society is being advanced. Without any doubt, the works of the Leningrad film directors broadened the ideological-artistic range by offering the own vision of specificity of the Soviet popular science cinematography.
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THOMAS, WILLIAM. "The heuristics of war: scientific method and the founders of operations research." British Journal for the History of Science 40, no. 2 (May 14, 2007): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087407009508.
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This paper explores the relationship between operations research (OR) as practised during the Second World War and the claims of many of its proponents that it constituted an application of scientific method. It begins with an examination of the pre-war work of two of the most notable leaders in wartime OR, the British experimental physicist Patrick Blackett and the American theoretical physicist Philip Morse. Despite differences in their scientific work, each saw science as an essentially creative act relying on the skill and judgement of the individual scientist in the deployment of rational methods for the development of legitimate conclusions. When scientists began to study military operations, their investigations were defined by the technically sophisticated heuristic practices already surrounding military planning. They did not seek to replace these practices with their own rational methods. Rather, they became scholars of the military's methods and adapted their pre-war experience by shifting their self-disciplined attitude to their own work to bodies of military knowledge. Thus scientists learned so well to navigate an alien heuristic system that investigations they conducted within it took on the characteristics that they judged defined scientific work.
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Rubin, Jeffrey W. "COCEI in Juchitán: Grassroots Radicalism and Regional History." Journal of Latin American Studies 26, no. 1 (February 1994): 109–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00018861.
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In Juchitán, Mexico, a poor people's movement has challenged the local and national authorities of the Mexican government, withstood violent repression and military occupation, and succeeded in winning municipal elections and becoming a permanent leftist force in regional politics. This movement, the Coalition of Workers, Peasants, and Students of the Isthmus (COCEI), is one of the strongest and most militant grassroots movements in Mexico, in large part because Zapotec Indians in Juchitán transformed their courtyards and fiestas into fora for intense political discussion, gathered in the streets in massive demonstrations, and, in the course of the past two decades, redefined the activites, meanings and alliancesof therie culture.
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Hong, Sogu. "Ukrainian Cultural Resistance on Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine." East European and Balkan Institute 47, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 39–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.1.39.
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This study explains that the Russia-Ukraine War is a culture war. The essay “On the historical relationship between Russians and Ukrainians” published by Putin on July 12, 2021 reflects Putin’s historical and cultural views, denying Ukraine’s independent historical, national, and cultural identity. Based on Putin's view of history, this study will discuss how the Russian military is carrying out 'erasing Ukrainian culture' and how Ukrainians are preserving their cultural heritage and identity. As a case study, I also introduce how the public and artists in various cultural spheres of Ukraine are culturally resisting the Russian invasion. Analyzing the cases of Ukrainian resistance in folk culture, street art, music and song, this study explains the impact of the Russian invasion on Ukrainian culture.
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Jaquet, Daniel, Claus Frederik Sørensen, and Fabrice Cognot. "Historical European Martial Art a crossroad between academic research, martial heritage re-creation and martial sport practices." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/apd-2015-0001.
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Abstract Historical European martial arts (HEMA) have to be considered an important part of our common European cultural heritage. Studies within this field of research have the potential to enlighten the puzzle posed by past societies, for example in the field of history, history of science and technology, or fields related to material culture. The military aspects of history are still to be considered among the most popular themes of modern times, generating huge public interest. In the last few decades, serious HEMA study groups have started appearing all over the world – focusing on re-creating a lost martial art. The terminology “Historical European Martial Arts” therefore also refers to modem-day practices of ancient martial arts. Many of these groups focus on a “hands-on” approach, thus bringing practical experience and observation to enlighten their interpretation of the source material. However, most of the time, they do not establish inquiries based on scientific research, nor do they follow methodologies that allow for a critical analysis of the findings or observations. This paper will therefore propose and discuss, ideas on how to bridge the gap between enthusiasts and scholars; since their embodied knowledge, acquired by practice, is of tremendous value for scientific inquiries and scientific experimentation. It will also address HEMA practices in the context of modern day acceptance of experimental (or experiential) processes and their value for research purposes and restoration of an historical praxis. The goal is therefore to sketch relevant methodological and theoretical elements, suitable for a multidisciplinary approach, to HEMA, where the “H” for “historical” matters.
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Barabanov, Nikolay, and Vladimir Zolotovskiy. "The Recapture of Constantinople in 1261: An Accident or a Pattern?" Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 6 (December 2023): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.6.20.
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Introduction. The recapture of Constantinople by a small detachment of Nicaeans in 1261 looks like an accident and the successful combination of circumstances for the Byzantines. However, we cannot accept this event as accidental. Of particular importance are the consistent conquering efforts of the Empire of Nicaea. In this case, the capture of the city should be considered as the final stage of a long and multifaceted military operation. The main objective of the article is the military-historical reconstruction of these events. The long-term military campaign of Michael VIII Palaiologos to conquer Constantinople is also of interest for the study of combat practice. In addition, it is of particular importance in the study of the Early Palaiologan military-strategic concept and the Late Byzantine military art in general. Methods. The reconstruction of the events of the long-term campaign to retake Constantinople is based on the use of all classical methods of historical research and a systematic approach. Analysis and results. The result of our research makes thinking that Constantinople was not taken by chance in 1261. The retaken of the capital was as a result of the implementation of the essentially insidious plan of Emperor Michael VIII. Lacking sufficient armed forces and means for a full-fledged siege of the city, the emperor twice tried to seize the capital of the Latin Empire. He counted on the effect of an internal factor in the form of treason or support for anti-Latin forces. It is quite obvious that the second option was successful. Authors’ contribution. N.D. Barabanov analyzed the event-chronological aspect of the campaign of Michael VIII in 1259–1261, while V.A. Zolotovskiy reconstructed the final military operation to capture Constantinople by Byzantine troops in 1261.
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Grzybkowska, Teresa. "PROFESSOR ZDZISŁAW ŻYGULSKI JR.: AN OUTSTANDING PERSON, A GREAT PERSONALITY, A MUSEUM PROFESSIONAL, A RESEARCHER ON ANTIQUE WEAPONS, ORIENTAL ART AND EUROPEAN PAINTING (1921–2015)." Muzealnictwo 58, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.5602.
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Professor Zdzisław Żygulski Jr. (1921–2015) was one of the most prominent Polish art historians of the second half of the 20th century. He treated the history of art as a broadly understood science of mankind and his artistic achievements. His name was recognised in global research on antique weapons, and among experts on Rembrandt and Leonardo da Vinci. He studied museums and Oriental art. He wrote 35 books, about 200 articles, and numerous essays on art; he wrote for the daily press about his artistic journeys through Europe, Japan and the United States. He illustrated his publications with his own photographs, and had a large set of slides. Żygulski created many exhibitions both at home and abroad presenting Polish art in which armour and oriental elements played an important role. He spent his youth in Lvov, and was expatriated to Cracow in 1945 together with his wife, the pottery artist and painter Eva Voelpel. He studied English philology and history of art at the Jagiellonian University (UJ), and was a student under Adam Bochnak and Vojeslav Molè. He was linked to the Czartoryski Museum in Cracow for his whole life; he worked there from 1949 until 2010, for the great majority of time as curator of the Arms and Armour Section. He devoted his whole life to the world of this museum, and wrote about its history and collections. Together with Prof. Zbigniew Bocheński, he set up the Association of Lovers of Old Armour and Flags, over which he presided from 1972 to 1998. He set up the Polish school of the study of militaria. He was a renowned and charismatic member of the circle of international researchers and lovers of militaria. He wrote the key texts in this field: Broń w dawnej Polsce na tle uzbrojenia Europy i Bliskiego Wschodu [Weapons in old Poland compared to armaments in Europe and the Near East], Stara broń w polskich zbiorach [Old weapons in Polish armouries], Polski mundur wojskowy [Polish military uniforms] (together with H. Wielecki). He was an outstanding researcher on Oriental art to which he dedicated several books: Sztuka turecka [Turkish art], Sztuka perska [Persian art], Sztuka mauretańska i jej echa w Polsce [Moorish art and its echoes in Poland]. Prof. Zdzisław Żygulski Jr. was a prominent educator who enjoyed great respect. He taught costume design and the history of art and interiors at the Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow, as well as Mediterranean culture at the Mediterranean Studies Department and at the Postgraduate Museum Studies at the UJ. His lectures attracted crowds of students, for whose needs he wrote a book Muzea na świecie. Wstęp do muzealnictwa [Museums in the world. Introduction to museum studies]. He also lectured at the Florence Academy of Art and at the New York University. He was active in numerous Polish scientific organisations such as PAU, PAN and SHS, and in international associations such as ICOMAM and ICOM. He represented Polish art history at general ICOM congresses many times. He was also active on diverse museum councils all over Poland.
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Pion-Berlin, David. "Between Confrontation and Accommodation: Military and Government Policy in Democratic Argentina." Journal of Latin American Studies 23, no. 3 (October 1991): 543–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00015844.
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After a prolonged period of authoritarian rule, the rebirth of democracy in Latin America has prompted a resurgent interest in civilian control of the armed forces. Few disagree that political leaders will be unable to consolidate their democratic gains without resolving ‘la cuestión militar’. Given the history of military political intervention in the region, scholars have long expressed scepticism over whether governments can ever fully subject the armed forces to their political will. Recently, the terms on which power has been transferred from military to civilian hands and developments subsequent to the transfer have prompted an even greater anxiety about the future of some of these new and fragile democracies.
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Qomariah, Rafi'atun Najah, Diva Maylana Surya, and Dinda Novrika Fitria Yusup. "MASA PERADABAN DINASTI MAMLUK DI MESIR." Tarbawi 11, no. 01 (January 6, 2024): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.62748/tarbawi.v11i01.71.
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The birth of the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt in the 13th century marked an important period in the history of the Middle East. This dynasty was born from a military slave system which then took over political power. The Mamluk lifestyle was manifested by great military power, a prosperous economy, and a rich cultural heritage. The Mamluk dynasty also had an influence on Islamic civilization, including in the fields of architecture, art, science, science, and others. But before giving its glor to Islamic civilization The Mamluk dynasty went through a very long and difficult process. The destruction of Baghdad by the Mongol army made the Mamluk dynasty the savior of Islamic civilization with the success of the Mamluk troops who were able to repel the threat of destruction from the Mongol troops which ultimately made Egypt, Iraq and the surrounding areas intact and safe. So that Islamic civilization can develop religious values. The end of the Mamluk dynasty’d rule came in the 16th century when they faced external pressure and internal upheaval, ending their dominance in the region. Based on the background above, the focus of this article is: (1) the birth of the Mamluk Dynasty. (2) lifestyke of the Mamluk Dyasty (3) the collaps of the Mamluk Dynasty. This article uses a qualitative method, namely by collecting information or darta from literature and journal analysis as a reference. The purpose of this article (1) to find out the history of the founding of th Mamlu dynasty? (2) what wasthe lifestyle of the Mamluk dynasty? (3) how did the reign of the Mamluk dynasty end? The fina step that the author obtains the results of the research and writes the results into a scientific work so that readers know the history of the founding of te Mamluk kingdom until the collapse of the dynasty. The Mamluk dynasty was a dynasty that was founded in the 13th century in Egypt and this dynasty had a fairly lon history which resulted in the enthusiasm of the Mamluk to eradicate the threat from the Mongols.
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Sinitsyn, Fedor. "Czechoslovak Military Units Formed in the USSR During the Second World War: Stages of Formation, Completion, and the Combat Path." ISTORIYA 13, no. 9 (119) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022923-4.
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The article is based on documents of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. It focuses on the stages of the formation, completion and combat use of the Czechoslovak military units created in the USSR during the Second World War. The special attention is paid to the identification of the trends and problems of the history of these formations. These topics were not developed in historiography. The history of the Czechoslovak military units passed several stages due to the creation and reorganization of these units. The Emigrant Government of Czechoslovak to eliminate these formations. The trends of the historical path of the Czechoslovak military units were, firstly, in the subordination of the formation of new, higher units due to the emergence of new mobilization contingents. The path of the Czechoslovak military units accompanied the diverse problems associated with their completion and supply. The overwhelming part of the problems was resolved only by the end of the war. The value of the Czechoslovak military units cannot be expressed in numbers, because their participation in the war was huge from the perspective of political importance for both Czechoslovakia and the USSR. In general, the formation and combat activities of the Czechoslovak military units should be recognized as a unique and very successful experience.
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Konoval, K. K. "The flute art in Kharkiv: the performing and pedagogical traditions." Problems of Interaction Between Arts, Pedagogy and the Theory and Practice of Education 54, no. 54 (December 10, 2019): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum1-54.12.
Full textAbstract:
Logical reason for research. The flute art has its own history of development, which is marked by different traditions – the performing, composing, and pedagogical. The mentioned traditions outline the ways of the development of the flute art of the present and the future; they have a certain originality of geographical and cultural orientation. Today, the flute art is the subject of the audience demand, the performing and composing creativity, and has a solid repertoire in various styles and genres of both translations and original compositions in many instrumental compounds, ranging from solo to various ensembles and orchestras. This situation in music practice requires the theoretical understanding and generalization, including those in the projection of national and cultural traditions of different countries and regions. However, we can state that, at the moment, music science addresses the performance on the flute not systematically, mostly in a methodological direction. The Ukrainian flute art is closely related to the traditions of the flute music of Western European and Eastern European music art, but it also has its originality, which exists owing not only to musical (intonation, genre, and repertoire), but also to the historical, national-cultural or human reasons. Kharkiv, as one of the historical and cultural centres of Ukraine, has a rich musical history, and traditions of the flute art are its important component. Innovation. The presented article is devoted to the research of the Kharkiv flute art in the aspect of unity and interaction of the performing and pedagogical traditions. This aspect combines a number of historical, theoretical, and practical questions, and allows finding their answers related to the demands of both music science and music practice. We are talking about a number of aspects of the study of the flute art in the aspect of music regionalism, from organology and common European traditions of the flute art to the peculiar features of its development in Kharkiv in all the directions – the composing, performing, and pedagogical. Objectives. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of the performing and pedagogical traditions of the flute art in Kharkiv in the aspects of the continuity from European musical art and the identity of the Ukrainian, in particular, Kharkiv flute school. Methods. The main methods of the presented research are the historical one and the systematic one. The first one is related to the historical factors of the development of the flute art both in the European and Ukrainian historical cultural and artistic context. The second one allows one to represent the performing and pedagogical traditions associated with the flute art in their legacy and cultural and regional specification. Results and Discussion. Kharkiv is one of the most important historical and cultural centres of Ukraine. Its military purpose determined the nature of music playing (the regimental music of the Kharkiv Cossack Regiment), its instruments (primarily the wind instruments) and the genre direction. The relevant performing and pedagogical traditions of the Kharkiv musical culture are still marked today by the significant influence of the Kharkiv Wind Instruments School, known both in Ukraine and abroad. The flute art is an important and illustrative part of this historical process. The regimental music influenced the development of music education and training of musicians in Kharkiv – the opened schools for teaching children also had a "military profile" (from the nature of the student recruitment to instrumentation and repertoire). In the 18th-19th centuries the flute was spreading in the general education system in Ukraine. Many Ukrainian art and culture figures started their musical training with the flute and perfectly mastered the instrument; the spread of the flute in the musical life of the 18th century is mentioned in the writings by M. Zagaykevych, O. Schreyer-Tkachenko, I. Pyaskovsky and others. The musical activity of the national enlightener G. Skovoroda can be considered essential in this sense; the flute was his companion in many years of his legendary travels about Ukraine. The subsequent opening of schools and vocal-instrumental classes at Kharkiv College demonstrated the expansion of the character of the performing and pedagogical foundations of the flute art in Kharkiv, connected not only with military music, but also with the development of noble-house culture and theatrical and amateur practice. Flute performers were one of the first orders to European teachers. The flute was a part of practically all the variants of ensembles and orchestras of Kharkiv and Slobidska Ukraine. This stimulated the development of performing skills, music pedagogy, composing creativity. It is important that the most skilled flute performers in Kharkiv were, as a rule, the leading teachers and educators. In addition, the Kharkiv wind instruments performance and pedagogy were characterized by such a quality as multi-instrumentalism. At different times, the flute art in Kharkiv (both the performing one and the pedagogical one) was glorified by such artists as I. Vitkovsky, I. Lozynsky, K. Kestner, E. Prill, F. Kuchera, A. Boroznin, E. Krychevsky, G. Heck, D. Rykov, F. Prokhachev. Representing various national schools, they ensured the multicultural development of the Kharkiv flute art. In the 20th-21st centuries the activity of the teachers and students of Kharkiv National University of Arts named after I. P. Kotlyarevsky who were putting their forces into the creation of the local ensembles and orchestras played a decisive role in the development of the flute art in Kharkiv. Conclusions. The "genetic memory" of Kharkiv’s history as a city-military frontier was reflected in the performing and pedagogical traditions of wind instruments music, in particular, the flute art, in its performing (genres, repertoire, and performing stylistic) and pedagogical specificity. The further development of the flute music in the Kharkiv region has enriched these traditions of European music with its diverse repertoire in all genres and styles, but the Kharkiv specificity remains its recognizable core. The summarized results of the presented article indicate that the selected aspect of the study, related to the characteristic of the performing and pedagogical traditions of the flute art in Kharkiv through the prisms of continuity and interaction, is the link that integrates the theoretical and practical directions of studying the art of the flute playing into the whole complex of knowledge, that helps to understand the universal and specific in the processes of the development of the flute art in different aspects – the historical, cultural-regional, and artistic, etc.
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Shah, Tabish. "Modernization as Westernization? The geopolitical consequences of ethno-nationalism analyzed through Russian Art." Nationalities Papers 41, no. 5 (September 2013): 744–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2012.755506.
Full textAbstract:
This paper argues that ethno-nationalist models of state organization encourage and strengthen sectarianism by accentuating differences between respective majority populations and those with non-majority characteristics as problematic, and identifies and explains the impacts of this for intra-state security in the West and for building partnerships with non-Western populations, citing negative implications on how we understand political behavior and for influence in military operations. The paper uses nineteenth-century Russian identity as a case study, considers the conflation between modernization and Westernization occuring at the time and uses Russian Art of the period as an analytical tool to uncover nuances that are relevant to debates concerning security, identity, and political behavior.
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Pastourmatzi, Domna. "Researching and Teaching Science Fiction in Greece." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 119, no. 3 (May 2004): 530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081204x20613.
Full textAbstract:
In the dreams our stuff is made of, Thomas M. Disch talks about the influence and pervasiveness of science Fiction in American culture and asserts the genre's power in “such diverse realms as industrial design and marketing, military strategy, sexual mores, foreign policy, and practical epistemology” (11-12). A few years earlier, Sharona Ben-Tov described science fiction as “a peculiarly American dream”—that is, “a dream upon which, as a nation, we act” (2). Recently, Kim Stanley Robinson has claimed that “rapid technological development on all fronts combined to turn our entire social reality into one giant science fiction novel, which we are all writing together in the great collaboration called history” (1-2). While such diagnostic statements may ring true to American ears, they cannot be taken at face value in the context of Hellenic culture. Despite the unprecedented speed with which the Greeks absorb and consume both the latest technologies (like satellite TV, video, CD and DVD players, electronic games, mobile and cordless phones, PCs, and the Internet) and Hollywood's science fiction blockbuster films, neither technology per se nor science fiction has yet saturated the Greek mind-set to a degree that makes daily life a science-fictional reality. Greek politicians do not consult science fiction writers for military strategy and foreign policy decisions or depend on imaginary scenarios to shape their country's future. Contemporary Hellenic culture does not acquire its national pride from mechanical devices or space conquest. Contrary to the American popular belief that technology is the driving force of history, “a virtually autonomous agent of change” (Marx and Smith xi), the Greek view is that a complex interplay of political, economic, cultural, and technoscientific agencies alters the circumstances of daily life. No hostages to technological determinism, modern Greeks increasingly interface with high-tech inventions, but without locating earthly paradise in their geographic territory and without writing their history or shaping their social reality as “one giant science fiction novel.”
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Zhivanovich, Milana. "Orders of Socialist Yugoslavia awarded to Russian diaspora representatives." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 33, no. 1 (2023): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2023.113.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the state award system in the socialist Yugoslavia. It deals with awarding the Russian diaspora representatives in the country the state orders. Paper is based on official government gazette, which contained the list of persons awarded the state awards, as well as the archival documents: Yugoslav Army Official Military Personnel Files, kept in Military Archives. On the one hand, after Yugoslavia was liberated and Communist Party came to power, the Russian diaspora representatives were subjected to repression by the Yugoslav secret services and the Soviet counterintelligence. On the other hand, the policy of the new government in Yugoslavia was aimed at integrating Russian emigrants loyal to the country and to the regime, as evidenced by the practice of presenting Russian emigrants of both the first and second generations to state awards — heroes-partisans of the People’s Liberation Army of Yugoslavia and figures of science, culture and art. During the study, cases of awarding the same persons with orders of both the pre-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the post-war socialist Republic were identified, which indicates the continuity of the state communicative policy towards emigrants. However, state award system in socialist Yugoslavia also implied an educational function in relation to Yugoslav society, therefore, the Russian diaspora representatives never received the highest awards of Communist Yugoslavia — the Order of Freedom and the Order of the People’s Hero, established in 1945 and in 1944 respectively. The highest order awarded to a representative of the Russian diaspora was the Order of the Partisan Star. A certain number of Russian members of the Resistance movement were awarded a Partisan memorial badge of 1941. And the Order of Merit for the People was awarded not only to the fighters of the People’s Liberation Army of Yugoslavia and Russian members of the Resistance movement, but also to figures who made a great contribution to the development of the economy, culture and science of Yugoslavia. It is noteworthy that the conjuncture of Soviet-Yugoslav relations directly affected the measures applied to Russian emigrants, and the holders of Yugoslav orders were no exception and were also subjected to repression during the Soviet-Yugoslav tension. After the Soviet-Yugoslav relations normalized, orders were awarded mainly to the Russian scientists and artists.