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Journal articles on the topic 'Military companies and private security'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 June 2024

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1

Nebolsina, Maria A. "Private Military and Security Companies." Russia in Global Affairs 17, no. 2 (2019): 76–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2019-17-2-76-106.

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2

Vestner, Tobias. "Targeting Private Military and Security Companies." Military Law and the Law of War Review 57, no. 2 (December 2019): 251–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/mllwr.2019.02.02.

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3

Savka, O. I. "Criminal law regulation of private military and security companies in the USA." TRANSFORMATION LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE IN MODERN CONDITIONS DOCTRINAL APPROACHES AND MEASUREMENTS, no. 14 (September 1, 2023): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2023-14-321-330.

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The article examines the criminal law regulation of private military and security companies in the United States. The genesis of the emergence of private military and security companies, their functions and principles of activity are considered. The author analyzes the legislative framework that defines the status and position of private military and security companies in the United States. The legal relations of US government agencies with private military and security companies are studied. The author analyzes the US regulations on the joint activities of the US Department of Defense, the Department of Justice and the Department of State on the joint policy governing the powers of private military and security companies, namely, the mechanism of command and control over employees of private military and security companies, including in the collection and analysis of intelligence information. The author identifies topical issues of criminal law regulation of activities and liability of private military and security companies in the United States. The article examines the doctrines of liability that have, in one way or another, provided private military and security companies with the opportunity to protect themselves from prosecution in American courts. Some of the liability rules relate to the immunity of the State from prosecution in any court, both domestic and foreign, which have been repeatedly applied by the United States. Key words: private military companies in the USA, private security companies in the USA, criminal law regulation, regulatory acts of the USA, principles of activity.
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4

Baker, Deane-Peter, and Sabelo Gumedze. "Private military/security companies and human security in Africa." African Security Review 16, no. 4 (December 2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2007.9627440.

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5

Al Shehhi, Maryam. "Private military security companies in the Middle East and North Africa." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2023): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2023-2-233-248.

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The current increase in the use of private military and security companies (PMSCs) that have spread significantly both globally and within the MENA region is often viewed through a black and white lens. PMSCs have mainly been looked at through their role in combat operations, while the wide and diverse range of their services such as logistics, intelligence, and security consultation is often ignored or does not get sufficient attention. The array of actors (PMSCs and players who interact with them) and services provided creates a complex picture, making it sometimes hard to grasp the effectiveness of these companies. This article attempts to provide a clearer vision of the effects that the PMSCs have on the overall stability in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). By outlining different actors and the main tasks carried out by the PMSCs the article explores whether their presence in the MENA has a negative or positive effect on the security and stability in the region.
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6

Wither, James K. "European Security and Private Military Companies: The Prospects for Privatized ‘Battlegroups’." Connections: The Quarterly Journal 04, no. 2 (2005): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/connections.04.2.14.

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7

Skuratova, A. Yu, and E. E. Korolkova. "Private military and security companies in international law." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-4-81-94.

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INTRODUCTION. The article analyses the sources of international law, national legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as that of certain foreign States regulating the operation of private military and security companies (PMSCs) in armed conflict. The article highlights the out-comes of the work of the UN Special Rapporteurs and Working Groups to study the activity of PMSCs and the impact it had on the observance of human rights. The authors further analyze the status of PMSC personnel under international humanitarian law. The article also looks at the positions expressed by the delegations of Member States during the discussion of the 2010 Draft Convention on Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) and provides recommendations for developing an appropriate international regulatory framework. The authors also examined State practice of the implementation of the The Montreux Document on Pertinent International Legal Obligations and Good Practices for Statesт Related to Operations of Private Military and Security Companies During Armed Conflict related to the operation of private military and security companies during armed conflict.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article contains an analysis of the main sources of international law, the documents drafted by the United Nations International Law Commission, special rapporteurs and working groups on the matter, and State practice. It also addresses Russian and foreign legal scholarship. From a methodological perspective, this study relied on the general scientific (analysis, synthesis, systemic approach) and private legal methods of knowledge (formal-legal, comparative legal studies).RESEARCH RESULTS. Based on the study, it is argued that an international treaty should be adopted to regulate the activities of PMSCs, which would establish mechanisms to monitor and hold PMSCs and their employees legally accountable.
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8

Saifullin, E. "Private military and security companies and international law." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2018): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2018-2-51-63.

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9

Spearin, Christopher. "NATO, Russia and Private Military and Security Companies." RUSI Journal 163, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2018.1494676.

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10

Malamud, Marina. "Private Military and Security Companies in UN Missions." Peace Review 26, no. 4 (October 2, 2014): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2014.972275.

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11

Fahn, Matthias, and Tahmina Hadjer. "Optimal contracting with private military and security companies." European Journal of Political Economy 37 (March 2015): 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.10.004.

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12

Singh Gautam, Vijaya, and Vijay Mishra. "Revisiting the Legal Framework for Private Military and Security Contractors: Maritime Perspective." Groningen Journal of International Law 8, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 166–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/grojil.8.1.166-182.

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The paper aims to analyse legal lacunas and suggest possible solutions for the acts and wrongdoings of Private Military and Security Companies within the lens of maritime activities. The paper has been divided into three parts. Part I deals with the necessity and role of Private Military and Security Companies in the present times. Part II discusses the legal status of Private Military and Security Companies and ways of ensuring responsibility for their acts. Part III examines the legal framework for the acts of Private Maritime Security Companies. An assessment of the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL), state responsibility, applicability of the Montreux document and efforts such as GUARDCON have been discussed to highlight the inadequacy of the laws on Private Maritime Security Companies. There has been an upsurge in the employment of Private Maritime Security Companies since 2008 to cope with a myriad of problems at sea including piracy and robbery. However, an umbrella of rules including employment procedures, agreements, training techniques, responsibility in peacetime as well as in times of conflict and the guidelines of IHL must be restructured or enhanced in order to be made applicable to Private Maritime Security Companies.
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13

Perrin, Benjamin. "Searching for Accountability: The Draft UN International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight, and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 47 (2010): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800009899.

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SummaryThe proliferation of private military and security companies has attracted significant public and scholarly attention during the last decade. This comment examines the United Nations Draft International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies (Draft Convention). It discusses the significance of the Draft Convention and then describes the approach taken to the regulation of this controversial topic. Several problematic elements of the Draft Convention are identified including the definition of prohibited activities, State responsibility for the conduct of private military and security companies and the proposed International Criminal Court referral mechanism. Finally, specific policy recommendations are made for the government of Canada as a home state and contracting state of private military and security services, irrespective of the progress of negotiations on the Draft Convention.
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Zedeck, Rachel. "Private military/security companies, human security, and state building in Africa." African Security Review 16, no. 4 (December 2007): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2007.9627449.

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15

Patel, Faiza. "Regulating Private Military and Security Companies: A Comprehensive Solution." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 107 (2013): 201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/procannmeetasil.107.0201.

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16

Andreopoulos, George, and Shawna Brandle. "Revisiting the Role of Private Military and Security Companies." Criminal Justice Ethics 31, no. 3 (December 2012): 138–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0731129x.2012.743339.

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17

Cauia, Alexandr, and Corina Zacon. "Historical evolution of private military and security companies (part II)." Administrarea Publica, no. 4(116) (July 2023): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52327/1813-8489.2022.4(116).05.

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In the contemporary period, especially after the Cold War, private military and security companies are developing at a fast pace, and international legal regulations are non-existent. The presence of employees of private military and security companies in the grey zones and in military operations is a reality. The legal regulation of the status of these companies, the types and essence of the services provided, as well as the legal mechanism for prosecuting employees seriously infringing the provisions of international humanitarian law is an imperative need for the international regulatory process and a challenge for the science of international humanitarian law.
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18

Karska, Elzbieta. "Human rights violations committed by private military and security companies: an international law analysis." Espaço Jurídico Journal of Law [EJJL] 17, no. 3 (December 20, 2016): 753–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18593/ejjl.v17i3.12377.

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Abstract: This paper is devoted to the growing phenomenon of the private military and security industry with respect to human rights obligations. In the first part, it will analyze the concept of a private security company, which is not clear in national regulations and has few relevant provisions in international conventions. The second part will contain a short description of examples of human rights violations committed by private military and security companies, or with their participation, during service delivery or other forms of activity. The third part of this paper discusses possible methods of responsibility enforcement, with respect to the transnational character of many private security companies involved in human rights violations worldwide. One of the most important elements of the discussion in international community should focus on binding international instrument, preferably a convention, which would be able to establish at least very elementary rules for states and international organizations, responsible for using private military and security companies. The international community has witnessed a lot of initiatives from non-governmental entities, also model laws and self-regulations of the private security industry, but still the real problem has not even been reduced. The number of human rights violations has grown. Keywords: Human rights. Private security companies. Liability.
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19

Nebolsina, M. A. "Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) in the Modern International Processes." Journal of International Analytics 13, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-2-107-133.

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The period of rapid growth and development of the phenomenon, that is presently characterized as private military and security companies (PMSCs), coincided with the two processes of modern history of international relations: the end of the Cold War and the beginning of the U.S. Global War on Terror (GWOT) in Afghanistan. At the same time state attitude towards violence and transformation of warfare has been changing as well. Two diff erent approaches to the history of the private security market’ rise unveil the fact, that, in one way or another, the originators of the private security services were associated with the defense industry and armed forces. Non-state security actors look back on a history, that stretches to the middle and the second half of the 20th century – the period of national liberation movements across the world. Meanwhile, the 90-s of the 20th century marked the fast growth in the number of PMSCs and in the development and enlargement of the private security services’ market. Its growth is ongoing to date with gaining more new states that are interested in utilizing its capacity as an instrument of politics. Against the backdrop of the world political processes the private security market experienced technological growth and enhancement. Together with that, both the normative regulation and the approaches of the international community to the phenomenon of private military and security companies have been evolving and changing. Despite its functionality, fl exibility and technological advantages, the market of private security can challenge human rights as well as bare responsibility for the facts of corruption and improper fulfi llment of contractual obligations. Still the episodes of revealed grieve violations rarely reach courts, with infrequent cases of sentencing the perpetrators to punishment. These and other problems occurring in the private security industry require close attention by the states and international community, which has been making eff orts for elaboration of the applicable normative mechanisms to regulate private military and security activity for more than fi fteen years.
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20

Spearin, Christopher. "Since you left: United Nations peace support, private military and security companies, and Canada." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 73, no. 1 (March 2018): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702017740158.

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In the late 1990s when Canada was largely removing itself from United Nations peace support endeavours, private military and security companies were heralded as likely replacements. Canada has indicated its desire to reengage in a United Nations peace support milieu in which there is now a private military and security presence. It is not the type of presence initially envisioned, but it is one with multiple impacts regarding training and operations. This article emphasizes the interventions in the first decade of the twenty-first century and the corresponding, defensively minded regulations that came about in the private military and security industry. The article reveals that commercial logics are now insinuated in United Nations peace support operations and the private military and security presence therein is indicative of a larger shift in United Nations activities towards insularity and protection.
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Al-Fahdawi, Ahmed Abed Hassan. "International and National Criminal Responsibility for Employees of Private Military and Security Companies." Journal of AlMaarif University College 33, no. 3 (August 9, 2022): 176–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.51345/.v33i3.511.g289.

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The world is witnessing many armed conflicts, which played a prominent role in tearing the countries that were exposed to those conflicts, and therefore these conflicts prompted governments that are experiencing internal or external conflicts and turmoil to seek the assistance of private military and security companies in order to maintain their rule, and the services provided by these companies are Several, including training, providing advice and intelligence information, as well as securing convoys and transporting supplies, but their progress increased to the point of participating with the security forces in the fighting. This research is of great importance in the international and national criminal responsibility of employees of private military and security companies, to clarify individual criminal responsibility in the light of the provisions of international humanitarian law and international criminal law. Since private security companies are so far governed by clear and binding international rules, it is necessary to make possible efforts to prevent serious violations of the rules of international humanitarian law and human rights rules by employees of those companies at the internal and international levels.
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Perrin, Benjamin. "Promoting compliance of private security and military companies with international humanitarian law." International Review of the Red Cross 88, no. 863 (September 2006): 613–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383106000713.

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AbstractPrivate security and military companies have become a ubiquitous part of modern armed conflict and post-conflict reconstruction. Their diverse clients include governments in the developed and developing world alike, non-state belligerents, international corporations, non-governmental organizations, the United Nations, and private individuals. The implications of this proliferation of private security and military companies for international humanitarian law and human rights are only beginning to be appreciated, as potential violations and misconduct by their employees have come to light in Iraq and Afghanistan. The author critically examines the theoretical risks posed by private military and security company activity with respect to violations of international humanitarian law and human rights, together with the incentives that these companies have to comply with those norms. Empirical evidence is also presented to expand on this theoretical framework. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, the author draws on law, international relations theory, criminology, economics, corporate strategy and political economy, as well as psychology and sociology, to analyse the competing “risk-factors” and “compliance levers” that interact at each level of private military and security company activity to enhance or reduce the likelihood of a violation occurring. These findings are then applied by the author to assess emergent measures to deal with private security and military companies outside the legal sphere, including a programme of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the advent of the International Peace Operations Association.
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23

de Groot, Tom, and Salvador Santino F. Regilme. "Private Military and Security Companies and The Militarization of Humanitarianism." Journal of Developing Societies 38, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 50–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x211066874.

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The widespread use of private military and security companies (PMSCs) in United Nations peacebuilding missions often undermines the effectiveness of these missions. PMSCs tend to encourage, in unnecessary ways, what is called security risk management and promote the militarization of humanitarian efforts. They encourage humanitarian aid organizations to protect their personnel with barbed wire fences, security guards, armed convoys, and secure aid compounds, even if the security risks are relatively low. Consequently, these militarized humanitarian efforts heighten the perception of risks and intensify security measures, which create physical and psychological barriers between humanitarian aid personnel and the local communities in which they carry out their tasks. This situation undermines local ownership of peacebuilding efforts and makes them less responsive to the local communities involved in these efforts. This article provides a comparative analysis of the nature of this problem and its effects in the Global South.
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Jakabovič, Lukáš, and Pavel Nečas. "Political and Military Implications of Private Military Contractors in Russia." Politické vedy 26, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2023.26.4.36-54.

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The topic, which is of personal interest, makes an impression that contractors are only a marginal part of the modern security studies, the academic community of international relations and the public interest. The world is in constant evolution, dominated by more urgent topics and the previous ones are pushed into the background, which specifically in this case poses a great threat. Article focuses on the issue of private military contractors as an alternative to modern privatisation of military and overview of their main differences to the known mercenaries, ethics, and their restrictions with the aim to showcase timelessness and adequate usability of these contractors with the focus on characterising the Russian Private Military Companies and their recent operations. We intend to look at the role of Russian Private Military Contractors and analyse the possible impact that these companies may have and continuously still have in the sphere of international relations and security studies. We offer an updated viewpoint on their place in the current global governance order, and we showcase why and how have they achieved their status. Such findings are crucial for understanding the role of non-state actors in the current security environment.
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CAUIA, Alexandr, and Corina ZACON. "HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF PRIVATE MILITARY AND SECURITY COMPANIES (PART I)." Administrarea Publica, no. 3(115) (October 2022): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52327/1813-8489.2022.3(115).04.

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From the earliest civilizations to the Middle Ages, in addition to the participation of mercenaries in hostilities, the presence of well-organized private structures that acted for material benefits, regardless of the nature and purpose of the armed conflict, can be highlighted. The Middle Ages are considered to be the period in which private structures made up of well-trained people reached their peak. Some states have built their own private military and security companies to meet their colonial claims. This article reflects on the historical evolution of the place and role of private structures in armed conflict, aiming at the complex analysis of this phenomenon.
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Soares, Salvador, and David Price. "REGULATING PRIVATE SECURITY COMPANIES (PSCs) AND PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES (PMCs) UNDER THE LAW OF TIMOR­LESTE." Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 26, no. 3 (February 8, 2015): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16035.

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Use of Private Security Companies (PSCs) and Private Military Companies (PMCs) in conflict and post-conflict countries has been the subject of ongoing critical discussion among scholars and media for many years. This paper assesses the legal status and responsibilities of PSCs and PMCs, and their operation in Timor-Leste where they are not properly regulated. It examines key legal issues, such as their definition and roles, scope and limits of operations, approved and prohibited activities, accountability, and monitoring. The paper also examines the impact of PSCs and PMCs on Timor-Leste law and society and offers astatutory framework for their management and regulation. Implementasi Private Security Companies (PSCs) dan Private Military Companies (PMCs) dalam negara yang sedang berkonflik dan pasca berkonflik telah menjadi subjek pembahasan penting diantara akademisi dan media massa selama bertahun-tahun. Penulisan ini akan menilai status hukum dan kewajiban PSCs dan PMCs, dan pelaksanaan kerja kedua lembaga tersebut di Timor-Leste dimana belum ada pengaturan yang mumpuni. Penulisan ini menganalisa isu-isu krusial mengenai beberapa pengaturan, seperti definisi dan peran, batasan dan ruang lingkup kerja, aktivitas yang diperbolehkan dan yang dilarang, akuntabilitas, serta pengawasan. Penulisan ini juga menganalisa implikasi dari PSCs dan PMCs di tatanan hukum dan masyarakat Timor-Leste, serta menawarkan sebuah kerangka undang-undang untuk manajerial dan pengaturan kedua lembaga tersebut.
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Buriakovska, Kateryna. "Human Rights Obligations of Private Security and Military Companies: A Review of the Current Legal Framework and Practices." Philosophy of law and general theory of law, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 262–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2707-7039.1.247620.

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The rapid growth in demand for private military and security services among states,international organizations and non-state actors has turned this activity into a powerful industry withmillions of people who perform – on a contractual basis and in exchange for monetary rewards – actions,which, however, often pose risks to the rights of others, local communities and nations around theworld. The author explains the urgency of the article by high-profile cases of possible participationof private military companies in the events of the occupation of Crimea and the armed conflict inDonbas, initiation of new legislation on military consulting in Ukraine and, at the same time, by themodest attention of Ukrainian jurisprudence to human rights obligations of companies providingsecurity services as non-governmental entities. The author examines the evolution of some approaches to the international legal regulation of private military and security activities and their compliance with modern approaches to humanrights. The author analyzes the features of corporate responsibility in the field of human rights ofprivate military and security companies, the content of which is embodied in the InternationalCode of Conduct for Private Security Providers (ICoC). The analysis compares the approaches ofthe International Code of Conduct for Private Security Providers and the UN Guiding Principleson Business and Human Rights.
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Milošević, Nenad, and Jadranko Jukić. "Private military and security companies: Legal, moral and social implications." Vojno delo 69, no. 7 (2017): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo1707161m.

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Krivokapić, Boris. "PRAVNO UREĐENJE POLOŽAJA PRIVATNIH VOJNIH KOMPANIJA." FBIM Transactions 9, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/fbim.09.09.01.06.

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In our time, private military and security companies, known as private military companies (PVK), are becoming increasingly important. Their growing number, increasing financial and armed strength, the fact that they employ an increasing number of people, and especially the very nature of their business in terms of providing services in the field of security, intelligence, weapons, logistics, etc., up to direct participation in armed operations, even those outside the borders of the state in which they are based, lead to the fact that these entities have an increasing role not only in events within individual states but also in international relations. After a brief review of the concept of PVK and some of the legal issues related to them, the author deals with the problem of international regulation of the position of PVK at the universal and regional level and considers the Montreux Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers and some other documents. The author concludes that everything indicates that it is necessary to create new international legal frameworks at the universal level as soon as possible, which would regulate the most important issues such as defining the most important terms; unification of conditions and ways for the establishment, licensing, and registration of PVK; rights and obligations of PVK and their staff; international supervision of PVK and their staff; the responsibility of all actors involved; the difference between a PVK staff member and a mercenary; rules related to the crossing of PVK weapons and equipment across state borders, etc. For now, much remains controversial - what and how should be regulated by a universal international treaty, who should be its members, what mechanisms of international supervision should be provided for, etc., and even on whether it is at all necessary at this time.
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LUDVÍK, Zdeněk. "The role of French private military companies in the security privatization sector." Obrana a strategie (Defence and Strategy) 13, no. 1 (June 15, 2013): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.13.2013.01.019-030.

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The realm of privatization of security and the consequent existence of private military companies is an important constitutive element of security with regard to international relations. This phenomenon is most strongly developed in the Anglo-Saxon world. However, in the case of the French Republic, we can observe significant developmental and functional disparities. This paper examines externalization processes in the context of the French approach to the legitimacy, legality and territoriality of the privatization of security functions of the state and explains the different causes of their development. It discusses the main aspects of externalization, defines the typical activities of French private military companies, describes their strengths and weaknesses and outlines the problems and possible solutions that lie before the French, which cannot be ignored in the future. Finally, this paper describes the most important French private military companies and their characteristics.
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Sánchez, Mario Iván Urueña. "Private Military and Security Companies: The End of State Responsibility?" Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2019-0068.

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Abstract The objective of this article is to observe the redefinition of state responsibility based on its interaction with Private Military Security Companies. The boom, consolidation and decline of these companies between the end of the Cold War era and the first decade of the 21st century pose a dilemma to international law regarding State responsibility towards security issues within its territory. The lack of effective international law mechanisms and the political agenda of the States are both limitations for preserving human dignity in institutional and humanitarian fragile contexts. Hence, an interdisciplinary approach must be considered in order to seek an alternative path to this dilemma. This research used empirical data and documental analysis to achieve this objective.
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Joachim, Jutta, and Andrea Schneiker. "New Humanitarians? Frame Appropriation through Private Military and Security Companies." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 40, no. 2 (January 2012): 365–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305829811425890.

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33

Hedahl, Marcus. "Unaccountable: The Current State of Private Military and Security Companies." Criminal Justice Ethics 31, no. 3 (December 2012): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0731129x.2012.740907.

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34

Cottier, Michael. "Elements for contracting and regulating private security and military companies." International Review of the Red Cross 88, no. 863 (September 2006): 637–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383107000756.

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AbstractKey issues raised by the use and operation of private military and security companies, particularly in conflict areas, are their accountability and how to control them. National regulation, however, is still rare. States have a role to play first as contractors. Considered selection, contracting and oversight procedures and standards may help promote respect for human rights and international humanitarian law by companies and their staff. Secondly, territorial and exporting states may consider adopting regulations to increase control and promote accountability. In view of this still largely unregulated phenomenon, this contribution considers elements of contracting and regulatory options.
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Labovic, Dejan. "Private military companies as a security factor: Advantages and disadvantages." Bezbednost, Beograd 57, no. 3 (2015): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost1503142l.

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Østensen, Åse Gilje. "Implementers or Governors?" International Community Law Review 16, no. 4 (October 24, 2014): 423–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341288.

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This article explores the role of private security and military companies within the wider confinements of peace operations governance. To do so, the paper looks at the roles that pmscs play within two different us peace support initiatives as well as within un peace operations. Using theory lenses derived from the governance literature, the article finds that private military and security companies are already established actors within what it calls ‘the peace operations network’. By training forces, by building or reforming institutions, by supplying security and advisory services, or by being technological experts, private providers of military and security services carry out key tasks in the planning and implementation of peace operations. In the process, the paper argues, they ultimately exercise authority, make decisions and establish practices that often lay the foundations for the future management of security of local populations.
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37

Bures, Oldrich, and Helena Carrapico. "Private security beyond private military and security companies: exploring diversity within private-public collaborations and its consequences for security governance." Crime, Law and Social Change 67, no. 3 (October 13, 2016): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9651-5.

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38

Boltz, Moritz, and Peter Conze. "Die Regulierung von Militär- und Sicherheitsunternehmen." Vereinte Nationen 65, no. 4 (2017): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35998/vn-2017-0050.

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39

Joachim, Jutta, Marlen Martin, Henriette Lange, Andrea Schneiker, and Magnus Dau. "Twittering for talent: Private military and security companies between business and military branding." Contemporary Security Policy 39, no. 2 (January 11, 2018): 298–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2017.1420608.

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40

Avant, Deborah, and Kara Kingma Neu. "The Private Security Events Database." Journal of Conflict Resolution 63, no. 8 (January 30, 2019): 1986–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002718824394.

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Since the 1990s, the private provision of military and security services has become a common feature of local, national, and transnational politics. The prevalence of private security has generated important questions about its consequences, but data to answer these questions are sparse. In this article, we introduce the Private Security Events Database (PSED) that traces the involvement of private military and security companies (PMSCs) in events in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia from 1990 to 2012. We describe the PSED project, highlight its descriptive findings, conduct a replication and reanalysis of Akcinaroglu and Radziszewski’s contract data in Africa, and compare the two databases’ coverage of Sierra Leone from 1991 to 1997. Our analysis demonstrates new insights into the relationship between PMSCs and civil war duration, confirming a correlation between PMSC presence and shorter conflicts, but questioning the logic Akcinaroglu and Radziszewski propose. It also points to a number of productive paths for future research.
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41

Vinten, Robert. "The Morality of Private War: The Challenge of Private Military and Security Companies." Socialism and Democracy 29, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08854300.2014.1001569.

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42

van Staden, Alfred. "The (ir)resistible temptation of privatizing security: A Dutch perspective." Security and Human Rights 19, no. 3 (2008): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502308785851750.

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AbstractThe use of private contractors in peace support operations may involve a large variety of services. However, there is a conspicuous lack of information and transparency in general regarding the number of PMC personnel employed, the tasks they perform and the sums of money that are at stake. The employment of private military companies can be looked at from three different perspectives, the economic, the military-operational and the legal (as well as ethical) perspective. In the recently published report Employing Private Military Companies two recommendations are made. First, the Dutch government is advised to make the level of its political ambitions with regard to participation in peace support operations dependent on the structural capacity of the armed forces, including basic logistics. Second, the government is urged to provide as much information as possible concerning all relevant aspects of the employment of private companies that render services to the Dutch armed forces in operational areas. Finally, the government is urged to raise the whole issue in the ESDP discussions of the European Union.
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43

Shalak, Alexander, and Dmitry Tretyakov. "The Role of Chinese Private Military Companies in the Implementation of One Belt One Road Initiative." Russian and Chinese Studies 6, no. 2 (September 26, 2022): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2022.6(2).77-83.

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The study used historical and geopolitical approaches to examine the dialectical relationship of the activities of private military companies and security firms in China in implementing global economic projects of the People’s Republic of China. We identified the features of the formation and evolution of private military companies in China. The study analyzed the role of private military companies in the implementation of the «One Belt, One Road» initiative. It is important to note that the Chinese leadership is well aware of the importance of private military companies in the implementation of the country’s economic projects and acts in this direction consistently, while maintaining state control over their activities. Currently, China’s private military firms play an important role not only in the implementation of economic projects of the state, but also in protecting the interests of business and citizens of the People’s Republic of China.
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44

Zhu, Lu. "A Bridge Too Far: China's Overseas Security and Private Military and Security Companies." China: An International Journal 18, no. 3 (August 2020): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/chn.2020.0035.

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45

Tzifakis, Nikolaos. "Contracting out to Private Military and Security Companies: The Market for Security Services." European View 11, no. 1 (June 2012): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12290-012-0197-3.

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46

Egorova, Alexandra Konstantinovna. "Activities of private military and security companies: issues of legitimacy and law." Юридические исследования, no. 5 (May 2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2022.5.38056.

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The article examines the assessment of the activities of private military and security companies through the prism of the legitimacy of their activities, the legitimacy of the decisions of the authorities on the basis of which they act and the legal norms regulating these relationships. An important issue is the difference in the legitimacy of state institutions, such as the army and the police, which traditionally implement the functions of the state associated with the monopoly on the use of force and private military and security companies, historically dating back to mercenary groups. The author touches upon the role of various national approaches to the regulation of PMSCs and their impact on public perception of their activities. The main conclusions of this study are to highlight the importance of the issue of the legitimacy of the activities of private military and security companies and the legitimacy of government orders for a balanced legal assessment of existing legislation, its problems and prospects for development. The philosophical and political dimension of the legitimacy problem makes it possible to expand the view of the situation for political actors and legislators in order to be able not only to create retrospective norms that can only respond to crisis situations in a limited way and not keep up with the development of the industry, but also to establish promising parameters that form the legal basis for the activities of private military and security companies.
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Khalyasov, Ilshat S., and Andrey G. Svetlakov. "TO THE QUESTION OF RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF COUNTERACTION CRIMINALIZATION IN THE MARKET OF SECURITY SERVICES." Today and Tomorrow of Russian Economy, no. 107-108 (2022): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/1993-4947-2022-107-108-05.

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This article discusses the issues of decriminalization of the security services market, the author’s definition of this concept is proposed; the functions of private security companies in the implementation of public and private interests, the scheme of interaction between security officers, security companies, customer organizations and the state in the security services market are presented. The characteristic features of the implementation of security activities in Russia are considered, the powers of security officers are determined, including the protection of the life and health of citizens, the protection of objects and property, consulting, ensuring public order, conducting inspections while ensuring intra-object and access control. The analysis of foreign experience in the implementation of security services in the United States, Germany, Bulgaria and China, as well as the interaction of private security companies with private military companies. The level of salaries of security officers in Russia and foreign countries is presented.
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Rogozhina, Evgeniya Mikhailovna, Igor' Valer'evich Ryzhov, and Roman Nikolaevich Sokolov. "Specificity of work of private military companies in the XXI century (on the example of Near East)." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 4 (April 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2020.4.34041.

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  This article is dedicated to examination of the phenomenon of private military companies as a regional actor of security. Leaning on the analysis of international normative legal documents, the authors derive the definition of private military companies due to the fact that neither academic nor applied spheres have precise understanding of this phenomenon. The key research method is the structural and functional analysis, which allows authors considering the object of study from the perspective of various systems of actors. With the increased demand for private military services, private military companies gradually shift from the category of organizations serving military operations to the category of full-fledged independent military organizations that are capable of fulfilling the functions of regular army. For the past two decades, the market for private military services has grown from $ 55 billion to over $200 billion in 2010. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive overview of various aspects and trends that take place in the market of private military services, as well as in classification of motives and consequences of usage of private military companies in armed missions. The authors discuss the question of international legal status of private military companies, provide practical examples of their activity with the prolonged consequences for regional systems of international relations, analyze the mechanisms of use of these companies in the current context, as well as synthesize the key factors of the increased demand for their services. The absence of regulation of the work of private military companies and ambiguous status of their employees in international law make it virtually impossible to impose international responsibility upon them.  
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49

Trunov, I. L. "Private military companies. Economic and legal aspects of activity." Bulletin of Russian academy of natural sciences 23, no. 4 (2023): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52531/1682-1696-2023-23-4-93-98.

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The article discusses the issues of legal regulation of the activities of private military companies. The author examines the growth of the Private Military Companies (PMC) industry as an instrument of armed conflicts and war. The article provides an analysis of the concept of «mercenarism» contained in various regulatory legal acts, as well as the responsibility provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Examples of individual countries and international organizations have been given to create international legal norms regulating PMCs. The Montreux document is one of them. The author also discusses the development and adoption of the “International Convention on Private Security and Military Companies” in today’s multipolar world on the platform of the largest and rapidly growing interstate association BRICS. According to the author, Russia, as a global international subject of the world community, should participate in the adoption and amendment of international legislation with the aim of civilized legal regulation of the activities of private military companies.
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Khan, Dr Muhammad Asif, Dr Muhammad Fayaz, and Umar Niaz Khan. "Liability of the Private Military Companies for Violations of International Humanitarian Law." Journal of Law & Social Studies 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.04.02.247261.

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In the wake of the privatization of war, new international players known as private military companies have been given the opportunity to actively engage in many armed conflicts throughout the world. They provide a variety of services such as combat services, logistical support, operational support, intelligence, border monitoring, and providing security guards in exchange for monetary compensation. During armed conflicts workers of these military companies can violate international law, including provisions of international humanitarian law. Under the international humanitarian law, the individual criminal responsibility exists to be applied on the employees of these firms, but the international legal framework is unable to identify the liability of these private military companies. Especially, the idea of criminal corporate liability for these companies is nonexistent. This research paper proposes that the idea of corporate criminal responsibility should be introduced at the state level, with the goal of holding Private Military Companies accountable for breaches of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Laws. In addition, it is also argued that the special regulations are required to govern private military companies.
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