Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Military Dept'

This thesis deals with the influence of foreign policy of Ronald Reagan on his budget policy. The foreign policy is studied in relation to the USSR. First stage of this thesis is devoted to economic development in the USA before Ronald Reagan era with focusing on 1970's. There are also crucial aspects, which affected economic development within the Ronald Reagan era and his decisions. The goal of main part of the thesis is an analysis of impacts of foreign policy on the federal dept in the USA in 1980's with focusing on the relationship between USA a USSR. The thesis analyzes the impact of military spending and Strategic Defense Initiative on the growing federal dept as a consequence of the relationship between USA and USSR. In this stage of the thesis is descriped Reagan's budget program as well as the reasons why the program was unsuccessful. At the end of the thesis is emphasized the influence of Ronald Reagan on the dissolution of the USSR and summarizes the knowledges about the relationship between the budget and foreign policy in the USA in 1980's.

This dissertation focuses on the local defence-related industry as a beneficiary under the Department of Defence’s defence industrial participation (DIP) programme, managed by Armscor. Attention is given to the main construct of the development theory and how the DIP process in South Africa compares with the international reciprocal trade phenomena commonly referred to as ‘countertrade’. The author does an in-depth analysis of the Government’s policy regarding the defence-related industry (DRI) that forms part of the local defence industrial base (DIB), as well as the DIP policy, procedures and practices and their subsequent bearing on the local defence industry. The study is further substantiated with a comprehensive review of the consequences and outcomes resulting from the largest defence package deal (SDP), signed in December 1999, between the Department of Defence and several major foreign original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and subsequently benchmarked against academic discourse on the subjects of international countertrade and development theories.

In this study factors which affect the degree of implementation of a curricular change were examined to determine how well a specific curricular change was implemented in relation to the original intent. The change, Developmentally Appropriate Practice, was implemented in Department of Defense Dependents Schools, Germany Region, beginning in school year 1991-1992 in grades kindergarten through two. During school year 1993-1994, grade three began the transition to Developmentally Appropriate Practice. Several factors which influence teacher behavior during the implementation process were investigated to determine if there is a correlation between those factors and degree of implementation, the dependent variable. The independent variables in this study were school culture; administrators' leadership effectiveness; teacher concerns about the implementation; and teacher characteristics including age, years teaching experience, years experience in Department of Defense Dependents' Schools, and training. The degree of implementation, the dependent variable, was defined in terms of the extent to which teachers had changed their behavior to become congruent with behavior required by the change. Teachers were identified as high, moderate, or low implementers, based on classroom observations. One purpose of the study was to increase understanding of implementation by analyzing the factors which affect the behavior of teachers in the change process. A second purpose of the study was to add to the body of research that explains why so many educational changes fail to become established practice. To establish interobserver reliability, two observers rated teachers using the same protocol. The interobserver reliability coefficient found was reported at .9820. The participants in the study completed the Stages of Concern Questionnaire, the Administrative Effectiveness Survey, the School Culture Survey, and a demographic survey. The results were correlated with the Early Childhood Classroom Observation form. Amount of training was found to have a statistically significant positive relationship with degree of implementation (p=.006). Statistically significant positive relationships were not found between the other independent variables and degree of implementation.

Den norske Forsvarssjefen har i tre tekster presentert den norske tilnærmingentil nettverksbasert forsvar (NbF). Tekstene beskriver de funksjonelleelementene, operasjonsmetoder, kommando- og arbeidsprosesser og detteoretiske grunnlaget for nettverksbasert forsvar.Oppgaven har hatt til hensikt å beskrive den underliggendeorganisasjonsstrukturen for det norske NbF konseptet og hvilke sentrale temasom gis for lederskapet i NbF. Rammeverket for organisasjonsstrukturanalysenhar tatt sitt utgangspunkt i Abrahamsson og Anderssens (2000) arbeid om åforstå og beskrive organisasjoner. Analysen har strukturert beskrivelser i NbFlitteraturen etter tre imperativ som begrenser organisasjonsstrukturen (størrelse,teknologi og omgivelser) og tre gjensidig avhengige beskrivende dimensjonerfor strukturen; grad av formalisering, sentralisering og spesialisering.Rammeverket for analyse av lederskap, var basert på Bruzelius and Skärvads(2000) lederskapsbeskrivelser.Resultatet av analysen viste at NbF konseptet ikke gir en entydig beskrivelse avorganisasjonsstrukturen. Strukturen gis ingen noen begrensninger og harkarakteristika som medfører flere organisasjonsstrukturer. Lederskapet i et NbFkonsept må primært bygge på tillit, men det gis ingen helhetlig beskrivelse avhvordan dette skal oppnås. Kravene til lederkompetanse og personligeegenskaper er komplekse og kan vanskelig oppnås av enkeltindivider.
The Commander in Chief of the Norwegian Armed Forces has in three textspresented the Norwegian approach to Network Centric Warfare (NbF). Thetexts describe the functional elements, modes of operation, command- andwork processes for the new organization. This thesis has analysed theNorwegian concept within the framework of classic organizational theory, inorder to find the underlying organizational structure and demands for militaryleaders. The theoretical framework used is Abrahamsson and Anderssen’s(2000) work on understanding and describing organizations. The analysis hasstructured findings in the NbF concept, with regard to 3 imperatives that limitsthe organizational structure and 3 reciprocally dependently categories thatdescribes the organizational structure with regard to degree of centralization,formalization and specialization. The theoretical framework used analysingleadership and competencies are based on the work of Bruzelius and Skärvad(2000). The results indicated that the NbF structure is ambiguous; trust isfundamental for the leadership philosophy and that there are unrealisticdemands for competencies.
Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 01-03

I regeringens budgetproposition för 2011, erhöll Försvarsmakten uppgiften att införa fyra Militärregioner i Sverige med underliggande regionala staber. ”Regeringen bedömer att skapandet av de regionala staberna innebär att Försvarsmaktens förmåga att samverka med och lämna stöd till andra myndigheter förbättras.” (PROP 2010/11:1 s.33). Syftet med den här studien är att studera hur personer med nyckelpositioner inom de båda myndigheterna (Länsstyrelse och Försvarsmakten) tänker kring införandet av Militärregioner och dess förutsättningar för utveckling av samverkan mellan det civila och militära samhället. Resultatet påvisar att informanterna är relativt överens om att samverkan ska utvecklas och hur det bör ske med ett fokus på gemensam planläggning, utbildning, övningar samt nätverksskapande och utarbetande av gemensamma mål innan något händer. Målsättningen är att klara av att hantera oförutsedda händelser som olyckor och naturkatastrofer när de väl kommer. Informanterna anser även att närheten, i såväl tid som rum, är avgörande för planläggning och den slutliga insatsens resultat.
Through the Budget Bill for 2011, the Armed Forces were granted the task of establishing four Military Regions in Sweden with underlying regional headquarters. “The Government considers that the creation of the regional headquarters means that the Armed Forces' ability to cooperate with and provide support to other authorities will improve.” (PROP 2010/11: 1p.33). The purpose of this study is to explore how people with key positions in the Country Administrative Board and the Armed Forces think about the introduction of Military Regions, and its conditions for development of cooperation between civil and Military society. The result demonstrates that the informants are in relative agreement that collaboration should develop and how this should be done with a focus on joint planning, training, exercises, networking and development of common goals before anything happens. The aim would be to handle unexpected events such as accidents and natural disasters when they do occur. They also believe that proximity, both in time and place, is essential both for the planning and the outcome of an eventual operation.

Vådabekämpningar är inget nytt fenomen när det kommer till militära operationer. För att kunna lösa detta problem så måste man ta reda på vilka de största orsakerna till vådabekämpning är samt vilka lösningar det finns för att minska risken. I denna uppsats har det genomförts kvalitativa litteraturstudier om fenomenet vådabekämpning, från Operation Desert Storm och framåt.

 Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera hur arbetet med att förhindra vådabekämpningar skulle kunna se ut, samt ta reda på vilka de största anledningarna är till att vådabekämpningar uppstår.

 Analysen visar att det finns en rad olika orsaker till att vådabekämpningar uppstår. Vidare så visas ett antal åtgärder som kan vidtas för att minska risken för vådabekämpningar. Resultatet visar på att det går att reducerar riskerna, men att fenomenet aldrig helt kan försvinna.

When it comes to military operations, fratricide is not a new phenomenon. In order to solve the problem of fratricide, one has to be aware of its major cause as well as the means by which the risk of fratricide can be decreased. This paper presents a qualitative study of literature concerning the phenomenon of fratricide from the time of Operation Desert Storm and after.

The purpose of the paper is to learn how the work to prevent fratricide might be organized as well as outlining the major causes of fratricide.

 The analysis shows that there are several causes to fratricide. It also presents a number of actions that can be taken to decrease the risk of it happening. The result shows that even though the risk can indeed be reduced the phenomenon as such will never disappear completely.

Beslutsfattning om militära våldsmedel varierar med en nations civil-militära mönster. Genom att teoretiskt använda maktbegreppet för att beskriva vilka normativa styrprinciper som formar den civil-militära relationen kan den också beskrivas. Teorin appliceras på Falklandskonflikten och Ubåtsincidenterna i Sverige under tidigt 80-tal. Effekterna som undersöks är tid och uppfattning om det strategiska målet som operationen syftar till.  

Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka hur olika typer av relationer mellan civila makthavare och den militära organisationen påverkar utformningen av beslut om militärt våld. Uppsatsen förklarar vilka styrprinciper som ligger bakom hur olika politiska system fattar beslut om militärt våld.

Resultatet indikerar att maktbegreppet är fruktbart för att kategorisera den civil-militära relationen och därmed beskriva hur olika politiska system fattar beslut om militärt våld. Sverige tenderade till att reglera och överlåta våldsbeslut till den militära aktören, men uppvisade en pragmatisk hållning när beslut brådskade. Storbritanniens dominerande drag var förhandling genom samverkan vilket medförde att direktiv var sällsynta. Reella likheter mellan Storbritanniens och Sveriges civil-militära relation existerade. En skillnad var graden av integration. En formell integration av försvarsmaktsledningen i den politiska ledningen socialiserade den militära aktören till att uppfatta politiska intentioner och internaliserar den att ta hänsyn till politiska konsekvenser av våldsmakten. I Sverige uppstod samverkan mellan aktörerna på basis av ad-hoc vilket medförde att den militära aktören fick stora friheter att genomföra operationen på bekostnad av den civila kontrollen

Decision-making on military violence varies with a nation’s civil-military relation. Applying a theoretical framework that uses the concept of power to determine the normative and ruling principles will allow a model to describe and categorise the civil-military relation. The theory is applied on the Falklands conflict and the Swedish issue of violating submarines in the early eighties. The effects that are examined are time and the apprehension of the conception over the strategic goal for the operation.

The purpose of this study is to examine how different types of relations between politicians and the military organisation, are affecting the design of the decision process. The study explains what normative and ruling principles that are underlying how different political systems make decisions on military violence.

The results indicate that the concept of power can be fruitful to categorise the civil-military relation and thereby describe how different political systems makes decisions on military violence. Sweden had an inclination towards governmental regulation and to hand over the decisions to the military operator, but had also a pragmatic attitude when decisions were urgently needed. The dominating inclination in UK during the Falklands conflict was to closely co-ordinate actions through negotiations between the civil and military operators. Actual similarities between the UK and Sweden did exist as well. However, a difference was the level of integration. A formal integration of the military supreme command into the Ministry of Defence will socialise the military operator so that he will detect political intentions and internalize him to take decisions with political considerations. In the case of Sweden co-ordination was run on basis of ad-hoc which gave the military operator large amount of freedom to act at the expense of the civil control

The main purpose of this study is to show how narrative can be understood as cultural practice, how it can be said to function both internally and externally, and to ask questions about how the narrating subject, through the organizing of narrative, positions it self and mediates between the different discoursive contexts of which it is a part. This is done by an analisys of how six swedish soldiers tells the tale of how they came to choose a military carrer and why they have served or want to serve in peace-keeping missions abroad. The source material is primarily collected through unstructured interviews with theese soldiers, but also through textual analysis of a soldier blog. Theoretically the study draws on a combination of the discourse theory of Michel Foucault, narrative theory, Richard Jenkins theory of the internal-external dialectic of identifikation and intersectionality to construct a framework that allows the narratives to be deconstructed and understood as discoursive products of both the military contexts as such and the larger cultrual context that surrounds it. The conclusions of this study suggests that the organizing of soldier narratives are a complex and multifaceted process, in which the soliders must balance between the ideals, values and norms of the military context while also taking into account how society at large views and interprets the practices and forms of military life. It is also argued that the construction of swedish national identity during the second half of the twentieth century, which put a large emphasis on civilian modernity and neutrality rather than on the military, when combined with the previously implemented conscript system, creates a discourse in which it is hard to make sense of the choice to voluntarily become a part of the military context.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, May 2010.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 4, 2010). "Edward R. Murrow College of Communication." Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-126).

Denna uppsats är en jämförelse mellan den verksamhet som Statens Informationsstyrelse (SIS) bedrev under andra världskriget och den verksamhet som idag bedrivs inom ramen för Informationsoperationer (Info Ops). Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka om likheterna mellan SIS och Info Ops har en koppling till konfliktens (krigets) natur.

Huvudfrågorna i uppsatsen är:

1. Vilka likheter finns mellan den statliga informationsverksamheten som bedrevs av Statens Informationsstyrelse under andra världskriget och den verksamhet som idag bedrivs inom ramen för informationsoperationer?
2. Kan likheterna kopplas till konfliktens (krigets) natur och i så fall hur?

För att besvara mina frågor har jag använt mig av följande tillvägagångssätt:

För min inledande del av uppsatsen har jag valt Deskription. Metodiken jag använt är arkiv- och litteraturstudier, vilket vanligen och även i mitt fall föregåtts av en litteratursökning. För den avslutande delen av uppsatsen har jag använt mig av komparation i syfte att finna likheter mellan SIS och Info Ops. För min slutledning har jag använt mig av deduktion.

Det centrala i likheterna mellan SIS och Info Ops är att båda använde/använder data och information för att påverka ett agerande hos människor. Genom att påverka agerandet hos människorna i konflikten (kriget), kan man påverka utgången av konflikten (kriget).

Ett av målen inom det nätverksbaserade försvaret, NBF, är skapandet avbehovssammansatta förband, det vill säga möjligheten att snabbt kunna kombinera olikaresurser inför en specifik uppgift. Tillit inom dessa förband framstår här som en mycketviktig parameter för att de ska kunna agera gemensamt mot uppställda mål.Denna uppsats genomförs som en kvalitativ undersökning och dess syfte är att, genomintervjuer med officerare ur Armén och Helikopterflottiljen, söka svar på hur man skakunna skapa tillit inom dessa behovssammansatta förband. Empirin från genomfördaintervjuer har prövats mot de ledarskapsteorier som idag används inom den svenskaFörsvarsmakten, samt mot en utvald del av den svenska teorimängd som idag finns atttillgå om nätverksbaserat försvar.Resultatet visar hur viktigt det är att Försvarsmakten snarast börjar öva i NBF-miljöer, trotsatt materiel och metoder inte är färdigdefinierade. Dessutom påvisas att det idag inte finnsen tillräckligt klar definition inom den svenska Försvarsmakten av vad begreppetbehovssammansatta förband innebär och att denna snarast bör skapas. Därutöver visas atttillit inom behovssammansatta förband både består av förtroende för utsedda chefer, samttillit mellan ingående förband. För att skapa denna tillit är det personliga mötet ochkontinuerliga övningar i olika förbandssammansättningar av fortsatt central betydelse.
Military units, designed and temporarily put together, for specific missions areone of the aims in the Swedish Network-based Defence. Trust within these unitsseems to be an important parameter to make them act jointly against a target.The main purpose of this qualitative examination is, trough interviews withofficers in the Swedish Army and Helicopter Wing, search for answers about howto create trust in these units. The interview answers has been examined against theleadership theories which are used today in the Swedish Defence Force andagainst some of the theories which today can be found in Sweden about theNetwork-based Defence.The result indicates that it is very important for the Swedish Defence Force toimmediately start exercise in Network-based environments. It also indicates thatthe Swedish Defence Force today doesn’t have a definite definition about whatmilitary units designed for specific missions in the Network-based Defence areand this must be created ASAP. It also indicates that trust in these units consistsof trust for the military commanding officers and trust within these units.Exercises and human contacts are two very important factors to create this trust,also in the Network-based Defence.
Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 02-04

Uppsatsens syfte är att är att undersöka olika förutsättningar och omständigheter som kan ha betydelse för utfallet av den kvinnligarekryteringen till internationella förband.Uppsatsen inleds med en beskrivning och bakgrund av Resolution 1325. Denna resolution blev antagen, i syfte att belysa den utsattasituation som kvinnor och barn konfronteras med, i spåret av olika konflikter i världen. Kvinnor som deltagare i fredsbefrämjande insatser,har ofta visat sig vara en viktig förutsättning för att möjliggöra kommunikation med andra kvinnor och barn. Detta är inte bara en fråga ominformation och underrättelser. Det är också en fråga om att skapa en medvetenhet kring krigets konsekvenser, vilket kan ha en avhållandeeffekt men också leda till andra typer av åtgärder vidtages i det fredsbefrämjande arbetet. Olika studier visar också på ett statistiskt sambandmellan graden av jämställdhet i ett land och benägenheten att använda våld för att lösa konflikter, när kvinnors status påverkas negativt ökarrisken för konflikt.De metoder som används i uppsatsen är en kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ analys. Studien inkluderar tre olikaundersökningsområden. Den största delen utgörs av en enkätundersökning riktad mot samtliga kvinnliga yrkesofficerare i Försvarsmakten.Syftet med denna är att belysa respondenternas attityd i olika frågor som rör internationell tjänstgöring. Rekryteringsstatistik över dentotala rekryteringen till olika missioner och beredskapsförband mellan år 1999 och 2004 har studerats för att beskriva det faktiskaresultatet av den kvinnliga rekryteringen i jämförelse med män. För att undersöka tillvägagångssättet vid rekryteringen till Utlandsstyrkan(US) och vad som kan påverkar detta, har olika aktörer som direkt och indirekt har varit involverade i arbetet intervjuats.De sammanfattande slutsatserna och resultaten är att huvuddelen av respondenterna är positiva till internationell tjänstgöring.Familjehänsyn och avtalsmässiga frågor är de mest framträdande överväganden som görs, oavsett om det föranleds av en negativ ellerpositiv grundsyn till ett utlandsengagemang. Den statistiska undersökningen visar att kvinnor generellt sett är underrepresenterade i US,i synnerhet kvinnliga officerare. Detta visar på en diskrepans mellan den övervägande positiva viljan och det faktiska resultatet. Detfinns en tendens till en strukturell begräsning för kvinnliga officerare. Deras normala befattningsprofil har en till övervägande del enunderstödjande karaktär. US representeras till största delen av förband vilka är organiserade i huvudsak för stridande roller, i linje medfredsframtvingande uppgifter, samt att huvuddelen av dessa förband har en arméstruktur som återspeglar denna bild. M h t de ovanbeskrivna strukturella begräsningarna så försvåras möjligheterna för kvinnor generellt sett att bli antagna, i synnerhet för flygvapen- ochmarinofficerare. Bilden kompliceras av att många av de manliga officerarna visar på en attityd, vilket riskerar att segregera kvinnor tillunderstödjande roller, därför att dessa anser inte att kvinnor är tillräckligt kvalificerade för stridande uppgifter. Sannolikt kan dennaattityd ha en effekt på rekryteringen, då män till den övervägande delen ansvarar för detta. Ett konkret exempel på omdömesfulltledarskap har visat sig ha en positiv effekt på kvinnor, dels under tjänstgöringen och sannolikt även på utfallet av antalet rekryterade tillförbandet. Betydelsen av att sätta handling bakom ord och officiella riktlinjer är en av de omständigheterna som högst sannolikt har lettfram till detta positiva resultat. En större representation av kvinnligt ledarskap i US, skulle sannolikt inte bara tydliggöra möjligheten förandra kvinnor att utlandstjänstgöring är möjligt, utan också skapa en trygghet för dessa och en mindre känsla av utsatthet, genom attbilden av deras minoritetsställning i förbanden förändras. Den förändrade bilden kan också bidraga till att risken för sexuellatrakasserier minskar.
The purpose of this essay is to examine different conditions and circumstances, which could influencethe results of female recruitment to the Swedish Armed Forces overseas units.The essay begins with a background describing the UN Resolution 1325. The resolution was declaredin an effort to illuminate the exposed situation that women and children are confronting, in the path ofdifferent armed conflicts around the world. Women, as participants in a Peace Support Operation,have often proved to be a key element in enabling communication with other women and alsochildren, and thereby be a possible source of information. This effect is not only a question aboutinformation or intelligence. It is also an issue of creating a mental awareness of the consequences ofwar, which could possibly have a preventive effect on the conflict itself, and in the hearts and mindsof those who are involved in the conflict. This could lead into other ways to handle crises. If women’sstatus is proved to be bad, this reflects also on the overall situation in a conflict area. There is astatistic proved connection between the degree of equality in a country and the tendency to use ofviolence. When the status for women tends to be negative, there is a greater risk for conflict.The methods used in the essay are a combination of a qualitative and quantitative analysis. The essayincludes three different studies. The main part is an opinion poll addressed to all female officers in theSwedish Armed Forces. The purpose of this research is to describe the attitude among the respondentsto overseas duties. Statistical data is used in order to show the actual results of the division of maleand female personnel, which have been recruited to different overseas missions and Rapid ReactionUnits between the years 1999 and 2004. In order to examine whether there are circumstances thatinflicts on the possibility for female recruitment to the Swedish Overseas Force (SOF), a number ofdifferent interviews have been performed of actors, who are indirect or direct involved in therecruiting procedures.The overall conclusions and results are that the greater parts of these respondents have a positiveattitude for international duties. Social and contractual agreements are the most apparent attitudes ofconsideration, whether an international engagement is an option or not. The statistical data reveals thefact that women are, generally speaking, underrepresented in overseas units, especially femaleofficers. This shows an obvious unbalance between their will and the actual results. There is a certaindegree of tendency of structural restraints for female officers. Their ordinary duties at units, centresand staffs shows that the majority have a supporting profile of their normal duties. Since the SOFconsists of units, which are mainly dressed for combat tasks in order to conduct operations inaccordance with Peace Enforcement, and that most of these units has also an army structure, reducesthe possibilities for many of the female officers to be recruited, especially for the air force and navalofficers. These circumstances becomes more complicated by the fact that many of the male officersshow an attitude to segregate women into subordinate roles, because they are not considered to bequalified enough for “combat” roles. It is probable that this has a negative effect on the recruiting ofwomen to the SOF, since men mainly execute this. Good leadership characterised by good judgementhas had a provable positive effect on the female participants in one of the Swedish battalionsoverseas. The results points out the importance of putting concrete effort behind words and officialguidelines, which has the primary task to recruit not least women to overseas units. A greater numberof female officers in leading roles in the SOF, would probably visualise the possibility for otherwomen that an international engagement is possible and natural. This could also create a sense ofstability for them and perhaps reduces the feeling of being a minority, and as an extension of thisstructural change, the risk for sex harassment could possibly decrease.
Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 03-05

The transformational leadership and the Swedish Armed Forces’ basic outlook on pedagogy are two factors that affect a Swedish military officer. The author has identified a need of understanding the process of personal development. An understanding that couldn’t be supplied by the transformational leadership but that was found in the Swedish Armed Forces’ basic outlook on pedagogy. This essay’s purpose is to analyze and describe how the roles of the leader and the teacher are portrayed in the Swedish Armed Forces’ basic outlook on pedagogy and the transformational leadership. The essay’s aim is also to evaluate what value the Swedish Armed Forces’ basic outlook on pedagogy can add to the transformational leadership. Important conclusions in the essay are that the understanding of the collective’s influence on its members and surroundings could possibly be used as a means to spread the transformational leader’s visions and goals. Both in the form of intentions and in the form of a critical approach to knowledge in order to stimulate the individual development. This also helps to capture moments where learning can be achieved even when the leader isn’t present. As an added bonus the Swedish Armed Forces’ basic outlook on pedagogy offer a wider insight in the individual’s needs to grow but also how the proper conditions for development are created.

Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2006.
"March 2006." Thesis Advisor(s): Stephen L. Mehay, William D. Hatch. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-62). Also available online.

COMMON ENDS OR COMMON MEANS? The Cold War is over and Sweden and Finland are starting to deal with the new security enviroment that has emerged. Grand Strategy in both countries is changing to meet the new Europe and surroundings. Both Sweden and Finland consider the risk of a direct attack in the near future to be highly unlikely and this has effects on the respective countries grand strategy. A broadened approach to security is applied and the military instrument is no longer the primary concern in the strategy. Both Sweden and Finland become members of the European Union in 1995 but neither is a member of NATO, the countries both consider themselves as military non-aligned, the only two countries with a coastline to the Baltic Sea with that stance. This makes for a logic choice to cooperate for the common security and a cooperation is formed to cover security policies to be relevant in peace, crisis and war. Even though the countries are existing in and interpret the new security enviroment in similar ways they approach the challanges in differing ways. This creates the differences that we identify and describe in this thesis. The purpose of this thesis is to identify and describe the differences between Sweden's and Finland's grand strategy, how this difference has changed from 1996 to 2018 and if these differences can have consequences for the cooperation between the two countries, mainly military and at the highest strategic level. The thesis is focused on the elements of the grand strategy that involves the armed forces of the respective countries. This comparative text analysis compares political policy documents within the grand strategy field from both Sweden and Finland. We will compare the period from 1996-2018. The comparison will be made by examining three occasions in the period, year 1996, Year 2004 and year 2018. The documents used have relevance against these years and are analyzed by applying Jacob Westberg's model; ends, means, ways and environment. The differences and the consequences that are the conclusions of this thesis are that cooperation are not always formed because it is the best possible option but sometimest the only possible options. Sweden and Finland's history differ in some parts and this has affected the respective country's security strategies. Finland has a history of coping for itself and has thus a national focus with focus on a stable national defense while Sweden has a history without war in modern times and a constant glance at military international engagement and the political benefits that can be achieved on the international scene.

Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 1997.
Thesis advisor(s): Rosenthal, Richard E. "December 1997." Includes bibliographical references (p. 109). Also available online.

Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, March 1999.
Thesis advisor(s): Eitelberg, Mark J. ; Mehay, Stephen L. "March 1999". Includes bibliographical references (p. 105). Also available online.

Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2007.
Thesis Advisor(s): Stephen L. Mehay, Kathryn M. Kocher. "March 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-88). Also available in print.

The purpose of this thesis has been to illustrate the conditions for development of judgement-based professional skill, by means of institutionalised officer training. The study has been based on two questions: 1) What is, in the context of the exercise of the officer profession and the military school environment, the nature and epistemological foundations of the judicious action? 2) In what way can institutionalised officer training ensure the development of the judgment of future military leaders?This study is presented in the form of a scientific essay, departing from a personally experienced dilemma, which subsequently gets subjected to personal reflection as well as theoretical analysis, in which the author acts as both the subject and the object. The explo-ration has its starting point in the assumption that there is a decisive difference between knowing-that, knowing-how and knowing what, of which especially the latter requires judge-ment. Through a survey of the epistemological concepts of Aristotle and of Maria Hammarén applied to the professional skill of the officer and the military school environment, it is estab-lished that the judicious action is an indispensable part of the professional skill and that per-sonal judgement in its turn is a trained ability, first of all shown in action. A conclusion in this respect is that an officer needs the ability to make judicious decisions based on intuition as well as on analytical thinking, depending on the situation. The author puts Hammarén’s ideas of professional skill being developed through a combination of experience and reflection preferably organised in a reflecting practice, in the context of the military teacher.Another conclusion is that the judgement in (not least the military) professional skill in fact is the sound judgement, i.e. the ability to make and implement ethically well-founded decisions. This subject is further explored in relation partly to Hannah Arendt’s ideas of the role of sound judgement in a bureaucratic organisation, and partly to moral philosophical theories, put in the context of military professional skill and school environment. A conclu-sion is that the ethical education must aim at developing the willingness to do good, as well as the eye for judging what actions being morally right in a certain situation.The author also presents possible methods for establishing a reflective praxis within a military school environment.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka förutsättningarna för det militära försvaret att kunna försörjas med drivmedel från näringslivet under ett väpnat angrepp. Vi har genomfört undersökningen utifrån dagens totalförsvarsförmåga som är under uppbyggnad sedan ett antal år tillbaka.Genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie med representanter från Försvarsmakten, utvalda bevakningsansvariga myndigheter och näringslivet undersökte vi om det finns en vilja och förutsättningar hos de aktörer vi identifierat som avgörande.Vi tillämpade en analysmetod inspirerad av grundad teori och identifierade de förhållanden som råder inom och mellan våra undersökningsenheter. Analysen leder till ett resultat som vi bekräftar med flera befintliga organisatoriska och interorganisatoriska teorier.Våra slutsatser är att det trots stora skillnader mellan undersökningsenheternas egenskaper, ändå finns goda förutsättningar inom och mellan dem, för att uppnå ett gemensamt mål. Däremot saknas andra yttre förutsättningar främst i form av mandat och regelverk som skulle reglera ansvar och uppgifter inom totalförsvaret.
The aim of this thesis, is to investigate the conditions for the Swedish Military Defence Force to incorporate support from the Business sector. The study focusses on the provision of fuel from business sector in the event of an armed attack.Our thesis is conducted from current military and civil defence capabilities, which have been under reconstruction for a couple of years.By conducting a qualitative interview study with representatives from the Swedish Armed Forces, selected Public Agencies and the Business sector, we investigated if there is a will and identified preconditions and factors that we deem crucial for success.We applied a method of the analysis inspired by Grounded Theory and search for factors that can affect the different actors in this study. Results lead to different theories that are supported by existing organisational and inter organisational theories.Our conclusions are that in spite of great differences between the different actors’ properties, there are still good expectations within and between the actors to reach a common goal. However, at present there are limiting factors preventing exploring the position, such as the requirement for mandates and regulations to regulate responsibilities and tasks within, and between the military and the civilian defence.

Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Tucker, David. Second Reader: Simons, Anna. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 26, 2010 Author(s) subject terms: United States Special Forces, Operational, Detachment Bravo, Advanced Operational Base, B-Team, Special Forces Headquarters Company, Irregular Warfare, IW, Foreign Internal Defense, FID, Counter Insurgency, COIN, Advisory capability, USSF, USSF doctrine, Unconventional Warfare, UW, Indigenous Forces, Host Nation, Operational Role Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-63). Also available in print.

Försvarssamarbetet mellan Sverige och Finland har accelererat under de senaste åren. Sist ut och kanske även den mest komplicerade delen i detta samarbete är samarbetet mellan de båda ländernas arméer. Markförbandens unika kontext sätter den mänskliga interaktionen i centrum då stora mängder människor, fordon och system skall ledas och samordnas i tid och rum på en begränsad geografisk yta. När denna verksamhet involverar två försvarsmakter uppstår en interaktion som är intressant att studera. Ur ett arméperspektiv belyser studien de förutsättningarna och de faktorer som påverkar det svensk-finska militära samarbetet, med den taktiska nivån som utgångspunkt. Studien baseras på intervjuer med officerare från både svenska och finska försvarsmakten, och tar upp och förklarar både faktorer som förenar och driver samarbetet framåt respektive faktorer som försvårar samarbetet. Slutsatserna i studien förklaras kring en modell som beskriver de faktorer som i störst utsträckning påverkar samarbetet samt hur dessa förhåller sig till sin kontext. Studien visar att det finns olikheter mellan försvarsmakterna som påverkar samarbetet, men också aspekter som stärker det gemensamma arbetet. Sammantaget pekar studien på fem faktorer inom olika områden som har tydlig påverkan på samarbetet. Faktorerna påverkar samarbetet på olika sätt med olika påverkansgrad på olika nivåer i organisationen. Samarbetets drivkraft är starkt knutet till den tydliga politiska viljan. Den svenska och finska ledningskulturen skiljer sig år vilket återspeglas på alla nivåer men är tydligast och får störst påverkan på den lägre nivån. Språket är en skiljande faktor. Lösningen med ett gemensamt arbetsspråk är logisk men studien visar att det innebär utmaningar av större dimension än vid första anblick. Att bygga ett samarbete utan avtalade förpliktelser gör att tillit och förtroende får en betydande roll. För ett samarbete mellan arméstridskrafter är vikten av ett ledningsstödsystem central. Det gemensamma arbetet inom ledningssystemområdet kan skapa dessa förutsättningar. Olikheterna till trots så har Sverige och Finland redan ett väl fungerande samarbete, vilket nutida erfarenheter visar bland annat från våra gemensamma beredskapsförband och internationella insatser. Man har också genom tydlig målsättning och ambition mycket goda förutsättningar att fördjupa samarbetet ytterligare.
The defence cooperation between Sweden and Finland has accelerated during the last couple of years. Last into the cooperation, and maybe the most complex part is the cooperation between the two armies. The unique context of land forces puts human interaction in focus when large amounts of people, vehicles and technical systems are to be commanded and coordinated in time and in a limited geographical space. When this type of action involves two defence forces the dynamics that occurs is worth studying. This thesis project studies the conditions and factors that affect the Swedish-Finnish defence cooperation on a tactical level, from an Army perspective. The study explains both the driving and the constricting factors in the cooperation. The research is based on interviews with Swedish and Finnish army officers. Conclusions are drawn supported by a model built on the factors that are most influential on the cooperation and how these factors apply to the context of the cooperation. The thesis shows that there are differences between the two defence forces that affect the cooperation, but it also shows aspects that strengthens the efforts. The factors have different effects and different impact depending on the organisational level in the defence forces. The conclusions points to five strong factors in different areas that influence the cooperation. The main drive has a strong connection to the political will. Swedish and Finnish leadership culture is diversified, this shows and has the greatest impact on lower organisational levels. Language is a dividing factor. It is a logical solution to use a common working language, but this study shows that the common language results in great challenges. Building a cooperation without obligations means that trust and confidence are of substantial importance. In a cooperation between Armies a common command and control system is vital. The collaboration on system development can set the condition for a common command and control system. Even though this study found differences it also found a working cooperation. Proof of this is our bilateral high readiness units and international operations. Through clear and common goals and ambitions there are prerequisites for an even deeper cooperation.
Yhteenveto Ruotsin ja Suomen puolustusyhteistyö on edennyt nopeasti viime vuosina. Viimeinen ja ehkä monimutkaisin osa tätä yhteistyötä on molempien maiden maavoimien välinen yhteistyö. Maavoimien yksikköjen ainutlaatuisuus asettaa keskeiseksi ihmisten vuorovaikutuksen, jossa suuria määriä ihmisiä, ajoneuvoja ja järjestelmiä on johdettava ja koordinoitava aikaan ja paikkaan rajoitetulla maantieteellisellä alueella. Kun tähän toimintaan liittyy kahden maan puolustusvoimaa, muodostuva dynamiikka on pohdinnan arvoinen. Maavoimien näkökulmasta tutkimuksessa tuodaan esiin olosuhteet ja tekijät, jotka vaikuttavat Ruotsin ja Suomen väliseen sotilaalliseen yhteistyöhön, lähtökohtana taktinen taso. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan ja selitetään sekä yhteistyötä yhdistäviä ja eteenpäin vieviä tekijöitä että yhteistyön vaikeuttavia tekijöitä. Tutkimus perustuu sekä Ruotsin että Suomen armeijan upseerien haastatteluihin. Tutkimus perustuu johtopäätöksiin mallista joka kuvaa tekijöitä jotka vaikuttavat yhteistyöhön eniten ja miten nämä liittyvät sen kontekstiin. Tutkimus osoittaa, että asevoimien välillä on eroja jotka vaikuttavat yhteistyöhön, mutta myös aspekteja jotka vahvistavat yhteistä työtä. Kaiken kaikkiaan tutkimus osoittaa viisi tekijää eri alueilla, joilla on selvä vaikutus yhteistyöhön. Tekijät vaikuttavat yhteistyöhön eri tavoin ja erilaisilla vaikutustasoilla organisaation eri tasoilla. Yhteistyön liikkeellepaneva voima liittyy kiinteästi selkeään poliittiseen tahtoon. Ruotsin ja Suomen johtamiskulttuuri eroavat, mikä heijastuu kaikilla tasoilla, mutta on selkein ja vaikuttaa enempi alemmalla tasolla. Kieli on erottava tekijä. Yhteinen työkieli on ratkaisuna looginen, mutta tutkimus osoittaa, että se asettaa suurempia haasteita kuin ensi silmäyksellä voisi todeta. Yhteistyön rakentaminen ilman sopimusvelvoitteita tarkoittaa, että luottamuksella on merkittävä rooli. Komentotukijärjestelmän merkitys on keskeinen maavoimien yhteistyölle. Yhteinen työskentely johtamisjärjestelmän alueella voi luoda nämä olosuhteet. Eroista huolimatta Ruotsilla ja Suomella on jo hyvin toimiva yhteistyö, jonka nykypäivän kokemukset osoittavat esimerkiksi yhteisistä valmiusjoukoista ja kansainvälisistä rauhanturvaamis- ja kriisinhallintatehtävistä. Selkeät tavoitteet ja pyrkimykset luovat myös erittäin hyvät edellytykset syventää yhteistyötä entisestään.

My study concerns the social recruitment of infantry soldiers in the Swedish standing army ( indelta armén). The 19th century Swedish army was composed of three parts : hired troops , the conscripts and above all the ”indelta armén”. Indelta armén was unique in the world because of its organizational form. It consisted of infantry soldiers, naval men and cavalry soldiers, which were supported by the landowning farmers. Normally two farmers had the responsibility to find an infantry soldier, to pay him an annual wage and to give him a small-crofters holding; at least this was intended when the system was first organized in the 1680s. The famous author Vilhelm Moberg has written a well-known novel ”Raskens” about one of these soldiers portraying also the whole system as well as the surrounding peasant society. All of the 20000 concerned soldiers lived in the Swedish countryside among the rest of the population. They all got special names,( for example meaning Quick, Prompt, Faithful) still existing as family names of Sweden today. The study concentrates on the question of the social importance of this system in a period of rapid transformation of Swedish society, i.e the end of the 19th century. The most important questions dealt with are: the ones concerning social and geographical recruitment of soldiers (i.e. those ôf the indelta armén), the means of support and education given to these soldiers in special army training schools. One part of the book concerns social mobility among ex-soldiers and a minor study treats their family structure.

Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1986

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Flygvapnets specialoperationsförband produceras i den konventionella delen av Försvarsmakten vilket innebär högre krav på byråkrati och styrning uppifrån i dess utvecklingsprocesser än okonventionella organisationer. Detta innebär att snabb operativ innovation, som är en framgångsfaktor inom specialoperationer, försvåras. Studiens syfte är att genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie utreda hur en specialoperationsenhet som utvecklas, utbildas och utrustas i en konventionell organisation ges förutsättningar till innovation till stöd för specialoperationer. Till stöd används bland annat Spulaks teori om kreativitet och innovation för specialförband. Studien visar att det går att genomföra snabb innovation nerifrån och upp under förutsättning att det finns en koherent uppdrags- och riskuppfattning samt om det råder en organisationskultur som uppmuntrar till kreativitet och innovation. Snabb anpassning kan även ske uppifrån och ner genom närhet till beslutsfattare som skapar förutsättning för att prioritet kan möjliggöra att resurser frigörs. Ett anpassat regelverk, decentraliserad ledning och förståelse för uppdraget är andra avgörande faktorer som skapar förutsättningar till snabb innovation. För att kunna uppnå detta krävs även en tydlig styrning från central nivå för att undvika att specialoperationsförbandens behov fastnar i försvarsgrenskonkurrens.
The Swedish Air Force's special operations forces is produced in the conventional part of the Armed Forces, which means higher demands on bureaucracy and control from higher hierarchy in its development processes than unconventional organizations. This means that rapid operational innovation, which is a success factor in special operations, is hampered. The purpose of the study is through a qualitative interview study to investigate how a special operations unit that is developed, trained and equipped in a conventional organization is given the conditions for innovation in support of special operations. Spulak's theory of creativity and innovation for special operations forces, alongside with other research, is used as a theoretical framework. The result show that it is possible to implement rapid innovation from the bottom up, provided that there is a coherent view of the mission and risks and whether there is an organizational culture that encourages creativity and innovation. Rapid adaptation can also take place from the top down through proximity to decision-makers, which creates the conditions for priority to enable resources to be allocated. An adapted regulatory framework, decentralized command and understanding of the mission are other decisive factors that create the conditions for rapid innovation. In order to be able to achieve this, a clear guidence from the central level is also required to avoid the requirements of the special operations forces getting caught up in intraservice competition.

Små gröna män –  Början på ett nytt paradigm för det svenska militära maktmedlet?  Nyttjandet av det svenska militära maktmedlet, Försvarsmakten, har alltid varit intimt förknippat med hur svenska politiker uppfattat sin omgivning. I tider av liten militär hotbild har relevansen av det militära maktmedlet minskat kontra andra maktmedel och Sverige har haft förmånen att kunna bidra aktivt till global säkerhet genom deltagande i internationella operationer. I tider av en ökad hotbild har relevansen ökat och nyttjandet blivit mer inåtriktat med fokus på försvaret av Sverige. Detta arbete tar sin utgångpunkt i hur dessa säkerhetspolitiska förändringar påverkar relevansen och nyttjandet av det svenska militära maktmedlet.  Undersökningen analyserar hur den politiska sfären beskriver hotbilder och på vilket sätt det militära maktmedlet nyttjas. Syftet med att nyttja militära maktmedlet kan vara inåtriktat eller utåtriktat. Jämförelseperioderna och data för detta arbete utgörs av Försvarsberedningens rapporter år 2003 och 2017. Vid genomförandet av den kvalitativa analysen nyttjas Barry Buzan m.fl. vidgade säkerhetsbegrepp avseende hot inom olika sektorer. Den andra delen av analysen nyttjar Nils Andréns teorier om inåt- och utåtriktade aktiviteter som en stat vidtar för att skydda sin nation, härvid är fokus på det militära maktmedlets nyttjande. Analysen påvisar en tydlig hotförändring mellan de två tidpunkterna och samtidigt ett tydligt förändrat nyttjande av det militära maktmedlet. Hotbilden har rört sig från ett fokus på global terror till ett konfrontatoriskt Ryssland. Denna nya tydliga hotbild har också lett till en relevansförskjutning till förmån för det militära maktmedlet. I samma tidsperspektiv sker en nyttjandeförskjutning för det militära maktmedlet, till ett nationellt fokus dock med ett bibehållet internationellt engagemang. Den politiska sfären förväntar sig att Försvarsmakten löser sina uppgifter tillsammans med andra. Detta oavsett om det gäller försvaret av det egna territoriet eller internationella insatser. I linje med detta har Totalförsvaret åter fått en given plats i säkerhetspolitiken.
Little green men –  The beginning of a new paradigm for Swedish military power?  Usage of the Swedish military power, the Swedish armed forces, has always been intimately connected to how Swedish politicians interpret their surroundings. In times when there is a lack of threat to the state the relevance of the military power diminishes when compared to other security policy tools. During such times Sweden has had the opportunity and the will to contribute to global security, non the least by contributing to international and multi-dimensional operations, mainly to combat global terrorism. During times of a rise in threat towards the state the relevance of the military power and a more coherent attitude of defending the nation is natural. This essay use this as the starting point in how these security policy changes affects the relevance for and the usage of the Swedish military power. The essay analyzes how the political establishment describes threats to the state and in what shape or form the military power is used. Is it used as a tool for portraying security with an internal purpose or is it used for external purposes. For the analysis we compare Swedish defense board reports from 2003 and 2017. The work uses Barry Buzan et.al in regard to the wider security concept, consisting mainly of use of sectors and threats within sectors. The second part of the analysis uses Nils Andréns theories of internally and externally focused activities from a state with the purpose of securitizing the state. The focus of the internal and external activities is focused on the usage of the military power.   The analysis clearly shows a change of threat between the two time periods, as well as a clear change in the usage of military power. The threat has developed from a focus on global terrorism to a hostile Russia. This change of the threat environment seems to have changed the relevance of military power in comparison with other security policy measures. During the same timeframe a shift of the use of the military power occurs. From participating in international military operations in all dimensions to a national focus with the defense of the state as the top priority. One paradox is obvious, the national focus does not diminish the will to continue participating in international operations. One effect of the changed threat assessment and the diversity of tasks that follow, leads to the need for the military power to work together with others, within the nation and with other nations.

The strategic decision-making mechanisms a state has at its disposal to shape and develop its military means of power are complex. Perceptions of the outside world may be particularly problematic because perceptions of threats change. Political decisions which aim to create robust and long-term security strategies where several factors must be taken into account that are largely determined by the interests of other actors can be difficult to understand and explain. The investment in defence set out in Swedish Defence Bill 2020 is a paradigm shift from reducing to enlarging the armed forces This involves a continued investment into a dedicated professional defence, but in combination with conscription, new establishment of regiments, more military units and increased materiel investment. The purpose of this study is to, examine the driving forces and explanatory factors linked to this paradigm shift, where political decisions to enlarge the military are in focus and examined using Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow's three theoretical perspectives on strategic decision-making. The results of this study clearly show that the dominant driving force for the re-expansion of Sweden's defence capability was the deteriorating external situation, which was evident in terms of all three theoretical perspectives. It is also possible to see traces of other driving forces in the bill, such as long-termism, sustainability and the degree of detailed control of the Armed Forces, which demonstrates the complexity of political decision-making about the creation of military power.

This thesis is about the conflict between participation and bureaucracy. This conflict is illustrated by a case study within the Swedish Armed Forces under the activity that preceded the 1996 Resolution on Defence. More closely it focuses on the decision-making process that led to the Swedish Armed Forces report that were handed over to the Government in March 1996. In this decision-making process the Supreme Commander tried different ways to create participation among all the high- ranking officers, from local up to Headquarters level, to make them participate in the process. The thesis answers the question if it is possible to create participation in a bureau­cratic organisation such as the Swedish Armed Forces, and the conclusion that I draw is that participation is hard to establish. First there is a conflict within the bureaucratic form itself, since a bureaucracy implies a diversification of assignments and responsibilities in different functions and at different levels in a hierarchy. Every level has its own task to fulfil and this states how reality is to be understood. In the Swedish Armed Forces the bureaucratic structure is reinforced by the fact that the officer is promoted to a higher rank after his or her military training. Both the bureaucratic structure and the military training will lead to a differentiation between individuals, and they will be placed in different skills and status levels within the organisation. Besides this, individuals will gather information mostly from their own level, which will further fortify the difference between the levels. Furthermore there are also individual factors connected to the bureaucratic structure that have shown to complicate participation. For example individuals choose not to participate since they experience that they lack necessary competens for the task, that they do not have time, that they have not been consulted or that they consider the task to be solved at a higher level. So even if the military decision-making model encourages and advocates partici­pation, there is a big difficulty to break the bureaucratic design. Leaders often show inability to go from a bureaucratic leadership style to a democratic one. At the same time the subordinate support their leaders when they act as a traditional leader.
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Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka hur Dalregementets militärers giftermålsmönster såg ut under tidsperioden 1650–1799, samt hur dessa påverkades av externa omständigheter som krig, social status och förändrade försörjningsmöjligheter. Den teoretiska grunden har hämtats utifrån tidigare forskning om det västeuropeiska äktenskapsmönstret och olika samhällsgruppers äktenskapsstrategier. En demografisk studie av 221 giftermål har sammanställts från källmaterialet Dalregementets personhistoria I och II. Resultatet av detta har visat att Dalregementets befäls sammanlagda medelålder under tidsperioden 1650–1799 var vid första äktenskapet 31,1 för män och 25,8 för deras makor. Samtidigt har en regressionsanalys av materialet visat en statistisk signifikant höjning av medelåldern från och med 1721 och framåt. Det tyder också på skillnader i giftermålsåldern för adelsmän och resten av officerskåren. Vilken påverkan krig har står fortfarande osäkert, då giftermålsåldern bara sjunker under den första halvan av undersökningsperioden. Detta kan ha berott på reformer som staten genomförde vid denna tid.

O artigo em questão trata da evolução das relações civis-militares na Turquia e de sua estreita vinculação com a política externa do país. A partir de uma análise sobre o desenvolvimento do kemalismo na Turquia, demonstramos como as Forças Armadas conseguiram institucionalizar suas prerrogativas, de forma a ter grande relevância para a formulação da política externa turca. Ao longo da Guerra Fria, então, o papel jogado pelos militares fez com que Ancara se mantivesse alinhado ao Ocidente, com receio da ascensão de movimentos contrários, como o marxismo, o islamismo e o curdismo. No entanto, a partir de 1999, observamos o processo contrário, com o afastamento das Forças Armadas dos centros de decisão da política turca. Esse fenômeno foi acentuado a partir de 2002, com a emergência do AKP, que levou os setores religiosos ao governo e intensificou o declínio dos militares enquanto agentes políticos. Em termos diplomáticos, verificou-se uma transformação significativa da política externa da Turquia, que abandonou a matriz de aliança com o Ocidente em favor de uma estratégia mais regionalista e assertiva.
This article deals with the evolution of civil-military relations in Turkey, and with its strict link with its foreign policy. With that spirit, we analyzed the development of Kemalism in Turkey and we showed how the Turkish Armed Forces managed to institutionalize their prerogatives, so they could play a paramount role to the formulation of Turkish foreign policy. During the Cold War, therefore, it meant the Ankara has always been a close ally to the West, especially because Army feared the rise of antagonist political movements such as Marxism, Islamism and Kurdism. However, from 1999, we can observe the exact opposite phenomenon, because the Turkish Armed Forces have been ostracized when it comes to the Turkish political process. This fact was deeply intensified since 2002, when the AKP won the general elections. The AKP victory brought some religious segments to the core of the government and that deepen the military decline as political actors. Diplomatically, we remarked a significant shift in Turkish foreign policy, once Turkey abandoned its unquestionable alliance with the West in favor of a more assertive and regionalist strategy.

This paper examines whether the American officer’s education at West Point and the Swedish officer’s education at the Military Academy Karlberg have adapted their history of the military art education in accordance to the new requirements of the Armed Forces and its focus on the operational defense. Sweden is evolving towards an operational defense and so is the United States. This in turn requires that training and education keep up with the changes. The National Defense College in Sweden do not focus the teaching of advanced history, which happened beforet he invention of the engine, in the officer’s training program, while the American education is rather advanced, with special focus on events taken place in the 19th century up to the Cold War. The Swedish history of the military art education is more of a philosophical and introductory character resulting in less military historical knowledge. The American education is more focused on dates, battles and events, making the West Point education both more profound and extensive in these dimensions in comparison with the Swedish education. However, it is very doubtful that 19th century military history is useful for a commanding officer during an operation, for example in Afghanistan. Having knowledge about the history of the military art’s development is important to be able to understand the evolution of the Armed Forces, but having knowledge of the number of battalions and name of the commander at the Battle of Austerlitz is of less importance. This paper compares the Swedish and the American history of the military art education in order to analyze the degree of adaption to the new operational defense.

Uppsatsen tar sitt avstamp i den ojämna könsfördelningen inom officerskåren i Försvarsmakten och organisationens målsättning att motverka densamma. Då yrkesvalet har blivit möjligt för kvinnor först i modern tid ingår de inte heller i den klassiska teorin som avhandlar det militära yrkesvalet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utöka förståelsen för kvinnors val att bli sjöofficer i Sverige under perioden 1978 till 2020. Detta undersöks genom en kvalitativ tolkande ansats och metoden tematisk analys. Resultatet tyder på att två olika teman präglar kvinnors val att bli sjöofficer; bakomliggande faktorer och inflytelsefaktorer under tjänstgöring. Dessa två teman med underliggande och empiriskt underbyggda kategorier och koder analyseras genom ett ramverk av teori om yrkesval och militärsociologisk teori. Analysen leder till slutsatsen att kvinnors val att bli sjöofficer kan förstås som en samklang mellan individ och organisation. Organisationens (direkta eller indirekta) kommunikation attraherar en viss typ av individ. Då individens personlighet och intresse överensstämmer med organisationens förväntningar skapas en miljö i vilken individen trivs, socialiseras och breddar sina motiv och drivkrafter för att slutligen göra valet att bli sjöofficer.

Military thinkers, from Clausewitz and Liddell Hart to Grey and Dolman, reason around the meaning of the term strategy and its natural place in a nation’s efforts to plan for the worst-case scenario – war. At the same time, the term policy is used when aligning a nation’s effort. The debate in Sweden has for a long time included both these terms when discussing with what detail the government should direct its armed forces. This indistinctness in usage is analysed and operationalised in order to answer the question; Are the Swedish armed forces governed by policy or by strategy? Theories on policy from social studies are summarized together with the strategy term derived from war studies in order to operationalise their meaning in the Swedish governing system where parliament, consisting of Regering and Riksdag, make decisions regulating its armed forces.The analysis shows that decisions showing both policy and strategy is present, but that the detail in strategic decisions in certain cases overrides the overarching policy rendering the armed forces without freedom of strategic action.This study contributes to both the field of public policy as well as military strategy where they come together in the military-political arena in Sweden. It clarifies the level of detail in which the military is governed and determines whether decisions can be considered a strategic plan or a governing political policy.

In less than 20 years the orientation in Swedish security politics changed drastically from only prioritizing their own national defense to a solidarity proclamation to the neighboring countries. This is due to the constant shifting in the international political environment. These changes also meant a major impact on the lower strategies such as the resource and operational strategy. The resource and operational strategies changes in different time perspectives. The military strategy can be changed with just one government resolution while the resource strategy takes years to change. The purpose of the essay is to examine how the coherence between those two strategies looked when they constantly have to adjust to the changing international political environment. The result of the analysis shows that during the current time for each strategy there were in fact sufficiently satisfactory coherence between the resource and the operational strategies. This is due to the very specific international political environment that were during each time period.

In less than 20 years the orientation in Swedish security politics changed drastically from only prioritizing their own national defense to a solidarity proclamation to the neighboring countries. This is due to the constant shifting in the international political environment. These changes also meant a major impact on the lower strategies such as the resource and operational strategy. The resource and operational strategies changes in different time perspectives. The military strategy can be changed with just one government resolution while the resource strategy takes years to change. The purpose of the essay is to examine how the coherence between those two strategies looked when they constantly have to adjust to the changing international political environment.  The result of the analysis shows that during the current time for each strategy there were in fact sufficiently satisfactory coherence between the resource and the operational strategies. This is due to the very specific international political environment that were during each time period.

I Sverige pågår en omfattande ominriktning av försvarsmakten. Som en del i denna ominriktning genomförsstudier inom ett flertal områden som syftar till att hitta den utrustning och de förbandsstrukturer som kommeratt uppfylla kraven efter 2010.Denna uppsats vill bidra till dessa studier genom att visa att framtidens stridsfält ställer nya och ökade krav påstridsfordon och dess sensorer.Genom att utgå från en analys av den framtida markstriden identifierar arbetet de förutsättningar och krav sominom sensorområdet kommer att bli dimensionerande. Utifrån dessa identifieras sedan tekniska möjligheter somlöser stridsfordonets behovet av elektrooptiska utblickar. Möjligheter kopplas sedan till områdena spaning,framföring, skydd samt förmåga till bekämpning. Bekämpningsförmågan avser både den direktriktade elden såväl som externa bekämpningssystem.Uppsatsen visar att multisensorkapacitet i kombination med nätverksbaserat informationsflöde förändrar rollenför stridsfordonet både på stridsfältet så väl som inom fordonet i sig. Genom ett sensortekniskt konceptbeskriver uppsatsen denna förändrade roll. Arbetet visar att genom utnyttjandet av elektrooptiska utblickar gårdet att optimera sensorerna inom respektive område och därigenom erhålla en bättre helhetslösning än idag. Attkombinera och optimera sensorsystemen utifrån respektive områdes behov underlättar för stridsfordonet attkraftsamla sin förmåga i tid och rum.Det påvisas även att allt inte behöver ändras och att vissa områden och funktioner skall behållas som de är idag.
In Sweden a huge readjusting of the armed forces is in progress. As a part ofthis readjusting there are, within different areas, several ongoing studiesfocusing on trying to find the organisation and equipment of the future. Thetime spans for these studies are beyond 2010.This thesis would like to contribute to this study by showing that the futurebattlefield demands new and more acute sensor capabilities. I will highlight thedemands and requirements for sensors on a combat vehicle by analysing of thefuture battlefield. From these demands I will identify the technical possibilitiesthat will solve the future needs of the combat vehicle in regard to electroopticalsensors.These possibilities are then linked to four separated areas within the vehicle.The areas are the capability to conduct surveillance, to manoeuvre, protectionand the use of firepower. The firepower capability includes that of the ownvehicle and that of other platforms.This analysis concludes that multi-sensor capacity, in combination withnetworked based information flows, will alter the role for the combat vehicle.Not only on the battlefield but also in regard to the users within the vehicleitself.This thesis makes an attempt to capitalize these changes by combining thepossibilities into a technical concept. This concept shows that by optimizingthe sensors for the different roles one also gets a maximized capability of thecombat vehicle in itself. It also concludes that not everything has to change andthat some of the old capabilities have to be kept.
Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP T 01-03

Uppsatsens syfte är att analysera och diskutera vad som legat till grund för organisering av arméns insatsförband insatsorganisations år 2009 (IO 09). Hur ser organisationsstrukturen ut och vilka faktorer har påverkat organiseringen av IO 09? Uppgiftens komplexitet innebar att jag närmade mig problemformuleringen från olika perspektiv. Studien omfattar därmed en mångsidig kvalitativ analys av data från både styrdokument och intervjuer.

Studien visar att det framförallt är de klassiska ”byråkratiska teoretiska” perspektiven som dominerar organisationsdesignen inom arméns insatsorganisation 2009. Vidare förefaller det finnas en arketyp för hur ett förband i armén skall vara organiserat. Denna arketyp omfattas sannolikt av en organisationsstruktur om fyra ledningsnivåer och ett kontrollspann om fyra eller fem enheter i alla nivåer. Signifikant för maskinbyråkratimodellen, vilken identifierats i nio av tio organisationsstrukturer i IO 09, är att denna organisationsdesign underlättar tydliga och klara ledningsförhållanden. Däremot har maskinbyråkratimodellen en del nackdelar såsom att modellen anses vara rigid och svår att förändra. Studien konstaterar därmed en intressant paradox d.v.s. kravet på att organisationerna i IO 09 skall vara modulära och flexibla samtidigt som organisationsstrukturerna i IO 09 antyder något annat. Ett annat resultat som studien visar är att det framförallt synes varit mänskliga faktorer tillsammans med omgivningskaraktäristiska faktorer som dominerat ”processerna” i organiseringen av IO 09, därmed också i allra högsta grad resultatet av hur arméns insatsorganisation 2009 är organiserad.

The purpose of this essay is to analyse and discuss what has been the basis of the organization of the mission-based armed forces in the year of the mission-based organization 2009 (IO 09). What does the organizational structure look like and what factors have affected the organization of IO 09? The complexity of the task demanded an approach to problem formulation from various perspectives. Thus, the study includes a diversified qualitative analysis of data collected from governing documents as well as interviews.

The study shows that, above all, it is the classic “bureaucratic theoretical” perspectives that dominate the organizational design within the mission-based organization 2009. Furthermore, there seems to exist an archetype with respect to how an army force battalion unit should be organized. This archetype does most likely represent an organizational structure comprised of four levels of leadership and a span of control of four or five units operating at all levels. Significant to the machine bureaucracy model, which has been identified in nine out of ten organizational structures in IO 09, is that this organizational design facilitates distinct and clear leadership conditions. However, the machine bureaucracy model demonstrates some disadvantages such as the fact that it is considered to be rigid and difficult to change. Hence, the study reveals an interesting paradox, that is, the requirements stipulated for the organizations in IO 09 are supposed to be modular and flexible while the organizational structures in IO 09 suggest something else. An additional result showed by the study is that, primarily, it appears that human factors combined with environmental characteristic factors have dominated the “processes” with regard to the organization of IO 09. Consequently, these factors have also seem to generated the outcome with regard to how the army’s mission-based organization 2009 has been organized.

Både i Norge og Sverige er målsetningen med forsvarsutviklingen å innføre et Nettverksbasert Forsvar (NBF). I denforbindelse blir det i den norske introduksjonen til NBF slått fast at den største utfordringen i NBF er å styreinformasjonsflyten i nettverkene (Information Management). Det nevnes derimot lite om hva denne utfordringenbestår av. I oppgaven belyses derfor på et overordnet og konseptuelt nivå, hva Information Management er, oghvorfor det er viktig. Hvilke faktorer som bør tas hensyn til for å oppnå effektiv informasjonsstyring belyses også, ogdet pekes på spesifikke faktorer som er viktige å fokusere på helt fra starten. Belysningen gjøres på grunnlag avlitteraturstudier. Deretter tas det utgangspunkt i offisielle rapporteringer fra forsvaret i Norge og Sverige, dertilnærmingen til NBF med tanke på Information Management blir belyst. Resultatene av dette analyseres såavslutningsvis opp mot de mest sentrale konklusjonene i den innledende behandlingen av Information Management,for å belyse i hvilken grad de to respektive land viser bevissthet angående sentrale elementer angåendeinformasjonsstyring, i sin tilnærming til NBF.Resultatene av oppgaven viser at Information Management er et fagfelt som favner vidt , der både menneskeligeaspekter, virksomhets-, og organisasjonsforståelse, så vel som teknologi inngår. Det vises at Information Managementfavner alle prosesser som bidrar til å skaffe rett informasjon, i rett form, til de riktige menneskene, i rett tid og på rettsted. Ulike faktorer som bidrar til å oppnå dette belyses, og det slås fast at den viktigste faktoren for å lykkes, er åfokusere på aktørenes virkelige informasjonsbehov. Det er behovet som skal styre hvordan de andre faktorene utføres,for at nettopp behovet skal tilfredstilles.Oppgaven kommer også til at det synes som Norge nå har en forholdsvis god bevissthet på hva InformationManagement er, og hva som er viktig å fokusere på i utviklingen. Det finnes derfor forutsetninger for å lykkes medutviklingen mot å oppnå effektiv informasjonsstyring.Den Svenske utviklingen synes hittil delvis å være drevet med teknologien i front, uten at virksomheten og densbehov har fått det nødvendige fokus. Oppgaven avdekker imidlertid at det nå skjer endringer i prioriteringene, med enøkende bevissthet på at virksomhet og behov skal være styrende for andre funksjoner. Dermed synes det som om merpositive forutsetninger for en vellykket informasjonsstyring også finnes i Sverige
As in many western countries, the concept of Network Centric Warfare is the visionand goal for the transformation of the armed forces in Norway and Sweden. In theNorwegian introduction to this concept, it is stated that Information Management willbe a major challenge. What the challenge consists of is on the other hand not defined.On this background this study, gives a conceptual and broad picture of whatInformation Management is, and why it is important. Important factors to take intoconsideration to achieve effective information management are discussed, and themost important factors to have in focus from the beginning, are highlighted.Further the Swedish and Norwegian transformations of the armed forces into a conceptof Network Centric warfare are discussed with focus on aspects consideringInformation Management. In order to find the state of consciousness on importantaspects of Information Management in the two countries transformation processes, theresults of this discussion are finally analysed on background of the highlightedconclusions from the introductory chapter considering Information Management.Conclusions of the study shows that Information Management consists of a broad spanof knowledge and skills, including human aspects, enterprise and organisationalaspects, as well as technological aspects. Another conclusion is that the main goal ofinformation management is: Getting the right information in the right form to the rightpeople at the right time and in the right place. As a consequence of this, it is shownthat information management can be seen as all kind of processes supporting this goal.Different factors to take into consideration are found, and an important conclusion isthat the real information needs (not the wants) are the most important factor to keep infocus to succeed in achieving effective information management. This must be thebasis of how all the other factors are solved.The final analysis shows that Norway has a good consciousness of what informationmanagement is, and what factors are the most important to keep in focus during thetransformation process. Positive conditions for development of successful informationmanagement are present.Technology has so far been in front in the Swedish development into new networkcentric concepts. Information needs as well as organisational and methodical aspectsare up to now not focused in the same way. However a change in priority is shown,and it is now a growing consciousness in Sweden about the importance of focusing onhow the organisation wants to work, and the information needs this generate. The planis now that these aspects are to make the basis of how the other functions are solved.On this background it is shown that more positive conditions for development ofeffective information management also are on its way here.
Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP T 01-03

Den här studien handlar om hur svenska officerare fattar sina beslut i dynamiska situationer, det vill säga situationer som bland annat präglas av stress, oklarheter och tidspress. Även frågor kring vad som bygger förmågan till att fatta dylika beslut och hur till exempel gruppen och ledarskapet påverkar beslutsfattandet studeras. Det tycks finnas motsättningar gällande frågan om beslut fattas på ett rationellt och analytiskt sätt eller om det sker på ett intuitivt vis. Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera hur svenska officerare fattar beslut i dynamiska situationer och vad det kan innebära för deras utbildning och utveckling. Frågan studeras genom sammanlagt femton intervjuer med erfarna svenska officerare och officerskadetter och i studien har en tematisk analys med en induktiv ansats använts. Studiens resultat tyder på att det militära beslutsfattandet i dynamiska situationer kan förklaras med två teman: a) individuella och b) strukturella faktorer. Individuella faktorer handlar bland annat om intuitivt beslutsfattande, ledarskap och gruppdynamik medan strukturella faktorer avser erfarenhet och utbildning. Resultaten bekräftar teorier om att det intuitiva beslutsfattandet förutsätter att officeren är erfaren och har en hög nivå av expertis. En expertis och erfarenhet som genom år av träning har skapat en minnesbank som medger igenkänning eller mönsterförståelse i många militära dynamiska situationer. Med resultaten i åtanke diskuteras slutligen huruvida den inslagna vägen för att forma morgondagens officerare och högre officerare är den mest produktiva.

Försvarsmakten skall enligt regeringen utveckla tekniska lösningar för det framtidaledningssystemet som skall verka inom försvaret. Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera tillvilken nytta en försvarsmaktsgemensam teknisk arkitektur för stöd av ledning har för en chefsbeslutsfattning.Först introduceras det nätverksbaserade försvaret (NBF) och här beskrivs vad NBF egentligenkan innebära som metod för det flexibla insatsförsvaret. Därefter avhandlas vad ledningbetyder för Försvarsmakten med dess fyra faktorer: organisation, metodik, personal ochteknik. Slutligen beskrivs beslutsfattningsprocessen som ett avsnitt i uppsatsen då denmänskliga påverkan är en viktig del i ledningssystemet. Under arbetets genomförande harförfattaren intervjuat auktoriteter, bland annat från FOI och Handelsbanken, dessa personerhar genom sin medverkan genererat ytterligare kunskaper till uppsatsens arbete.Resultatet pekar på att en gemensam teknisk arkitektur mycket väl kan underlätta och förbättraen chefs beslutsfattning. För att uppnå detta krävs det en robust och högteknologiskkommunikationsstruktur, det krävs också att försvaret strävar mot en öppenhet så att det tillåtsett informations- och arbetsutbyte inom och utom organisationen. IT- och datasäkerheten kandock begränsa öppenheten för själva informationsflödet inom ledningssystemet.
Swedish Armed Forces plan to develop technical solutions to the futurecommand and control (C2) system, according to the Swedish Governmentsguiding principles. This thesis deals with a common technological architecturein the C4ISR structure and what kind of support the system will give thecommanders according to their decision cycle.First of all, the Network-Based Defence is introduced in the thesis and thewriter describes what NBF are thought to be as a method in the upcomingflexible defence. Besides that the thesis are studying what C2 are intended to befor the Swedish Armed Forces, four important elements are studied inside thecommand area and they are: organization, methods, personnel and technology.Finally the decision-making process is studied, as the human influence is acentral factor inside the C2 system.The thesis concludes that it is possible to evolve the decision-making process ifa high technology communication network supports the C2 systems. The thesisalso concludes that there is a strong need to open up the organisation structureand hierarchy and to permit an information stream and to integrate the peoplebetween different functions.
Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP T 01-03

The following bachelor thesis will focus on the Swedish Armed Forces and their military pastoral care in the otherwise secularized society and organization. What kind of duties does the chaplains and other chaplaincy have in the armed forces, why haven't the religious pastoral care been replaced with a secular alternative and how does their work stand against their own organization values? The essay will primarily focus on the works of parson Sten Elmberg that he, together with the Swedish Armed Forces, published during the years of 2000 til 2014. These publications focus on the Swedish Armed Forces foreign missionary during the 1990s in Bosnia and the 2000s in Kosovo.   The theory chapter of the essay is focused on the secularizationtheory from Rodney Stark and Larry Shiner together with the deprivationtheory from Charles Glock and Rodney Stark. The conclusion is that it is hard to replace the religious pastoral care with a secular alternative since the secular care are not as skilled in dealing with the questions of life and death as the pastoral care are and that is because of the deprivation theory the soldiers sometimes even asks for pastoral care. Further wise we can see that the duties are not focused on the religious questions even though the care is delivered by religious representatives.

I samband med publicering av militära doktriner startar allt som oftast en betydande debatt därdoktrinernas budskap diskuteras. Detta faktum har varit särskilt tydligt i USA vid utgivande avU.S. Navy´s doktriner. Doktrindiskussionen går till stor del att återfinna på olika militära tidskriftersdebattsidor vilka visar sig utgöra ett frekvent utnyttjat debattforum. Debattens inneboendekaraktär och tidskrifternas löpande publicering av inlägg gör det svårt att skaffa sig en täckandeoch rättvisande bild av den marina doktrindebattens innehåll och uttryck. Det är därför intressantatt på ett systematiskt sätt undersöka hur den marina doktrindebatten är utformad i dessa tidskrifter,vad debatten omfattar och vad den antas innehålla. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att undersökaden marina debattens natur genom att tematiskt granska relationen doktriner och efterföljandedebatt. Med utgångspunkt i Wilhelm Agrells metod för analys av doktriner har ett analysinstrumentutvecklats i syfte att systematisera genomförandet av undersökningen.Uppsatsens resultat visar att framtagning och utveckling av ett analysinstrument för denna typ avundersökningar i hög grad underlättar och renodlar granskningen av doktriner och debatt. Resultatetvisar också att den marina tidskriftsdebatten är utbredd och omfattande till sin karaktär, menden är även mer dynamisk och oförutsägbar än det intryck som kan ges vid en första anblick.
When military doctrines are published, they often quickly become the subject of considerable debatewhere the message is analysed and discussed. This fact has been particularly evident in theUSA after the publication of U.S. Navy´s doctrines. Discussion of doctrine is most often to befound in debate and commentary in various military journals, which serve as a frequently usedforum for such discussions. The complex nature of the debate and continuous publishing of sucharticles make it difficult to get a comprehensive and accurate picture of the content and expressionof the debate about maritime doctrine. Therefore, it is interesting to examine more systematicallyhow doctrinal debate is shaped in these journals, what the debate encompasses and what its contents.Thus, the purpose of this essay is to study the nature of the maritime debate by thematically examiningthe relationship between doctrine and the subsequent debate. Setting out from WilhelmAgrell´s method for analysis of doctrines, an analytical instrument has been developed in order tosystematize the conduct of this investigation.Results show that the development and use of an analytical instrument for the examination of doctrineand debate greatly facilitates and refines the accomplishment of a systematic investigation.The results also show that the maritime debate is by nature extensive and comprehensive and thatit is even more dynamic and unpredictable then a first impression might indicate.
Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps. Hylla: Upps. ChP 06-08

Orientador: Marcelo Magalhães Bulhões
Resumo: Antonio Callado é reconhecidamente um dos maiores escritores brasileiros do século XX, autor de Quarup (1967) e Reflexos do Baile (1976), obras cuja elaboração narrativa são indissociáveis do contexto da ditadura militar no Brasil. Mas, o autor, declaradamente de esquerda, também foi jornalista atuante nas redações do país. Entre as décadas de 1940 e 1960, trabalhou no Correio da Manhã e no Jornal do Brasil, escreveu grandes reportagens - que até hoje são reeditadas em livros - e publicou artigos que fizeram com que os militares o levassem para a prisão mais de uma vez. Ainda assim, há uma lacuna nos estudos de jornalismo sobre autor. Este trabalho é uma proposta de compreensão sobre a identidade de Callado como jornalista e sobre como sua produção jornalística dialogou com o espírito de resistência de sua época. Para isso, nos dedicamos ao estudo contextual e analítico de todas as reportagens de Callado publicadas em livro: Esqueleto na Lagoa Verde (1953), Os Industriais da Seca e os Galileus de Pernambuco (1959), Revolução piloto em Pernambuco (1963) e Vietnã do Norte: o outro lado da guerra (1968), Passaporte sem Carimbo (1978) e Entre Deus e a Vasilha (1984). A tese está fundamentada na identificação e na análise das estratégias discursivas das narrativas, principalmente na assunção da subjetividade, autorreferencialidade e literariedade. Sobretudo, a tese se dedica a averiguar como tais estratégias estão em plena associação com a militância de um repórter que sonhava com... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Antonio Callado is acknowledged as one of the greatest Brazilian writers of the 20th century, author of Quarup (1967) and Reflexos do Baile (1976), works whose narrative elaboration are inseparable from the context of the military dictatorship in Brazil. However, the author, reportedly leftist, was also a journalist in the country's newsrooms. Between the 1940s and 1960s, he worked at Correio da Manhã and the Jornal do Brasil, wrote large reports - which are still being reissued in books - and published articles that led the military to take him to prison more than once. Still, there is a gap in author journalism studies. This work is a proposal of understanding about the identity of Callado as a journalist and about how his journalistic production dialogues with the spirit of resistance of his time. For that, we are dedicated to the contextual and analytical study of all Callado’s reports published in book: Esqueleto na Lagoa Verde (1953), Os Industriais da Seca e os Galileus de Pernambuco (1959), Revolução piloto em Pernambuco (1963) e Vietnã do Norte: o outro lado da guerra (1968), Passaporte sem Carimbo (1978) e Entre Deus e a Vasilha (1984). The thesis is based on the identification and analysis of the discursive strategies of the narratives, mainly in the assumption of subjectivity, selfreferentiality and literacy. Above all, the thesis focuses on how such strategies are in full association with the militancy of a reporter who dreamed of a country that, even today, is f... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Huvudsyftet med denna uppsats är att visa på hur olika atmosfärsförhållanden kan påverka dettaktiska utnyttjandet av elektromagnetisk vågutbredning och behovet för en operatör att kunnaförstå och bedöma denna påverkan.Sensorer som använder det elektromagnetiska spektret utnyttjas mer och mer i våra militärasystem. Vädret och atmosfären påverkar transmissionen och vågutbredningen avelektromagnetiska vågor. Olika atmosfärs- och väderfenomen påverkar sensorernas frekvenseroch våglängder och skapar begränsningar i utnyttjandet. Utnyttjandet av sensorer och systemför att upptäcka och följa mål och hot kräver kunskapen att kunna bedöma hur sensorn ochsystemet påverkas när de används i olika klimat och väderförhållanden. Behovet av detta ärstort och kommer i framtiden att öka då vi mer och mer förlitar oss på tekniska hjälpmedel föratt kunna upptäcka och bekämpa mål i en stridsmiljö. Framtidens mer skiftande miljö medinternationella insatser i klimat som är mycket olikt det svenska kommer ytterligare attpåverka utprovningar och den kunskap som krävs. Uppsatsen beskriver situationer där vädrethar inverkan på utnyttjandet av elektromagnetiska vågor för radar och optiska sensorer.Uppsatsen ser också till behovet av utbildning i meteorologi och väderpåverkan.
The main purpose with this paper is to show how different atmospheric conditions have aninfluence on the tactical utilization of the electromagnetic propagation and the necessity for anoperator to understand and make an assessment of the effects.Sensors that use the electromagnetic spectra are more and more common in our militarysystems. Weather and the atmosphere effect the transmission and the propagation ofelectromagnetic waves. Different atmospheric and weather phenomena effect the choice offrequencies and wavelength of the sensors and create restraints in utilization. Utilization ofsensors and systems to detect and track targets and threats demands knowledge in how toassess how the sensors or the systems are affected when they are used in different climatic andweather conditions. The need for this is great and in the future it will increase when we willmore and more be relying on the technical expedient to detect and destroy a target in combatenvironment. In the future, a changing environment with international commitments in aclimate that is very different from the Swedish climate, will further influence the tests and theknowledge that is required. The paper describes situations where weather has an influence onutilization of electromagnetic waves for radar and optical sensors. The paper also looks intothe need for education in meteorology and weather influence.
Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP T 01-03