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Journal articles on the topic 'Military Dept'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Zaman Khan, Wasi Uz, Abdullah Ahmed Ali AlAjmi, and Sarim Al Zubaidy. "Use of Data Quality Index in Student Feedback for Quality Assurance of Engineering Programmes at the Military Technological College, Muscat, Oman." International Journal of Higher Education 7, no. 3 (May 20, 2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v7n3p90.

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This case study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of the modifications into the engineering programmes adopted by the Military Technological College (MTC) to satisfy the needs of Omani armed forces. It discusses the role of Quality Assurance (QA) in engineering education and accreditation process in the context of four engineering programmes offered by the MTC. The study outlines the steps undertaken by the QA department at the MTC which are practiced by western institutes and universities. This study also included the student feedback as the most important parameter in measuring the effectiveness of modified engineering programmes. Due to low participation rate, the data quality index (DQI) approach was used for assessing the quality of the programme in a military learning environment. The MTC applied its anonymous over sighting the engineering programmes offered by the four engineering departments (Aeronautical, Civil, Marine, and Systems). The Student Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ) used in the academic years 2014-15 and 2015-16 was modified and the improved version was used in academic year 2016-17. In year 2016-17 a total of 561 students participated online in the SEQ survey. The student’s satisfaction about the module and lecturer with low participation rate was above 50% in most modules which could be misleading. However, after transformation of the data to DQI the student feedback became more representative. On a scale of 0 – 100, a lower DQI value indicated higher student satisfaction. The DQI can be used as an institutional approach for maximum information and assessment of module performance. Out of 43 modules, the students were more satisfied in module MTCA5030 owned and managed by Aeronautical Engineering Dept.; in module MTCC3009 (section 2) owned and managed by Civil Engineering Dept.; in module MTCM5004 owned and managed by Marine Engineering Dept.; and in module MTCS5011 owned and managed by Systems Engineering Dept.

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2

Chao, Che-Yi, and Ja-Chen Lin. "Secret Image Sharing Revisited: Forbidden Type, Support Type, and Their Two Approaches." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 3753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113753.

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In this paper, we introduce two new image-sharing types to extend the applicability of sharing. Type 1 is our so-called forbidden type. In its sharing system, any t of the n shares can recover the secret image, unless the t shares form a forbidden group listed in a forbidden list. Type 2 is our so-called cross-department support type. If a government has 3 departments {DEPH, DEPM, DEPL}, then 3 thresholds (tH, tM and tL) exist. Any tH number of officers from department DEPH can unveil the secret image, and likewise for any tM and tL number of officers from departments DEPM and DEPL, respectively. Type 2 image sharing allows a secret to be disclosed not only in an intra-department meeting but also in a cross-department meeting. In this study, both types are implemented through two approaches: the polynomial and linear-equations approaches. Hackers can be confused when two approaches are mixed. As for the applications, use Type 1 to protect sensitive information in medical or military images or legal documents; and use type 2 to support cross-department crime investigation, industrial production, etc.

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3

Rucińska, Zuzanna, Jan Juzwiszyn, Zofia Bolanowska, Maciej Malinowski, Kornel Pormańczuk, Mariusz Chabowski, and Dariusz Janczak. "The evaluation of the postoperative course in patients operated due to abdominal aortic aneurysm as urgent or elective procedure." Polish Journal of Surgery 90, no. 5 (September 12, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.4713.

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Introduction. The patients with the aortic abdominal aneurysm of 55mm in diameter are qualified for surgery. There is open repair (OR) by means of the vascular prosthesis implantation or the less invasive endovascular method by means of the stent graft implantation through femoral arteries incision (EndovascularAorticRepair - EVAR). The aim of the study was the evaluation of the postoperative course in patients operated due to the aortic abdominal aneurysm and the evaluation of the impact of the surgical method on the short-time results. Material and methods. 124 patients operated due to the abdominal aortic aneurysm in Dept of Surgery of 4th Military Hospital in Wroclaw in 2014 were enrolled into the study: 53 patients with OR, 53 patients with EVAR, and 19 patients with a ruptured aneurysm. Results. Mortality was 0% in EVAR and 6% in OR and 39% in a ruptured aneurysm. Time of hospital stay was 5.8 days in EVAR vs 10 days in OR. The stay in ICU was 0% in EVAR vs 13% in OR. Blood transfusion was 9.4% in EVAR vs 66% in OR. Time of postoperative analgesia was 27 h in EVAR vs 76.8 h in OR. Cardio-respiratory decompensation was 1.9% in EVAR vs 7.6% in OR. Renal insufficiency was 2% in EVAR vs 9% in OR. The lower rate of organ complications was in EVAR. The ruptured aneurysm presented the most complicated postoperative course: hospital stay of 11.4 days, ICU stay of 78%, blood transfusion of 100%, painkillers of 136 hours, cardio-respiratory decompensation of 81% and renal insufficiency of 69%. Conclusions. The method of treatment, the conditions of the admission and the type of surgery influenced the postoperative course. The elective EVAR patients presented both the 0% of mortality and the lightest postoperative course. The ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms operated as an emergency had the most complicated postoperative course.

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4

ISLAM, ALIYA, NUSRAT AJAB KHAN, and USMA NAILA. "BREAST FEEDING." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 01 (March 10, 2011): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.01.1851.

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Objective: To study the causative factors responsible for avoidance of Breast Feeding in post-partum women attending the post-natal OPD in MH Rawalpindi. Design: Comparative cross sectional study. Setting: Dept of Gynae and Obstetrics, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. Tertiary care centre from all the Pakistan dealing with other ranks of Pak Army. Duration: Nine months (From 01.01.2007 to 1.10.2007). Materials and Methods: Study was done on 1000 patients at post-natal Gynae OPD. Patients were divided into two groups of 500 each. Those patients who were exclusively breast feeding their babies were included in group-II while group-I included those patients who were not breast feeding their babies at all. Patients demographic data was entered on questionnaire and factors involved were interpreted. The most important causative factor responsible for avoidance of breast feeding in group-I were noted down. The mothers in group-II were enquired about that problem. Data was analyzed by using computer software programme SPSS version 11. Chi square test was used to see the significance of difference between group-I and group-II and results were considered significant if P value is less than 0.05. Results: The study showed that as compared to group-II causative factors involved in avoidance of breast feeding in group-I were pain at operated site 148, working women 38, Sick baby 26,Cracked nipples and mastitis 59, Breast abscess 4, Social Myths 58, Multiple Births 2, Inverted Nipples 5 and failure of proper counseling 160. Conclusions: Most of the factors responsible for avoidance of breast feeding are preventable and treatable. General population should be educated regarding the benefits of breast feeding in the mother and baby. Thus reducing mortality rate in woman and infants.

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5

Vilău, Radu, Marin Marinescu, Octavian Alexa, Marian Truta, and Valentin Vinturis. "Diagnose Method Based on Spectral Analysis of Measured Parameters." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.535.

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The paper presents a possible method to diagnose a mechanical fault of an automotive system. Starting from the point of view that every fault of a mechanical system should introduce an abnormal component within the signal that describes the time history of a mechanical parameter we tried to find a way to reveal it.We were performing some tests involving a military vehicle with respect to the performances of its braking system. The tests were aiming at identifying a way to bring up-to-date the old weapon system from the braking systems point of view. During these tests we observed some anomalies concerning the pressure evolution within the braking cylinders of the vehicle. Some unusual but also systematic noises occurred. As a main issue at this point, the source of the noise should have been identified and filtered if necessary. We had to decide whether the noisy component of the signal is just a noise that should be removed by filtering the signal or it is a physical component of the mechanical parameter itself (not noise but a useful information).These procedures take time and they also request accurate knowledge as well as fine expertise in automotive testing. Since our Dept. has a long and rich practice in this respect, we assumed to processing data and give them a thorough interpretation. So, the first thing we did was to perform a frequency analysis, using classical methods. Usually, a simple frequency analysis cant provide information about a time variation of the frequency spectra due to the Fourier Transforms behavior, since it freezes the signal in time. A much more accurate analysis is the time-frequency analysis. However, observing both the amplitude and power spectra can lead to a useful conclusion. We concluded that the noise we met within the signal is due to the brake drums loss of circular shape (they turned into an oval, the process being known as ovalization). Hence, we cant talk about a noise as it is usually defined.

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6

Norrlof, Carla, and William C. Wohlforth. "Is US grand strategy self-defeating? Deep engagement, military spending and sovereign debt." Conflict Management and Peace Science 36, no. 3 (November 2, 2016): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894216674953.

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Questions regarding the economic consequences of US grand strategy have gained new salience. This article provides an empirical test of the relationship between US military expenditures and public debt and clarifies the real constraints the US faces issuing debt. Neither results from the statistical analysis nor the economic theory of sovereign debt support the retrenchment position regarding the impact of military spending on public debt (1973–2015). Tax cuts are the most significant determinant of debt not military spending, social benefits or interest payments. Evaluating new hypotheses about alternative mechanisms through which military spending may damage the economy remains a priority.

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7

Harris, Geoff. "Military Expenditure, Arms Imports and Third World Debt During the 1980s." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 7, no. 1 (January 1996): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9600700105.

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One of the ‘costs’ of military imports and military expenditures by developing countries occurs to the extent that these are financed by incurring foreign debt. This article estimates that, for 61 severely and moderately indebted developing countries, military imports during the 1980s were equivalent to about 28% of new foreign debt incurred. When military expenditures as a whole are examined, the proportion is around 77%. Had these countries made no military expenditures during the 1980s, they could have borrowed very little and/or allocated far more of the borrowed resources to productive purposes, thus making future debt servicing burdens much lighter and/or easier to meet.

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8

Caruso, Raul, and Marco Di Domizio. "The Impact of US Military Spending on Public Debt in Europe (1992–2013): A Note." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2015-0040.

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AbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between the US military spending and public debt in a panel of European countries in the period 1992–2013. Under the established evidence of the interdependence between US and European military spending, we exploited a dynamic panel estimation. Findings show that the debt of European countries is: (1) positively associated with US military spending; (2) negatively associated with average military burden of other European countries.

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9

Georgantopoulos, Andreas G. "The Interrelationship between Military Expenditure and External Debt: Patterns of Causation in Northern Africa Countries." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 3, no. 4 (October 15, 2011): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v3i4.279.

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It is supported by academics and scholars that defense expenditure can significantly affect a countryâ€™s economic growth and in some cases it influences external debt having implications in various macroeconomic indicators. However, relevant empirical studies have produced contradictory evidence while the literature in this field remains relatively poor. In this spirit, this survey investigates the causal links between military expenditure and external debt for four emerging Northern Africa countries (i.e. Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco) during the period 1988-2009. Empirical findings on the long-term relationship between the tested variables are based on cointegration test. The Granger Causality test results using Vector Auto Regression (VAR) estimates and the Error Correction Model imply that there is no dynamic causal link between military expenditure and external debt for Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. On the other hand regarding Egypt, results imply that a strong unidirectional causality exists running from defense expenditure to external debt. Collectively, empirical calculations show that military burden do not have any significant impact on most Northern Africa countries. The only exception is the case of Egypt; empirical results show that military expenditure robustly affect the countryâ€™s external debt. These are the only findings provided from this study that validate the hypothesis that military burden may be important in determining the evolution of debt in developing countries.

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10

Nauwelaerts, Philip. "Military Budgets, Underdevelopment and Dependency." Afrika Focus 5, no. 1-2 (January 15, 1989): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0050102002.

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Military expenditures are considered to be one of the causes of underdevelopment. This statement is not easy to prove. The article tries to explain that relatively small military expenditures might have large consequences, e.g. on external debt and scarcity of foreign exchange. The problem for Africa is not in the first place the amount of military expenses or external debt, but the low productivity rate which makes repayment difficult. Africa still remains dependent in different economic fields from industrialized countries. The African situation would improve by more stable regimes and a better internal organization of the state, so that natural resources and other activities will really benefit the country.

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11

Harymawan, Iman. "Why do firms appoint former military personnel as directors? Evidence of loan interest rate in militarily connected firms in Indonesia." Asian Review of Accounting 26, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ara-07-2016-0086.

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Purpose Anecdotal evidence shows that a number of military personnel have been appointed as board members by listed firms in Indonesia. Taking advantage of the unique setting of the strong influence of the military in Indonesian politics, the purpose of this paper is to provide direct empirical evidence on the effect of military connections on interest rate for listed firms in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a sample of 1,818 firm-year observations of firms listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2004 to 2012 and employs Heckman’s two-stage regression and Coarsened Exact Matching methods to address endogeneity concerns on the firms’ establishment of military connections. Findings The finding reveals that connected firms significantly enjoy lower interest rates on debt than non-connected ones. These findings are robust to several robustness checks. Research limitations/implications The results of this study should be treated with caution since the proxy of military connections limited only based on board connections. Hence, this may underestimate the results from this study. This research has implications for Indonesia’s regulators who are striving to improve accounting information and transparency of militarily connected firms. Originality/value The results of this study add to the literature that connected firms enjoy preferential benefits provided by the connections through lower interest charges from banks.

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12

Dalisay, Francis. "Colonial Debt, Resistance to U.S. Military Presence, Trustworthiness of Pro-U.S. Military Information Sources, and Support for the Military Buildup on Guam." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 8, no. 1 (May 13, 2014): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/prp.2014.2.

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In this exploratory study, a representative community survey of 319 registered voters was conducted in the island of Guam to analyse the relationships between colonial debt (an internalised acceptance of colonisation), resistance to U.S. military presence, support for an impending U.S. military buildup in the island, and the perceived trustworthiness of information sources supportive of the buildup — that is, U.S. officials and the Pacific Daily News, a local newspaper. Results suggest that colonial debt was associated with less resistance to U.S. military presence, more support for the military buildup, and higher trustworthiness of two information sources supportive of the buildup. Resistance to U.S. military presence was linked with less support for the buildup and less trustworthiness of the two information sources. Implications and limitations are discussed.

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13

Sun, Wen Zhu, Jian Ling Qu, Yu Ping Zhou, Mei Jie Liu, and Feng Gao. "A Novel Estimation Method on Delta Engine Gas Temperature of a Certain Aero-Engine Based on Flight Data." Applied Mechanics and Materials 203 (October 2012): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.203.375.

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A novel estimation method on Delta Engine Gas Temperature (DEGT) applicable for condition based maintenance of a certain military aero-engine was proposed in this paper to solve the problem that maintenance technique for national military aero-engine relatively fell behind. The application perspective of this proposed method in the condition monitor of military aero-engine was also discussed. The experiment analysis on a group of actual flight data indicated that the DEGT obtained via the proposed method was matched to the actual degeneration performance of the aero-engine, which could well reflect the condition of the aero-engine.

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14

Анастасія Петрівна Софієнко. "ДЕРЖАВНІ ЗАПОЗИЧЕННЯ, ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ ФІНАНСОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО КОНФЛІКТУ." International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy, no. 2(22) (March 31, 2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijite/31032019/6374.

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The article deals with the problem of debt borrowing in the context of a military conflict. It is proved that state borrowings play a significant role in the context of a sharp reduction of state budget revenues caused by military actions. The experience of countries in which military conflicts have reached a logical conclusion, as well as those where they are still ongoing (including in Ukraine) are considered. It is substantiated that the accumulation of public debt, in particular the external ones, during the war lays the basis for a long- term debt crisis in the country, which negatively affects the development of the economy as a whole. It is proved that under the conditions of intervention of the international community, the aggressor country may be compelled to pay compensation to the injured party. At the same time, the analysis of modern wars gives grounds to conclude that the vast majority of them are hybrid, and therefore, the country under such conditions will solve the problem of the debt crisis, mostly on its own, using its available resources (raw materials, natural, material, human, etc.).

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Paul Dunne a,†, J., Sam Perlo-Freeman ‡, and Aylin Soydan §. "Military expenditure and debt in South America." Defence and Peace Economics 15, no. 2 (April 2004): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1024269032000110540.

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16

Kim, Heung Seob, and Pansoo Kim. "Material Requirements Planning for Military Maintenance Depot." Journal of Society of Korea Industrial and Systems Engineering 37, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11627/jkise.2014.37.4.24.

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17

Narayan, Paresh Kumar, and Seema Narayan. "DOES MILITARY EXPENDITURE DETERMINE FIJI'S EXPLODING DEBT LEVELS?*." Defence and Peace Economics 19, no. 1 (February 2008): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242690701453784.

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18

Shahbaz, Muhammad, Muhammad shahbaz Shabbir, and Muhammad sabihuddin Butt. "Does Military Spending Explode External Debt in Pakistan?" Defence and Peace Economics 27, no. 5 (February 20, 2013): 718–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2012.724878.

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19

Ross, Andrew L. "Growth, Debt, and Military Spending in Southeast Asia." Contemporary Southeast Asia 11, no. 4 (March 1990): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/cs11-4a.

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20

Looney, Robert E. "Impact of Military Expenditures on Third World Debt." Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d'études du développement 8, no. 1 (January 1987): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.1987.9670173.

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21

Markusen, A. "The Military-Industrial Divide." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 9, no. 4 (December 1991): 391–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d090391.

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In the debate on the incidence and dynamics of new industrial complexes, technological innovation has been treated as exogenous, and endogenous entrepreneurial growth forces have been stressed at the expense of state actions, interregional interactions, and geographical transfers of capital and labor. In this paper it is argued that technological paths are deliberately chosen and that the state, through its commitment to cold-war armament, has been a major source of demand for and underwriter of the new flexible technologies and new product lines so central to the new industrial districts phenomenon in the USA. The emergence of specific agglomerations, such as Los Angeles, Orange County, Silicon Valley, and the Boston area's Route 128, and the parallel failure of the industrial heartland cities to host military-related high-tech development, are the products of concerted locational choice and developmental efforts by military personnel, politicians, boosters, and military-industrial corporate managers, Military-led innovation has furthermore contributed to the rise of accelerated and institutionalized innovation and to the emergence of new macroeconomic pathologies, such as state debt, accelerated deindustrialization, and a worsening income distribution.

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22

Karagianni, Stella, and Maria Pempetzoglou. "A Linear and Non-Linear Causality Analysis between Military Expenditures and External Debt in NATO Member Countries." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v5i1.p37-45.

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This paper deploys the linear and non-linear Granger causality methods in order to determine the causal relationship between military expenditures and external debt in NATO countries for the time period 1960-2015. Its innovative feature lies in the empirical application of the Francis et al. (2010) nonlinear causality test. To our knowledge, this is the first study to employ the specific test in order to explore the existence of potential nonlinear links between military spending and debt. The empirical results indicate the existence of linearity in the cases of Greece, Italy, UK and USA and the existence of nonlinearity in the cases of Turkey and USA. The paper aims to provide valuable input to the regulators and decision makers.

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23

Odehnal, Jakub, Jiří Neubauer, Lukáš Dyčka, and Tereza Ambler. "Development of Military Spending Determinants in Baltic Countries—Empirical Analysis." Economies 8, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8030068.

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The article presents the use of the ARDL model to identify military expenditure determinants of the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia). Factors influencing military expenditure include the variables characterizing the economic environment of the analyzed countries (GDP per Capita, Government Deficit/Surplus, General Government Gross Debt, Inflation), and the security environment measured by Risk of Foreign Pressures, Risk of Cross-border Conflict, and Democratic Accountability. General conclusions about the analysis of relationships between the military expenditure level and selected economics and security determinants were confirmed in the cases of Government Deficit/Surplus, GDP per Capita and Inflation. The results, therefore, indicate that the military expenditure of Estonia and Lithuania depended on the state budget deficit where military expenditure tended to go down in relation to an increasing deficit within the assessed period. As far as Estonia is concerned, the findings about relationship between the economic position and military expenditure was validated as an increasing economic performance tended to increase military expenditure.

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Orlov, M. Yu. "The origins of developing private civil cartography in Russia." Geodesy and Cartography 948, no. 6 (July 20, 2019): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-948-6-54-64.

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In the middle of the XIX century in Russia there wasa boom of commercial or civil cartography. The author describes the reasons as well as the background for such a strong growth. The influence of the general political and economic situation in the Russian Empire on the appearance of the first privately-owned publishers of maps was considered in detail. The Depot of maps established in 1797 by Paul I, later (1812) rearranged into the Military Topographical Depot, monopolized all cartographic activities in Russia. The require for cartographic products among the civilian population, as well as the scarcity of funding from the treasury of issuing maps, forced the Military Topographical Depot to sell part of its products and prepare not only topographic maps, but also training maps and atlases for release. The author considers the publication of an open catalog of maps and atlases by the military department in 1858, which had a strong influence on the development of the cartographic market in details. For the first time, the expenditures and revenues from the publication of maps and atlases were shown; the dynamics of increasing sales and their dependence on changes in the political and economic structure of Russia are studied. The technical revolution in printing at the beginning of the 19th century, the emergence of lithography and new printing machines made it possible to increase the circulation of maps and reduced their cost. The inability of the military to meet the demand for maps and atlases was used by the first entrepreneurs who were the founders of civilian cartography. The causes of appearing private cartographic institutions are discussed.

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عبد الرحيم محمد, مالك, and أ. د. ميثم العيبي إسماعيل. "تحليل الاثار المالية والنقدية لتزايد الدين العام الداخلي في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية للمدة 2002- 2018." Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences 2020, no. 67 (January 18, 2021): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/ijes2020.67.4.

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The American economy suffers from a general budget deficit, mainly due to the high public expenditures, especially the military, as the United States of America occupies the first place in the world in the proportion of military spending, and the budget deficit is mainly financed through the sale of government securities, which led to an increase in the volume of public debt In the United States of America, which is a dangerous indicator, especially after interest payments on public debt exceeded the barrier of $ 500 billion for the year 2018, which pushes them to borrow again to finance these benefits, this cumulative and continuous increase in the size of public debt works to influence the economic variables Monetary and financial. The research aims to analyze the development of internal public debt in the United States of America and its most important causes, in addition to clarifying the mechanisms and methods used to alleviate the severity of the internal public debt without compromising the ability of the economy or the ability to repay previous debts to maintain investor confidence in the strength of the American economy. The research reached several results, the most prominent of which is that the large increase in the volume of the internal public debt and the consequent increase in the money supply did not negatively affect the monetary side of the economy as inflation rates did not reach high levels and international reserves increased, accompanied by a decrease in interest rates. While the research presented several recommendations, including the need to achieve financial discipline and market access to borrow at the lowest possible costs by issuing debt regularly, in addition to avoiding resorting to any special measures to increase the volume of public debt and adhere to the debt ceiling approved by the US Congress.

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Alami, Randa. "Military Debt: Perspectives from the Experience of Arab Countries." Defence and Peace Economics 13, no. 1 (January 2002): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242690210964.

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27

Azam, Muhammad, and Yi Feng. "Does military expenditure increase external debt? Evidence from Asia." Defence and Peace Economics 28, no. 5 (August 24, 2015): 550–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2015.1072371.

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Sargent, Carole. "Military Scandal and National Debt in Manley’s New Atalantis." SEL Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 53, no. 3 (2013): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sel.2013.0024.

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29

Solarin, Sakiru Adebola. "Disaggregated military expenditure and the debt level in Nigeria." Quality & Quantity 51, no. 4 (June 2, 2016): 1687–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-016-0360-z.

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Islam, Rafaqat, Sarfraz Hussain Ansari, and Shahzad Hussain. "Foreign Debt and its Implications for Pakistan’s National Security." Global Regional Review III, no. I (December 30, 2018): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2018(iii-i).08.

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National security implications of the rising government debt in Pakistan increase concerns about military powers such as the USA and industrial giants such as Japan. This paper examines the unprecedented rise and abundant use of debt by governments since 2008. Apart from economic sustainability risks of the debt, the paper also traces history of Pakistan’s search for national security since 1947. Pakistan achieved nuclear capability in the face of opposition from the USA. There are fears that in the presence of huge external debts and low capacity to service them, Pakistan may not be able to take independent decisions regarding national security. The paper offers recommendations to overcome the threats

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Dunne, J. Paul, Eftychia Nikolaidou, and Adonia Chiminya. "Military Spending, Conflict and External Debt in Sub-Saharan Africa." Defence and Peace Economics 30, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2018.1556996.

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Fish, David S. "In-Depth Defense: A Scenario for the US Military Structure." Journal of Peace Research 26, no. 3 (August 1989): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343389026003007.

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Churchman, Nancy. "David Ricardo on Public Policy: The Question of Motive." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 17, no. 1 (1995): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200002339.

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Among the most controversial of David Ricardo's contributions to policy debate was his scheme for the redemption of the public debt by means of a “capital levy,” a one-time tax on the property of the nation. Public debt policy had been the subject of sporadic debate throughout the eighteenth century, but faced increased scrutiny by the time Ricardo came to address the subject. While government revenues were suffering from the repeal of the temporary income tax which had been imposed during the Napoleonic Wars, revenue requirements remained high, as the savings in terms of military expenditures were being offset by the need to make interest payments on a debt which had grown during the latter years of the war. Ricardo's analysis of public debt was not novel; nor was the proposal for a capital levy to achieve its redemption.

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de la O, Rogelio Ramírez. "Policy and Political Implications of Foreign Indebtedness In Mexico." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 29, no. 4 (1987): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165821.

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This Article Will Discuss some of the implications of Mexico's indebtedness, particularly those which derive from the connection between the foreign debt and the rapidly growing domestic debt. The debt of developing countries is one of the great barriers to the recovery of the world economy: it cancels markets which would otherwise be open to the exports of industrialized countries, and it relegates a very large portion of the world to a situation of low growth or stagnation. Without doubt, Latin America is the region worst hit by the world debt, a continent which, only two decades ago, offered one of the most promising areas for expansion: it had a relatively advanced industry and urban sector, with political democracy and a large middle class. All this seemed to fall apart after the debt crisis of the 1980s, but the problems which led to this crisis began back in the late 1960s, when democratic governments began to be supplanted by military ones.

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Neyzi, Leyla, and Haydar Darıcı. "Generation in debt: Family, politics, and youth subjectivities in Diyarbakır." New Perspectives on Turkey 52 (May 2015): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/npt.2015.2.

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AbstractThis paper investigates the political subjectivities of Kurdish youth in Diyarbakır through the interplay of kinship and politics. We argue that it is through a framework of kinship that young people make sense of the Kurdish issue. We show that the war between the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan, PKK) and the Turkish military has reshaped the Kurdish family, leading to a crisis in the life cycle. We suggest that the young feel indebted to the Kurdish movement, which they express using the term bedel (“debt”). Debt is related to the family, as the individual becomes indebted as part of a kinship group. We argue that the expansion of public space in Diyarbakır has created alternative ways of paying debt and doing politics.

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Ribas, Jonas, and Ana Maria Carreño. "Avaliação do uso de repelentes contra picada de mosquitos em militares na Bacia Amazônica." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 85, no. 1 (February 2010): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0365-05962010000100004.

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FUNDAMENTOS: No Brasil, doenças provocadas por picadas de insetos são frequentes, o que torna extremamente importante a execução de medidas profiláticas de forma adequada, sobretudo, em áreas endêmicas como a Amazônia, que recebe um grande contingente de visitantes, a trabalho ou turismo. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o uso dos repelentes de insetos disponíveis no mercado por militares que costumam realizar missões em ambiente de selva, na região amazônica. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados cinquenta e um militares da região amazônica que responderam um questionário em junho/2008. RESULTADOS: 63,7% dos militares usaram produtos contendo Deet na concentração máxima de apenas 15%, que possui mínima ação de repelência; 36% relataram usar protetor solar associado, o que levou a um risco maior de intoxicação; 36,4% fizeram uso de um repelente natural em suas missões; dois militares usaram vitamina B e consideraram a sua ação de repelência ineficaz. CONCLUSÕES: Os repelentes à base de Deet utilizados pelo grupo estudado apresentam concentrações inferiores às consideradas seguras para uso em ambiente de selva. Foi frequente a associação do Deet com protetor solar, que é uma combinação potencialmente tóxica. Os repelentes naturais à base de andiroba e copaíba apresentaram o maior grau de percepção de proteção.

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SLANTCHEV, BRANISLAV L. "Borrowed Power: Debt Finance and the Resort to Arms." American Political Science Review 106, no. 4 (September 7, 2012): 787–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055412000378.

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Military expenditures are often funded by debt, and sovereign borrowers are more likely to renege on debt-service obligations if they lose a war than if they win one or if peace prevails. This makes expected debt service costlier in peace, which can affect both crisis bargaining and war termination. I analyze a complete-information model where players negotiate in the shadow of power, whose distribution depends on their mobilization levels, which can be funded partially by borrowing. I show that players can incur debts that are unsustainable in peace because the opponent is unwilling to grant the concessions necessary to service them without fighting. This explanation for war is not driven by commitment problems or informational asymmetries but by the debt-induced inefficiency of peace relative to war. War results from actions that eliminate the bargaining range rather than from inability to locate mutually acceptable deals in that range.

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Abbas, Shujaat, Shahida Wizarat, and Sadia Mansoor. "External Debt Distress in South Asia: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis." South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance 9, no. 2 (December 2020): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277978720966485.

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This study is an attempt to explore social and economic determinants of external debt distress in five selected South Asian countries, that is, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, from 1980 to 2018, by using the contemporary panel fixed effect model and system generalized methods of moments. The findings revealed that the major determinants of external debt distress in selected South Asian countries are large and increasing current account deficits, lower gross capital formation, foreign direct investment and large military expenditures. Among selected socio-economic variables, the increase in life expectancy increases external debt distress, whereas urbanization reduces it considerably. The study urges selected South Asian countries to correct highly unfavourable current account balance, resolve regional conflicts leading to the reduction of the arms race and make the macroeconomic environment friendly for domestic and foreign investment to reduce exploding external debt distress. JEL Classification: C33, E22, F32, H63

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Breault, Lawrence G., Lemuel L. Covington, John J. O'Brien, Cathy H. Hattield, Shana M. Vasquez, and Robert W. Lutka. "An Innovative Tobacco Use Cessation Program for Military Dental Clinics." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 6, no. 2 (2005): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-6-2-151.

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Abstract Tobacco use is the chief avoidable cause of death and illness in our society. Military leaders are concerned with rising medical costs and the related negative effects on combat readiness associated with tobacco use. Tobacco use cessation (TUC) programs available in the military services have not reached their full potential. Dental officers have an opportunity to assume a more active role as first-line providers in TUC programs. This paper presents a model TUC program for use in military dental clinics. It emphasizes the dentist's role in directly prescribing pharmacologic agents in nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) combined with appropriate patient counseling. Other key elements of this TUC program include the non-threatening manner in which patients are offered access to TUC, its convenience when compared with other programs, and the minimal cost to implement this program. Citation Covington M, Breault LG, O'Brien JJ, Hatfield CH, Vasquez SM, Lutka RW. An Innovative Tobacco Use Cessation Program for Military Dental Clinics. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 May;(6)2:151-163.

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Estep, Alden S., Neil D. Sanscrainte, Ingeborg Cuba, Gregory M. Allen, James J. Becnel, and Kenneth J. Linthicum. "Failure of Permethrin-Treated Military Uniforms to Protect Against a Laboratory-Maintained Knockdown-Resistant Strain of Aedes aegypti." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/19-6906.1.

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ABSTRACT Military forces and the recreational industry rely on the repellent properties of permethrin-treated fabrics and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (deet)–based lotions to provide protection from disease vectors and hematophagous organisms. Concerns regarding efficacy have been raised as pyrethroid resistance becomes more common and recent publications present contradictory conclusions. In this preliminary study, consenting volunteers were exposed to pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti strains while wearing sleeves of untreated or permethrin-treated army uniform fabric as well as with untreated or deet-treated exposed forearms. Deet was nearly 100% effective against both susceptible and resistant strains. However, permethrin treatment provided no significant protection against the resistant Puerto Rico strain relative to untreated control sleeves. These results confirm that pyrethroid-resistant vectors can negate the efficacy of permethrin-treated uniforms. Additional testing with resistant field strains is needed to better understand the risk to service members.

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Awdeh, Ali, and Hassan Hamadi. "Factors hindering economic development: evidence from the MENA countries." International Journal of Emerging Markets 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-12-2017-0555.

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Purpose Despite the possession of considerable natural, financial and human resources, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region suffers low economic growth rates, high unemployment rates, high poverty rates and high illiteracy rates. The purpose of this paper is to find out the factors that hinder the development of economic activities in this region. Design/methodology/approach This study uses co-integration analysis and vector error correction model on a sample of 18 MENA countries, covering the period 2002–2016. It exploits gross domestic product (GDP) as a dependent variable, and public debt, trade balance, natural resources rents, importation of high technology, labour participation rate, military spending, population size, political instability and corruption as independent variables. Findings The paper finds that public borrowing, trade deficit, military expenditures, the low level of technological innovation, population, political turbulences and corruption, all hinder GDP in the long-run. Additionally, public debt, military spending and political instability obstruct GDP in the short run. The results also suggest the existence of Dutch diseases in both the short- and the long-run. On the other hand, labour market conditions do not seem to have any effect on the economic performance of the MENA countries. Originality/value In addition of examining an understudied sample of countries, this paper – unlike other studies on the MENA region that look at factors that boost economic growth – exploits factors that have possible negative impact on the economic situation of the region.

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Caruso, Raul, and Marco Di Domizio. "Military spending and budget deficits: the impact of US military spending on public debt in Europe (1988–2013)." Defence and Peace Economics 28, no. 5 (September 28, 2016): 534–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1228259.

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Shafqat, Sahar. "Pakistan in 2020." Asian Survey 61, no. 1 (January 2021): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2021.61.1.183.

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Pakistan began the year with the military establishment having tightened its grip on political institutions, but as the year progressed, opposition parties sought to reassert themselves and challenged both the PTI government and military leaders. Political movements took center stage as religious extremists as well as regionalist movements drew strength from the challenges to the PTI government. Feminists demanded action after a series of sexual assaults, and religious minorities continued to be targeted by violence. The COVID pandemic upended the economy, which was already straining under low growth and high debt and deficit conditions. Foreign relations provided many challenges as the government sought to target India for its mistreatment of Kashmiris, while the Pakistan–China relationship remained strong.

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De Carlos Morales, Carlos Javier. "Financing the Thirty Years' War: military spending, debt and financial devolution." Manuscrits. Revista d'història moderna 38 (July 22, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/manuscrits.229.

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Esener, Selcuk Cagri, and Evren İpek. "EXPANDING EFFECTS OF MILITARY EXPENDITURES ON EXTERNAL DEBT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Pressacademia 4, no. 4 (December 23, 2015): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.17261/pressacademia.2015414532.

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Todd, Malcolm, G. B. Dannell, and J. P. Wild. "Longthorpe II. The Military Works-Depot: An Episode in Landscape History." Britannia 20 (1989): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/526178.

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Dunne †, J. Paul, Sam Perlo-Freeman ‡, and Aylin Soydan §. "Military expenditure and debt in small industrialised economies: A panel analysis." Defence and Peace Economics 15, no. 2 (April 2004): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1024269032000110504.

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Kollias †, Christos, George Manolas, and Suzanna-Maria Paleologouc. "Military expenditure and government debt in greece: Some preliminary empirical findings." Defence and Peace Economics 15, no. 2 (April 2004): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1024269032000110559.

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Qiao, Wei, Yunhong Zhang, and Yang Wu. "The Impact of Electrified Railway on Oil Depot by Military Railway." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 472 (February 18, 2019): 012095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/472/1/012095.

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Nidhiprabha, Bhanupong. "Lessons from Thailand's Fiscal Policy." Asian Economic Papers 14, no. 3 (October 2015): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00384.

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If rules of fiscal sustainability are observed, available fiscal space permits effective countercyclical fiscal programs. The importance of automatic fiscal stabilizers should not be underestimated. The discretionary impact of increased public spending and tax cuts can be amplified if implemented when consumer confidence investor sentiments are high. There is no evidence to support non-Keynesian effects of fiscal policy in Thailand. Unwarranted fears of unsustainable public debt and ultra-conservative fiscal policy has cost the country a lost opportunity for achieving high growth. After the military coups in 2006 and 2014, the Thai economy experienced the lowest economic growth among ASEAN countries. The budget spent on economic services was diverted into defense, increases in public sector's wages, and income transfer payments. The opportunistic political budget model predicts higher fiscal spending by incumbent democratic governments before an election to gain votes. In the case of Thailand, such spending comes after military coups, akin to a military business cycle spending.

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