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1

McGraw, Andrew L., and Todd M. Thomas. "Military Working Dogs." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 51, no. 4 (July 2021): 933–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.04.010.

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2

Rothbaum, Barbara O. "Service Dogs in Military Medicine." Psychiatric Annals 43, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20130605-10.

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3

Lagutchik, Michael, Janice Baker, John Balser, Walter Burghardt, Matthew Enroth, Shannon Flournoy, James Giles, et al. "Trauma Management of Military Working Dogs." Military Medicine 183, suppl_2 (September 1, 2018): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy119.

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4

Haverbeke, Anouck, Aniek De Smet, Eric Depiereux, Jean-Marie Giffroy, and Claire Diederich. "Assessing undesired aggression in military working dogs." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 117, no. 1-2 (February 2009): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2008.12.002.

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5

Edwards, Thomas H., Laura L. F. Scott, Kerry E. Gonyeau, Emily H. Howard, Jacquelyn S. Parker, and Kelly Hall. "Comparison of trauma sustained by civilian dogs and deployed military working dogs." Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 31, no. 4 (May 20, 2021): 498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vec.13064.

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6

Kawamura, Yuta, Isao Yoshikawa, and Ken Katakura. "Imported Leishmaniasis in Dogs, US Military Bases, Japan." Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, no. 12 (December 2010): 2017–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100389.

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7

Miterpáková, M., D. Antolová, Z. Hurníková, P. Dubinský, A. Pavlačka, and J. Németh. "Dirofilaria infections in working dogs in Slovakia." Journal of Helminthology 84, no. 2 (September 4, 2009): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x09990496.

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AbstractA monitoring programme aimed at the diagnosis of subcutaneous dirofilariasis and heartworm disease in working (police and military) dogs in Slovakia has been performed during the period of September 2007 to February 2008. In co-operation with the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence, in total, 710 dogs (591 police dogs and 119 military dogs) were investigated for the presence of microfilariae in blood. All police and military dogs in active service held on the territory of Slovakia were included. Microfilariae were detected in 118 (20.0%) police dogs and 10 (8.4%) military dogs. The most infected individuals originated from southern parts of Slovakia (Trnava region 53.6% and Nitra region 39.6%); the prevalence was low in northern regions (Žilina 3.1% and Prešov 6.6%). In several districts of southern Slovakia, the prevalence of subcutaneous dirofilariasis in working dogs exceeded 40%. In all infected animals, the autochthonous origin of the disease was confirmed; however, due to the frequent movement of working dogs, it was not possible to identify the exact locality of infection. At present, a dog living in Nemšová village in Trenčín district (north-western part of the country) is regarded as the northernmost localized autochthonous case of subcutaneous dirofilariasis in Slovakia. In three dogs, co-infection of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis was detected. High prevalence rates in working dogs and the zoonotic characteristic of the disease represent an undoubtedly important veterinary and medical problem that requires the urgent introduction of prophylactic and control measures.
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8

Watier-Grillot, S., J. L. Marié, O. Cabre, and B. Davoust. "Survey of CanineDirofilaria immitisInfection in New Caledonia." Veterinary Medicine International 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/380680.

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Canine dirofilariosis is a frequent parasitic disease in New-Caledonia. A survey of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection among dogs from the cities of Tontouta, Nandaï and Nouméa, was performed in March 2009 using two antigen test kits; the microwell ELISA test: DiroCHE (Synbiotics Europe) and the Rapid Immuno Migration () test: WITNESS DIROFILARIA (Synbiotics Europe). Blood samples were collected from 64 dogs: 49 strays and 15 military working dogs. The military dogs received a permanent chemoprophylaxis (moxidectin). In 11 stray dogs, both tests were positive (22.4%). All the military dogs were negative, showing efficiency of chemoprophaxis. Results were discrepant in 6 dogs, negative with one test and doubtful with the other. Antigen heartworm test kits are available and reliable diagnostic tools. They are useful to evaluate the efficiency of chemoprophylaxis and to detect infected animals in order to treat them and to prevent the spreading of the disease.
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9

Le Brech, C., L. Hamel, J. C. Le Nihouannen, and G. Daculsi. "Epidemiological Study of Canine Teeth Fractures in Military Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 14, no. 2 (June 1997): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875649701400203.

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An epidemiological study of canine teeth fractures was carried out on 142 military dogs. One in four dogs had one or more canine teeth that were fractured, and 66 of 568 (11.6%) canine teeth were fractured. Canine teeth fractures most often were oblique mesiodistally, and had exposed pulp. Generally, more than fifty per cent of the crown length was lost in fractured canine teeth. Canine teeth fractures most often occurred during attack exercises, or in the kennel as a result of abnormal chewing or biting behavior. Fracture of two or more canine teeth resulted in a decrease in the ability or willingness of the dogs to function as military dogs. In many cases, severe attrition (abrasive dentin and enamel lesions and cracks) were present prior to fracture of the teeth.
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10

Wakshlag, Joseph J., Robert A. Gillette, and Craig T. Angle. "Considerations for feeding military working dogs in hot climates." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4, no. 6 (November 2009): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2009.05.009.

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11

Royal, John R., William F. Freccia, Loren C. Christensen, and Ronald Bell. "The Restoration of Traumatized Teeth in Military Working Dogs." Military Medicine 153, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/153.7.341.

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12

Bhan, Mona, and Purnima Bose. "Canine counterinsurgency in Indian-occupied Kashmir." Critique of Anthropology 40, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 341–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x20929395.

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In this article, we analyze contemporary discourses of counterinsurgency in relation to dogs in Kashmir, the disputed northernmost Himalayan territory of Jammu and Kashmir, and the site of a prolonged military occupation. We are interested in the widespread presence of street dogs in Kashmir as both embodiments and instruments of military terror. We consider the competing narratives of how canines function variously in Kashmiri perceptions of counterinsurgency and in Indian nationalist discourses. Through ethnographic and cultural analyses, we track how street dogs appear in various cultural and public narratives as the Indian military’s “first line of defense,” and the ways in which their overwhelming presence produces deep anxieties about the nature and extent of the military occupation of Kashmir.
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13

Gosling, S. D., and S. J. Hilliard. "Personality and performance in explosive-detection military working dogs (MWDs)." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4, no. 6 (November 2009): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2009.04.005.

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14

O’Brien, Catherine, and Larry G. Berglund. "Predicting recovery from exertional heat strain in military working dogs." Journal of Thermal Biology 76 (August 2018): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.07.001.

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15

Dahmani, Mustapha, Djamel Tahir, Olivier Cabre, Didier Raoult, Florence Fenollar, Bernard Davoust, and Oleg Mediannikov. "Prevalence ofAnaplasmataceaeandFilariidaespecies in unowned and military dogs in New Caledonia." Veterinary Medicine and Science 4, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vms3.97.

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16

Mahaney, Francis X. "Military Working Dogs May Be A Sentinel for Human Cancer." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 82, no. 12 (June 20, 1990): 1002–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.12.1002.

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17

Gfrerer, Nastassja, Michael Taborsky, and Hanno Würbel. "Benefits of intraspecific social exposure in adult Swiss military dogs." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 201 (April 2018): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.12.016.

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18

Lefebvre, Diane, Jean-Marie Giffroy, and Claire Diederich. "Cortisol and behavioral responses to enrichment in military working dogs." Journal of Ethology 27, no. 2 (September 13, 2008): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10164-008-0114-z.

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19

Eo, Jungwoo, Bong-Hwan Choi, Yi-Deun Jung, Yun-Jeong Kwon, Tae-Hun Kim, Hwan-Hoo Seong, and Heui-Soo Kim. "Polymorphism analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in military working dogs." Genes & Genomics 35, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): 817–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13258-013-0156-7.

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20

Goldsmith, David, and Michael Peterson. "Military Working Dogs and Pets as Sentinels of Environmental Diseases." Epidemiology 22 (January 2011): S263—S264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000392505.53194.16.

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21

Rees, Owen. "DOGS OF WAR, OR DOGS IN WAR? THE USE OF DOGS IN CLASSICAL GREEK WARFARE." Greece and Rome 67, no. 2 (October 2020): 230–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383520000078.

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In 1941, E. S. Forster wrote a short article, published in this journal, which compiled all of the instances he could identify in the ancient source material that described dogs being used in a military capacity. G. B. A. Fletcher, who had identified a few obscure references that Forster had not cited, responded to Forster's paper later that same year. The purpose of both papers was simply the compiling of a list, a purpose that had been inspired by Forster's interest in the French army's recruitment of dogs on the outbreak of the Second World War. The result was a thorough catalogue of known examples, showing the ancient dog being used for a variety of purposes such as patrol work or observation duties, or being used as combatants or despatch couriers. The primary aim, according to Forster was to ‘make a comparison with modern practice’ – that is, the French practice he had read about; the only exception for which he could find no ancient evidence was what he called ‘Red Cross’ work.
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22

Nikolić, Aleksandra, Sanda Dimitrijević, Sofija Katić-Radivojević, Ivana Klun, Branko Bobić, and Olgica Djurković-Djaković. "High prevalence of intestinal zoonotic parasites in dogs from Belgrade, Serbia — Short communication." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.56.2008.3.7.

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To identify areas of risk for canine-related zoonoses in Serbia, the aim of this study was to provide baseline knowledge about intestinal parasites in 151 dogs (65 household pets, 75 stray and 11 military working dogs) from Belgrade. The following parasites, with their respective prevalences, were detected: Giardia duodenalis (14.6%), Ancylostomatidae (24.5%), Toxocara canis (30.5%), Trichuris vulpis (47.0%) and Taenia -type helminths (6.6%). Of all examined dogs, 75.5% (114/151) were found to harbour at least one parasite species. Of these, mixed infections with up to four species per dog occurred in 44.7% (51/114). Infections with all detected species were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in military working (100%) and stray dogs (93.3%) versus household pets (50.8%). Among all parasites, agents with zoonotic potential including Giardia , Ancylostomatidae and Toxocara were detected in 58.3% (88/151) of all examined dogs with a significant difference (p < 0.05) among the subgroups (100%, 62.7% and 46.2% for military working dogs, stray dogs and household pets, respectively). The high prevalence of zoonotic parasites registered in the dog population from a highly urban area in south-eastern Europe indicates a potential risk to human health. Thus, veterinarians should play an important role in helping to prevent or minimise zoonotic transmission.
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23

Davis, M. S., M. D. Willard, D. Bowers, and M. E. Payton. "Effect of simulated deployment patrols on gastric mucosa of explosive detection dogs." Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep14002.

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Exercise-induced gastric disease is well-recognised in dogs performing ultra-endurance racing, but has not been described in dogs performing non-competitive athletic activities. Explosive detection dogs often perform prolonged periods of exercise and are reported to have chronic inappetance and weight-loss consistent with gastric disease. Seven privately-owned Labrador Retrievers trained for off-leash explosive detection activities were used to test the hypothesis that explosive detection dogs develop exercise-induced gastric disease while performing routine duties. Gastroscopy was performed on dogs before and after a 5-day exercise challenge designed to simulate routine military deployment activities. Five days of sustained submaximal exercise resulted in substantial gastric disease. These results demonstrate that dogs performing prolonged submaximal exercise consistent with off-leash explosive detection patrols are susceptible to exercise-induced gastric disease. Exercise-induced gastric disease may explain the anecdotal reports of poor thrift in these types of dogs during military deployment, and prophylactic acid suppression therapy should be considered in dogs participating in these activities.
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24

Foyer, Pernilla, Anna-Maria Svedberg, Emma Nilsson, Erik Wilsson, Åshild Faresjö, and Per Jensen. "Behavior and cortisol responses of dogs evaluated in a standardized temperament test for military working dogs." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 11 (January 2016): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.09.006.

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25

Lefebvre, Diane, Claire Diederich, Madeleine Delcourt, and Jean-Marie Giffroy. "The quality of the relation between handler and military dogs influences efficiency and welfare of dogs." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 104, no. 1-2 (April 2007): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.004.

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26

Hansen, Lane A., Kurt M. Hazenfield, Francisco Olea-Popelka, and Dan D. Smeak. "Distribution, Complications, and Outcome of Footpad Injuries in Pet and Military Working Dogs*." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 51, no. 4 (July 1, 2015): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6193.

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This study reports the findings of 120 traumatic pad injuries in pet and military dogs. Most dogs (68%) presented with a laceration to a thoracic limb footpad, and one-third of dogs were middle-aged castrated males. Metacarpal pads were most commonly injured. Short-term complications were noted in 27% of dogs. No long-term complications were identified. No disability from pad injury was present at the completion of healing. Concurrent injuries to adjacent structures were uncommon and did not affect outcome. Dogs with full-thickness pad lacerations were at greater risk for major short-term complications compared to dogs with partial-thickness pad lacerations (odds ratio, 7.27; P = .001). Military working dogs with full-thickness pad lacerations were at greater risk for major short-term complications than pet dogs with a similar injury. When major complications developed in dogs with full-thickness pad injuries, time to final healing was significantly longer (by a median of 12 days). The partial-thickness pad lesions healed uneventfully regardless of whether they were bandaged, surgically repaired, or left to heal by second intention. Suture repair and bandaging of full-thickness lesions could not be shown to either decrease the risk for complications or improve healing. Future work should focus on establishing standards for footpad treatment to reduce complications.
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Banfield, CM, JE Bartels, JA Hudson, JC Wright, RD Montgomery, and JT Hathcock. "A retrospective study of canine hip dysplasia in 116 military working dogs. Part II: Clinical signs and performance data." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 32, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-32-5-423.

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The progression of hip dysplasia was investigated in 116 military working dogs. Medical records were reviewed for any clinical history of hind-limb lameness. Pelvic radiographs were studied for evidence and degree of hip dysplasia, degenerative joint disease, or both. The number of months each dog worked was determined. Each dog's age at termination from service and cause of death (or euthanasia) were recorded. The mean months of work for normal and dysplastic dogs were evaluated using the Student's t-test. No significant difference was found in the total number of months worked between normal and dysplastic dogs (p greater than 0.05).
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28

Giuliani Felipetto, Lais, Dirlaine Ilha Martins, Gustavo Cauduro Cadore, Fernanda Silveira F. Vogel, Sônia de Avila Botton, and Luis Antonio Sangioni. "Gastrointestinal parasitic infection in urban dogs from different housing systems in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil." Clínica Veterinária XXIV, no. 140 (May 1, 2019): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.46958/rcv.2019.xxiv.n.140.p.58-65.

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This study evaluated the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites and the frequency of parasitic infection in dogs of three different canine housing system in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A total of 125 fecal samples from dogs from shelter kennels, military kennels and commercial kennels was evaluated. Presence of endoparasites was observed in 50.4% of these samples, with mono infection occurring in 48% and multi-infection in 2.4%. Ancylostoma spp. was the most prevalent parasite. Dogs from shelter kennels had a higher rate of infection, followed by dogs at commercial and military kennels. The frequency of antiparasitic treatment was different at the three housing sites. The presence of parasitic species of zoonotic potential in dogs of the studied region suggests that even in urban areas there is a risk of infection of humans with canine intestinal parasites.
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29

Pajković, Dušan, Sara Savić, Predrag Veljković, and Živoslav Grgić. "STUDY ON DIROFILARIOSIS IN MILITARY DOGS WITHIN THE ARMY OF SERBIA." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 3, no. 2 (December 28, 2010): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v3i2.203.

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Dirofilariasis is a parasitic disease, caused with Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens. Dirofilariasis can appear as a heart form and as a cutaneus form. For the spreading of dirofilariasis, the presence of mosquitoes is nessessary, because they serve as vectors Also a part of dirofilaria life cycle is developed with in the vector. Dirofilariasis can be found in dogs and cats and sometimes in humans. Even though dirofilariasis was primeraly known as a disease found in mediteranian countries, through the years it has spread out to the north and west of Europe, so now clinical cases of dirofilariasis can be found in middle Europe, including Srbija. First data on dirofilariasis in Serbia were published in 1999. and since that time there is a follow up on dirofilariasis in several regions of Serbia. During a six year period (2004. to 2010.) a study on dirofilariasis in millitary dogs within the army of Serbia was done. A few cases of adult dirofilaria were found in dogs hearts at autopsy. The study was done on 71 serum samples, from dogs of diferent age, during the study period and a total seroprevelance of 14% was found.
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30

Mey, Wendy, Anna Schuh-Renner, Morgan K. Anderson, Heather Stevenson-LaMartina, and Tyson Grier. "Risk factors for injury among military working dogs deployed to Iraq." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 176 (March 2020): 104911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104911.

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31

Hayes, Howard M., Robert E. Tarone, Harold W. Casey, and David L. Huxsoll. "Excess of Seminomas Observed in Vietnam Service U.S. Military Working Dogs." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 82, no. 12 (June 20, 1990): 1042–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.12.1042.

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32

Schäfer, Wencke, and Julia Hankel. "Energy Consumption of Young Military Working Dogs in Pre-Training in Germany." Animals 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2020): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101753.

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Many factors have specific effects, in varying degrees of intensity, on the metabolic energy requirements of working dogs. Appropriate energy supply adjusted to the requirements of military working dogs at pre-training is a basic prerequisite for working dogs, so they are fully able to exercise. Therefore, more knowledge obtained under standardized conditions would be advantageous. Twenty intact Belgian Shepherds var. Malinois at the age of 12 months were accompanied for four weeks during pre-training (odour detection, obedience training, and protection work) as military working dogs (MWDs) in Germany (ambient temperature about 7.8 °C), and the amount of energy intake was evaluated. To assess changes in body constitution, body weight and shoulder height were measured, and the thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue (SCF), and of Musculus sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis (MSCDL), were recorded via ultrasound. Energy intake amounted to, on average, 244 ± 34 kcal/kg body weight (BW)0.75 daily. Increases in body weight, shoulder height, and thickness of the MSCDL, as well as a reduction of SCF thickness lying on the MSCDL, were observed. Changes of body constitution might be attributed to training-induced muscle growth and physiological growth in size. In addition to training intensity, influences of ambient temperature and physiological body growth seemed to be important contributing factors in the supply of energy for MWDs during pre-training.
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Marques, S. M., G. Cabreira, N. Correa, F. Lima, F. Mackoski, L. F. Ferreira, and E. Silva. "Sanitary parasitological evaluation in military dogs from the Military Brigade of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 73 (August 2018): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.4129.

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34

Andrews, Shane J., Todd M. Thomas, Joe G. Hauptman, and Bryden J. Stanley. "Investigation of potential risk factors for mesenteric volvulus in military working dogs." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 253, no. 7 (October 2018): 877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.253.7.877.

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35

Potter, Adam W., Larry G. Berglund, and Catherine O'Brien. "A canine thermal model for simulating temperature responses of military working dogs." Journal of Thermal Biology 91 (July 2020): 102651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102651.

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36

Hamel, L., C. Le Brech, N. J. Besnier, and L. G. Daculsi. "Measurement of Biting-Pulling Strength Developed on Canine Teeth of Military Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 14, no. 2 (June 1997): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875649701400202.

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Using a load cell with an amplifier, oscilloscope and printer, maximal pulling strength developed by six military dogs was measured during biting-pulling exercises. When all four canine teeth were involved, the maximum pulling strength varied from 480–1120 N. The pulling strength intensity decreased with repetitive efforts. Understanding the forces that the crowns of the canine teeth are exposed to may lead to development of more effective prosthetic devices for use when these teeth are fractured.
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37

Krause-Parello, Cheryl A., and Kristie A. Morales. "Military Veterans and Service Dogs: A Qualitative Inquiry Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis." Anthrozoös 31, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2018.1406201.

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38

Lazarowski, Lucia, and David C. Dorman. "Explosives detection by military working dogs: Olfactory generalization from components to mixtures." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 151 (February 2014): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2013.11.010.

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39

Sonnberger, Bernhard W., Barbara Graf, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Dietmar Rackl, Adelheid G. Obwaller, Roman Peschke, Bita Shahi Barogh, Anja Joachim, and Hans-Peter Fuehrer. "Vector-borne pathogens in clinically healthy military working dogs in eastern Austria." Parasitology International 84 (October 2021): 102410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2021.102410.

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40

Delehanty, Casey, Jack Mewhirter, Ryan Welch, and Jason Wilks. "Militarization and police violence: The case of the 1033 program." Research & Politics 4, no. 2 (April 2017): 205316801771288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168017712885.

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Does increased militarization of law enforcement agencies (LEAs) lead to an increase in violent behavior among officers? We theorize that the receipt of military equipment increases multiple dimensions of LEA militarization (material, cultural, organizational, and operational) and that such increases lead to more violent behavior. The US Department of Defense 1033 program makes excess military equipment, including weapons and vehicles, available to local LEAs. The variation in the amount of transferred equipment allows us to probe the relationship between military transfers and police violence. We estimate a series of regressions that test the effect of 1033 transfers on three dependent variables meant to capture police violence: the number of civilian casualties; the change in the number of civilian casualties; and the number of dogs killed by police. We find a positive and statistically significant relationship between 1033 transfers and fatalities from officer-involved shootings across all models.
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41

Willoughby, Carol B. "DOGS WITH A PURPOSE SAINT FRANCIS SERVICE DOGS: ASSISTING PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES." Medical Science Pulse 14, SUPPLEMENT 1 (June 30, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6946.

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Formed in 1996, Saint Francis Service Dogs is a non-profit organization working to improve the lives of children and adults with disabilities through partnership with a service dog. The organization is also committed to promoting the use and acceptance of service dogs through public and professional education, providing advocacy for service dog partners, and supporting the growth of the service dog industry on a national level. The organization’s training center is located in Roanoke, Virginia USA, and is the largest service dog organization in the state. The Saint Francis Training Center includes a state-of-the-art kennel facility to house young dogs that are going through the training program. A recently-established program places service dogs with United States military veterans who have combat-related injuries. Co-founder Carol Willoughby credits her first service dog, Booker, with changing her life. He ultimately inspired her to form Saint Francis Service Dogs so that others in need could benefit from professionally trained service dogs. Today, Carol’s life is brightened by her Saint Francis Service Dog, Midas. While providing valuable assistance, Midas also helps Carol promote awareness and appreciation for service dogs and the amazing difference they make in so many lives.
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42

DURAND, B., H. HASKOURI, S. LOWENSKI, N. VACHIERY, C. BECK, and S. LECOLLINET. "Seroprevalence of West Nile and Usutu viruses in military working horses and dogs, Morocco, 2012: dog as an alternative WNV sentinel species?" Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 9 (February 3, 2016): 1857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881600011x.

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SUMMARYA serosurvey of 349 military working horses and 231 military working dogs was conducted in ten sites in Morocco in 2012. This survey revealed a high level of exposure of these animals to flaviviruses: seroprevalence rates of 60% in horses and of 62% in dogs were observed using a competitive West Nile virus (WNV) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Seroneutralization test results showed that the majority of cELISA-positive results were due to exposure to WNV. Further assays conducted in vaccinated horses with a DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) test indicated that anti-WNV antibodies had been stimulated through WNV natural infection. Moreover, in both species, seroneutralization tests suggested an exposure to Usutu virus (USUV). Data analysis did not show any significant difference of cELISA seropositivity risk between horses and dogs. Dogs may thus represent an interesting alternative to equines for the serological surveillance of WNV or USUV circulation, especially in areas where equine vaccination precludes passive surveillance (based on the detection of West Nile fever cases) in horses.
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Chaniotakis, Ioannis, Diamantakos Evangelos, Mantziaras Georgios, Manousoudakis Andreas, and Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos. "Improving Military Dogs’ Welfare: Is there a Place for Handlers’ Beliefs and Perceptions?" Society & Animals 26, no. 4 (October 5, 2018): 388–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341535.

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Abstract The present study examined whether the perceptions/beliefs of the staff working with Military Dogs (MDs) may reveal possible factors affecting the welfare of MDs of the Hellenic Air Force Support Command (HAFSC). Visits were made to all Units (n = 5) that had MDs (n = 58) and military staff (n = 63) assigned to work with them. Each participant completed a questionnaire which included questions about demographic data and their perceptions and beliefs towards MDs. The research revealed evidence for possible factors that may affect the welfare of MDs. These factors were identified in the procedures of veterinary support, training, relaxation, and the general living conditions of MDs. According to the results, the recording of perceptions—beliefs of staff working with MDs—is a tool which can reveal possible factors affecting the dogs’ welfare. This study may stand as a guide for drafting welfare standards for MDs.
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Evans, Rebecca I., John R. Herbold, Benjamin S. Bradshaw, and George E. Moore. "Causes for discharge of military working dogs from service: 268 cases (2000–2004)." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231, no. 8 (October 15, 2007): 1215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.231.8.1215.

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45

Dodd, Tiana, Jeryl Jones, Ida Holásková, and Meenakshi Mukherjee. "Behavioral problems may be associated with multilevel lumbosacral stenosis in military working dogs." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 35 (January 2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2019.07.010.

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46

Hayes, Howard M., Robert E. Tarone, Harold W. Casey, Paul B. Jennings, Paul K. Hildebrandt, and Michael J. Reardon. "U.S. Military Working Dogs with Vietnam Service: Definition and Characteristics of the Cohort." Military Medicine 159, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/159.11.669.

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47

Schuh-Renner, Anna, Catherine Rappole, Sara B. Mullaney, Emilee Venn, and Tyson L. Grier. "Factors associated with medical problems among young non-deployed U.S. military working dogs." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 193 (August 2021): 105390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105390.

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48

da Silva Oliveira, Andreia, Ricardo Miranda Cavalcante, and Franklin Vieira dos Santos. "A UTILIZAÇÃO DE CÃES PELA POLÍCIA MILITAR NA PREVENÇÃO E COMBATE A CRIMES NO ESTADO DE RONDÔNIA." Revista Científica Semana Acadêmica 9, no. 207 (September 17, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35265/2236-6717-207-9205.

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This article aims to examine the use of dogs by the military police, particularly in the state of Rondônia, in fighting and preventing crimes. We used a deductive method, by conducting a literature review, interpreting laws and regulations regarding police activities using these animals as tools. The study was developed following a logic sequence from general to individual knowledge, and resulted in a concise assessment of this instrument in the daily routine of crime prevention and repression by the military police. It was noted that the use of police dogs was a less lethal procedure for crime repression, whereas police work proved more agile, efficient and with greater psychological impact in relation to other tools used by the officers, mainly based on the International Convention on Human Rights. The officer must, therefore, respect and preserve human life, by minimizing damages and injuries.
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Banfield, CM, JE Bartels, JA Hudson, JC Wright, JT Hathcock, and RD Montgomery. "A retrospective study of canine hip dysplasia in 116 military working dogs. Part I: Angle measurements and orthopedic foundation for animals (OFA) grading." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 32, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-32-5-413.

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The progression of hip dysplasia was investigated in 116 military working dogs. Serial pelvic radiographs were graded for degree of dysplasia and degenerative joint disease (DJD). Norberg angles, angles of inclination, and joint space widths were measured. There was a significant correlation between the Norberg angle and the degree of dysplasia (p less than 0.0001). Angles of inclination and joint space width measurements did not demonstrate a correlation to canine hip dysplasia. Dysplastic dogs had a significant estimated risk for development of DJD compared to normal dogs (p less than 0.0001; odds ratio of 70.2). Dogs with normal hip conformation at 24 months of age or older did not develop moderate nor severe DJD.
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Takara, Matt S., and Karyn Harrell. "Noncombat-related injuries or illnesses incurred by military working dogs in a combat zone." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 245, no. 10 (November 15, 2014): 1124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.245.10.1124.

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