Academic literature on the topic 'Military Explosives'

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Journal articles on the topic "Military Explosives"

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Mathieu, Jörg, and Hans Stucki. "Military High Explosives." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 58, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/000942904777677669.

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Yan, Shi Long, Xing Hua Xie, and Hui Sheng Zhou. "Deflagration of Emulsion Explosive." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.18.

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Analog emulsion explosives production, observed its detonation. Deflagration and detonation of explosives determine how the phenomenon is long plagued with explosive materials in the field of military issues directly related to the safe and efficient use of explosives, by observing the special emulsion explosive blasting product, you can visually distinguish qualitatively blasting boundaries. Emulsion explosive detonation accompanied undecomposed completely yellow mist generated, and XRD test results showed the product to an amorphous structure, with detonation products feature a clear distinction.Then the factors of hot spots generated in the production of emulsion explosives and the occurred conditions of the heat accumulation are analyzed and summarized.
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Kawka, Waldemar. "Illegal use of explosives - An incidental phenomenon or the seeds of the next real threat to collective security and public order?" Internal Security 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2016): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/20805268.1231515.

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The widespread use of various types of explosives both by military and non-military (paramilitary and industrial) users - characterised by specific properties (including their explosive nature, physico-chemical make-up and, most of all, their destructive properties in the context of the protection of life and health of people and other living organisms) - generates an extremely complex environment. In such circumstances unauthorised users (those identified as acquiring explosives illegally) are another source of a real threat to collective security and public order, and the current threat is not only at the national and European level, but also global. Authorised use of explosives in terms of their industrial application most often and in general opinion is focused on the mining industry. However, careful analysis of the subject shows that the range of authorised industrial users of explosives, e.g. those who use them in industry, is much broader. A summary of illegal ways of obtaining explosives regularly includes all those who are passionate about organic chemistry (including the chemistry of high-energy chemical compounds – a very intricate and difficult field) and producers of homemade explosives. Dissemination of this sort of practice may in fact contribute to the mass production of explosives and construction of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) used for different purposes. In turn, the destructive properties of explosives, combined with their large scale and illegal use, are a growing and significant threat in the area of collective security and public order.
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Forbes, Thomas P., Jeffrey Lawrence, Changtong Hao, and Greg Gillen. "Open port sampling interface mass spectrometry of wipe-based explosives, oxidizers, and narcotics for trace contraband detection." Analytical Methods 13, no. 31 (2021): 3453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ay01038g.

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The solid–liquid extraction capabilities of open port sampling interface mass spectrometry enabled rapid and sensitive detection of military-grade explosives, homemade explosive oxidizers, and narcotics, critical to screening applications.
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McCrone, Walter C. "What's in Vial No. 3?" Microscopy Today 3, no. 5 (June 1995): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500066153.

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Last weekend I taught a special two-day course on the identification of explosives to a young lady from San Salvador. She is a forensic mrcroscopist newly assigned to the "Bomb Squad". Her problem was to determine what explosives were used after terrorist bombings. Fortunately, some small particles of the explosive substance usually remain after a detonating. Careful examination of a bomb crater or of bomb fragments usually uncovers these tiny residues.My problem was to teach her the microscopical characteristics of the most likely explosives she might encounter. These include common inorganic nitrates, chlorates and percholorates and less common organic (military) explosives such as TNT, RDX, HMX, PETN and tetryl.
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Hung, Cheng-Wei, Hsin-hung Lai, Bor-Cherng Shen, Pin-Wen Wu, and Tai-An Chen. "Development and Validation of Overpressure Response Model in Steel Tunnels Subjected to External Explosion." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 6166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186166.

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This study employed C4 explosives to evaluate the overpressure response in steel tunnels subjected to external explosions. The explosive scaled distance of the C4 charge from 2.15 to 3.26 m/kg1/3 was evaluated by experiments and the hydrodynamic finite element code LS-DYNA. The numerical results are in agreement with the experimental results. A simple way to estimate the overpressure in steel tunnels was proposed in this paper. The proposed methodology is both useful and efficient and can be further developed for designing protection for military structures and other facilities against explosion.
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Lefferts, Merel J., and Martin R. Castell. "Vapour sensing of explosive materials." Analytical Methods 7, no. 21 (2015): 9005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay02262b.

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The ability to accurately and reliably detect the presence of explosives is critical in many civilian and military environments, and this is often achieved through the sensing of the vapour emitted by the explosive material. This review summarises established and recently developed detection techniques.
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Xie, Guanshun, and Bingxin Liu. "Fingerprinting of Nitroaromatic Explosives Realized by Aphen-functionalized Titanium Dioxide." Sensors 19, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102407.

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Developing sensing materials for military explosives and improvised explosive precursors is of great significance to maintaining homeland security. 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (Aphen)-modified TiO2 nanospheres are prepared though coordination interactions, which broaden the absorption band edge of TiO2 and shift it to the visible region. A sensor array based on an individual TiO2/Aphen sensor is constructed by regulating the excitation wavelength (365 nm, 450 nm, 550 nm). TiO2/Aphen shows significant response to nitroaromatic explosives since the Aphen capped on the surface of TiO2 can chemically recognize and absorb nitroaromatic explosives by the formation of the corresponding Meisenheimer complex. The photocatalytic mechanism is proved to be the primary sensing mechanism after anchoring nitroaromatic explosives to TiO2. The fingerprint patterns obtained by combining kinetics and thermodynamics validated that the single TiO2/Aphen sensor can identify at least six nitroaromatic explosives and improvised explosives within 8 s and the biggest response reaches 80%. Furthermore, the TiO2/Aphen may allow the contactless detection of various explosives, which is of great significance to maintaining homeland security.
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Wang, Guangyu, Guirong Liu, Qing Peng, and Suvranu De. "A SPH Implementation with Ignition and Growth and Afterburning Models for Aluminized Explosives." International Journal of Computational Methods 14, no. 04 (April 18, 2017): 1750046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876217500463.

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Aluminized explosives have been applied in military industry since decades ago. Compared with ideal explosives such as TNT, HMX, RDX, aluminized explosives feature both fast detonation and slow metal combustion chemistry, generating a complex multi-phase reactive flow. Though aluminized explosives have been employed for a long time, the mechanism underneath the chemical process is still not thoroughly understood. In this paper, a smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method incorporated ignition and growth model, and afterburning model has been proposed for the simulation of aluminized explosive. Ignition and growth model is currently the most popular model for the simulation of high explosives, which is capable of accurately reproducing arrival time of detonation front and pressure history of high explosives. It has been integrated in commercial software such as ANSYS-LS DYNA. In addition, an afterburning model has been integrated in the SPH code to simulate the combustion of aluminum particles. Simulation is compared with experiment and good agreement is observed. The proposed mathematical model can be used to study the detonation of aluminized explosives.
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Luo, Qingping, Chonghua Pei, Guixiang Liu, Yongjun Ma, and Zhaoqian Li. "Insensitive High Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) Nanostructured Explosives Derived from Solvent/Nonsolvent Method in a Bacterial Cellulose (BC) Gelatin Matrix." Nano 10, no. 03 (April 2015): 1550033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292015500332.

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Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) is an energetic material (EM) from the class of cyclic nitroamine explosive widely used in military applications because of its excellent integral properties. Using bacterial cellulose (BC) gelatin with a three-dimensional network as a matrix, N,N-dimethyllformamide (DMF) as the solvent of RDX, the RDX nanostructured explosives were prepared through the solvent/nonsolvent method. It was found that the solvent had a great impact on the crystallization of RDX in the solution and the RDX content in the nanostructured explosive. The RDX particles in the nanostructured explosives smoothly coated to the nanofibers of BC gelatin network at high RDX concentrations, and the granularity distributions of RDX in the nanostructured explosives were very uniform in the range of 30–50 nm. The average contents of the RDX in the nanostructured explosives are greater than 83 wt.% when the RDX concentrations of the soaked solutions are greater than 0.20 g/mL. The average content is approximately 91 wt.% when the RDX concentration is 0.30 g/mL. The decomposition temperatures of the RDX nanostructured explosives were found to decrease approximately to 20°C and their mechanical sensitivities decreased greatly compared to that of raw micro-size RDX. It opens a useful way to prepare nanostructured explosives with high energy and low mechanical sensitivity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Military Explosives"

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Toh, Eng Yee. "Effectiveness of a mine-avoidance sensor on minefield transit." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FToh.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Steven E. Pilnick, Donald P. Gaver. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79). Also available online.
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Kim, Chihoon. "The effect of sensor performance on safe minefield transit." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Dec%5FKim%5FChihoon.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2002.
Thesis advisor(s): Steven E. Pilnick, Patricia A. Jacobs, Donald P. Gaver. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101). Also available online.
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Schröder, Christoph T. "On the interaction of elastic waves with buried land mines : an investigation using the finite-difference time-domain method." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13928.

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Cornelius, Michael. "Effects of a suspended sediment layer on acoustic imagery." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FCornelius.pdf.

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Guedes, Mauricio Jose Machado. "A minefield reconnaissance simulation." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA404616.

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Guedes, Mauricio Jose Machado. "Business ethics /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Jun%5FGuedes.pdf.

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Ma, Chuanhong. "MCE training basd continuous density HMM landmine detection system /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418048.

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Lee, Seung-Ho. "Measurement of time-varying surface displacements using a radar." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14714.

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McAllister, Jennifer E. "The Mutagenic Activity of High-Energy Explosives; Contaminants of Concern at Military Training Sites." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20175.

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The genotoxicity of energetic compounds (i.e., explosives) that are known to be present in contaminated soils at military training sites has not been extensively investigated. Thus, the Salmonella mutagenicity and Muta(TM)Mouse assays were employed as in vitro assays to examine the mutagenic activity of twelve explosive compounds, as well as three soil samples from Canadian Forces Base Petawawa. Salmonella analyses employed strains TA98 (frameshift mutations) and TA100 (base-pair substitution mutations), as well as the metabolically-enhanced YG1041 (TA98 background) and YG1042 (TA100 background), with and without exogenous metabolic activation (S9). For Salmonella analyses, the results indicate that ten of the explosive compounds were mutagenic, and consistently elicited direct-acting, base-pair substitution activity. All three soil samples were also observed to be mutagenic, eliciting direct-acting, frameshift activity. Mutagenic potencies were significantly higher on the metabolically-enhanced strains for all compounds and soil samples. For Muta(TM)Mouse analyses on FE1 cells, the results indicate that the majority of explosive compounds did not exhibit mutagenic activity. All three soil samples elicited significant positive responses (PET 1 and PET 3 without S9, and PET 2 with S9), and although there is some evidence of a concentration-related trend, the responses were weak. Correspondence of the mutagenic activity observed with the two assay systems, for both the explosive compounds and soil samples, was negligible. The differential response is likely due to differences in metabolic capacity between the two assay systems. Furthermore, it is likely that there are unidentified compounds present in these soil samples that are, at least in part, responsible for the observed mutagenic activity. Additional testing of other explosive compounds, as well as soil samples from other military training sites, using a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays, is warranted in order to reliably estimate mutagenic hazard and subsequently assess risk to human health.
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Boland, Matthew R. "Examination of the use of exact versus approximate phase weights on the performance of a synthetic aperture sonar system." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Mar%5FBoland.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2003.
Thesis advisor(s): Lawrence J. Ziomek, Ziaoping Yun. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63). Also available online.
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Books on the topic "Military Explosives"

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Bailey, A. Explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics. London: Brassey's (UK), 1989.

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Division, United States Office of Strategic Industries and Economic Security Strategic Analysis. National security assessment of the high performance explosives and explosive components industries: A report for the U.S. Department of the Navy. [Washington, D.C.]: The Division, 2001.

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United States. Office of Strategic Industries and Economic Security. Strategic Analysis Division. National security assessment of the high performance explosives and explosive components industries: A report for the U.S. Department of the Navy. [Washington, D.C.]: The Division, 2001.

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United States. Office of Strategic Industries and Economic Security. Strategic Analysis Division. National security assessment of the high performance explosives and explosive components industry: A report for the U.S. Department of the Navy. [Washington, D.C.]: The Division, 2001.

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United States. Office of Strategic Industries and Economic Security. Strategic Analysis Division. National security assessment of the high performance explosives and explosive components industries: A report for the U.S. Department of the Navy. [Washington, D.C.]: The Division, 2001.

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Stratta, James. Alternatives to open burning/open detonation of energetic materials: A summary of current technologies. [Champaign, IL]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1995.

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ʻUthmān, ʻĀmir al-Sayyid. Nakbat ḥadāʼiq al-Shayṭān: Mudammirat al-bīʼah wa-al-insān. al-Riyāḍ: al-Difāʻ, 2009.

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Klapötke, Thomas M. Chemistry of high-energy materials. 3rd ed. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co., KG, 2015.

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Klapötke, Thomas M. Chemistry of high-energy materials. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010.

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U.S. DEPT. OF THE ARMY. U.S. Army explosives and demolitions handbook. New York: Skyhorse Pub., 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Military Explosives"

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Hughes, Trevor J. "Explosives Manufacture, Military, and Defence Establishments." In Catastrophic Incidents, 193–204. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003360759-18.

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Grechishkin, V. S. "The Problem of Military TNT in NQR Mine Detector." In Detection of Explosives and Landmines, 217–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0397-1_22.

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Singh, Rita, and Antaryami Singh. "Biodegradation of Military Explosives RDX and HMX." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 235–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23789-8_9.

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Khayyat, Munira. "Of Goats and Bombs." In War-torn Ecologies, An-Archic Fragments, 139–66. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-27_7.

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Goats remain the most viable livestock in the warzone of South Lebanon because of their compatibility with wartime environments and ordnance. They can survive periods of scarcity during active war, occupations, or invasions by foraging for food and eating almost anything. Most crucially, goats are small and light and can graze in the borderland’s many minefields without setting off the hidden explosives designed to kill humans, who are not as light-footed. In this essay, Munira Khayyat explores how an enduring, explosive military technology is both domesticated and resisted by a homegrown, anti-mine survival assemblage.
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Altmann, Jürgen. "Preventing Hostile and Malevolent Use of Nanotechnology Military Nanotechnology After 15 Years of the US National Nanotechnology Initiative." In Cyber and Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosives Challenges, 49–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62108-1_4.

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Milewski, E., M. Miszczak, and J. Szymanowski. "Utilization Methods for Explosives Withdrawn from Military Stocks: Designing, Carrying Out and Practical Implementation." In Conversion Concepts for Commercial Applications and Disposal Technologies of Energetic Systems, 25–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1175-3_4.

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Samirant, M. "Dispersion-Initiation and Detonation of Liquid and Dust Aerosols-Experiences Derived from Military Fuel-Air Explosives." In Prevention of Hazardous Fires and Explosions, 123–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4712-5_10.

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Al-Ruzaiqi, Sara K. "The Applicability of Robotic Cars in the Military in Detecting Animate and Inanimate Obstacles in the Real-Time to Detect Terrorists and Explosives." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 232–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55180-3_19.

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Cuesta, George M. "Traumatic Brain Injury from Blast Explosions." In Caring for the Military, 172–81. New York, NY : Routledge, [2016]: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315652276-12.

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DesPain, Robert W., William J. Parker, Matthew J. Bradley, and Todd E. Rasmussen. "Military Trauma System Response to Blast MCI." In Operational and Medical Management of Explosive and Blast Incidents, 85–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40655-4_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Military Explosives"

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Faust, Anthony A., C. J. de Ruiter, Anneli Ehlerding, John E. McFee, Eirik Svinsås, and Arthur D. van Rheenen. "Observations on military exploitation of explosives detection technologies." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Russell S. Harmon, John H. Holloway, Jr., and J. Thomas Broach. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.886391.

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Rolenec, Ota. "General engineering for storages of ammunition and explosives." In 2015 International Conference on Military Technologies (ICMT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/miltechs.2015.7153685.

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Harmon, Russell, Andrzej W. Miziolek, Kevin L. McNesby, Thomas F. Jenkins, and Marianne Walsh. "Progress in LIBS analysis for military applications: Explosives detection." In Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy and Applications. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/libs.2002.fb5.

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Bertucci, Robbin, Jun Liao, and Lakiesha Williams. "Development of a Lower Extremity Model for Finite Element Analysis at Blast Condition." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53612.

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Explosions are the leading cause of death on the battlefield [1]. These explosives generate shock waves which stimulate large accelerations and deformations. The resulting loads pose serious threats to military and civilians. Since lower extremities are in direct contact with the ground, the lower extremities are commonly injured during explosions [2]. These injuries could be seriously fatal. Although experimental studies have been performed to advance these understandings [2], limited progress has been made in computational analysis of shock waves on the lower extremity.
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Bertucci, Robbin, R. Prabhu, M. F. Horstemeyer, James Sheng, Jun Liao, and Lakiesha Williams. "Validation of Finite Element Lower Extremity Model Using Drop Tower Testing." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14650.

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Explosions are the leading cause of death on the battlefield [1]. These explosives, such as bombs and mines, generate shock waves which stimulate large accelerations and deformations. The resulting loads pose serious threats to military and civilians if not sufficiently evaluated and protected. The use of anti-vehicle landmines has become extremely common. Due to lower extremities being in direct contact with the floor of vehicles, the lower extremities are commonly injured during explosions [2]. These injuries can be seriously fatal. Although experimental studies have been performed to advance these understandings [2], limited progress has been made in computational analysis of shock waves on the lower extremity.
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Woods, Daniel C., Jacob K. Miller, and Jeffrey F. Rhoads. "On the Thermomechanical Response of HTPB Composite Beams Under Near-Resonant Base Excitation." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34516.

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Currently, there is a pressing need to detect and identify explosive materials in both military and civilian settings. While these energetic materials vary widely in both form and composition, many traditional explosives consist of a polymeric binder material with embedded energetic crystals. Interestingly, many polymers exhibit considerable self-heating when subjected to harmonic loading, and the vapor pressures of many explosives exhibit a strong dependence on temperature. In light of these facts, thermomechanics represent an intriguing pathway for the stand-off detection of explosives, as the thermal signatures attributable to motion-induced heating may allow target energetic materials to be distinguished from their more innocuous counterparts. In the present work, the mechanical response of a polymeric particulate composite beam subjected to near-resonant base excitation is modeled using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. Significant sources of heat generation are identified and used with distributed thermal models to characterize the system’s thermomechanical response. In addition, the results of experiments conducted using a hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) beam with embedded ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) crystals are presented. The thermal and mechanical responses of the sample are recorded using infrared thermography and scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, and subsequently compared to the work’s analytical findings. By adopting the combined research approach utilized herein, the authors seek to build upon recent work and bridge the considerable gap that exists between theory and experiments in this specific field. To this end, the authors hope that this work will represent an integral step in enhancing the ability to successfully detect explosive materials.
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Bulmash, Gerald. "Evaluation of Civilian Blast Damage Claims." In ASME 1991 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1991-0097.

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Abstract US Army military installation activities include firing guns and detonation of explosives generating blast waves which propagate to neighboring communities and cause complaints of damage. This brief paper discusses some aspects of claim processing and explains damage assessment methods.
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Jitea, Ilie �. Ciprian. "VERIFICATION OF PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND TECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF PLASTIC EXPLOSIVES WITH CIVIL AND MILITARY USE." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/1.3/s03.092.

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Yang, Se Young, Christy Petruczok, Hyungryul Johnny Choi, Ayse Asatekin, George Barbastathis, and Karen K. Gleason. "Nano Fracture Chemical Sensor for Explosives Detection." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37802.

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Selective detection of explosive compounds is critical for national defense and homeland security. In this paper we describe the fabrication and demonstration of a chemical sensor capable of detecting nitroaromatic explosives in air. The device has the unique features of nano-scale dimensions, simple and inexpensive fabrication, and low power consumption. It consists of a nano-patterned conductive metal line placed on top of a patterned responsive polymer, poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP). Due to polymer-solvent interactions, P4VP swells when it encounters the target analyte, producing a large stress. Detection takes place by monitoring the change in device resistance as the metal nano line deforms or fractures when P4VP swells and transfers mechanical stress. The sensors would be ideal for discreet, wide-scale deployment over large areas. It is also important to note that device sensitivity can be readily enhanced by scaling down the feature size of the metal line or adjusting the material properties of both the metal and polymer. The fabrication process is readily transferrable to a variety of organic and metal materials, improving the versatility of the sensors. The resulting devices may provide new ways to detect security threats and complement existing complex methods to increase the probability of detection and to reduce false alarms. The same approach may also be applicable outside the military/security domain, for example, for pollution monitoring, for factory safety and operational monitoring, or for food quality inspection; all these applications are contingent upon finding the appropriate polymers for the respective analytes.
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King, Kim W., and Johnny H. Waclawczyk. "Blast Containment Chamber Development and Testing." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93028.

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Explosive containment chambers are produced for a number of purposes. Some chambers are designed to protect personnel from a single accidental explosion, such as storage in a manufacturing process. Other chambers are designed for multiple intended detonations such as a chamber used for explosive research and testing. Several bomb containment vessels are produced that are used for explosives storage and transportation, as well as the destruction of conventional and chemical-biological improvised explosive devices (IED). Multiple spherical vessels exist that are rated for multiple detonations of explosives that range from 10-lbs TNT equivalent to more than 25-lbs TNT in what would be considered a venting mode of operation. Additionally, there are similar chambers designed to limit the risk of exposure to hazardous materials during the transportation and destruction of an IED that has an associated chemical or biological hazard. The charge rating for these chambers is typically less due to the nature of the threat. A new type of bomb containment vessel has emerged to contain the effects of a device found in luggage or smaller shipping packages. These chambers are typically intended to contain IEDs that do not have an associated chemical or biological hazard. Often times these units do not have the preferred geometrical shape of a sphere because of use and spatial restrictions. Additionally, these units are designed for a single detonation of the design charge weight (i.e., it is not reusable). It is expected to undergo severe permanent displacement during an event, but will not rupture. Other explosive containment chambers are used to destroy military munitions. Many of these chambers have survived hundreds or even thousands or detonations. Typically, these chambers are designed using a dynamic non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) during initial design. Following the design phase, these vessels are tested to confirm performance, and (in the case of a sealed chamber) characterize the leakage characteristics. Additionally, the test program is intended to identify and eliminate any physical weaknesses in the system, quantify structural response of the system under various explosive charge weights, and identify operational and maintenance problems. This paper describes the design and testing procedures for these programs and compares them based on similarities and differences.
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Reports on the topic "Military Explosives"

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Walsh, Michael R., Charles M. Collins, Michael T. Meeks, Alvin O. Lee, and Eric G. Wahlgren. Use of Military Demolition Explosives in a Remediation Project. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada418192.

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Jenkins, Thomas F., Daniel C. Leggett, and Thomas A. Ranney. Vapor Signatures from Military Explosives. Part 1. Vapor Transport from Buried Military-Grade TNT. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada373402.

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Dontsova, Katerina, Susan Taylor, Jennifer Arthur, Julie Becher, Mark Brusseau, Edward Hunt, Noah Mark, Dave Ringelberg, Jirí Šimunek, and Marianne Walsh. Dissolution of NTO, DNAN, and insensitive munitions formulations and their fates in soils : SERDP ER-2220. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45920.

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The US military is interested in replacing TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and RDX (1,3,5-hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) with DNAN (2,4-di-nitroanisole) and NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one), which have similar explosive characteristics but are less likely to detonate unintentionally. Although these replacements are good explosives, basic information about their fate and transport was needed to evaluate their environmental impact and life-cycle management. This project measured their dissolution, photodegradation, and how aqueous solutions interact with soils, data critical to determining exposure potential and, consequently, risk.
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Walsh, Michael R. Explosives Residues Resulting from the Detonation of Common Military Munitions: 2002-2006. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada465866.

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Lane, Roger, and Himayu Shiotani. Opportunities to Strengthen Military Policies and Practices to Reduce Civilian Harm From Explosive Weapons. UNIDIR, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/19/pacav/09.

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This research seeks to support efforts to reduce civilian harm from the effects of explosive weapons in urbanized environments. The paper is designed to stimulate thinking among military subject matter experts and selected representatives of international and non-governmental organizations ahead of a workshop in Geneva on 24 September 2019, the objective of which is to identify practical measures to support an Options Paper for consideration by armed forces. This research frames the issue of explosive weapons in the broader context of protection of civilians and civilian harm mitigation. The research focuses on multilateral operations.
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Frey, Thorsten. Risk assessment model for Unexploded underwater Military Munitions (RUMMs). GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/sw_1_2024.

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RUMMs is a tool for explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) risk assessment (RA). It uses 34 factors of unexploded ordnance (UXO) and the environment in which EOD takes place, RUMMs calculates three output values: the Probability of an Undesired Detonation, the Consequence of an Undesired detonation, and the Complexity of the EOD Operation. (Software)
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Lotufo, Guilherme, Justin Wilkens, Jared Smith, John Ballard, Gunther Rosen, Steve Schmit, and John Herbert. Environmental monitoring of munitions constituents during a demonstration of the Underwater Cut-and-Capture System demilitarization technology. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47849.

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The presence of underwater military munitions (UWMM) in aquatic environments may present explosive blast risks and potentially affect the environment because of the release of munitions constituents (MC). Therefore, in situ demilitarization of UWMM is highly desirable. This technical note presents the results of environmental monitoring measuring water and sediment contamination resulting from the demonstration of an in situ technology that uses high-pressure water jets to render UWMM safe.
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Lane, Roger, Larry Lewis, and Himayu Shiotani. Opportunities to Improve Military Policies and Practices to Reduce Civilian Harm From Explosive Weapons in Urban Conflict. UNIDIR, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/19/pacav/11.

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This research paper seeks to contribute to further thinking and dialogue among States and their militaries that conduct operations in urbanized environments on what more can be done to reduce civilian harm by proposing practical measures in the form of options for consideration. UNIDIR seeks to enhance knowledge on ways to reduce risks and mitigate harm to civilians from the effects of explosive weapons in urbanized environments. This research frames the issue of explosive weapons in the broader context of protection of civilians in urban conflict and focuses on multilateral operations. The research takes a comprehensive approach to civilian protection from a ‘risk reduction’ perspective—that is, seeking to understand where the risks and uncertainties lie in the entire ‘civilian protection life cycle’, recognizing that civilian harm is the cumulative effect of numerous risks and decisions made from formulating mandates, planning, execution, assessment and response to lessons learned and institutional learning. Particular focus is placed on the targeting and weaponeering processes.
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Bigl, Matthew, Samuel Beal, and Charles Ramsey. Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from Composition B mortar rounds. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45260.

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Empirical measurements of the spatial distribution, particle-size distribution, mass, morphology, and energetic composition of particles from low-order (LO) detonations are critical to accurately characterizing environ-mental impacts on military training ranges. This study demonstrated a method of generating and characterizing LO-detonation particles, previously applied to insensitive munitions, to 81 mm mortar rounds containing the conventional explosive formulation Composition B. The three sampled rounds had estimated detonation efficiencies ranging from 64% to 82% as measured by sampled residual energetic material. For all sampled rounds, energetic deposition rates were highest closer to the point of detonation; however, the mass per radial meter varied. The majority of particles (>60%), by mass, were <2 mm in size. However, the spatial distribution of the <2 mm particles from the point of detonation varied be-tween the three sampled rounds. In addition to the particle-size-distribution results, several method performance observations were made, including command-detonation configurations, sampling quality control, particle-shape influence on laser-diffraction particle-size analysis (LD-PSA), and energetic purity trends. Overall, this study demonstrated the successful characterization of Composition B LO-detonation particles from command detonation through combined analysis by LD-PSA and sieving.
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McDonald, James L. Selective Integration and Synchronization: US Military Consequence Management for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear or High-Yield Explosive Events in the Domestic Environment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420321.

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