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Journal articles on the topic 'Military Explosives'
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1
Mathieu, Jörg, and Hans Stucki. "Military High Explosives." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 58, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/000942904777677669.
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Yan, Shi Long, Xing Hua Xie, and Hui Sheng Zhou. "Deflagration of Emulsion Explosive." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.18.
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Analog emulsion explosives production, observed its detonation. Deflagration and detonation of explosives determine how the phenomenon is long plagued with explosive materials in the field of military issues directly related to the safe and efficient use of explosives, by observing the special emulsion explosive blasting product, you can visually distinguish qualitatively blasting boundaries. Emulsion explosive detonation accompanied undecomposed completely yellow mist generated, and XRD test results showed the product to an amorphous structure, with detonation products feature a clear distinction.Then the factors of hot spots generated in the production of emulsion explosives and the occurred conditions of the heat accumulation are analyzed and summarized.
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Kawka, Waldemar. "Illegal use of explosives - An incidental phenomenon or the seeds of the next real threat to collective security and public order?" Internal Security 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2016): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/20805268.1231515.
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The widespread use of various types of explosives both by military and non-military (paramilitary and industrial) users - characterised by specific properties (including their explosive nature, physico-chemical make-up and, most of all, their destructive properties in the context of the protection of life and health of people and other living organisms) - generates an extremely complex environment. In such circumstances unauthorised users (those identified as acquiring explosives illegally) are another source of a real threat to collective security and public order, and the current threat is not only at the national and European level, but also global. Authorised use of explosives in terms of their industrial application most often and in general opinion is focused on the mining industry. However, careful analysis of the subject shows that the range of authorised industrial users of explosives, e.g. those who use them in industry, is much broader. A summary of illegal ways of obtaining explosives regularly includes all those who are passionate about organic chemistry (including the chemistry of high-energy chemical compounds – a very intricate and difficult field) and producers of homemade explosives. Dissemination of this sort of practice may in fact contribute to the mass production of explosives and construction of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) used for different purposes. In turn, the destructive properties of explosives, combined with their large scale and illegal use, are a growing and significant threat in the area of collective security and public order.
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Forbes, Thomas P., Jeffrey Lawrence, Changtong Hao, and Greg Gillen. "Open port sampling interface mass spectrometry of wipe-based explosives, oxidizers, and narcotics for trace contraband detection." Analytical Methods 13, no. 31 (2021): 3453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ay01038g.
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The solid–liquid extraction capabilities of open port sampling interface mass spectrometry enabled rapid and sensitive detection of military-grade explosives, homemade explosive oxidizers, and narcotics, critical to screening applications.
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McCrone, Walter C. "What's in Vial No. 3?" Microscopy Today 3, no. 5 (June 1995): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500066153.
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Last weekend I taught a special two-day course on the identification of explosives to a young lady from San Salvador. She is a forensic mrcroscopist newly assigned to the "Bomb Squad". Her problem was to determine what explosives were used after terrorist bombings. Fortunately, some small particles of the explosive substance usually remain after a detonating. Careful examination of a bomb crater or of bomb fragments usually uncovers these tiny residues.My problem was to teach her the microscopical characteristics of the most likely explosives she might encounter. These include common inorganic nitrates, chlorates and percholorates and less common organic (military) explosives such as TNT, RDX, HMX, PETN and tetryl.
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Hung, Cheng-Wei, Hsin-hung Lai, Bor-Cherng Shen, Pin-Wen Wu, and Tai-An Chen. "Development and Validation of Overpressure Response Model in Steel Tunnels Subjected to External Explosion." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 6166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186166.
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This study employed C4 explosives to evaluate the overpressure response in steel tunnels subjected to external explosions. The explosive scaled distance of the C4 charge from 2.15 to 3.26 m/kg1/3 was evaluated by experiments and the hydrodynamic finite element code LS-DYNA. The numerical results are in agreement with the experimental results. A simple way to estimate the overpressure in steel tunnels was proposed in this paper. The proposed methodology is both useful and efficient and can be further developed for designing protection for military structures and other facilities against explosion.
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Lefferts, Merel J., and Martin R. Castell. "Vapour sensing of explosive materials." Analytical Methods 7, no. 21 (2015): 9005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay02262b.
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The ability to accurately and reliably detect the presence of explosives is critical in many civilian and military environments, and this is often achieved through the sensing of the vapour emitted by the explosive material. This review summarises established and recently developed detection techniques.
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Xie, Guanshun, and Bingxin Liu. "Fingerprinting of Nitroaromatic Explosives Realized by Aphen-functionalized Titanium Dioxide." Sensors 19, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102407.
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Developing sensing materials for military explosives and improvised explosive precursors is of great significance to maintaining homeland security. 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (Aphen)-modified TiO2 nanospheres are prepared though coordination interactions, which broaden the absorption band edge of TiO2 and shift it to the visible region. A sensor array based on an individual TiO2/Aphen sensor is constructed by regulating the excitation wavelength (365 nm, 450 nm, 550 nm). TiO2/Aphen shows significant response to nitroaromatic explosives since the Aphen capped on the surface of TiO2 can chemically recognize and absorb nitroaromatic explosives by the formation of the corresponding Meisenheimer complex. The photocatalytic mechanism is proved to be the primary sensing mechanism after anchoring nitroaromatic explosives to TiO2. The fingerprint patterns obtained by combining kinetics and thermodynamics validated that the single TiO2/Aphen sensor can identify at least six nitroaromatic explosives and improvised explosives within 8 s and the biggest response reaches 80%. Furthermore, the TiO2/Aphen may allow the contactless detection of various explosives, which is of great significance to maintaining homeland security.
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Wang, Guangyu, Guirong Liu, Qing Peng, and Suvranu De. "A SPH Implementation with Ignition and Growth and Afterburning Models for Aluminized Explosives." International Journal of Computational Methods 14, no. 04 (April 18, 2017): 1750046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876217500463.
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Aluminized explosives have been applied in military industry since decades ago. Compared with ideal explosives such as TNT, HMX, RDX, aluminized explosives feature both fast detonation and slow metal combustion chemistry, generating a complex multi-phase reactive flow. Though aluminized explosives have been employed for a long time, the mechanism underneath the chemical process is still not thoroughly understood. In this paper, a smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method incorporated ignition and growth model, and afterburning model has been proposed for the simulation of aluminized explosive. Ignition and growth model is currently the most popular model for the simulation of high explosives, which is capable of accurately reproducing arrival time of detonation front and pressure history of high explosives. It has been integrated in commercial software such as ANSYS-LS DYNA. In addition, an afterburning model has been integrated in the SPH code to simulate the combustion of aluminum particles. Simulation is compared with experiment and good agreement is observed. The proposed mathematical model can be used to study the detonation of aluminized explosives.
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Luo, Qingping, Chonghua Pei, Guixiang Liu, Yongjun Ma, and Zhaoqian Li. "Insensitive High Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) Nanostructured Explosives Derived from Solvent/Nonsolvent Method in a Bacterial Cellulose (BC) Gelatin Matrix." Nano 10, no. 03 (April 2015): 1550033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292015500332.
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Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) is an energetic material (EM) from the class of cyclic nitroamine explosive widely used in military applications because of its excellent integral properties. Using bacterial cellulose (BC) gelatin with a three-dimensional network as a matrix, N,N-dimethyllformamide (DMF) as the solvent of RDX, the RDX nanostructured explosives were prepared through the solvent/nonsolvent method. It was found that the solvent had a great impact on the crystallization of RDX in the solution and the RDX content in the nanostructured explosive. The RDX particles in the nanostructured explosives smoothly coated to the nanofibers of BC gelatin network at high RDX concentrations, and the granularity distributions of RDX in the nanostructured explosives were very uniform in the range of 30–50 nm. The average contents of the RDX in the nanostructured explosives are greater than 83 wt.% when the RDX concentrations of the soaked solutions are greater than 0.20 g/mL. The average content is approximately 91 wt.% when the RDX concentration is 0.30 g/mL. The decomposition temperatures of the RDX nanostructured explosives were found to decrease approximately to 20°C and their mechanical sensitivities decreased greatly compared to that of raw micro-size RDX. It opens a useful way to prepare nanostructured explosives with high energy and low mechanical sensitivity.
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Zhao, Xiaohua, Gaohui Wang, Hongyuan Fang, Yong Fan, and Xueming Du. "Shock Wave Propagation Characteristics of Cylindrical Charge and Its Aspect Ratio Effects on the Damage of RC Slabs." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (July 29, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2483995.
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Antiknock research of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs is often carried out with spherical or nearly spherical explosives, although many explosives used in engineering and military are cylinder shaped. It is known that the shock wave caused by cylindrical explosives varies in different directions, which is quite different from the spherical charge. In this paper, the shock wave propagation characteristics of spherical and cylindrical explosives with different aspect ratios are compared and analyzed. The 2D numerical results show the peak overpressure from the cylindrical explosive is significantly affected by the L/D (length/diameter) ratio. Subsequently, the damage features of RC slabs under spherical and cylindrical explosives with a certain L/D ratio are investigated through an explosion experiment. Finally, the influence of the L/D ratio on the dynamic response of RC slabs under cylindrical explosives is studied by the fully coupled Euler–Lagrange method. The accuracy and reliability of the coupled model are verified by comparing the numerical with experimental results. Based on the experimental and numerical studies, it can be concluded that the explosive shape directly determines the shape of upper surface crater damage, and the spall damage area of RC slabs becomes larger as the L/D increases. For the L/D increases to a certain value, the cylindrical explosive will induce larger spall damage than that induced by spherical charge with the same amount of explosives. Hence, the effect of the cylindrical charge should be considered in the antiknock design of the RC structure.
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Harvey, S. D., T. J. Peters, and B. W. Wright. "Safety Considerations for Sample Analysis Using a Near-Infrared (785 nm) Raman Laser Source." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 5 (May 2003): 580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203321666632.
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Raman spectroscopy is often considered a nondestructive analytical technique; however, this is not always the case. The 300-mW 785-nm near-infrared (NIR) laser source used with many commercially available instruments has sufficient power to burn samples. This destructive potential is of special concern if the sample is irreplaceable (e.g., fine art, forensic evidence, or for in vivo medical diagnostics) or a hazardous energetic material (explosive or pyrophoric samples). This study quantifies the heat resulting from illuminating an extensive color array with a 785-nm NIR laser and relates these values to the hazards associated with Raman analysis. In general, darker colors were found to be more problematic. Since visible colors are not ideally correlated with absorptive characteristics at 785 nm, predictions based on thermography are not perfect; however, this approximation gives a useful method for predicting the thermal response of unknown samples to NIR exposure. Additionally, experimental studies evaluated the analysis of flammable organic solvents, propellants, military explosives, mixtures containing military explosives, shock-sensitive explosives, and gunpowders (i.e., smokeless, black, and Pyrodex powders). Safety guidelines for analysis are presented.
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Televnyi, I., O. Kapliuk, L. Kirdeіand, and A. Spodin. "ON CALCULATION OF OXYGEN BALANCE OF MULTICOMPONENT THERMOBARIC EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCE." Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки, no. 9 (December 3, 2021): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.9.2021.16.
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Most modern military confrontations take place near or directly in inhabited area. The use in such conditions of munition (warheads) which hit typical targets based on fragmentation (high-explosive) or cumulative action is impractical due to insufficient “selectivity” of hitting targets with such munition. At present, modern world tendency is the development of the latest munition (warheads) with increased properties of “destruction selectivity”. One of the directions is the development of munition based on thermobaric explosives. Such munitions can cause maximum damage due to high temperature and the impact of a shock wave with a low level of collateral damage, since thermobaric munition, especially in the open area, have a clearly defined or even limited area of effective damage, which determines the significance of their further development.
Since modern thermobaric explosives include a large number of chemical elements (including chemically active metals), there is a need to calculate the physical balance of oxygen and oxygen coefficient to take into account the physical characteristics of modern multicomponent thermobaric explosives. The oxygen balance of multicomponent thermobaric explosives largely determines the nature of the reaction of its explosive transformation, i.e the composition of the explosive products and, consequently, the value of thermodynamic characteristics such as heat, temperature, volume and pressure of gas-like explosive products.
The calculated ratio and coefficients for complex multicomponent thermobaric explosives should be calculated during the development of explosives, taking into account the composition of components and elements and their possible chemical reactions during the explosion. The abovementioned improved calculations of oxygen balance and oxygen coefficient of thermobaric explosives, which include aluminum, allows taking into account the physical characteristics of destruction of typical targets by thermobaric munitions.
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Hałys, Piotr, and Piotr Kowalczyk. "Military technology in mine rescue." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 199, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 178–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8119.
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The sense of security is an individual’s one-sided personal expression referring to one’s awareness of existing threats and potential possibilities of their prevention. Thus we can observe a permanent development of technologies developed to meet the needs of military operations aimed at neutralizing threats related to explosives of military origin, as well as any improvised explosive devices. Threats are the events that adversely affect life, health, property or the environment, therefore, the mentioned technologies can be used in the civilian market as well. This article presents military systems that have been developed by Alford Technologies Ltd. (‘The World’s Leading Provider of User-Filled Explosive Chargers and Disruptors’). The systems that have been named ReBar Cutters™ and DIOPLEX™ have been developed to save the lives of soldiers, military equipment and any relevant infrastructure while conducting a wide scope of combat operations throughout the world. The systems can for example be easily used as an alternative support for mining rescue teams during mine rescue operations. The authors intend to present the above-mentioned systems due to their precision, accuracy, and most importantly, because the products are user-filled and therefore can be prepared on site and ready to use very fast. Tests of systems named ReBar Cutters™ and DIOPLEX™ presented in the study were carried out in Zakłady Górnicze Polkowice-Sieroszowice Oddział KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. at a depth of 850 m in order to check their effectiveness in the future environment (pressure, humidity, temperature, dust). The presented shaped charges with cumulative insert were elaborated with explosives used in mining – RIOPRIME 25 (Mini Primer) and ERGODYN 22E – and used for the cut steel structural elements (steel anchor rod), steel leveling cable, sheathed electric mining cable and an element form bucket loader type LKP 903. The tests were not financed, and the obtained results were part of the research in one of the author’s PhD dissertation.
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Bhargav, Prachi, and Adarsh V P. "A REVIEW ON IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES AND THE HUMANITARIAN HARM CAUSED BY THEM." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 12 (December 21, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27681.
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Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) in all their forms have emerged as the most serious threat. These devices can range from simple explosive devices to complex military systems using high-grade explosives. A thorough grasp of the many types of devices and their effects is required for proper mass casualty event planning and management of the complex poly trauma victims that they usually bring. They may wreak havoc on a landscape. Depending on the desired target, they can be initiated in a variety of ways. As a result, there is a pressing need to research and ameliorate the mechanism of extremities harm induced by these devices. These improvised explosive devices are generally uncommonly encountered outside the battlefield. The majorities of vulnerability evaluations presume that an improvised explosive device would attain maximal TNT equivalency and detonate effectively. They are still a popular terrorist weapon. These are unusual explosive weapons that can be used in a variety of ways to cause injury, fatalities, and destruction of property in both military and civilian conditions. IEDs continue to be a domestic menace. The science and damage profile of these devices are described in this review. The humanitarian devastation inflicted by IEDs is thus depicted. KEYWORDS: - improvised explosive devices, explosives, detonation, injury, impact testing, biomechanics, ground penetrating radar, detection, prevention, National Bomb Data Centre
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Bogue, Robert. "Detecting explosives and chemical weapons: a review of recent developments." Sensor Review 35, no. 3 (June 15, 2015): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-12-2014-0754.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide details of recent developments in sensors for detecting explosives and chemical warfare agents. Design/methodology/approach – Following an introduction, this paper first discusses a selection of new sensing techniques aimed at detecting explosives and explosive devices. It then considers new developments in sensors for detecting chemical warfare agents. Brief concluding comments are drawn. Findings – This paper shows that a diversity of sensor technologies is being investigated, including various advanced optical methods, nanomaterials, microelectromechanical system, electronic noses, biosensors and electrochemical techniques, several of which offer levels of sensitivity in the parts-per-trillion region. These not only have the potential to yield improved devices for detecting explosives and chemical weapons but may also play a role in health care, environmental monitoring, drug detection and industrial health and safety. Originality/value – In an era of escalating terrorism and military conflicts, this provides a timely review of new technologies for detecting explosives and chemical warfare agents.
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Ndibe, Thankgod Ositadinma, Benthai Benjamin, Winnie Chuno Eugene, and Johnson John Usman. "A Review on Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Explosive Chemicals." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 11 (November 29, 2018): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.11.925.
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Military training activities as well as manufacturing and decommissioning operations, lead to the generation of large quantities of explosive chemicals. Detonation and disposal of these explosive chemicals contaminate soil and ground water, thus posing a threat to living organisms and natural resources. The most commonly used explosives in artillery shells, bombs, grenades and other munitions are 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). Due to their recalcitrant nature, toxicity and persistence in the environment, the study of their biodegradation and biotransformation is paramount. This paper reviews the chemistry, fate, degradation and transformation of this explosive chemicals in the natural environment. Emphasis is placed on TNT, RDX and HMX. This review will help scientists to adopt strategies and develop optimum biological treatment scheme for the in situ bioremediation of explosives-contaminated soil especially at firing/impact ranges.
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Ndibe, Thankgod Ositadinma, Benthai Benjamin, Winnie Chuno Eugene, and Johnson John Usman. "A Review on Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Explosive Chemicals." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 11 (November 29, 2018): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.11.925.
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Military training activities as well as manufacturing and decommissioning operations, lead to the generation of large quantities of explosive chemicals. Detonation and disposal of these explosive chemicals contaminate soil and ground water, thus posing a threat to living organisms and natural resources. The most commonly used explosives in artillery shells, bombs, grenades and other munitions are 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). Due to their recalcitrant nature, toxicity and persistence in the environment, the study of their biodegradation and biotransformation is paramount. This paper reviews the chemistry, fate, degradation and transformation of this explosive chemicals in the natural environment. Emphasis is placed on TNT, RDX and HMX. This review will help scientists to adopt strategies and develop optimum biological treatment scheme for the in situ bioremediation of explosives-contaminated soil especially at firing/impact ranges.
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Elbeih, Ahmed. "Characteristics of a New Plastic Explosive Named EPX-1." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/861756.
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EPX-1 is a new plastic explosive (in the research stage) which has been prepared for military and civilian applications. EPX-1 explosive contains pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) with different particle size as explosive filler bonded by nonenergetic thermoplastic binder plasticized by dibutyl phthalate (DBP). In this paper, the production method of EPX-1 was described. The crystal morphology was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Heat of combustion was determined experimentally. The compatibility of PETN with the polymeric matrix was studied by vacuum stability test. Sensitivities to impact and friction were measured. The detonation velocity was measured experimentally and the detonation characteristics were calculated by EXPLO5 thermodynamic code. For comparison, Semtex 1A, Semtex 10, Formex P1, and Sprängdeg m/46 were studied. It was concluded that PEX-1 has compatible ingredients, it has the highest detonation velocity of all the studied plastic explosives, and its sensitivity is in the same level of the studied plastic explosives except Semtex 1A.
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Vasilescu, Gabriel, Attila Kovacs, Edward Gheorghiosu, Bogdan Garaliu, and Gabriel Ilcea. "Numerical simulation for determining detonation parameters of explosive substances using EXPLO5 thermo-chemical prediction software." MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020): 00049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500049.
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The article presents the theoretical and practical research results regarding the development of the IT and methodological infrastructure for assessing the parameters which define explosive substances. The software us intended for estimating, based on the chemical composition of substances, parameters which define such substances (detonation velocity, detonation energy, detonation pressure etc.), as well as for determining the probability of explosion. EXPLO5 is a specialized software which allows to solve thermo-dynamic equations between different reaction products in order to determine the balance composition, having incorporated a filtering algorithm for estimating Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) state equations coefficients which are used for calculating the detonation energy of explosives. For the proper performance of pilot tests of numerical simulations upon certain representative types of explosives (civil use explosives and double-use explosives: civil and military) there have been taken into account the special characteristics of EXPLO5 provided by the EOS BKW (BKW standard with set of BKWN constants and BKW EOS modified with the set of constants and volumes BKWN-M) and EXP-6 EOS function which is based more on theoretical concepts.
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Demattè, R., L. Michael, and N. Nikiforakis. "Reacting condensed phase explosives in direct contact." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 9 (March 7, 2022): 095901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0075851.
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In this article, we present a new formulation and an associated algorithm for the simultaneous numerical simulation of multiple condensed phase explosives in direct contact with each other, which may also be confined by (or interacting with one or more) compliant inert materials. Examples include composite rate-stick (i.e., involving two explosives in contact) problems, interaction of shock waves with chemically active particles in condensed-phase explosives, and devices such as detonators and boosters. There are several formulations that address the compliant or structural response of confiners and particles due to detonations, but the direct interaction of explosives remains a challenge for most formulations and algorithms. The proposed formulation addresses this problem by extending the conservation laws and mixture rules of an existing hybrid formulation (suitable for solving problems involving the coexistence of reactants and products in an explosive mixture and its immiscible interaction with inert materials) to model the interaction of multiple explosive mixtures. An algorithm for the solution of the resulting system of partial differential equations is presented, which includes a new robust method for the retrieval of the densities of the constituents of each explosive mixture. This is achieved by means of a multi-dimensional root-finding algorithm, which employs physical as well as mathematical considerations in order to converge to the correct solution. The algorithm is implemented in a hierarchical adaptive mesh refinement framework and validated against results from problems with known solutions. Additional case studies demonstrate that the method can simulate the interaction of detonation waves produced by military grade and commercial explosives in direct contact, each with its own distinct equation of state and reaction rate law.
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Krnjic, Kerim. "Review of modern military insensitive high explosives." Defense and Security Studies 2 (October 12, 2021): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37868/dss.v2.id173.
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In the last twenty years, high energetic materials have changed significantly. Several factors have influenced the development of these materials, which include new operational requirements such as insensitive ammunition (IM), as well as factors in the availability of new materials and new production techniques, safety assessment, and modeling. All this enables more efficient use of materials and a more detailed understanding of the processes involved in the application of new technologies. This work presents new insensitive secondary high explosives such as TATB, FOX-7, GUDN, NTO, and others that are in different stages of development. A review of these explosives is given and their stability, reliability, and specific application are described. Energy materials are known to be chemical compounds or mixtures that contain significant amounts of energy and it has been shown that successful design of new energetic materials with customized performance properties and increased stability is possible. The properties of new insensitive energetic materials must be further researched and improved before they can be used in new or existing systems. Insensitive ammunition testing is a vital component of many national IM programs. The international community has established requirements for testing the insensitivity of materials and developed six unique tests based on testing the response of the material to the effects of heat, impact, or shock.
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REĆKO, Judyta. "CHARACTERIZATION OF TERRORISTIC EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS AND RELATED PROBLEMS." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 161, no. 3 (November 29, 2022): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1164.
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Improvised Explosives Devices (IEDs) are a lethal threat to soldiers in hostilities. Until now, their use has been characteristic of the military conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan. Currently, IEDs are also used in the war in Ukraine. Their popularity is mainly due to easy access to explosives and pyrotechnics (e.g. from unexploded bombs), and chemical reagents, as well as specialistic knowledge that can be obtained online. These factors contribute to creation of effective means of combat, capable of destroying manpower and enemy's military equipment at a minimal cost and amount of work. Currently, problem of improvised explosives is particularly serious due to the fact that virtually everyone is able to make high-energy materials at home, using commercially available chemical reagents or obtaining them from unexploded explosives, and using simple tools. The matter is further complicated by the fact that, as a result of experiments, newer and newer explosives are created in "home laboratories". Those explosives are not yet widely known and tested, which increases the risk associated with IED. In this article, explosives used by terrorist groups and amateurs of pyrotechnics have been analyzed and characterized. The problem of universal access to knowledge and materials necessary to construct explosives was also discussed.
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Yang, Jian, Hong-Bin Li, Peng-Gang Jin, Zan Gao, Song-Tao Ren, Xi-Bo Jiang, and Wei-Jing Zhang. "Study on bullet impact performance of the HATO-based explosives." Vibroengineering Procedia 54 (April 4, 2024): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2024.23825.
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In order to study the vulnerability of 1,1'-dihydroxy-5,5'-bistetrazole dihydroxylamine salt (HATO) based explosives, a comparative study of the bullet impact vulnerable characteristics of HATO-based explosives and HMX-based explosives were carried out by using the 12.7 mm bullet impact test method of the 700-group of the Military Mixed Explosives Formulation and Performance Test Methods. The results of the study indicate that due to the friction and impact sensitivities of the HATO and the HMX explosives are similar, and the bullet impact response degree and the safety performance of the HATO-based explosives and HMX-based explosives is equivalent too.
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Fayiga, Abioye O. "Remediation of inorganic and organic contaminants in military ranges." Environmental Chemistry 16, no. 2 (2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en18196.
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Environmental contextContaminants occur in the soil and water associated with military ranges. This review article describes how the extent of contamination depends not only on the type of military range and its period of activity, but also on the chemistry of both the soil and the contaminant. A full understanding of the soil chemistry is necessary to develop effective remediation methods for the restoration of these impacted environments. AbstractThis review discusses the contaminants associated with military ranges and the approaches taken to remediate these sites. The type and extent of contamination depends on the type of range, period of activity, soil chemistry and contaminant chemistry. Small arms firing ranges typically have high concentrations of metals and metalloids whereas military ranges typically have high concentrations of perchlorates, white phosphorus, explosives and propellants. For explosives, higher concentrations are found in sites that have undergone a low order detonation than in sites with a high order detonation. Remediation technologies for small arms firing ranges include leaching and immobilisation whereas for military ranges, methods such as alkaline hydrolysis, photolysis, bioremediation and phytoremediation have been tested. A lot of work has been done to immobilise metals/metalloids using soil amendments, which show a high effectiveness in stabilising them. Some of these amendments, however, also mobilise other co-contaminants. More studies are needed to simultaneously immobilise all inorganic contaminants. Explosives can be transformed into simpler non-toxic forms by photolysis, bioremediation or phytodegradation. The introduction of bacteria transgenes into plants has been used to enhance uptake and degradation of explosives in transgenic plants. Adoption of appropriate remediation technologies in impacted military ranges will reduce contaminant levels and protect public health.
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Timmins, Hannah, Olesya Petrovych, Anastasiia Drapaliuk, Kateryna Polianska, Oleksii Vasyliuk, Jody Bragger, Anna Kuzemko, and Denis Vishnevsky. "The State of Ukraine's Protected Areas: an interim update on damages from the full-scale invasion." PARKS, no. 29.2 (November 2023): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/wuer4443.
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The Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has become a humanitarian and political crisis. Since the very start of the invasion, it has also been an ecological disaster, with Russian troops utilising protected areas both in an attempt to access strategic Ukrainian settlements, but also as locations in which to conduct active warfare. The frontline has now crossed and retreated from many protected areas, many are still occupied and many are still the sites of active hostilities. This study found the most common damages to protected areas are: physical destruction of habitats and wildlife and wildlife behavioural changes from explosions; chemical and physical pollution from explosive materials; fires caused by shelling; damages to soil and plant cover from heavy military vehicles, equipment and defence infrastructure; and military exploitation of natural resources. Given the occupation, combat and mining with explosives, it will be years before Ukraine can account for the full extent of damage to its protected area system. This paper provides an interim assessment of the damages to protected areas so far and urges the conservation and policy communities to monitor the situation moving forward.
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Chikhradze, Nikoloz, Merab Nadirashvili, Tamar Iashvili, Akaki Gigineishvili, and Giorgi Beinashvili. "The Improvement of Picric Acid Synthesis Methodology." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012132.
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Abstract Explosives have the greatest importance in human practical activities, not only at time of war, but at tranquility as well. Nowadays, huge amount different type of explosives is synthesized, and fabricated for military and civilian applications. Nevertheless, this fact doesn’t exclude necessity of synthesis of new explosives for optimization of their characteristics, such as prime cost, power, safety during production, storage, transfer and etc. Picric acid is a fairly strong and energetic explosive, at the same time, beside to its explosive properties, it is characterized with antibacterial nature and it is the best yellow dye, especially for dyeing animal and plant tissues. The synthesis of picric acid structural analogues, is the main purpose of the research. One of the reasons of synthesis picric acid and further preparation of its structural analogues is safe nature of substances of this group, which makes them safe to various manipulations. On the other hand, it is well known that the synthesis and production of explosives is classified as high risk and costly technology. Therefore, even a small increase of their production productivity, is interesting from the economic effect point of view. During an investigation, changing of reaction conditions (temperature, concentrations and dosage of reagents) the improved method for syntheses of picric acid was developed. As result the significant increase of practical yield of picric acid, from 46% to 86% was achieved. Synthesized picric acid was placed in steel tube and tested on initiation of detonation in explosive camera. The description of modified method, comparisons to conventional technology, as well as explosion testing results is described in the paper.
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Han, Olena, Viktor Boiko, Viktor Kravets, and Anatolii Han. "FORMATION OF PARAMETERS OF FOAMED EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES FOR SEALING SOILS." ScienceRise, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2020.001430.
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Significant growth rates of construction require large areas prepared in advance. Given the complexity and large scale of construction on subsidence soils, an important issue remains their compaction. On the article, on the parameters of the explosion momentum of TNT-free explosive compositions based on ammonium nitrate (AN) and after ultrasonic treatment of ammonium nitrate were analytically investigated, and their comparison with ammonite №6 and igdanite was also compared. The principles of explosive pulse control by regulating the content and density of explosives due to ultrasonic radiation and foaming of low-density explosive mixtures have been developed and substantiated. Set the minimum value of the peak pressure at the interface "detonation product - environment" from time for foamed explosives after treatment with ultrasonic radiation.
The object of research: Reclamation works and construction. Management of compaction of subsidence and flooded soils by directed action of explosive systems.
Investigated problem: Taking into account that the method of compaction of subsiding loess soils with the energy of explosion is used in built-up areas, of particular importance is the control of the explosive pulse through the regulation of the content and density of explosives by ultrasonic radiation and foaming of low-density explosive mixtures this is done to ensure the required degree of compaction of the subsidence of the soil mass and to reduce the harmful seismic impact on the surrounding structures.
The main scientific results: The dependence of the duration of the explosive pulse growth on the charge radius for different types of low-density explosives has been established, which indicates that the longest growth time of the explosive pulse is observed for charges based on foamed explosives, both conventional and ultrasonic treated. The dependences of the degree of soil compaction during the explosion of overhead charges of different types of explosives in the polymer housing on the specific costs of explosives are obtained. The research results allow to develop technological methods of controlling the parameters of the explosive pulse by using explosive density, which provides the opportunity to increase the efficiency of explosive energy to maintain the required degree of compaction of subsidence loess soils to a certain depth while seismic protection.
The area of practical use of the research results: the use of this type of compaction of unstable soil is possible in the construction industry, in the mining industry and in the military.
Innovative technological product: the methods of compaction of unstable soil with the energy of the explosion work when changing the parameters of the pulse, which will minimize the loss of energy in the blasting zone and increase the range of a single charge.
Scope of the innovative technological product: the application of this method is possible: for compaction of unstable soil before construction, for soil compaction of runways at field airfields, for demining.
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Carton, Geoffrey, J. C. King, and R. Josh Bowers. "Munitions-Related Technology Demonstrations at Ordnance Reef (HI-06), Hawaii." Marine Technology Society Journal 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.46.1.9.
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AbstractDevelopment of methods and technologies to characterize sites with underwater military munitions (UWMM) and respond to UWMM where the risks posed to human health or the environment or explosive hazards are unacceptable is underway. Department of Defense Military Munitions Sea Disposal Site Hawaii (HI-06), referred to locally as Ordnance Reef, is off Oahu’s leeward coast. This site has become the focal point for research on UWMM. Past studies found that the site presents no immediate danger to public safety. The location and water depth at this site present advantages for UWMM research and development.Promising technologies demonstrated at Ordnance Reef (HI-06) include those for munitions recovery, at-sea demilitarization, nondestructive testing, and explosives detection. Studies on fate and transport of munitions-related compounds and corrosion are ongoing.Among these technologies are the Remotely Operated Underwater Munitions Recovery System (ROUMRS) and the Explosive Hazard Demilitarization System (EHDS). Both are assemblages of commercial off-the-shelf components, and each is housed in a standard 6-m International Organization for Standardization (ISO) shipping container and can be operated on a barge.ROUMRS consists of a remotely operated vehicle, manipulators, an interface between a precision GPS, and underwater navigation equipment used during recovery of UWMM. The system also transports recovered UWMM for treatment. The EHDS consists of a portable X-ray unit to allow positive identification of recovered munitions, remotely operated wet band saws to cut recovered munitions to expose their explosive fill, and low-temperature ovens to treat the exposed explosives, making the remaining material safe for recycling.
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Grant, Andrew. "Getting up close and personal with military explosives." Physics Today 69, no. 7 (July 2016): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.3223.
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Hoek, Bart. "Military Explosives and Health: Organic Energetic Compound Syndrome?" Medicine, Conflict and Survival 20, no. 4 (October 2004): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1362369042000285955.
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Bogue, Robert. "Terrorism and military actions pose the ultimate challenge to gas sensing." Sensor Review 31, no. 1 (January 25, 2011): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602281111099026.
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PurposeThis paper aims to provide a review of the uses of gas sensors to detect explosives' vapours and chemical warfare agents (CWAs).Design/methodology/approachFollowing a brief introduction, this paper first considers the use of gas sensors to detect explosives. Second, gas sensors that respond to CWAs are discussed. Some mentioned is made of commercial devices but the emphasis is on emerging technologies and recent research.FindingsDetecting explosives is an emerging application for gas sensors. Despite some commercial products, it is the topic of a major research effort and poses a significant technological challenge due to the very low vapour concentrations involved. Many optical and solid‐state techniques are under development and some have shown ppt levels of resolution to TNT and allied compounds. Detecting CWAs is a far more mature application and many products exist, often based on analytical methods. Nevertheless, research into improved sensing techniques continues, frequently aimed at detecting ppb concentrations of nerve agents. Much of this research is aimed at meeting the needs of, and is being funded by, the US military and security agencies.Originality/valueThis paper provides a technical review of recent developments in the use of gas sensors to detect explosives and CWAs.
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Otaiku, Ayodele A., and Isyaku Alhaji. "Characterization of microbial species in the biodegradation of explosives, military shooting range, Kaduna, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 128–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2020.07.00226.
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Kachia military firing range since 1965 in situ characterization of microbes present in explosives contaminated soils was investigated. Bacteria gram stain morphological and biochemical characterization of the different microbial isolates. Bacterial DNA extracted from soil samples was achieved using the 16SrRNA is amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction with the following microbes (Lysini bacillus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumomia, Achromobacter spp and Arcobacter spp) was confirmed and results compared with the sequence obtained from the nucleotide database of National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Fungal species isolates are: Rhizopus spp, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp, Trametes versicolourand Phanorochate chrysoporium may adapted to metabolise the explosives and heavy metals contaminant xenobiotic by biodegradation. Percentage isolates occurrence: 75% Enterobacterspp (highest) and 33% Escherichia coli (lowest); 67% Aspergillus niger (highest); and 17% for Penicillium sppand Trametes versicolor (lowest) respectively. Microbial biodegradation of explosives is considered to be most favourable under co-metabolic conditions. Site study explosives treatment by bioremediation will requires bioaugmentation of isolated microbes for xenobiotic biodegradation. Explosives impacts on biodiversity was illuminated and treatments protocol
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Niedźwiecka, Jolanta B., and Kevin T. Finneran. "Combined biological and abiotic reactions with iron and Fe(iii)-reducing microorganisms for remediation of explosives and insensitive munitions (IM)." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 1, no. 1 (2015): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ew00062e.
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Ferreira, Carlos, José Ribeiro, Roland Clift, and Fausto Freire. "A Circular Economy Approach to Military Munitions: Valorization of Energetic Material from Ammunition Disposal through Incorporation in Civil Explosives." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010255.
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Ammunition that has reached its end of life or become obsolete is considered hazardous waste due to the energetic material content that must be decommissioned. One of the technologies to dispose of ammunition involves the use of incinerators with sophisticated gas treatment systems; however, this disposal process has important limitations in terms of incinerator capacity, energy requirements and high costs. This article assesses the potential primary energy avoided and environmental benefits arising from the valorization of energetic material from military ammunition by incorporating it into civil emulsion explosives, as an alternative to destructive disposal. This approach follows the circular economy principle, as articulated inter alia in BS 8001:2007, by giving a new service to a residue through its incorporation into a new product. A prospective life-cycle model is implemented based on primary data from previous studies on the conventional disposal process and on the production of emulsion explosive. The model applies system expansion to calculate the environmental burdens avoided when energetic material from ammunition is incorporated into civil explosives. The results show that re-using ammunition through valorization of energetic material greatly reduces the environmental impacts in all categories compared to the conventional disposal process. The benefits arise mainly from avoiding the incineration and flue gas treatment processes in ammunition disposal, and displacing production of civil explosive components with the energetic material from ammunition.
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Masoumi, Saeid, Hassan Hajghassem, Alireza Erfanian, and Ahmad Molaei Rad. "Design and manufacture of TNT explosives detector sensors based on GFET." Sensor Review 38, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-08-2017-0167.
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Purpose Smart sensors based on graphene field effect transistor (GFET) and biological receptors are regarded as a promising nanomaterial that could be the basis for future generation of low-power, faster, selective real-time monitoring of target analytes and smaller electronics. So, the purpose of this paper is to provide details of sensors based on selective nanocoatings by combining trinitrotoluene (TNT) receptors (Trp-His-Trp) bound to conjugated polydiacetylene polymers on a graphene channel in GFET for detecting explosives TNT. Design/methodology/approach Following an introduction, this paper describes the way of manufacturing of the GFET sensor by using investigation methods for transferring graphene sheet from Cu foil to target substrates, which is functionalized by the TNT peptide receptors, to offer a system which has the capability of answering the presence of related target molecules (TNT). Finally, brief conclusions are drawn. Findings In a word, shortly after graphene discovery, it has been explored with a variety of methods gradually. Because of its exceptional electrical properties (e.g. extremely high carrier mobility and capacity), electrochemical properties such as high electron transfer rate and structural properties, graphene has already showed great potential and success in chemical and biological sensing fields. Therefore, the authors used a biological receptor with a field effect transistor (FET) based on graphene to fabricate sensor for achieving high sensitivity and selectivity that can detect explosive substances such as TNT. The transport property changed compared to that of the FET made by intrinsic graphene, that is, the Dirac point position moved from positive Vg to negative Vg, indicating the transition of graphene from p-type to n-type after annealing in TNT, and the results show the bipolar property change of GFET with the TNT concentration and the possibility to develop a robust, easy-to-use and low-cost TNT detection method for performing a sensitive, reliable and semi-quantitative detection in a wide detection range. Originality/value In this timeframe of history, TNT is a common explosive used in both military and industrial settings. Its convenient handling properties and explosive strength make it a common choice in military operations and bioterrorism. TNT and other conventional explosives are the mainstays of terrorist bombs and the anti-personnel mines that kill or injure more than 15,000 people annually in war-torn countries. In large, open-air environments, such as airports, train stations and minefields, concentrations of these explosives can be vanishingly small – a few parts of TNT, for instance, per trillion parts of air. That can make it impossible for conventional bomb and mine detectors to detect the explosives and save lives. So, in this paper, the authors report a potential solution with design and manufacture of a GFET sensor based on a biological receptor for real-time detection of TNT explosives specifically.
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Augusto, A. S., F. B. Mendonça, G. S. Urgessa, and K. Iha. "Finite Element Analysis of Experimentally Tested Concrete Slabs Subjected to Airblast." Defence Science Journal 71, no. 5 (September 2, 2021): 630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.71.15576.
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Since the last century, concrete has been used to protect structures against intentional or accidental detonation of explosives. Recently, as concerns about terrorist activities and accidents in plants using explosives increase worldwide, the study of the behaviour of this type of material and any civil or military structure under the influence of explosions has increased. Among the lethal effects of explosive devices, which cause greater loads in structural elements is the airblast effect. For this reason, this paper presents a series of airblast finite element (FEM) simulations developed in Abaqus/Explicit®. To validate the computational method, such simulations are geometrically and structurally kept similar to full-scale tests conducted in a blast test area of the Science and Technology Aerospace Department (Brazilian Air Force). Both simulations and tests consisted of seven reinforced concrete slabs with compressive strengths of about 40 to 60 MPa, variable steel reinforcement areas, slab dimensions measuring 1×1 m, and subjected to 2.7 kg of non-confined plastic bonded explosive. The results demonstrated that FEM simulations can predict the rupture of the tested slabs and how the effect occurs, showing a valid method to investigating the response of RC slabs when compared to expensive field tests. Differences in displacements were observed between the results of FEM simulations and blast field tests, mainly caused by the sensitivity of the case studied, limits of computational capacity, and intrinsic variations in the materials and sensors used in the field tests. However, these differences showed an order of magnitude compatible with the safety coefficients used with RC, demonstrating that the method can be used for the design of RC slabs under the effect of airblast.
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Anderson, Kevin J. "Energetic Materials, Part II: TNT and Other Military Explosives." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 12 (December 1989): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400061054.
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Karler, Casey, Leanne Alarid, David Rosenberg, and Hongyou Fan. "Rapid Synthesis of Monodispersed TATB Microparticles in Ionic Liquid Micelles." MRS Advances 4, no. 15 (December 4, 2018): 843–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.623.
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ABSTRACTControlling microscopic morphology of energetic materials is of significant interest for the improvement of their performance and production consistency. As an important insensitive high explosive material, triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) has attracted tremendous research effort for military grade explosives and propellants. In this study, a new, rapid and inexpensive synthesis method for monodispersed TATB microparticles based on micelle-confined precipitation was developed. Surfactant with proper hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value was found to be critical to the success of this synthesis. The morphology of the TATB microparticles can be tuned between quasi-spherical and faceted by controlling the speed of recrystallization.
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Startsev, Michael A., and Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi. "Terahertz Frequency Continuous-Wave Spectroscopy and Imaging of Explosive Substances." ISRN Optics 2013 (March 18, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/419507.
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Continuous-wave terahertz (THz) radiation spectroscopy was performed on high explosive materials using a tuneable optical parametric oscillator (OPO). Military grade, solid-phase, explosive substances, such as cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), and composition-4, were spectrally scanned over the 0.7–1.9 THz frequency range under experimental conditions modeling that of “real-world” security screenings. Spectral peak locations and spectral line broadening effects were quantified using a Lorentz lineshape fit algorithm. The full-width half-maximum (FWHM) parameter computed by the Lorentz fit algorithm was shown to help in the identification of samples with broad and sparse spectral characteristics. A concealed explosives identification scheme was demonstrated through raster scan THz frequency radiation imaging at specific OPO tuning frequencies.
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Zakrzewski, Waldemar. "Risk management as a determining factor for the safetyof a sapper patrol." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 208, no. 2 (June 15, 2023): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.7271.
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Risk identification and risk assessment is a constant aspect of the decision-making process by sappers of the sapper patrol in their daily operations related to the collection and neutralization of unexploded munitions, misfires, explosives and other dangerous objects of military origin. This is a very difficult task, resulting from the lack of complete and reliable information about the dangerous object found. However, the sapper patrol must manage the risks in their operations properly in order to safely and effectively carry out their tasks. The article is a survey in the field of risk assessment and decision making by the sapper patrol commander during the implementation of tasks related to the taking and neutralization of explosive and dangerous objects. The report presents the issue of threats generated by pollution of the country's territory by unexploded munitions, misfires and other dangerous materials of military origin. Definitions of explosive and dangerous objects were also presented. The procedures for taking and neutralizing explosive and dangerous objects and the decision-making process of the sapper patrol commander during the activities related to taking these objects are described. Various factors that influence the decisions of the patrol commander when taking and neutralizing explosive and dangerous objects were indicated.
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Muhamad Hadzren Mat, Prakash Nagappan, Fakroul Ridzuan Hashim, Khairol Amali Ahmad, Mohd Sharil Saleh, Khalid Isa, and Khaleel Ahmad. "Hybrid Multilayer Perceptron Network for Explosion Blast Prediction." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 30, no. 3 (May 15, 2023): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.30.3.265275.
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For decades, scientists have studied the blast wave profile produced by an explosive detonation. Based on a significant amount of experimental data, the blast wave propagation profile has been predicted under given parameters. However, most studies have only looked at the central point of initiation for spherical form explosives. The purpose of this research is to compare the prediction performance of blast peak overpressure based on type of explosive, shape of explosive and point of detonation. The blast profiles of Emulex and PE-4, as well as to develop a prediction model using a Hybrid Multilayer Perceptron (HMLP) network. This experiment, which began at a distance of 1.2 m from the ground, employed a total of 500 grams of military explosive and Emulex. At distances of 0.5 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m, 2.0 m, 2.5 m, 3.0 m, 3.5 m and 4.0 m, the bomb was exploded. The Bayesian Regularization (BR) training algorithm is the best training algorithm for modelling Explosive Blast Prediction.
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Bratu, Ana-Maria, Mioara Petrus, and Cristina Popa. "Identification of Absorption Spectrum for IED Precursors Using Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy." Molecules 28, no. 19 (October 2, 2023): 6908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196908.
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Among the many commonly encountered hazards, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) remain the primary threat to military and civilian personnel due to the ease of their production and the widespread availability of their raw materials and precursors. Identifying traces of potential precursors is the first step in developing appropriate control measures. An interesting approach is to identify the precursors that are released around the site as they are handled and transformed into the final IEDs. CO2 laser photoacoustic spectroscopy can offer the spectral characterization of a number of explosives-related compounds without sample preparation. Benzene, toluene, acetone, and ethylene glycol absorption spectra were determined in the IR region between 9.2 and 10.8 µm. Each substance emitted a unique photoacoustic response corresponding to its chemical composition that could be further used to identify the explosive material.
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Spinella, Giuseppe, Lorenzo Tidu, Lisa Grassato, Vincenzo Musella, Micheletino Matarazzo, and Simona Valentini. "Military Working Dogs Operating in Afghanistan Theater: Comparison between Pre- and Post-Mission Blood Analyses to Monitor Physical Fitness and Training." Animals 12, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12050617.
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The intergovernmental organization known as the United Nations (UN) was born “to maintain international peace and security” through different operations and tasks, including “mine action” and “explosive detection”. Explosives are the most frequent cause of injuries in military personnel and an enormous danger for civilians. The role of explosive detection dogs (EDDs) and mine detection dogs has gained great consideration over time, leading to their intense use in military operations. Literature regarding working injuries reported by EDDs during missions is limited. The aim of the present study is to investigate the hematological changes that occurred between pre- and post-mission blood analyses in military working dogs deployed to Afghanistan in order to evaluate signs of health problems or physical adjustments. Examining the clinical records, only three dogs reported a medical issue, one with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), and two with lameness episodes. Lack of health issues occurring during the missions was reflected by the absence of significant differences between pre- and post-mission blood analyses. Blood results were also examined by dividing the EDDs into groups considering age at departure, sex, breed and mission length. A few categories demonstrated significant changes in some parameters; however, the mean values were always included in the ranges of normality, indicating that their physical fitness and training were adequate for the required tasks.
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Pichtel, John. "Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/617236.
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Energetic materials comprise both explosives and propellants. When released to the biosphere, energetics are xenobiotic contaminants which pose toxic hazards to ecosystems, humans, and other biota. Soils worldwide are contaminated by energetic materials from manufacturing operations; military conflict; military training activities at firing and impact ranges; and open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) of obsolete munitions. Energetic materials undergo varying degrees of chemical and biochemical transformation depending on the compounds involved and environmental factors. This paper addresses the occurrence of energetic materials in soils including a discussion of their fates after contact with soil. Emphasis is placed on the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and the propellant ingredients nitroglycerin (NG), nitroguanidine (NQ), nitrocellulose (NC), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and perchlorate.
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Vasarevičius, Saulius, and Kristina Greičiūte. "INVESTIGATION OF SOIL POLLUTION WITH HEAVY METALS IN LITHUANIAN MILITARY GROUNDS." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2004): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2004.9636834.
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Military grounds are the largest military activity territories in Lithuania. In some of them, military activities are going on for more than 100 years. Specific nature of long‐term activities carried out in military grounds with military equipment, weapons, ammunition and different busters have caused the anomalies of pollution with heavy metals in some places. And what is more, in many places the environment is polluted with oil products, remains of bullets and explosive devices can be found in tactical fields, and continuous devastation has resulted in a sandy soil. The damage caused to the environment by military activities is not limited with pollution of military grounds and surrounding landscapes with different chemical substances. Water that gets into the soil destroys the remains of explosives and ammunition, filters into the deeper layers of the soil and poses a risk of pollution. The surface layer of the soil is a barrier protecting subsoil water against pollution with different chemical substances. By the extent of soil pollution, it could be judged about the risk of subsoil water pollution. The carried out investigation was aimed at finding out the distribution of heavy metals characteristic of munition (zinc, copper, lead) in the deeper layers of the soil (up to 1‐meter depth) and the trends of its changes. Tests were carried out in two major military grounds of Lithuania located in different places but used for the same purpose. The received results allowed not only to evaluate the extent of pollution with heavy metals but also to determine the peculiarities of their migration.
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Robak, V. A. "THE CONCEPT OF ILLEGAL ARMS TRAFFICKING AND CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7 (73), no. 3 (1) (2022): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2021-7-3(1)-212-216.
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The work is devoted to the analysis of the concept of «illegal arms trafficking». The opinions of various authors are studied, as well as the author’s interpretation of this concept is given. The article presents the opinions of various authors. Regarding the classification of crimes in the field of illegal arms trafficking, the author’s position is also indicated. illegal arms trafficking should be understood as a violation of the rules for handling weapons, both prohibited and permitted for circulation, established by criminal legislation. Illegal arms trafficking is a crime under art. 222, 222.1, 223, 223.1, 224, 225, 226, 226.1 (regarding the smuggling of explosives, firearms or their main parts, explosive devices, ammunition, weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery, other weapons, other military equipment, as well as materials and equipment that can be used in the creation of weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery, other weapons, other military equipment), 348, 349 and 355 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
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Kušter Marić, Marija, Anđela Ivanović, Mladen Fusić, Mladen Srbić, and Anđelko Vlašić. "Experimental Investigation of the Explosion Effects on Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Fibers." Buildings 14, no. 4 (April 12, 2024): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041080.
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In today’s world, concrete structures are exposed to various influences, including explosive actions. With the increasing use of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC), it is essential to investigate its response to blast effects. As there are few studies on this topic worldwide, this research is dedicated to the question of how blast effects affect the damage and properties of six different types of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs. These samples differ in concrete classes (C30/37 and C50/60) and in the type of fibers added (steel and polypropylene). Visual inspections and non-destructive measurements are carried out before and after blasting. The damaged area of the concrete surface is determined by visual inspection, while non-destructive measurements evaluate parameters such as the rebound value of the Schmidt hammer, the electrical resistivity of the concrete, the velocity of the ultrasonic wave, and the dynamic modulus of elasticity. Equal amounts of explosives are applied to five of the RC slabs to enable a comparative analysis of the resulting damage. Based on the comparison of the measured data from these five RC slabs, conclusions are drawn regarding the effects of the explosive impacts on conventionally reinforced concrete slabs compared to those with added fibers. In addition, one of the RC slabs with steel fibers is exposed to approximately three times the amount of explosives to assess the extent of increased damage and to evaluate the suitability of military standards in the calculation of explosive charges for blasting RC elements with fibers.
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JEONG HEE TAE. "Management Direction of Military Installation Protection Zones related to Explosives." Review of Korean Military Studies 7, no. 2 (December 2018): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34166/rokms.2018.7.2.129.
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Pfeiffer, Fritz. "Changes in Properties of Explosives Due to Prolonged Seawater Exposure." Marine Technology Society Journal 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.46.1.5.
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