Relevant bibliographies by topics / Military fortifications

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Military fortifications'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 2 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Military fortifications"

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Ilhomovich, Atajanov Muhiddin Ilhomovich. "SOME COMMENTS ON THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF KHOREZM FORTIFICATION MONUMENTS." European Journal of Learning on History and Social Sciences 1, no. 8 (2024): 85–91. https://doi.org/10.61796/ejlhss.v1i8.909.

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General Background: The study of fortification monuments provides critical insights into historical military architecture and urban planning. Khwarezm, a region rich in ancient fortifications, offers a unique case study due to its strategic significance and architectural diversity. Specific Background: Historical research on Khwarezmian fortifications has predominantly focused on their architectural features and historical context within Central Asia. Early studies emphasized the military and defensive roles of these structures, reflecting their importance in regional security and administrati
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Chen, Lesia. "OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN FORTIFICATIONS IN THE 15th-19th CENTURIES." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 2024, no. 20 (2024): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2024.20.130.

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The study of the evolution of the development of defensive European forts as a monument of military architecture is relevant nowadays. Wars caused the construction of fortifications to protect the territories of cities. The evolution of medieval fortresses was accompanied by technical progress in construction tools and techniques and the technical skills of military engineers. Fortification complexes in Europe over the centuries, with the development of firearms, were modernized and improved in accordance with the requirements of the time. The reason for the evolution of fortifications was the
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Denman, Derek S. "On fortification: Military architecture, geometric power, and defensive design." Security Dialogue 51, no. 2-3 (2019): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619889470.

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Fortification calls to mind images of high walls establishing clear lines between inside and outside and immobilizing enemies. However, even the most seemingly inert fortifications rely on subtle forms of mobility and more elaborate spatial relations. This article examines fortification as a technique of power in which warfare, the design of the built environment, and the organization of space are intertwined. Where research on fortification tends to emphasize the symbolic, sovereign aspirations of wall-building, the approach advanced here focuses on the spatial technologies and infrastructura
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Mykhaylovskyi, Denys. "Evolution of fortification and protective structures." Building constructions. Theory and Practice, no. 16 (June 28, 2025): 183–211. https://doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.16.2025.183-211.

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The full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation has demonstrated the growing importance of engineering fortifications, protective structures, engineering barriers, and more. Modern warfare has introduced new threats and challenges that significantly affect the battlefield, the protection of critical infrastructure, and the civilian population in rear areas, including the specifics of constructing engineering fortifications and protective structures. The study of the evolution of fortification and protective structures from ancient times to the present day allows us to trace how ap
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Fedunkiv, Zenoviy. "STRATIN CITY FORTIFICATIONS: CONSTRUCTION DATE, EFFICIENCY, PLANNING AND VOLUME-SPACE CHARACTERISTICS." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 18, no. 2023 (2023): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.18.108.

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Based on the results of scientific expeditions and field surveys, the article examines the problems of construction dating, functioning efficiency, localization and identification of structures and fortifications, the planning and spatial structure of the Stratyn city fortifications. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that, apart from the reports of four scientific expeditions, no full-fledged scientific article was devoted to Stratyn's city fortifications. The study, based on the analysis of historical sources and the military-political situation, puts forward an assumpti
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Sokyrko, Oleksii. "CITIES, FORTRESSES, GARRISONS. FORTIFICATION AND DEFENSE STRATEGIES IN THE COSSACK HETMANATE IN THE «MILITARIY REVOLUTION» PERIOD." City History, Culture, Society, no. 4 (November 7, 2018): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2019.04.089.

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Changes in the Early Modern military technologies have fundamentally affected the transformation in urban space: fortifications, planning, lifestyle of the inhabitants. At the same time, the development of new defence fortresses and the modernization of the old ones, the providing it by garrisons and artillery have become important elements of state policy. All these innovations were part of the «military revolution» in Europe. Its features in this had the important place in Eastern European states among them and the Cossack Hetmanate.The theatre of military operations on which the main enemy
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Cho, Doo Won. "Value-based studies relating to the ICOMOS Guidelines on Fortifications and Military Heritage." Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, no. 25 (June 29, 2024): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23538724gs.24.001.19863.

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Fortyfikacje są wynikiem historycznego rozwoju ludzkich osad, regionów, a nawet narodów. Od czasów prehistorycznych po czasy współczesne fortyfikacje były istotnym elementem samoobrony każdej ludzkiej społeczności. Były one zintegrowane z otoczeniem na różne sposoby. ICOMOS (Międzynarodowa Rada Ochrony Zabytków i Miejsc Historycznych), organ doradczy w dziedzinie dziedzictwa kultury Komitetu Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO, przygotowuje karty, zasady, wytyczne i deklaracje w celu skutecznego ustanowienia, ochrony i wykorzystania różnych kategorii dziedzictwa kultury oraz promuje je na świecie. I
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Kupka, Jiří, Adéla Brázdová, and Jana Vodová. "Units of Military Fortification Complex as Phenomenon Elements of the Czech Borderlands Landscape." Land 11, no. 1 (2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010079.

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This paper is focused on selected units of casemates with enhanced fortification in the military fortification complex of the Czech borderlands landscape as specific forms of brownfields. They represent a functional system that interacts with surrounding nature, landscape character, and human society. Four approaches were chosen to study the function and potential of selected individual abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification, where each of them corresponds to one of the four landscape layers: genius loci, socio-economic sphere, functional relationship (between human and the landscape)
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Polaski, Leo, and Dale E. Floyd. "Military Fortifications: A Selective Bibliography." Journal of Military History 58, no. 4 (1994): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944277.

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Korshunova, Nadezhda V., and Pavel A. Stromov. "Uyskaya Fortification Line of the 18th – 19th centuries According to the Materials of Field and Archive Research." Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no. 2 (2023): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i2.406.

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This article aims to provide an analysis of the basic fortification constructions that formed the Uyskaya Fortification Line during the 18th and 19th centuries, such as fortresses, redoubts and outposts, based on newly found archive documents. These documents have made it possible to research the construction of these fortifications and compare the standard plans to the fortifications that were actually built, taking their function into consideration. The research aims to characterize Uyskaya Fortification Line as the foundation for the state building of the Russian Empire, the final element o
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Military fortifications"

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Gregory, Shelagh. "Roman military architecture on the Eastern frontier." Amsterdam : A. M. Hakkert, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb377292042.

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Walvoord, Kreg A. (Kreg Anthony). "Czechoslovakia's Fortifications: Their Development and Impact on Czech and German Confrontation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500554/.

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During the 1930s, the Republic of Czechoslovakia endeavored to construct a system of modern fortifications along its frontiers to protect the Republic from German and Hungarian aggression and from external Versailles revisionism. Czechoslovakia's fortifications have been greatly misrepresented through comparison with the Maginot Line. By utilizing extant German military reports, this thesis demonstrates that Czechoslovakia's fortifications were incomplete and were much weaker than the Maginot Line at the time of the Munich Crisis in 1938. The German threat of war against Czechoslovakia was ver
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Van, Vollenhoven Anton Carl. "Histories-argeologiese ondersoek na die militêre fortifikasies van Pretoria (1880-1902)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27259.

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Die toestand van verval waarin die militere fortifikasies van Pretoria verkeer, wek kommer. Die min dokumentere inligting wat daaroor beskikbaar is, noodsaak spoedige optrede om dit wat behoue gebly het te dokumenteer. Hierdie studie is 'n eerste poging om soveel historiese inligting moontlik oor die fortifikasies te boekstaaf. ldentifisering van die terreine waar die fortifikasies voorgekom het, het die hoogste prioriteit geniet. 'n Beskrywing van elkeen word ook gegee met die oog op historiesargeologiese navorsing wat hieruit mag voortspruit. Besondere aandag word aan Fort Daspoortrand (Wesf
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Vigus, Robert T. "Fortification Renaissance: the Roman Origins of the Trace Italienne." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271911/.

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The Military Revolution thesis posited by Michael Roberts and expanded upon by Geoffrey Parker places the trace italienne style of fortification of the early modern period as something that is a novel creation, borne out of the minds of Renaissance geniuses. Research shows, however, that the key component of the trace italienne, the angled bastion, has its roots in Greek and Roman writing, and in extant constructions by Roman and Byzantine engineers. The angled bastion of the trace italienne was yet another aspect of the resurgent Greek and Roman culture characteristic of the Renaissance alo
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Benselama-Messikh, Safia. "Les fortifications ottomanes d’Alger : Essai de restitution typologique et défensive 1516-1830." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3095.

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Le XVIe siècle qui voit l'expansion de l'empire ottoman en Méditerranée orientale, propulse la petite bourgade d'Alger au rang de capitale de Régence et bastion militaire de la Porte Sublime, sur les côtes du Maghreb, face à l'hégémonie de l'empire espagnol. Les Ottomans qui la transforment en ville guerrière, lui créent un port artificiel, la dotent de nouveaux remparts et établissent autour d'elle, un réseau de points de fortification, qui quadrille le territoire et contrôle la province. Entre 1516 et 1830, Alger qui est surnommée al Maḥrūssa (la bien gardée), reste imprenable par la mer. So
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Clover, Catherine. "The English Crown and military architecture in Gascony in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries : a documentary study." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325249.

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Thompson, Leslie J. "On the Art of Fortification: A New Visitor's Center to Revitalize Fort Washington Park." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33364.

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During the 18th and 19th centuries, the evolution of artillery has commanded the evolution of military architecture. Fortifications physically depict a representation of the history of engineering and architectural principles; including strategic site placement, materiality, construction methodology, principles of weaponry, defense and design layout. Visiting any one of these enigmatic and monumental structures offers a walk into the past, a glimpse into the ideologies, cultures and sentiments of its conception. Fortifications, particularly American fortifications, lay silent waiting for visit
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Thierry, Clémentine. "Ville et fortifications : de l'héritage à la production du territoire urbain." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA1034/document.

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Nombreuses sont les villes françaises à abriter des éléments d’architecture militaire (citadelles, casernes, bastions,murailles, etc.). Bien que les fonctions défensives à l’origine de ces ouvrages soient peu à peu tombées en désuétude,ceux-ci sont ancrés dans les tissus urbains des cités qui les abritent aujourd’hui encore. Ils participent des morphologiesurbaines, des schémas fonctionnels et, plus globalement, de la manière dont la notion de ville est appréhendée.Les villes font dorénavant face à de nouveaux enjeux qui poussent à renouveler les cadres au travers desquelles ellessont traditio
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Howard, Bryan Paul. "Fortifications of St Eustatius: An Archaeological and Historical Study of Defense in the Caribbean." W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625659.

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Túlio, Ana. "Sistema defensivo de Peniche: o Forte de São João Batista na ilha da Berlenga." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/17694.

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O Forte de São João Batista foi construído no século XVII sobre a ilha da Berlenga, situando-se a oeste da vila de Peniche. Atualmente encontra-se em funcionamento como casa de abrigo, ou campismo de habitação, dirigido por um grupo de residentes, que apesar do grande esforço desenvolvido para manter o edifício em boas condições, não tem sido muito bem sucedido, uma vez que se encontra em mau estado de conservação. Independentemente de se tratar de uma estrutura de caráter militar, que desempenhou essencialmente a função de defesa, sempre foi um lugar muito ocupado ao longo dos tempos. A sua l
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Books on the topic "Military fortifications"

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Floyd, Dale E. Military fortifications: A selective bibliography. Greenwood Press, 1992.

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Kent, Peter. Fortifications of East Anglia. T. Dalton, 1988.

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Djelloul, Néji. Les fortifications en Tunisie. Ministère de la culture, Agence de mise en valeur du patrimoine et de promotion culturelle, 1999.

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Ribouchon, Thierry. Les fortifications de Concarneau. Éditions du Palémon, 2005.

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Blum, Odile. Fortifications à Marseilles. Édisud, 1990.

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Patrolin, Alain. Fortifications: En Champagne-Ardenne. Castor et Pollux, 2006.

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Nicolle, David. Ottoman fortifications, 1300-1710. Osprey, 2010.

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Truttmann, Philippe. Fortifications du Briançonnais, Hautes-Alpes. Association pour le patrimoine du Provence, 1992.

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David, Winfield, ed. Byzantine fortifications: An introduction. University of South Africa, 1986.

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Alan, Phillips. Castles and fortifications of Wales. Amberley, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Military fortifications"

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Ceccarelli, Francesco, and Pino Montalti. "Leonardo in Romagna tra ritratti di città e scienza della guerra." In Lo sguardo territorialista di Leonardo. Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-514-1.27.

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Leonardo’s passage through Romagna in 1502 left significant traces in his graphic production, including the codex L and the celebrated map of Imola now at Windsor Castle. These records reveal his direct involvement in the political and military affairs of the region, as shown by the well-known concession letter issued to him by Cesare Borgia in 1502. The chapter presents a critical reexamination of the principal interventions to the fortifications of Cesena between 1502 and 1503, which were the focus of Leonardo’s observations during his stay when Cesare Borgia tried to transform it into the c
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Kumer, Peter, Matija Zorn, Grega Žorž, and Primož Gašperič. "From the Great War to Interwar Fortifications: Changing Narratives Attached to the Military Landscape in Western Slovenia." In Key Challenges in Geography. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60982-5_11.

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Hanlon, Gregory. "Modern fortification and its impact." In European Military Rivalry, 1500–1750. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429428913-3.

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Kupka, Andreas. "Bolwerck, Pastey et Bastion : l’évolution de l’architecture militaire en Allemagne du XVe au XVIe s." In Fortification et artillerie en Europe autour de 1500 : le temps des ruptures. Éditions de l’Université de Lorraine, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4000/13oae.

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Le développement et l’utilisation généralisée des bouches à feu à partir du XVe s. présentaient un grand défi pour l’architecture de fortification. Les ouvrages médiévaux n’étaient pas en mesure de résister à cette artillerie moderne. En Allemagne, comme partout en Europe, les ingénieurs de la fortification étaient obligés de chercher des solutions défensives pour répondre à cette nouvelle menace. En absence d’une conception nouvelle, on cherchait dans un premier temps à renforcer et à adapter les ouvrages existants aux exigences de l’artillerie. La période entre le milieu du XVe et le milieu
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"Anglo-Norman military fortifications." In The Archaeology of Medieval Ireland. Routledge, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203402504-8.

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"Military Technology — Fortifications — General." In A Cumulative Bibliography of Medieval Military History and Technology. BRILL, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047401018_179.

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Elton, Hugh. "Fortifications." In Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350-425. Oxford University PressOxford, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198150077.003.0007.

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Abstract Permanent army bases and many urban areas in the late Empire were defended by fortifications. In addition, some fortified refuge sites existed. Though each site was important in its own right (especially military ones), it also had a place in a defensive network, dependent on its size and location. This chapter discusses the principles determining how individual sites were defended but does not analyse particular sites or how regional defensive systems operated.
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"Jesuit Writings on Military Architecture." In Jesuits and Fortifications. BRILL, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004223783_004.

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Sawyer, Ralph D., and Mei-chün Lee Sawyer. "Ch'en Chi Inquires about Fortifications." In Sun Pin Military Methods. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429497049-5.

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"Military Technology — Premodern — Fortifications — Italy." In A Cumulative Bibliography of Medieval Military History and Technology. BRILL, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047401018_192.

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Conference papers on the topic "Military fortifications"

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Rechichi, Piergiuseppe, Virginia Miele, and Marco Giorgio Bevilacqua. "Digital dialogues between Military Architecture Treatises. The case of “Le Fortificationi...” by Bonaiuto Lorini and “La Fortificatione guardia difesa et espugnatione delle fortezze...” by Francesco Tensini." In FORTMED2025 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. edUPV. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2025.2025.20374.

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The paper presents the results of an experimentation developed within the activities of the PRIN2022 INFORTREAT research project, aimed at the production of digital information systems to collect, translate and transfer the knowledge about construction of bastioned fortifications in Early Modern treatises, in order to create an original knowledge tool in the field of conservation of the fortified heritage. The study primarily focuses on the “La fortificatione guardia difesa et espugnatione delle fortezze” by Francesco Tensini (first edition 1624), since it is recognized as an important milesto
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Pavignano, Martino, and Roberta Spallone. "Antoine de Ville and the ‘supputation’ of the regular fortress (1628)." In FORTMED2025 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. edUPV. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2025.2025.20252.

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The contribution, part of the research project PRIN2022 INFORTREAT, proposes an updated critical reading of Les Fortifications du Chevalier Antoine de Ville, 1628, specifically of the Livre Premier–Partie I (regular fortifications). The author, A. de Ville (ca. 1596-1656), enjoyed a successful career as a military engineer, sharing the ‘stage’ with the more famous B. F. Pagan (1604-65), and succeeding the first generation of French military architecture treatise writers. De Ville proposed a personal methodology for tracing regular fortifications. His design was based on a fixed dimension of th
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Scientific Committee, Fortmed. "Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean Vol. XV (FORTMED2023)." In FORTMED2023 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2023.2023.17882.

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The heritage of military architecture brings together many fields; it’s been called an “inexhaustible source of research and perspectives” for architects, engineers, archaeologists, historians, and operators in the field of cultural heritage. The subject of knowledge and valorization of fortification works presupposes a multidisciplinary approach aimed at recognizing the different values found in the constructions. Only recently has there been an awareness of the importance of this heritage, which is in constant danger; such attention has helped in defining a series of international strategies
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Scientific Committee, Fortmed. "Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean Vol. XIV (FORTMED2023)." In FORTMED2023 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2023.2023.17881.

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The heritage of military architecture brings together many fields; it’s been called an “inexhaustible source of research and perspectives” for architects, engineers, archaeologists, historians, and operators in the field of cultural heritage. The subject of knowledge and valorization of fortification works presupposes a multidisciplinary approach aimed at recognizing the different values found in the constructions. Only recently has there been an awareness of the importance of this heritage, which is in constant danger; such attention has helped in defining a series of international strategies
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Scientific Committee, Fortmed. "Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean Vol. XIII (FORTMED2023)." In FORTMED2023 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2023.2023.17880.

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The heritage of military architecture brings together many fields; it’s been called an “inexhaustible source of research and perspectives” for architects, engineers, archaeologists, historians, and operators in the field of cultural heritage. The subject of knowledge and valorization of fortification works presupposes a multidisciplinary approach aimed at recognizing the different values found in the constructions. Only recently has there been an awareness of the importance of this heritage, which is in constant danger; such attention has helped in defining a series of international strategies
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Broglia, Francesco, and Mirco Pucci. "Freehand draw and the study of military architecture." In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.18076.

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This paper aims at analysing medieval and Renaissance fortifications by freehand draw. Freehand draw has been used for this purpose since the so called ‘epoca della transizione’and its fortune reached its peak with the study of Renaissance fortifications (XV-XVI century).Physical survey by scale sketches and drawings is a technique of Italian and European Renaissance tradition. It is a fundamental first step in understanding buildings and how they were designed.This research took into consideration the following case studies: fortifications in the State of Presidii – on the border between Lazi
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Scientific Committee, FORTMED. "Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean Vol. XVII (FORTMED2024)." In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.18552.

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“Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean” (volumes XVI and XVII) is the continuation of a series of publications that highlight the latest research on the fortifications of the Mediterranean region. These contributions were gathered in the seventh edition of the international conference Fortifications of the Mediterranean Coast, FORTMED 2024, hosted by Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranës in Tirana, Albania on April 18, 19, and 20, 2024.The series 'Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean' aims to share knowledge about the historical and current state of military architecture along the Med
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Bianchi, Elisa Alberta. "Modelli di fortezze nella Sardegna del secondo Settecento: l'opera dell'ingegnere militare Saverio Belgrano di Famolasco." In FORTMED2025 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. edUPV. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2025.2025.20261.

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The transition of the Kingdom of Sardinia to the House of Savoy in 1720 initiated series of comprehensive restoration and modernization campaigns aimed at the region's defensive architecture. The Savoy administration recognized the urgent need to strengthen military fortifications in response to evolving warfare demands, particularly along the coastlines. This led to the construction of advanced coastal defenses, replacing the simpler watchtowers of previous centuries with more complex and strategic fortifications, including anti-landing structures that integrated the latest military theories.
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Postrozny, Alicja M. "Tipologie e tecniche costruttive dell’architettura castellana in Polonia." In FORTMED2025 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. edUPV. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2025.2025.20256.

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Defensive structures in Poland are a testament to the diverse and rich history of construction techniques developed to protect against enemy incursions and attacks. Beginning with the earliest forms of defense in ancient villages surrounded by aggers, the study traces the evolution of defensive systems, from primitive wooden fortifications to the later use of defensive walls, the addition of towers, and the construction of stone castles. This progression culminated in the emergence of fortresses in the form of feudal castles, followed by the development of classical fortresses, general fortifi
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Veizaj, Denada, Gjergji Islami, and Andrea Maliqari. "Albanian bunkers. Modern fortifications built in socialism." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11492.

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Abstract:
During the communist regime of Enver Hoxha, Albania built nearly 200 000 bunkers as a measure of protection towards an imaginary attack from (un)known enemies of the Popular Socialist Republic. Most of these structures built in concrete are still part of the landscapes almost in every part of the territory. While the most common type is small and identified from the semi spherical shape, particular bunkers have quite large dimensions and specific features related to their function and location. During the last five years, three of the most unique modern fortifications built during socialism fo
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