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Journal articles on the topic 'Military fortifications'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Ilhomovich, Atajanov Muhiddin Ilhomovich. "SOME COMMENTS ON THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF KHOREZM FORTIFICATION MONUMENTS." European Journal of Learning on History and Social Sciences 1, no. 8 (2024): 85–91. https://doi.org/10.61796/ejlhss.v1i8.909.

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General Background: The study of fortification monuments provides critical insights into historical military architecture and urban planning. Khwarezm, a region rich in ancient fortifications, offers a unique case study due to its strategic significance and architectural diversity. Specific Background: Historical research on Khwarezmian fortifications has predominantly focused on their architectural features and historical context within Central Asia. Early studies emphasized the military and defensive roles of these structures, reflecting their importance in regional security and administrati

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Chen, Lesia. "OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN FORTIFICATIONS IN THE 15th-19th CENTURIES." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 2024, no. 20 (2024): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2024.20.130.

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The study of the evolution of the development of defensive European forts as a monument of military architecture is relevant nowadays. Wars caused the construction of fortifications to protect the territories of cities. The evolution of medieval fortresses was accompanied by technical progress in construction tools and techniques and the technical skills of military engineers. Fortification complexes in Europe over the centuries, with the development of firearms, were modernized and improved in accordance with the requirements of the time. The reason for the evolution of fortifications was the

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Denman, Derek S. "On fortification: Military architecture, geometric power, and defensive design." Security Dialogue 51, no. 2-3 (2019): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619889470.

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Fortification calls to mind images of high walls establishing clear lines between inside and outside and immobilizing enemies. However, even the most seemingly inert fortifications rely on subtle forms of mobility and more elaborate spatial relations. This article examines fortification as a technique of power in which warfare, the design of the built environment, and the organization of space are intertwined. Where research on fortification tends to emphasize the symbolic, sovereign aspirations of wall-building, the approach advanced here focuses on the spatial technologies and infrastructura

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Mykhaylovskyi, Denys. "Evolution of fortification and protective structures." Building constructions. Theory and Practice, no. 16 (June 28, 2025): 183–211. https://doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.16.2025.183-211.

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The full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation has demonstrated the growing importance of engineering fortifications, protective structures, engineering barriers, and more. Modern warfare has introduced new threats and challenges that significantly affect the battlefield, the protection of critical infrastructure, and the civilian population in rear areas, including the specifics of constructing engineering fortifications and protective structures. The study of the evolution of fortification and protective structures from ancient times to the present day allows us to trace how ap

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Fedunkiv, Zenoviy. "STRATIN CITY FORTIFICATIONS: CONSTRUCTION DATE, EFFICIENCY, PLANNING AND VOLUME-SPACE CHARACTERISTICS." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 18, no. 2023 (2023): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.18.108.

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Based on the results of scientific expeditions and field surveys, the article examines the problems of construction dating, functioning efficiency, localization and identification of structures and fortifications, the planning and spatial structure of the Stratyn city fortifications. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that, apart from the reports of four scientific expeditions, no full-fledged scientific article was devoted to Stratyn's city fortifications. The study, based on the analysis of historical sources and the military-political situation, puts forward an assumpti

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Sokyrko, Oleksii. "CITIES, FORTRESSES, GARRISONS. FORTIFICATION AND DEFENSE STRATEGIES IN THE COSSACK HETMANATE IN THE «MILITARIY REVOLUTION» PERIOD." City History, Culture, Society, no. 4 (November 7, 2018): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2019.04.089.

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Changes in the Early Modern military technologies have fundamentally affected the transformation in urban space: fortifications, planning, lifestyle of the inhabitants. At the same time, the development of new defence fortresses and the modernization of the old ones, the providing it by garrisons and artillery have become important elements of state policy. All these innovations were part of the «military revolution» in Europe. Its features in this had the important place in Eastern European states among them and the Cossack Hetmanate.The theatre of military operations on which the main enemy

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Cho, Doo Won. "Value-based studies relating to the ICOMOS Guidelines on Fortifications and Military Heritage." Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, no. 25 (June 29, 2024): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23538724gs.24.001.19863.

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Fortyfikacje są wynikiem historycznego rozwoju ludzkich osad, regionów, a nawet narodów. Od czasów prehistorycznych po czasy współczesne fortyfikacje były istotnym elementem samoobrony każdej ludzkiej społeczności. Były one zintegrowane z otoczeniem na różne sposoby. ICOMOS (Międzynarodowa Rada Ochrony Zabytków i Miejsc Historycznych), organ doradczy w dziedzinie dziedzictwa kultury Komitetu Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO, przygotowuje karty, zasady, wytyczne i deklaracje w celu skutecznego ustanowienia, ochrony i wykorzystania różnych kategorii dziedzictwa kultury oraz promuje je na świecie. I

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Kupka, Jiří, Adéla Brázdová, and Jana Vodová. "Units of Military Fortification Complex as Phenomenon Elements of the Czech Borderlands Landscape." Land 11, no. 1 (2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010079.

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This paper is focused on selected units of casemates with enhanced fortification in the military fortification complex of the Czech borderlands landscape as specific forms of brownfields. They represent a functional system that interacts with surrounding nature, landscape character, and human society. Four approaches were chosen to study the function and potential of selected individual abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification, where each of them corresponds to one of the four landscape layers: genius loci, socio-economic sphere, functional relationship (between human and the landscape)

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9

Polaski, Leo, and Dale E. Floyd. "Military Fortifications: A Selective Bibliography." Journal of Military History 58, no. 4 (1994): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944277.

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Korshunova, Nadezhda V., and Pavel A. Stromov. "Uyskaya Fortification Line of the 18th – 19th centuries According to the Materials of Field and Archive Research." Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no. 2 (2023): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i2.406.

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This article aims to provide an analysis of the basic fortification constructions that formed the Uyskaya Fortification Line during the 18th and 19th centuries, such as fortresses, redoubts and outposts, based on newly found archive documents. These documents have made it possible to research the construction of these fortifications and compare the standard plans to the fortifications that were actually built, taking their function into consideration. The research aims to characterize Uyskaya Fortification Line as the foundation for the state building of the Russian Empire, the final element o

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Tiegs, Robert. "Adapting to Change." Vulcan 3, no. 1 (2015): 66–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-00301004.

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This paper examines an invention by Simon Stevin (1548–1620) which was intended for use in fortifications and economic activities in the Dutch Republic. Stevin was a prominent innovator and engineer who served as an important link between the military and public spheres. He published his ideas for his new invention in New Manner of Fortification through Pivoted Sluices (1617) detailing how his device could help maintain the wet ditches surrounding the Republic’s towns and defenses. These ditches were an important component of the Netherlandish style of fortification developed by Stevin and oth

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Ivanyuk, Sergey. "Features of Fortifications of the Tsaritsyn Defense Line in the 20s of the 18th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 1 (2021): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.5.

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Introduction. Extending from the walls of the fortress of Tsaritsyn to the Don river, the Tsaritsyn defense line reliably protected this area from the systematic raids of nomads, gave an impetus to the active settlement of the region and its economic development. A number of research papers are devoted to the history of the Tsaritsyn line, but some aspects are still insufficiently studied. This article reveals the features of fortification and military engineering characteristics of the Tsaritsyn defense line defensive structures, its technical condition during the reign of Peter I. Methods an

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Kolonskikh, Alexander G. "Bakhmutino Culture Fortifications of the Urazgildino Hillfort." Ufa Archaeological Herald 24, no. 4 (2024): 697–707. https://doi.org/10.31833/uav/2024.24.4.046.

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The work considers the data obtained during the study of Urazgildino hillfort fortifications (Tatyshlinsky District, Bashkortostan). The main archaeological material discovered during the excavations is ceramics, which allows to date the cultural layer and the studied structures back to a wide range of the 4th–8th centuries AD. The fortifications themselves were probably not used for long. The research focuses on fortifications that constituted earth-and-timber structures compiled as hook-type walls. The log wall of the hillfort was reinforced with vertical pillars. The fortifications were pac

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Dubman, E. L. "Features of construction of fortification in the forest-steppe Zavolzhie region of the first third of the XVIII century." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 27, no. 2 (2021): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2021-27-2-17-26.

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The article examines the significant changes observed in the early decades of the 18th century. during the construction and use of defensive systems on the southern and southeastern borders of European Russia. The question of how the new fortification theories and technologies, adopted from Western Europe, turned out to be suitable for the natural and geographical conditions of our country and for successfully resisting the attacks of nomads, was studied. An analysis of historiography of Russian defensive architecture that has developed to date, has made it possible to obtain fairly complete a

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Legut-Pintal, Maria, and Roland Mruczek. "inner perimeter of the town fortifications and its role in the townspace." Archaeologia Historica Polona 30 (June 15, 2024): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/ahp.2022.006.

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The aim of the article is to trace changes in the development of the area of the former town fortifications as an example of space recycling and adapting the town to changing conditions. A case study was carried out of Wrocław, one of the few cities in Poland with an inner and outer perimeters of mediaeval fortifications. We used archaeological sources, architectural research, documents and iconography to reconstruct the changes in the urban plots created by the division of the fortification area. Town walls change function from the military objects through the workshops, residential buildings

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Bernardini, Federico, Giacomo Vinci, Jana Horvat, et al. "Early Roman military fortifications and the origin of Trieste, Italy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 13 (2015): E1520—E1529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419175112.

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An interdisciplinary study of the archaeological landscape of the Trieste area (northeastern Italy), mainly based on airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR), ground penetrating radar (GPR), and archaeological surveys, has led to the discovery of an early Roman fortification system, composed of a big central camp (San Rocco) flanked by two minor forts. The most ancient archaeological findings, including a Greco–Italic amphora rim produced in Latium or Campania, provide a relative chronology for the first installation of the structures between the end of the third century B.C. and the first

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17

Morawiec, Norbert, та Valerii Lastovskyi. "Fortification Objects of the End of the XVII–XVIII Centuries on the Ukrainian Territories in the Context of International Relations: Historiographical Aspects (Part IІ)". International Relations: Theory and Practical Aspects, № 4 (7 серпня 2019): 57–77. https://doi.org/10.31866/2616-745x.4.2019.177618.

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A promising scientific direction for today is the historiography of international relations. It involves the study of many theoretical and practical aspects. Today there are virtually no historiographical studies of fortification systems as one of the factors of international relations. The methodological basis for this study was a historiographical method combined with other general scientific methods. The logical and problem-chronological methods are also used. The source of the work was the scientific research of contemporary Ukrainian authors. The aim of this paper is to introduce the read

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Morawiec, Norbert, and Valerii Lastovskyi. "Fortification Objects of the End of the XVII–XVIII Centuries on the Ukrainian Territories in the Context of International Relations: Historiographical Aspects (Part I)." International Relations: Theory and Practical Aspects, no. 3 (March 10, 2019): 178–92. https://doi.org/10.31866/2616-745x.3.2019.159119.

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A promising scientific direction for today is the historiography of international relations. It involves the study of many theoretical and practical aspects. Today there are virtually no historiographical studies of fortification systems as one of the factors of international relations. The methodological basis for this study was a historiographical method combined with other general scientific methods. The logical and problem-chronological methods are also used. The source of the work was the scientific research of contemporary Ukrainian authors. The aim of this paper is to introduce the

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19

Kontev, A. V. "FORMATION OF MILITARY FORCES ON THE IRTYSH BOUNDARY LINE IN THE MIDDLE 1740s." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (November 26, 2016): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2016-4-51-56.

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The article discusses the formation of the Fortress on the Irtysh boundary line of fortifications and introduction toSiberiaregular army units. It introduces a detailed study of the movement of military forces to the region and their redeployment to the south ofWestern Siberia. This process is presented in the context of the actions of the Russian administration aimed at building a single line of fortifications inSiberia. These events were largely related to the complication of the geopolitical situation on the Dzungar-Russian state border in connection with the development of mining and metal

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20

Naumenko, Valerii Evgen’evich. "Two Examples of the Reconstruction of the Main Defense Line of Mangup Fortress in the Theme Period of Its History." Античная древность и средние века 50 (2022): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2022.50.011.

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The Theme Period in the history of Mangup dates from 841 to the mid-eleventh century. For the first time in many years of archaeological researches at the site, recent excavations revealed two major repairs of the defensive structures of the fortress. These works date from the periods far from each other, and namely the mid-ninth century and the late tenth century; therefore, one may assume that the local Byzantine administration permanently paid attention to the defence capacity of the fortress. The mid-ninth century repair, which traces have been documented by the studies of the fortificatio

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21

Dubman, E. L. "New Zakamskaya line: organization and maintenance of the defense system." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 28, no. 3 (2022): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2022-28-3-8-19.

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The article studies the totality of military, fortification and other features of the New Zakamskaya Line as a defensive line of the South-East of European Russia. The author continued a more in-depth study of the problems of Russian field defensive architecture, which he had previously touched upon in his monograph, as well as in publications of recent years. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of aspects that were previously considered superficially or practically untouched. The fortifications and garrisons of the Novaya Zakamskaya line were chosen as the object of study. In particu

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Stevenson, David. "Fortifications and the European Military Balance before 1914." Journal of Strategic Studies 35, no. 6 (2012): 829–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2012.694816.

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Urtāns, Juris. "KOKNESE FRONT FORTIFICATIONS. TOO BIG TO BE SEEN." Culture Crossroads 19 (October 11, 2022): 200–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.55877/cc.vol19.42.

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The article is focused on the history of Koknese Fortress Front fortifications which were built from September 1700 to May 1701 in order to enhance the defence power of Koknese Fortress. The total length of the defence line exceeded 4 km. The line contained 25 redoubts. After the loss of Spilve battle close to Riga, the Saxon troops retreated from Koknese, on 25 July 1701 Koknese Fortress was blown up and after that was not used for military purposes anymore. The outer defence line of Koknese Fortress never faced military attacks and after 1701 was abandoned, partially levelled by agriculture

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Morelle, Nicolas. "Naldurg Fort, Deccan, India: Dam, Fortifications, Palace." Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World 3, no. 1 (2022): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26666286-12340025.

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Abstract The introduction of new water supply techniques in the Deccan region of India helped make water a crucial factor in local warfare. Improved water supply and conservation influenced military networks, especially at sites located on the strategic frontiers between local polities. Water management also served residential complexes within fortified sites and agricultural improvements in the surrounding arid landscape. This survey of the Naldurg Fort, overlooking a lofty gorge on the Bhima River in the modern state of Maharashtra, examines how builders in the sixteenth and seventeenth cent

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Shulyk, Vasyl. "INDIVIDUAL ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF DEFENSIVE URBANISM IN THE POST-CONFLICT PERIOD." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 80 (May 30, 2022): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2022.80.511-523.

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The history of the development of military science shows that defense objects of long-term fortification need not only skill from the creators, but also a long time and significant financial costs for construction. Economic efficiency is usually not considered here, the expediency of such construction is strictly determined by an increase in the level of the country's defense capability.  With the change or improvement of the types of offensive weapons, it became necessary to reconstruct the defensive objects of long-term fortification or even dismantle them and build modern fortificatio

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Polyakov, Е. N., and M. I. Korzh. "FORMATION OF FORTIFICATION ART IN ANCIENT EAST COUNTRIES." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 21, no. 4 (2019): 94–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-4-94-124.

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The article presents a comparative analysis of fortification art monuments in such East countries from Ancient Egypt to medieval China. An attempt is made to identify the main stages of the fortification development from a stand-alone fortress (citadel, fort) to the most complex systems of urban and border fortifications, including moats, walls and gates, battle towers. It is shown that the nature of these architectural structures is determined by the status of the city or settlement, its natural landscape, building structures and materials, the development of military and engineering art. The

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Drobek, Katarzyna. "Adaptation and embedding of modern military objects on the example of the Kłodzko Fortress." Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych 16, no. 3 (2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/teka.2399.

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The issue of adaptation and modernization of fortifications is very important nowadays. Military objects have lost their original purpose and have largely been left alone. Recently there has been a constant increase in interest in the military. This causes that more and more such objects are being adapted to the new function. This is the only way to protect them from degradation. An excellent example of this type of objects is the Kłodzko Fortress, which belongs to the best preserved and most impressive Silesian fortifications and is a unique example of military architecture on a Polish scale.

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Lytvyncuk, Ilia, and Oleh Rybchynskyi. "PROBLEMS OF RESEARCH OF URBAN DEFENSE COMPLEXES OF CITIES OF THE EASTERN PODOLIA IN THE 16th-18th CENTURIES." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 2020, no. 13 (2020): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.13.087.

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In this article the authors touch on the methods of fortifications of the cities of Eastern Podillya - the least studied region of Ukraine. Components of long-term urban fortifications are considered as a single system of so-called urban defense complexes. Mandatory components of this system are a defensive castle and fortifications of the middletowns, which are recorded on the maps of military cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries. With this in mind, the authors clarify in the article the strategic importance of Eastern Podillya for the state and consider the development of urban defense c

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Медведь, А. Н. "GIOVAN BATTISTA BELLUZZI AND HIS «TREATISE ON FORTIFICATIONS OF EARTH»." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 264 (December 3, 2021): 376–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.264.376-387.

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Статья посвящена «Трактату о земляных укреплениях» (1554 г.) итальянского фортификатора XVI в. Джамбаттисты Белуцци. Описываются разделы трактата, отмечаются особенности создания земляных укреплений в Италии XVI в. Высказывается гипотеза о связи технологий создания итальянских земляных укреплений и подобных крепостей в Московском великом княжестве. The article is devoted to the «Treatise on earth Fortifications» (1554) written by the military architect of the 16th century Giovan Battista Belluzzi. It describes sections of the treatise, and highlights distinctive features of earthwork fortifica

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Sychova, K., and O. Zaiets. "Land usage legal problems for the construction of fortification facilities." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 3, no. 86 (2025): 126–32. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.86.3.18.

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In the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war and significant threats to the national security of Ukraine, the construction of military engineering and fortification facilities is of critical importance, as these facilities ensure the defense of our state. But their construction on land plots of various forms of ownership often creates a legal conflict between the objective need to protect the territory of the state and exercising the rights of owners of these land plots or their land users. The legislator has already developed a certain legislative framework regarding the mechanisms of real

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Slapac, Mariana. "The bastion fortress of Kilia and the French fortification school." Arta 32, no. 1 (2023): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/arta.2023.32-1.01.

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The bastion fortress of Kilia, now non-existent, was designed by the French engineer François Kauffer on October 8-9, 1794. The French specialist received the order to build this fortress in April, 1795 from Sultan Selim III, and the final of the construction took place in 1797. Thus, the old stone fortifications of Kilia were replaced by a rectangular bastion fortress with four corner bastions. The period between 1680 and the Great French Revolution was called the “classic century of military engineering”, when the capabilities of the bastion system were particularly appreciated. The French m

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Carolina, Sparavigna Amelia. "An Example of Military Engineering in 16th Century: The Star Fort of Turin." International Journal of Sciences Volume 5, no. 2015-12 (2016): 62–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3349069.

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Star forts were the fortifications composed of many triangular bastions, created from 1520s, to replace those of the medieval age, and able of resisting the gunpowder weapons. These fortifications were also defined as "trace italienne", because they were first planned and built in Italy. Some of these forts are still existing today, many had been destroyed or dismantled in the past. Here we will discuss the case of one of them, cancelled by an urban planning for expanding the town. It is the Citadel of Turin, of which only the Mastio survived.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V4201512880 AN

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Cho, Doo Won. "Applicability and Implication of the Venice Charter in Terms of Fortifications and Military Heritage." Brazilian Journal of Development 11, no. 6 (2025): e80542. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv11n6-060.

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The Venice Charter's achievements began with the definition of "monument" and expanded to today's definition of "cultural heritage." The charter expressed the feasibility of international theory and practice on monument conservation and can be interpreted as having presented intervention measures for preserving various monuments. In addition, since the Venice Charter, charters, principles, and guidelines on numerous cultural heritage categories have been adopted through ICOMOS based on its spirit. The validity of the Venice Charter is increasingly confirmed over time, and the ICOMOS Guidelines

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Поліщук, Лариса, та Анна Сербін. "ЗНЕСЕННЯ СТАНІСЛАВІВСЬКОЇ ФОРТЕЦІ 1812 РОКУ: АНАЛІЗ КАРТОГРАФІЧНИХ ТА ТЕКСТОВИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ". Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 2024, № 21 (2024): 54–69. https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2024.21.054.

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The article introduces three archival primary sources into scholarly circulation for the first time. These sources are preserved in the Military Archive of the Austrian State Archives in Vienna (Österreichische Staatsarchiv. Kriegsarchiv. Wien) and include: the map «Plan der demolirten Festung Stanislawow. Durchshnitle nach den Linien», 1812 (Plan of the Demolished Fortress of Stanislawow. Cross-sections along the Lines), and two text documents – «Demolirung der Befestigung Stanislawow. Mineurs Detachement. Relation», dated 13.08.1812 (Demolition of the Fortifications of Stanislawow. Miners' D

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Betz, David. "Fortified Strategic Complexes." Military Strategy Magazine 7, no. 4 (2022): 1. https://doi.org/10.64148/msm.v7i4.4.

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This article explains the surprising degree to which contemporary warfare revolves around fortifications. Fortified strategic complexes, as they are defined here, are central to the military operations of many states across a range of strategic contexts.

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Kretinin, Gennady V. "RUSSIAN MILITARY ENGINEERS IN THE PRUSSIAN CAMPAIGN OF 1757—1762." Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Series Humanities and social science, no. 2 (2023): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/sikbfu-2023-2-5.

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The author studies the activity of Russian military engineers operating under the command of D. I. Debosket in the army of S. F. Apraksin on the territory of Prussia during the Seven Years' War. It is shown that as the province was occupied by Russian troops, the engineering tasks were changing: there was a transition from equipping the track infrastructure to restoring defensive facilities. Restoration work was complicated by a variety of circumstances, including the lack of military engineers in the field due to their presence at the front line, the limited possibility to engage the local po

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M, Bevz. "HISTORICAL FORTIFICATIONS IN THE ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN PLANNING STRUCTURE OF LVIV (ON MARGINES DOCUMENTATION "HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL REFERENCE PLAN OF LVIV")." Architectural Studies 7, no. 2 (2021): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/as2021.02.105.

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Ancient city fortifications are one of the specific types of defensive architecture. Along with the buildings of castles, blocks of urban residential development, monastery complexes and field defensive structures, they formed a special type of architectural and urban planning objects. During their construction, the skills of both an architect, builder, and military engineer were often combined. Not so many objects of urban defense architecture have come down to our time. Therefore, every fragment of the city's defensive walls and earthen fortifications preserved today, as a rule, is a valuabl

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Tikhonova, Olha. "Approach to comprehensive analysis of bastion castle ensemble with historic gardens: novel combined strategy." VITRUVIO - International Journal of Architectural Technology and Sustainability 7, no. 2 (2022): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vitruvioijats.2022.18821.

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Bastion castle ensemble is a complex structure that belongs to defensive residences, which usually include the historic gardens and play an important role in the formation of the townscape. The two main structural components of such built complexes are palatial body and bastion fortifications. However, some bigger ensembles can also include other functional buildings. Due to the nature of the structure, namely the presence of defensive elements, which followed military development, many bastion castles underwent huge transformations. They were built and rebuilt because of the outdated design o

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Tikhonova, Olha. "Approach to comprehensive analysis of bastion castle ensemble with historic gardens: novel combined strategy." VITRUVIO - International Journal of Architectural Technology and Sustainability 7, no. 2 (2022): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vitruvio-ijats.2022.18821.

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Bastion castle ensemble is a complex structure that belongs to defensive residences, which usually include the historic gardens and play an important role in the formation of the townscape. The two main structural components of such built complexes are palatial body and bastion fortifications. However, some bigger ensembles can also include other functional buildings. Due to the nature of the structure, namely the presence of defensive elements, which followed military development, many bastion castles underwent huge transformations. They were built and rebuilt because of the outdated design o

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Molin, Kristian. "The non-military functions of crusader fortifications, 1187-circa 1380." Journal of Medieval History 23, no. 4 (1997): 367–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4181(97)00009-2.

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Wohlmuth, Petr. "Horst de la Croix: Military Considerations in City Planning: Fortifications." HISTORICKÁ SOCIOLOGIE 2013, no. 1 (2018): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23363525.2018.25.

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Podruczny, Grzegorz. "Rola fortyfikacji w obronie wschodniej granicy Prus w koncepcjach Karla Wilhelma von Willisena." Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy 25, no. 4 (2024): 12–38. https://doi.org/10.32089/wbh.phw.2024.4(290).0001.

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Karl Wilhelm von Willisen is a lesser-known Prussian military theoretician from the 19th century who, among other things, was concerned with the role of fortifications in war. This article deals with the use of fortifications in the defence of Prussia’s eastern border, the source material for which is provided by three texts written by Willisen between 1832–1868. In these papers, the importance of the fortresses in Toruń, Wrocław, Królewiec, Głogów and Poznań is emphasised. Willisen also considered the construction of the Poznań fortress to be a mistake, as was the failure to rebuild the fortr

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Agrafonov, P. G. "«Тот город имеет немалую крепость…» (укрепления Ярославля эпохи Смуты)". Вестник гуманитарного образования, № 4(32) (16 лютого 2024): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25730/vsu.2070.23.049.

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The presented article is devoted to clarifying the ideas about the nature, condition and degree of effectiveness of the protective structures of the city of Yaroslavl in the Time of Troubles, based on the analysis of an extensive complex of both Russian and foreign sources. The relevance of the topic is due to its insufficient knowledge. The attention of researchers was directed to the study of materials from a later time – the middle of the XVII century. The system of fortifications of Yaroslavl was mainly formed during the construction of the second half of the XVI century, as a result of wh

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Lebedeva, L. V., and V. V. Stavitsky. "Penza serif line: history of creation and study." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 29, no. 3 (2023): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2023-29-3-11-16.

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The article is dedicated to the history of the study of the Penza fortress line, which accounts for more than two and a half centuries, but has not yet become the subject of historiographical analysis. There are three main stages can be distinguished in the study. The interest to the fortifications of the saddle line appeared in the last quarter of the XVIII century, when the information about them appeared in the notes of travelers and writers: P.S. Pallas, P.I. Sumarokov. Since the second half of the XIX century archivists and regional ethnographers began to collect archival documents on the

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Riazanova, Nataliia, Illia Lytvynchuk, and Oleh Rybchynskyy. "STUDIES OF THE FORTIFICATIONS OF THE TOWN OF KAMIANKA (DNISTROVA) ACCORDING TO THE lesser-KNOWN MAP OF THE PODILIS PROVINCE OF 1844 BY A. FITINGOFF." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 15, no. 2021 (2021): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2021.15.085.

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The authors for the first time put into scientific circulation an unique source of historical cartography - a military topographic map of the Podillia province in 1841-1847 by Major General A. Fittinghof (from the corps of military topographers of the Russian Empire). The map is unique source in that it reflects the condition of many Podilian settlements before the regulation and reconstruction of the 19th-20th centuries, which distorted the historical buildings, captures the relics of fortifications in towns and castles. The scale of the map is 200 soot. gives for us good opportunity to study

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Yuliya Vladimirovna, Zinov’eva, and Vavilov Evgenij Aleksandrovich. "Preservation of objects of cultural heritage on the example of Kronshtadt fortress." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 2 (51) (2022): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2022-2-58-64.

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Kronshtadt forts are the unique fortifications, which make it possible to visually trace the interdependence of the development of defensive structures, artillery and architecture, technology and military equipment on the more than two hundred years period on the example of naval fortress, never gave up to the enemy. Monuments are important from the point of view of science and technology history, military affairs, having the potential for moral and patriotic education, civiс and regional identity. Their uniqueness and importance for the world community is emphasized by the inclusion in the li

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Repan, Oleh. "Military-political Interaction of the Ukrainian Population of the Zaporozhian Cossacks’ Territory with other Ethnic Groups in the middle of the 17th and 18th centuries." Roxolania Historĭca = Historical Roxolania 1 (November 13, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/30180102.

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This study focuses on ethnicity as a factor in military-political events that took place in the middle of the 17th and 18th centuries in the territory controlled by Zaporozhian Cossacks. Zaporozhiane Cossacks were formed on a Ukrainian ethnic basis, but the territory controlled by them was part of various state formations. Also, on the territory of the Zaporozhian Cossacks regular wars took place, and they regularly participated in military campaigns beyond their lands. All this led to active contacts in the military-political sphere with representatives of various ethnic groups – Poles, Tatar

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Wilkes, John. "THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF WAR: HOMELAND SECURITY IN THE SOUTH-WEST BALKANS (3RD–6TH C. A.D.)." Late Antique Archaeology 8, no. 2 (2013): 733–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000024a.

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Between the 3rd and 6th c. A.D., external threat and internal stress gave rise to a proliferation of fortifications in the south-west Balkans either side of the Adriatic-Aegean watershed, a region for centuries under the unified administration of Roman Macedonia. Recent studies have identified two phases in this process. The earlier was a centrally-directed programme of new military bases, urban and other fortifications based on the network of Roman roads. The second followed the division between East and West, when the region became an uncontrolled border zone, and many sought safety in forti

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Passmore, David G., Stephan Harrison, and David Capps Tunwell. "Second World War conflict archaeology in the forests of north-west Europe." Antiquity 88, no. 342 (2014): 1275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00115455.

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Concrete fortifications have long served as battle-scarred memorials of the Second World War. The forests of north-west Europe, meanwhile, have concealed a preserved landscape of earthwork field fortifications, military support structures and bomb- and shell-craters that promise to enhance our understanding of the conflict landscapes of the 1944 Normandy Campaign and the subsequent battles in the Ardennes and Hürtgenwald forests. Recent survey has revealed that the archaeology surviving in wooded landscapes can significantly enhance our understanding of ground combat in areas covered by forest

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Magomedov, Nazim, and Nikolay Chekulaev. "Russian Military Administration in Dagestan in 1722‒1735." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 12-1 (2021): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202112statyi28.

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The article examines the essence of imperial military power in the coastal part of Dagestan, established as a result of the Persian campaign of Peter the Great in 1722-1723. As the study shows, the fullness of military and civil power in the region was in the hands of generals commanding the Lower Corps, which included all types of troops in Russian fortifications on the southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea. In case of emergencies, the generals were authorized to act independently, without waiting for instructions from St. Petersburg. The practice of military management in those conditions wa

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