Academic literature on the topic 'Military-owned businesses'

AbstractThis paper explores the Prayuth regime, which began with a military coup in May 2014. Politically, we indicate how the junta has embedded its power in ways different from the past. It does not pursue a power-sharing governance as in the Prem and Surayud governments, but tries to militarise the cabinet, parliament, and even state-owned enterprises. The new constitution is designed to institutionalise the power of the military and the traditional elite vis-à-vis the electoral forces. Ironically, however, the junta's rule by military decree and discretionary power have weakened the bureaucratic polity, rather than strengthening it. Economically, the Prayuth regime forms a partnership with a group of Sino-Thai conglomerates to establish the Pracharath scheme, with an aim to differentiate its grass-roots development policy from Thaksin's populism (Prachaniyom). Nonetheless, it has become a platform through which the giant firms perform the leading role of ‘Big Brother’ in supervising small businesses in their sectors. Pracharath therefore reflects the collective endeavours of the conglomerates to replace competitive markets with hierarchy, rather than encouraging local firms to catch-up with them.

This article endeavours to describe and analyse the media's role in the 11–13 April 2002 attempt to oust Venezuela's president, Hugo Chávez. The short-lived and unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the democratically elected government exposed the politicised and undemocratic nature of Venezuela's private commercial media. At an international news level, the events of April 2002 demonstrated that foreign news coverage tends to reproduce the version of the dominant elite and over-simplify the causes and outcomes of complex historical events. In this case, most of the foreign news not only reproduced the local private media coverage, but also amplified the strength of the coup. Essentially, this media coup revealed the centrality of the commercial, privately owned media in bringing together some of the key players behind this political operation: businesses, right-wing politicians and some sectors of the military. The key component of the current social and political crisis in Venezuela is the bitter struggle between the government and the commercial media.

AbstractDrawing principally upon a rich vein of previously unexploited business records, this paper analyses the experience of British firms in Indonesia between the achievement of independence and the beginnings of the Suharto regime. As in The Netherlands East Indies, British enterprises occupied a significant position in post-colonial Indonesia in plantations, oil extraction, shipping, banking, the import-export trade, and manufacturing. After the nationalization of Dutch businesses from the end of 1957, Britain emerged as the leading investing power in the archipelago alongside the United States. However, during Indonesia's Confrontation with British-backed Malaysia (1963–1966), most UK-owned companies in the islands were subject to a series of torrid (albeit temporary) takeovers by the trade unions and subsequently various government authorities. Most of these investments were returned to British ownership under Suharto after 1967. But, in surviving the Sukarno era, British firms had endured 15 years of increasing inconvenience and insecurity trapped in a power struggle within Indonesia's perplexing plural polity (and particularly between the Communist Party and the military). Indeed, the Konfrontasi takeovers themselves, varying in intensity from region to region and from firm to firm, were indicative of deep fissures within Indonesian administration and politics. The unpredictable and unsettled political economy of post-colonial Indonesia meant that the balance of advantage lay not with transnational enterprise but with the host state and society.

The article provides insights into financial and economic aspects of international partnerships in the defense sector. A critical review of operational practices of the largest defense companies provides evidence that subcontractor financing (in particular, in case of multi-phase contract financing or investment capital budgeting) is used only if the main contractor gains an advantage (in situations when high demand products are available only from a small, undercapitalised supplier or when a ‘critical’ product supplier faces certain financial difficulties). The findings demonstrate that working and investment capital raising practices refer more to the specifics of how companies accept payments from their customers rather than focusing on the particular military product they offer. Although the company funding needs including capital size and time investment are directly affected by the product type, the factors that drive the company needs in financing are characterised by contract duration and the specific services or products provided to customers in a package. The study suggests a well-reasoned action plan to be implemented at the government level along with specifying the areas of international cooperation to reduce the negative effects from the final severance of value chains between Ukrainian companies and the CIS defense industry. In particular, the study substantiates the need to liberalize the regulatory framework for transferring of military equipment and dual-use goods; the need to change management practices at state-owned enterprises in terms of timely disposal of inefficient assets along with asset corporatization and privatization; the need to reform the standards and technical regulation framework in the area of defense-related product design and manufacturing; the need to implement tax incentives and mandatory payments for defense industry enterprises which invest in production growth. A special emphasis is put on the role of Ukraine – NATO cooperation to modernise the national defense industry and enhance the integration of Ukrainian businesses into global production networks along with demonstrating the benefits gained from international cooperation, in particular this refers to Ukraine's access to important regulatory documents, including military doctrines, which contributes to facilitating reforms within the Armed Forces of Ukraine; approval of the package of measures which are critical to raising awareness and to support NATO partners in the Black Sea region; and finally, the recognition of Ukraine as an Enhanced Opportunities Partner in June 2020.

The paper examines interrelations developed between various authorities of Zabaikalye Oblast and Chinese immigrants who arrived here in early XX century. The author analyses the causes that had motivated the subjects of the Heavenly Empire to appear on the territory of the Russian Empire. The paper shows that the Chinese arrived here due to the simplest reason — in order to provide for their families, that had stayed at home, and with any luck, to open their businesses in Zabaikalye, like their compatriots who had settled down in Russia. The article underlines that the Chinese absolutely took up any job, being not above the most unskilled labor, what’s more, for the same payment the Russians would refuse. In the author's opinion, they made great strides in market gardening as they constantly surprised the Zabaikalye people with their coming out with fresh vegetables to be bought up quickly. Many subjects of the Heavenly Empire labored at the Zabaikalye gold workings, construction sites, including the Zabaikalye railway road, engaged in trade, marketing the products carried out from the motherland. They leased patches of land from local population, doing market gardening. One may believe that such industriousness could win respect of the Zabaikalye people. The truth was that interrelations of the authorizes with part of the Chinese evidently did not develop. Their major mass arrived to Zabaikalye and lived here with their national passports or residence permits, issued by Russian consulates in China or on the place of their stay and living. The Chinese were supposed to have similar documents constantly with them. But not all Chinese arrived legally: part of them penetrated without permitting documents, which caused headaches to civil servant of the Russia’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to the military and civil authorities of Siberia, Zabaikalye, Primorye, who saw «yellow danger» in it. Those having no passports or residence permits were not allowed to pass through the border or sent back to China, they were forbidden (since 1910) to be hired for state-owned jobs.

The economics of the American aircraft manufacturing industry have been determined in large measure by government aviation policies and the market for military airplanes. This was most apparent in the 1920s, when the industry suffered from sharply reduced military orders and an almost nonexistent demand for civilian aircraft. Struggling for survival, manufacturers singled out the Naval Aircraft Factory, a large navy-owned and run facility in Philadelphia, as at least partially responsible for the dislocation of their industry; they insisted that it and other forms of “government competition” be eliminated. Professor Trimble explores in this article how the ensuing controversy caused naval and civilian officials in the 1920s to develop policies that integrated the factory into naval aircraft procurement and helped to ameliorate the problems of private aircraft contractors.

The King Abdullah II Special Operations Training Center (KASOTC) was financed and established by the US Department of Defense, is operated by a US private business, and is owned by the Jordanian army. It not only offers a base for the training of international Special Forces and Jordanian border guards, but also for military adventure holidays, corporate leadership programs, and stunt training for actors. This article provides an analysis of the processes and technologies involved in US–Jordanian military collaboration by investigating some of the ways in which war is simulated, marketed, and played at KASOTC. Particular focus is paid to the stark biopolitical judgments about the different worth of human subjects and their role in intersecting processes of militarization and commercialization. The article argues that US–Jordanian military collaboration at KASOTC is marked by the simultaneous blurring and reinforcement of boundaries, as commercial security is moralized and imagined moral hierarchies marketized. While war at KASOTC is an interactive and consumable event for some, it engenders deadly realities for others. The article is an empirically-grounded contribution to critical security studies based on interviews and observations made during a visit to KASOTC in early 2013.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to convey how the transition to market-based orientations by state-owned enterprises (SOEs), particularly the military sector, represents a coevolutionary process between business and regulatory institutions that has an impact on both the military and civilian markets. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted a longitudinal case study of a military SOE, the Aosheng Group, between 1951 and 2012 to understand the dynamics between institutions and organizations. A comparative analysis between the main stages of evolution was completed, and conclusions about the main patterns of organizational and institutional change were reached. Findings – The study reports evidence on the coevolutionary nature of change in big SOEs in China, demonstrating how institutional changes are bigger drivers in promoting reorientations than are market pressures. Within the framework of punctuated equilibrium theory, the determining role that managers may play in leading and implementing organizational reorientations is emphasized. Research limitations/implications – A triangulated methodology was employed to analyse a long period; however, its application to just a single case might be questioned in terms of generalizing any of the findings. Originality/value – The longitudinal perspective applied in this case study contributes to critical questioning as to how Chinese agencies define forms of control and the goals for SOEs under their jurisdiction and the importance of allowing managerial discretion to the assigned managers.

This research is based on Circular Letter 2/SE- HT.02.01/VI/2019, dated June 28, 2019 concerning the Granting of Building Use Rights for the Military Alliance (commanditaire vennootschap). This circular is a guideline for implementing the granting of HGB to the temporary Limited partnership companies (CV) when referring to Article 35 paragraph (1) of the Agrarian Law that Building Rights can only be owned by Indonesian Citizens and Legal Entities established under Indonesian law and domiciled in Indonesia, as also described in Article 19 Implementing Regulations, namely Government Regulation Number 40 of 1996 concerning Land Use Rights, Building Use Rights and Land Use Rights. Circular Number 2/SE-HT.02.01/VI/2019, dated June 28, 2019 concerning the granting of Building Rights for the Limited partnership companies(CV), cause a conflicts of legal norms between laws and regulations of one degree or another or between laws and regulations in a hierarchical manner. Furthermore is the arising of legal uncertainty from the description above, the problems that can be raised in this study are: What is the legal position of the Limited partnership companies (CV) according to the legal provisions in Indonesia and whether the Limited partnership companies (CV) can be used as the subject of the Right to Use. This research uses the Normative legal research method by using a type of approach in the form of a statutory approach and an analytical conceptual approach. Sources of legal materials used in this study include primary, secondary and tertiary legal sources. The results of this study indicate that the legal status of limited partnership (CV) in Indonesian law is that Limited partnership companies(CV) is not a legal entity but only as a business entity. This can be assessed based on the characteristics of the legal entity that is the separation of assets of the state-owned companies with the assets of business entities, so that the state-owned companies are only responsible for the limited assets owned. Meanwhile, in CV, all active (complementary) and passive (limited partnership) companies may be held liable for losses suffered by CV, as Article 21 of the Code of Business Lawthat said CV companies has jointly responsible and jointly responsible (CV) cannot be the

Just months after the outbreak of World War I, rumors spread throughout the Russian Empire that Singer Manufacturing Company’s wholly owned Russian subsidiary, Kompaniia Zinger, was a German company that was actively engaged in espionage on behalf of the German military. Even though these rumors were untrue, they unleashed a wave of actions against the company that Singer’s officials were unable to stop, ultimately leading to tremendous losses for the firm. The central argument of this article is that the power of the accusations of Singer’s German ties rested far more on the nature of the company’s business model than on the national affiliation of its personnel or evidence of espionage. In the context of World War I–era Russia, many Russians took Singer’s operations not as those of an international capitalist enterprise, but rather as evidence of the company’s questionable foreign character. This perspective helps us to understand why Singer’s management had such difficulty shaking the accusations of its German ties; if what was suspicious about the company was the very foundation of its business model, then its continued operation meant that it necessarily exhibited characteristics that reinforced the basis for said suspicion. These findings have implications for international business history, the history of late-Tsarist Russia, and the history of capitalism.

Small business failure rates equate to 30% within 2 years and 50% after 5 years. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies that veteran-owned small businesses used to sustain a business beyond 5 years in central Florida. Using a purposeful sampling technique, 13 central Florida veteran small business owners consented to interviews about their operating processes. Analysis of the veteran-owner managerial practices revealed common nodes and themes regarding small business longevity factors. Based on constant comparison coding, 4 small business themes emerged: business operating practices, market research, business adversities, and external small business assistance avenues. The experiences of veteran small business owners emulated the general systems theory and the triple-loop learning theory in identifying, organizing, and initiating process changes for small business operational permanence. This study has social change implications for aspiring veteran small business owners: Successful veteran entrepreneurship can promote positive social values, stakeholder satisfaction, and employment opportunities by exploring small business operating strategies, conducting market analysis, overcoming adversities, and petitioning external small business veteran programs.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: OTB, a Division of Denel, is a multi purpose test range specialising in the in-flight testing of guided missile systems and aircraft. Originally established as a launch facility for an ambitious low earth orbit satellite programme, and with a secondary function to support the South African military industry, its raison d'etre stemmed from strategic military considerations. Changes in the political and economical scene, which started in the early nineties, led to the cancellation of the satellite programme and a dramatic downswing in the production of arms in South Africa. This rendered much of the capability of OTB redundant. Although the government signalled its desire to maintain access to the services of a test range in order to support an indigenous arms industry, OTB was structured as a division of Denel at its formation as a company operated for profit. This left OTB faced with the challenge to replace government grant funding with revenues earned in the market place. Furthermore, the drastically lower domestic military spending provided insufficient business to support a test range at the technological level required to serve the demands of modern weapons testing. In order to survive, OTB had to be successful in broadening its client base in a highly competitive commercial environment, a feat only possible with the implementation of an effective marketing strategy. The objective of this study is to formulate a marketing strategy for OTB based on a market orientated approach, bearing in mind that the task at hand is the marketing of a service. The study covers the relevant marketing theory in some depth and employs it as a basis to conduct a situational review followed by the development of an appropriate marketing mix and implementation plan. Even though the development of a marketing strategy for the test range produces some unique issues to address, the applicability and extent of coverage afforded by existing marketing theory suggest that OTB's circumstances show significant commonality with those encountered in other situations and therefore may find broader application. Some of the notable findings are: (1) the integrated marketing effort demanded by the market orientated approach; (2) the distinctive elements contained in the marketing mix of a service organisation; and (3) the possibility and need to retain a strategically founded market while developing a commercially driven market requiring particularly sharp market segmentation and distinctive strategies respectively.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: OTB, In Divisie van Denel, is 'n multi-aanwendbare toetsbaan wat spesialiseer in die in-vlug toetsing van geleide missiele en vliegtuie. Die toetsbaan is oorspronklik ontwikkel as 'n fasiliteit vir die lansering van lae aardbaan satelliete met, as sekondere funksie, die ondersteuning van die Suid-Afrikaanse militere industrie. Die aanvanklike bestaansreg van die fasiliteit was dus gesetel in militer-strategiese oorwegings. In die vroee neentigs het politieke en ekonomiese veranderinge wat aan die ontwikkel was gelei tot die kansellering van die satellietprogram en 'n drastiese afname in die produksie van krygstuig in Suid-Afrika. Die gevolg was 'n onaanvaarbare onderbenutting van die toetsbaanvermoens en -kapasiteit. Alhoewel die regering aangedui het dat dit van voornemens was om toegang tot 'n funksionerende toetsbaan te verseker ten einde die plaaslike militere industrie te ondersteun, is OTB met die stigting van Denel as 'n divisie daarvan gestruktureer met die doel om winsgewend te opereer. Dit het OTB gelaat met die uitdaging om 'n staatsbefondste begroting met 'n inkomste uit die kommersiele markte te vervang. Voorts het die dramatiese afname in die plaaslike militere spandering tot sodanige verlaging van inkomste uit hierdie bron gelei dat dit nie meer voldoende was om die toetsbaan op die verlangde tegnologiese vlak te onderhou nie. Ten einde te oorleef moes OTB sy klientebasis verbreed in 'n hoogs kompeterende kommersiele omgewing, 'n doelwit wat slegs haalbaar is met die implementering van 'n effektiewe bemarkingstrategie. Die doel van hierdie studie is die formulering van 'n bemarkingstrategie vir OTB gebaseer op 'n markgeorienteerde benadering met inagneming dat die taak voor hande die bemarking van 'n diens is. Die studie dek die relevante bemarkingsteorie tot 'n redelike mate en steun voorts daarop om 'n situasie analise, gevolg deur die ontwikkeling van 'n gepaste bemarkingsamesteliing (marketing mix) en implementeringsplan te ontwikkel. Selfs al lewer die ontwikkeling van 'n bemarkingsplan vir die toetsbaan sommige unieke aspekte op, dui die toepaslikheid van, en die mate waartoe die bestaande teorie die probleme aanspreek daarop dat OTB se omstandighede duidelike ooreenkomste toon met die wat reeds in ander situasies ondervind is. Die bevindinge hier mag dus wyer toepassing hê. Sommige van die noemenswaardige waarnemings is: (1) die geintegreerde bemarkingpoging wat deur die markgeorienteerde benadering vereis word; (2) die onderskeidende elemente wat in die bemarkingsamestelling (marketing mix) vir dienste voorkom; en (3) die moontlikheid en belangrikheid om 'n strategies gefundeerde mark te behou terwyl 'n kommersiele mark ontwikkel word met die skerp marksegmentering en spesifiek gerigte strategie wat per marksegment onderskeidelik nodig is.

The question of loyalty in autocratic regimes has drawn a sustained scholarly interest, especially with the resilience of many of these regimes over most of world history and over the past few decades in particular. Autocratic leaders need to secure the support of their militaries to survive in office and to minimize the risk of a coup. Among the commonly employed mechanisms in this regard is the extension of extra-budgetary financial rewards, including ‘Military-Owned Businesses (MOBs).’ Nevertheless, under the increasingly significant threat of an uprising from below, military defection remains the key for the success of the revolution. The question then becomes: under what conditions would a military defect from an autocratic ruling alliance? Although many answers have been proposed to solve this puzzle, an increasing number of cases are proving them insufficient. Alternatively, this project presents one novel answer to this question, which is: militaries are “defection-proofed” in the face of mass uprisings when they develop financial dependency on the regime. By contrast, when the management of the extra-budgetary resource for the military, i.e. MOBs, becomes the exclusive domain of the military and independent from the regime, the military is expected to defect. This proposed hypothesis represents a contribution to the democratization literature, both its installation, i.e. underlining a ‘pro-democracy’ capacity of the military in removing the dictator, as well as its consolidation, i.e. handling the legacy of the autocratic regime after the transition. This hypothesis is tested comparatively against the cases of mass protests in China (1989), Indonesia (1998), Thailand (2006), Iran (2009), and Egypt (2011). This comparative analysis represents another contribution of this study, bringing together a diverse array of cases unexpected to have much in common. Analysis draws on a mix of both primary resources collected from the field along with secondary materials. The comparisons are made considering the type of civil-military relations in each case, the size and type of financial rewards controlled by the military, and their effect, if any, on its decision to repress or defect based on the interaction between the military and the dictator.

JEL: L11, M11
This thesis, taking Luzhou North Chemical Industry Co., Ltd as the case company for extensive research, identifies key determinants for strategic choice of diversification based on theories including enterprise development strategy, industry value chain and diversification strategy. Then based on the determinants identified, it conducts a detailed analysis on the value creation capability of the case company’s SBUs and builds an industry value chain-based diversification framework for state-owned military chemical enterprises. Finally, from two perspectives— natural selection mechanism and learning & adaptation mechanism, the thesis sums up the selection mechanism for industry value chain-based diversification of China’s state-owned military chemical enterprises.
A presente tese, que tem a empresa Luzhou North Chemical Industry como estudo de caso de investigação, identifica os determinantes chave da escolha estratégica para diversificação com base no quadro teórico que inclui a estratégia de desenvolvimento da empresa, cadeia de valor industrial e estratégia de diversificação. Então, com base nos determinantes identificados, conduz-se à análise detalhada da capacidade de criação de valor da unidade estratégica de negócio da empresa analisada e constrói uma cadeia de valor com base na estrutura de diversificação para a empresa pública de produtos químicos. Finalmente, a partir de duas perspectivas- o mecanisco de selecção natural e o mecaniscmo de aprendizado e adaptação, a tese soma ao mecanismo de selecção para a cadiea de valor com base na diversificação de empresas estatais Chinesas do sector químico.

Management concepts have evolved as a separate discipline after the industrial revolution. In connection with this development, this discipline has combined so many different theories from different disciplines and approaches from different researchers and applications from different managers and other professionals. This amazing development of management has reached its peak in today's global business environment. Strategy concepts like vision, mission, SWOT, and competition on war footing for markets were influence of military science. Different contemporary management techniques, approaches, and implications are applicable in this unstable, dynamic, and knowledge-intensive environment. Among the various approaches, competitiveness, competitive strategies, and competitive advantage are at the core of organizational growth, development, and sustainability. Adopting a grounded theory approach with in-depth literature review, this study aims to discuss and deliberate on factors creating competitive advantage for organizations, especially family-owned SMEs, irrespective of their stage of development.