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1

Cardwell, Michael. "Milk and Livestock Quotas as Property." Edinburgh Law Review 4, no. 2 (2000): 168–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2000.4.2.168.

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Although implemented in essence as a means of production control, milk quotas and livestock quotas are now frequently regarded as enjoying an independent existence and exhibit several characteristics typical of property rights. In particular, they may he transferred for value. That having been said, it is becoming increasingly axiomatic that they do not fit into any of the traditional categories of property. As production controls, the quotas themselves do not infringe the right to property, although there has been more debate about adjustments to the systems for the purpose of gaining or pres
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2

Mikelionytė, Deiva, Ingrida Lukošiutė, and Laura Petrauskaitė-Senkevič. "Factors influencing the development of milk production in Lithuania after milk quota abolition." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 36, no. 4 (2014): 890–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2014.084.

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Following the decision to abolish the EU milk quotas in 2015, it is relevant to predict how it will influence the milk production, what changes need to be prepared for. For this purpose, there are plenty of scientific studies done, which evaluated the impact of milk quota abolition on EU. Scientists admit that for more accurate predictions, it is necessary to evaluate the changes in each country separately. Such studies haven’t been carried out in case of Lithuania. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors that will have the greatest impact on the development of the milk production
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3

O'DONNELL, S., B. HORAN, A. M. BUTLER, and L. SHALLOO. "A survey of the factors affecting the future intentions of Irish dairy farmers." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, no. 5 (2011): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000037.

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SUMMARYEU milk quota deregulation has forced many farmers to reconsider the factors that will limit milk production into the future. Factors other than milk quota such as land, labour, capital, stock, etc. will become the limiting factor for many in a post-EU milk quota scenario. While it can be postulated what the limits to production will be in a post-quota scenario, how farmers react will determine the future direction of the industry. In order to determine the future attitudes and intentions and to identify the key factors influencing farmers who intend to expand, exit, remain static or co
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4

De Miguel Domínguez, José Carlos, Tomás Pérez Vidal, and Xosé Antón Rodríguez González. "Cálculo del valor de la cuota láctea en las explotaciones de leche gallegas." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 3, no. 1 (2011): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2003.01.03.

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The level of milk quota for farm and the transfer of milk quota among producers play are principal factors in the Spain milk producer sector adjustment. This paper presents an estimation of milk quota value, estimation of the capitalization of quota value in the 2006 year horizon and make concrete some determinant factors of quota value. Estimates derive from a sample of 32 Galician dairy farms for the years 1990-1999, and from the results of this paper is possible deduce conclusions about functioning quota market and management of quota policy.
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5

Gibson, J. P. "Economic weights and index selection of milk production traits when multiple production quotas apply." Animal Science 49, no. 2 (1989): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100032293.

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ABSTRACTThe generation of profit in dairy production can be approximated by a generalized profit equation, which is a function of the genotype of the animals used. In the absence of legislated quotas on production, the economic weights for traits contributing to profit, for use in a selection index, have been shown to be simple functions of the partial derivatives of profit with respect to output of the traits. These functions reflect the fact that output in most agricultural industries will already be maximized, either because of saturated markets or limitations on total inputs. When a single
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6

Poole, D. A. "Changes to the amounts of compounds for mid lactation cows as a method of modifying milk output." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017980.

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The application of milk quotas has stressed the importance of maximising the financial margin per litre of quota as well as those margins calculated on a per cow or a per hectare basis. Since quotas were Introduced there has been a move towards exploiting the value of high quality forage by reducing the amounts of compound feed supplementation. However, low amounts of compound feeding in early lactation can cause ketosis or can reduce fertility. So many farmers with autumn calving cows have tended to feed high amounts of compounds for the first three months of lactation and then, about the end
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7

Kisiel, Roman, Iwona Pietruszewska, and Andrzej Andrzej. "Influence of Milk Production Limits on the Dairy Sector in the Province of Warmia and Mazury." Olsztyn Economic Journal 7, no. 1 (2012): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3363.

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This paper analyses the influence of the implementation of milk quotas on the dairy sector and the situation of milk producers in the province of Warmia and Mazury and describes the changes taking place in the milk market from 2004-2009 in milk production, processing and management. The research material originated from a questionnaire-based survey conducted by the Chair of Economic and Regional Policy of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn in close collaboration with the Agricultural Market Agency (AMA). The survey encompassed 313 milk producers from the province of Warmia and Mazu
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8

SHALLOO, L., J. KENNEDY, M. WALLACE, M. RATH, and P. DILLON. "The economic impact of cow genetic potential for milk production and concentrate supplementation level on the profitability of pasture based systems under different EU milk quota scenarios." Journal of Agricultural Science 142, no. 3 (2004): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960400437x.

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A 3-year study was set up to evaluate the influence of cow genetic potential for milk production and concentrate supplementation level on profitability of pasture based systems of milk production. In each of the 3 years, 96 cows were used in a three (genotype)×3 (levels of concentrate supplementation) randomized block design. Cows were categorized based on their pedigree index (PD) for milk production (PDMILK) into low (LP; PDMILK less than 100 kg), medium (MP; PDMILK 100–200 kg) and high (HP; PDMILK 200–300 kg). Concentrate supplementation levels were 376, 810 and 1540 kg per cow per lactatio
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9

Keady, T. W. J., and C. S. Mayne. "An examination of the effects of level of fish oil inclusion in the diet on forage intake, milk yield and composition of lactating dairy cattle offered two levels of concentrates." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600032505.

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Milk quota restricts the volume and butterfat content of milk production within the European Community. Consequently, reducing the butterfat concentration of milk enables greater volumes of milk to be produced within a given quota, provided the national butterfat base has been exceeded, as has occurred in the United Kingdom in recent years. For example, milk volume supplied within a given quota may be increased by 0.18 for each 10 g/kg decrease in butterfat content. Consequently, there is considerable interest in developing strategies to decrease butterfat content whilst maintaining milk outpu
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10

Colman, David. "Inefficiencies in the UK milk quota system." Food Policy 25, no. 1 (2000): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-9192(99)00061-5.

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11

Hennessy, Thia, Shailesh Shrestha, Laurence Shalloo, and Michael Wallace. "The Inefficiencies of Regionalised Milk Quota Trade." Journal of Agricultural Economics 60, no. 2 (2009): 334–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2008.00187.x.

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12

BURTON, MICHAEL. "The implementation of the EC milk quota." European Review of Agricultural Economics 12, no. 3 (1985): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/12.3.461.

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13

Burton, M. "The implementation of the EC milk quota." European Review of Agricultural Economics 12, no. 4 (1985): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/12.4.461.

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14

PÄRNA, E., H. KIIMAN, and M. VALLAS. "Development of a breeding objective for Estonian Holstein cattle." Agricultural and Food Science 16, no. 3 (2008): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960607783328164.

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Economic weights for milk carrier (water plus lactose), fat and protein yields, calving interval, age at first service, interval between the first service and conception of heifers and length of productive life of Estonian Holsteins were estimated under assumed milk production quota and for non-quota conditions. A bio-economic model of an integrated production system of a closed herd was used. Economic values of milk carrier yield and length of productive life differed between quota and non-quota conditions, but there were only minor differences between those marketing systems in economic valu
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15

ATSBEHA, DANIEL MULUWORK. "YIELD UNCERTAINTY AND MILK SUPPLY RESPONSE IN TWO-TIER PRICE SYSTEMS." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 49, no. 1 (2017): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2016.40.

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AbstractIn two-tier price systems, yield uncertainty creates incentives to overproduce quantity-restricted outputs even when prices for surplus output are very low. These incentives arise from precautionary motives against expected losses from quota shortfalls. Using an approach augmented for multiple input applications, the likelihood of excess production and the relative importance of price changes in different markets are estimated for Icelandic dairy farms. The results indicate that the average farm plans to exceed its quota, and price changes in the surplus milk market are approximately t
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16

Mayne, C. S., T. W. J. Keady, and D. A. McConaghy. "An examination of the effects of level of fish oil inclusion in the diet on rumen fermentation parameters in cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600034395.

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The current milk quota regime within the European Community restricts both the volume and butterfat content of milk supplies from farms. Reduction in the butterfat concentration of milk enables an increase in liquid milk supplies, provided that the national butterfat base has been exceeded. In a concurrent study (Keady and Mayne, 1998) inclusion of fish oil in the diet of lactating dairy cows depressed butterfat content by up to 15 g/kg, consequently increasing the volume of milk which may be supplied in a quota situation by 0.27. The aim of the present study was to examine if the effects of f
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17

VALERGAKIS (Γ. Ε. ΒΑΛΕΡΓΑΚΗΣ), G. E. "The effect of superlevies, due to milk quota excess, on dairy farming profitability in Greece." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 53, no. 1 (2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15360.

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The effect of superlevies on dairy farming profitability was studied in a sample of 120 dairy farms of medium and large size, in Central Macedonia, Greece. The farms were classified in classes, according to the percentage of their milk production in excess of their quota. There were no differences among the classes in the characteristics of the farms. Profit, net family income and return of capital investment decreased by 47.1%, 24.6% and 19.3% respectively on farms with an average milk quota excess of 15.1%, while on those exceeding their quota by 39,5%, the decrease was 118.6%, 68.6% and 54.
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18

JERVELL, ANNE MOXNES. "FARMERS‘ ATTITUDES TO MILK QUOTA POLICY IN NORWAY." Sociologia Ruralis 33, no. 3-4 (1993): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1993.tb00970.x.

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19

RIEDER, PETER. "Experience with the milk quota system in Switzerland." European Review of Agricultural Economics 12, no. 3 (1985): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/12.3.473.

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20

Rieder, P. "Experience with the milk quota system in Switzerland." European Review of Agricultural Economics 12, no. 4 (1985): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/12.4.473.

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21

Bogetoft, P. "The single-bid restriction on milk quota exchanges." European Review of Agriculture Economics 30, no. 2 (2003): 193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/30.2.193.

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22

Morant, S. V., and J. D. Sutton. "The prediction of milk fat concentration from the characteristics of a cow's diet." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960001713x.

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The extension of the milk quota system to include milk fat as well as milk yield has focussed attention on the control of milk composition by dietary means. For example, when dairy farmers are faced with the need to reduce milk yields to stay within quota they may choose to reduce the herd's intake of concentrates. If they do this they run the risk of increasing the weighted average milk fat concentration of their annual milk supply to a level at which, according to current regulations, they are deemed to have produced a greater volume of milk. Additionally, in the long term an ability to redu
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23

Beever, D. E., G. E. Lobley, M. A. Lomax, J. C. MacRae, and J. D. Sutton. "Nutritional regulation of milk constituent synthesis and its manipulation." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (March 1994): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600025629.

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Several important reasons have contributed to the current interest in manipulating the composition of cows milk, particularly the ratio of milk protein to fat. Current market forces are still influenced with the introduction of production quotas on milk volume which occurred in the mid 80's. This led to a payment scheme based on the sale of milk solids, whilst the more recent introduction of a quota on milk fat sales has provided a major disincentive to overproduce milk fat and specifically milk with a high fat content. Most recently, the pricing structure of milk was changed, with the reward
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24

Areal, F. J., R. Tiffin, and K. Balcombe. "Farm technical efficiency under a tradable milk quota system." Journal of Dairy Science 95, no. 1 (2012): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4638.

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25

Hubbard, L. J. "The price of Milk Quota in England and Wales." Oxford Agrarian Studies 20, no. 2 (1992): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600819208424053.

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26

Ewasechko, Ann C., and Theodore M. Horbulyk. "Interprovincial Reallocation of Market Sharing Quota for Industrial Milk." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 43, no. 2 (1995): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1995.tb00117.x.

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27

Craven, J. A. "“Management options within a quota regime”." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600016512.

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The introduction of milk quotas within the European Economic Community may not have been a popular choice in 1984 but with the benefit of hindsight, few dairy farmers in the UK would now advocate their removal.Contrary to expectations, profitability on dairy farms since 1984 appears to have improved, admittedly from a very low base. Farmers have been compelled to re-consider their management practices and have concentrated on the priority of lowering production costs. Price factors have also worked in favour of margins and agricultural suppliers have been forced to compete for a reducing marke
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28

Babuchowska, Karolina. "Wpływ zniesienia kwot mlecznych na funkcjonowanie gospodarstw specjalizujących się w produkcji mleka." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 20(35), no. 1 (2020): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2020.20.1.1.

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The milk market was one of the most regulated since the beginning of European integration. One of the key instruments to stabilize this market was milk quota. It was introduced in 1984. Aiming at greater milk market liberalization, the EU decided to lift limits of the production from 1 April 2015. This fact significantly changed the operating conditions of dairy farms. The aim of the article was to show how the implementation (along with Poland's accession to the EU), and then the abolition of milk production, affected the situation of Polish dairy farms. The primary sources of information wer
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29

Beck, Harvey S., William S. Wise, and Frank H. Dodd. "Cost benefit analysis of bovine mastitis in the UK." Journal of Dairy Research 59, no. 4 (1992): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900027114.

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SummaryBovine mastitis reduces the yield and quality of milk and increases the rate of culling and veterinary costs. This reduces the profitability of farm milk production but the calculation of the extent of this economic loss is complex because of the many factors involved and deficiencies in the evidence on the relationship between the disease and various production factors. This paper examines the available evidence for the UK and provides a consistent analytical framework within which the benefits arising from reduced mastitis in dairy herds constrained by quota can be considered. It is e
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30

Kempen, Markus, Peter Witzke, Ignacio Pérez Domínguez, Torbjörn Jansson, and Paolo Sckokai. "Economic and environmental impacts of milk quota reform in Europe." Journal of Policy Modeling 33, no. 1 (2011): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2010.10.007.

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31

Cairns, Alex, and Karl Meilke. "Price Ceilings on Milk Production Quota Values: Future or Folly?" Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 60, no. 1 (2011): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.2011.01233.x.

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32

THOMSON, KENNETH J., and LIONEL J. HUBBARD. "Budgetary and financial effects of the EC milk quota system." European Review of Agricultural Economics 12, no. 3 (1985): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/12.3.381.

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33

Thomson, K. J., and L. J. Hubbard. "Budgetary and financial effects of the EC milk quota system." European Review of Agricultural Economics 12, no. 4 (1985): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/12.4.381.

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34

Boots, M., A. O. Lansink, and J. Peerlings. "Efficiency loss due to distortions in Dutch milk quota trade." European Review of Agricultural Economics 24, no. 1 (1997): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/24.1.31.

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35

Sargeant, J. M., K. E. Leslie, M. M. Shoukri, S. W. Martin, and K. D. Lissemore. "Trends in milk component production in dairy herds in Ontario: 1985–1994." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 3 (1998): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-106.

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The objectives of this study were to investigate the dynamics of milk component production in dairy herds in Ontario, Canada, over time and to assess the impact of changes to the allocation of milk quota and payment systems on component production. The data consisted of monthly production records from all of the approximately 11 000 farms that shipped milk in Ontario between March 1985 and July 1994.Farm mean yields of milk and milk components have increased over the past decade. The mean fat percentage among the farms increased from 3.85% in 1985 to 3.99% in 1994; protein percentage remained
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36

Van der Straeten, Bart, Jeroen Buysse, Guido Van Huylenbroeck, and Ludwig Lauwers. "Impact of policy-induced structural change on milk quality: evidence from the Flemish dairy sector." Journal of Dairy Research 76, no. 2 (2009): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029909003938.

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This paper uses a Markov chain model to analyse the dynamics in farm-size distribution among the Flemish dairy sector and the impact of quota policy regulation on such changes. The model predicts a decline of 24% in number of farms in 2014 compared with the current situation with a more liberal exchange policy and a decline of 18% with a restricted quota exchange policy. From these Markov chain model results, we analysed the impact of farm-size distribution on eight different milk quality parameters (total bacterial count, somatic cell count, coliform count, freezing point, urea-N, fat content
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37

Heinschink, K., L. Shalloo, and M. Wallace. "The costs of seasonality and expansion in Ireland’s milk production and processing." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 55, no. 2 (2016): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijafr-2016-0010.

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Abstract Ireland’s milk production sector relies on grass-based spring-calving systems, which facilitates cost advantages in milk production but entails a high degree of supply seasonality. Among other implications, this supply seasonality involves extra costs in the processing sector including elevated plant capacities and varying levels of resource utilisation throughout the year. If both the national raw milk production increased substantially (e.g. post-milk quota) and a high degree of seasonality persisted, extra processing capacities would be required to cope with peak supplies. Alternat
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38

Kaiser, Harry M. "Economic Issues and Implications of a United States Milk Quota Program." Journal of Dairy Science 70, no. 6 (1987): 1318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(87)80148-0.

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39

Guyomard, Hervé, Xavier Delache, Xavier Irz, and Louis-Pascal Mane. "A MICROECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MILK QUOTA TRANSFER: APPLICATION TO FRENCH PRODUCERS." Journal of Agricultural Economics 47, no. 1-4 (1996): 206–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1996.tb00685.x.

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40

Turvey, Calum, Alfons Weersink, and Craig Martin. "The Value of Dairy Quota under a Commercial Export Milk Program." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 51, no. 1 (2003): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.2003.tb00165.x.

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41

Alvarez, Antonio, Carlos Arias, and Luis Orea. "Explaining Differences in Milk Quota Values: The Role of Economic Efficiency." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 88, no. 1 (2006): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2006.00846.x.

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42

Loy, Jens-Peter, Thomas Glauben, Till Requate, and Christoph R. Weiss. "A Sealed-bid Double Auction Experiment on German Milk Quota Exchanges." Journal of Agricultural Economics 65, no. 2 (2014): 420–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12050.

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43

Schulte, H. D., O. Musshoff, and M. P. M. Meuwissen. "Considering milk price volatility for investment decisions on the farm level after European milk quota abolition." Journal of Dairy Science 101, no. 8 (2018): 7531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-14305.

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44

Shupyk, S. "Foreign experience in the development of dairy cattle and directions of its use in domestic practice." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (155) (May 21, 2020): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-155-1-36-46.

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The article analyzes the support for the US market, where the government has allocated almost $ 22.2 billion for the development of dairy cattle. direct and indirect subsidies to the country's dairy sector (35.02 c/l), which is equivalent to 73% of farmers' milk sales, showed relatively high domestic support, export subsidies, conservation programs, risk management programs, disaster relief programs, loan programs, crop insurance, livestock support. Surveys to support the Indian market, which ranks second in the world in raw milk production (9.5%), have shown that almost 80% of small-scale far
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45

Rook, A. J., J. D. Sutton, and J. France. "Factors affecting yields of milk constituents in dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017992.

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Milk producers in the UK are paid according to their production of milk fat, protein and lactose. The production quota system also includes an element restricting fat production. It is therefore important to be able to predict the changes in production of milk solids arising from changes in feed inputs. There are few published predictive models for this purpose (e.g. Sporndly 1989, Emery, 1978) and none under UK conditions. This is a preliminary study to identify and quantify some of the factors affecting yields of milk constituents as a first stage in the development of predictive models.
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46

Baker, R. D., K. Aston, C. Thomas, and S. R. Daley. "The effect of silage characteristics and level of concentrate on intake, substitution rate, and milk constituent output." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020407.

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The profitable management of milk production in relation to quota would be greatly aided by an ability to predict responses in milk constituent output to changes in feeding. One pre-requisite for doing so is a knowledge of substitution rates between feeds. The trials described here were the first in a series to aid the development of a mathematical model embracing the inter-relationships between forage quality and type, concentrate level and type, and milk outputs. The objective was to explore further the impact of silage type and quality and a wide range of concentrate level on substitution r
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47

Groeneveld, Anouschka, Jack Peerlings, Martha Bakker, and Wim Heijman. "The effect of milk quota abolishment on farm intensity: Shifts and stability." NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 77 (June 2016): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2016.03.003.

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48

Guyomard, Hervé, Nadine Herrard, and Louis‐Pascal Mahé. "Modelling a Siphon on quota transfers: An application to milk in France." Oxford Agrarian Studies 23, no. 1 (1995): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600819508424084.

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49

Stonehouse, D. Peter, and Murray A. MacGregor. "Decision-making Criteria for Purchasing Milk Quota at the Individual Farm Level." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 29, no. 2 (2008): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1981.tb02072.x.

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Huettel, S., and R. Jongeneel. "How has the EU milk quota affected patterns of herd-size change?" European Review of Agricultural Economics 38, no. 4 (2011): 497–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbq050.

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