Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mill additives'

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 82 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-63).

Sixty lactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated block experiment to determine the efficacy of eight feed additives to reduce the transfer of aflatoxin (AF) from feed to milk. Six cows were allocated to each treatment group and 12 to a control group. All cows were fed the same aflatoxin-contaminated total mixed ration (TMR) with either no additive (control) or one of eight additives at 0.5% of the TMR dry matter (DM). Milk samples were collected twice daily to evaluate changes in milk AF concentration, milk AF excretion (milk AF concentration × milk yield); and AF transfer from feed to milk (AF excretion as a percentage of AF intake). All changes were expressed as percentages and calculated relative to the control group which defined zero change. Four of the eight additives resulted in significant reductions (P < 0.05) in milk AF concentration, secretion, and AF transfer ranging from 34.98-40.39%, 36.36-52.28%, and 34.45-48.44%, respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) by the consumption of AF, while milk production was not affected during the same time period. Neither DMI nor milk production were affected by the addition of treatment products to the diet when compared to control (P > 0.05).

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Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação de monensina (MON), probióticos ou óleos essenciais sobre o desempenho e índice de escore fecal (IEF) dos bezerros leiteiros de 6-60 d de idade e seu efeito residual 15 dias após o desmame. Cinqüenta bezerros da raça Holandesa foram alimentados com 5 L de leite cru por dia mais concentrado inicial até o desmame. Os tratamentos foram: Controle (CON), adição de MON (30 mg / kg de concentrado), probiótico E. faecium (PROB, 70 mg / kg de concentrado, CFU / kg 7,0E + 09, Cylactin®), óleos essenciais (OE, 300 mg / kg de concentrado, CRINA® Ruminants), ou adição de PROB + OE (EOPROB). O consumo do alimento e o escore fecal (pontuado de 1 a 4) foram medidos diariamente e os animais foram pesados a cada 15 dias. Foi realizada a extração de DNA das fezes, para identificar por meio da PCR a presença ou ausência de microorganismos (E. coli, Hafnia, Shiguella, Lactobacillus spp, Enterococcus spp e Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415). Dois ensaios de digestibilidade de 72 h foram realizados nos dias 20-28 (período 1) e 50-56 (período 2), por coleta fecal total. O experimento foi definido em blocos inteiramente casualizados com dez repetições por tratamento e data de entrada usada como bloco. A ANOVA foi realizada para testar os efeitos do tratamento em P < 0,10, as medias foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student e os resultados da PCR foram analisados pelo teste de Wald. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) antes do desmame foi maior (P < 0,05) para OE (903,03 g / d) em comparação com MON (794,34 g / d) e EOPROB (783,12 g / d). Animais OE e MON diminuíram (P < 0,012) o IEF durante o aleitamento. O ganho médio diário (GMD) e a eficiência alimentar (EA) não diferiu (P > 0,10) entre os tratamentos antes do desmame. A altura à cernelha (AC) e altura à garupa (AG) não foi diferente entre os tratamentos (P > 0,10) antes nem depois do desaleitamento. Após o desmame, o CMS e IEF não diferiu entre os tratamentos (P > 0,10). OE apresentou maior GMD (917,50 g / d) (P < 0,05) em comparação com CON (615,80 g / d) e PROB (592,60 g / d). A EA melhorou (P < 0,05) com OE (0,72 g / g) sobre o CON (0,36 g / g), MON (0,49 g / g) e PROB (0,36 g / g). Os resultados de PCR mostraram ausência do E. faecium NCIMB 10415 em animais PROB e COM. Durante os ensaios de digestibilidade, houve maior consumo (P < 0,001) de nutrientes nos dias 50-56 em comparação com os dias 20-28. Animais PROB apresentaram maiores (P < 0,05) consumo de MS (1184,56 g / d), proteína bruta (PC) (254,63 g / d) e fibra detergente neutra (FDN) (320,36 g / d) comparado com EOPROB. A ingestão de carboidratos no fibrosos (CNF) foi maior (P < 0,05) no tratamento OE (384,31 g / d) comparado com CON (323,63 g / d), MON (323,84 g / d) e EOPROB (301,30 g / d). A ingestão de extrato etéreo (EE) e matéria orgânica (MO) não foi afetada (P > 0,10) pelos tratamentos. A digestibilidade da FDN foi maior (P < 0,012) em animais alimentados com MON (924 g / d). Em conclusão, OE pode ser adicionado à ração de bezerros leiteiros para melhorar o escore fecal, aumenta o CMS e melhora a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. O IEF no pré-desmame diminuiu com MON e aumentou com PROB
We aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with monensin (MON), probiotics or essential oils on performance and fecal consistency index (FCI) of suckling dairy calves from 6-60 d of age, and its residual effect 15 d after weaning. Fifty Holstein calves were fed 5 L of raw milk per day plus starter concentrate until weaning. The treatments were: Control (CON), adition of MON (30 mg/kg of starter), probiotic E. faecium (PROB, 70 mg/kg of starter, CFU/kg 7,0E+09, Cylactin ® ), essential oils (EO, 300 mg/kg of starter, CRINA ® Ruminants), or addition of PROB +EO (EOPROB). DMI and fecal score (scored from 1 to 4) were daily measured, and animals were weighed every 15 d. DNA extraction from feces was performed, to identifying by PCR the presence or absence of microorganisms ( E. coli, Hafnia, Shiguella, Lactobacillus spp, Enterococcus spp, and Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415) in the feces. Two 72 h digestibility trials were performed at days 20-28 (period 1) and 50-56 (period 2), by total fecal collection. The experiment was designed in completely randomized block with ten replications per treatment, and date of entrance used as block. ANOVA was performed to test treatment effects at P < 0.10, means were compared by Student's t-test, and PCR results were analyzed by Wald test. The dry matter intake (DMI) before weaning was greater (P < 0.05) for EO (903.03 g / d) compared to MON (794.34 g / d) and EOPROB (783.12 g / d). EO and MON decreased (P < 0.012) FCI during pré-weaning. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10) before weaning. The withers height (WH) and croup height (CH) was no different among treatments after or before weaning. After weaning the DMI and FCI did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10). EO had greater (P < 0.05) ADG (917.50 g / d) compared to CON (615.80 g/d) and PROB (592.60 g / d). The FE improved (P < 0.05) with EO (0.72 g / g) over CON (0.36 g / g), MON (0.49 g / g) and PROB (0.36 g / g). The PCR results showed absence of E. faecium NCIMB 10415 in animals fed PROB and CON. During the digestibility trials, greater intakes (P < 0.001) of nutrients were observed at days 50-56 compared to 20-28 days. Animals fed PROB had greater (P < 0.05) intakes of DM (1184.56 g / d), crude protein (CP) (254.63 g /d) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (320.36 g / d) than animals fed EOPROB . Intake of Non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) were greater (P < 0.05) in EO (384.31 g / d) compared to CON (323.63 g / d), MON (323.84 g / d) and EOPROB (301.30 g / d). The ether extract (EE) and organic matter (OM) intake was not affected (P > 0.10) by treatments. NDF digestibility was greater (P < 0.012) in animals fed MON (924 g / d). In conclusion, EO can be added to the dairy calf ration to improve fecal score, increases DMI and improves nutrient digestibility. The pre-weaning FCI decreased with MON and increased with PROB

Master of Science
Department of Human Nutrition
Edgar Chambers IV
The sensory properties of coffee are impacted by various factors such as coffee origin, degree of roasting and ways of consumption. This study analyzed impact of ways of consumption (1. consumption temperatures and 2. milk and/or sugar additions) on 38 flavor attributes of hot brewed coffee by descriptive sensory analysis. Different type of coffee samples (2 Arabica, 1 Robusta, and 1 Blended) were consumed at 50ºC, 60ºC and 70ºC. Results showed significant interactions of temperature and coffee samples for coffee like attributes such as coffee identity, fidelity, and blended. The consumption temperature played a major impact on perceived flavor attributes of coffee and influenced Arabica, Blended and Robusta coffee differently and we have to consider that when blending coffees. Coffee identity and fidelity significantly increased with an increase in all temperatures, but most attributes showed significantly higher intensity only for samples served at 70ºC regardless of insignificant differences at 60ºC and 50ºC. Three coffee samples (light, medium, and dark roasted) were tasted with and without milk or sugar. The data were submitted to principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The first 2 PC’s allowed to separate coffee into three categories and CA revealed similar distribution of coffee into three clusters. Coffee like attributes were seemed to play a more important role in the determination of clusters as the addition of milk and sugar decreased the intensity of key flavor attributes such as coffee identity, bitterness, fidelity, roasted, blended, and longevity. The flavor attributes of dark roasted coffee was more impacted by the addition of milk and sugar. Results suggested that the effect of addition (milk and/or sugar) is correlated to the degree of roasting and we have to consider the milk and sugar additions according to degree of roasting.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 16, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Crossbreeding parameters (additive (a), dominance (d) and additive x additive (aa) epistatic effects for individual $ sp{ rm (I)}$ and for maternal $ sp{ rm (M)}$ performance) on body weight growth and first lactation performance traits of females from a crossbreeding experiment between Holstein (H) and Ayrshire (A) based lines were estimated by individual animal models, incorporating all known additive genetic relationships amongst animals, through restricted maximum likelihood and mixed-model methodologies.
The growth traits (asymptotic weight (A), rate parameter (k), inflection parameter (m), average lifetime absolute growth rate (AGR), average lifetime absolute maturing rate (AMR) and average lifetime relative growth rate (RGR)) were estimated by fitting the nonlinear equation, W$ sb1$ = A(1 $ pm$ be$ sp{ rm -kt}) sp{ rm M}$, to the observed weight-age data of 3076 individual females.
Results from the analyses of growth traits indicated that the H line exceeded the A line in addition genetic effects for individual performance (a$ sp{ rm I}$) for both A and AGR. The H line also exceeded the A line in additive effects for maternal performance (a$ sp{ rm M}$) in trait A. Both dominance (d) and additive x additive (aa) epistatic effects were statistically important in most cases. Individual heterosis (h$ sp{ rm I}$ = d$ sp{ rm I}$ $-$ 0.5aa$ sp{ rm I}$) was positive for traits A and AGR, whereas maternal heterosis (h$ sp{ rm M}$ = d$ sp{ rm M}$ $-$ 0.5aa$ sp{ rm M}$) was negative for A and positive for AMR. Total heterosis (TH = h$ sp{ rm I}$ + h$ sp{ rm M}$) had positive effects on AGR and AMR. For all growth traits, heterosis retained in advanced crossbred generations was statistically irrelevant. The overall conclusion was that crossbreeding systems designed to capitalize on TH would produce faster growing and earlier maturing animals.
The analyses of production traits found the additive effect of the H line for individual performance to be a major factor to increase yields of milk, protein and fat. On the other hand, line maternal and cytoplasmic source tended to favour the A line, but none reached statistical significance in any of the traits. Results indicate that two-line specific crosses or synthetic development would be sound breeding strategies for taking advantage of first cross heterosis or of line additive differences, respectively.
Estimates of crossbreeding parameters from mixed-model analyses, were found to be more reliable than those from ordinary least squares analyses. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Little research has been done on natural feed additives which enhance milk production in dairy animals. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) is a member of the legume family and is found in India, Middle East, North Africa and South Europe. Fenugreek is used as an herb in traditional medicine to promote lactation in lactating women. It also influences the lactation performance in ruminants such as dairy cows, water buffaloes and dairy goats. Diocin is a natural saponin found in Fenugreek and has structural similarity to oestrogen, which leads to an increased release of growth hormone (GH) and ultimately milk production. Three different trials were carried out to investigate Fenugreek’s effects. Each trial consisted of three treatment groups where dairy goats were randomly assigned. Nutrifen®, NutrifenPlus® and a control treatment served as the three treatments used in this study. Forty-eight goats per treatment group were used in the first trial where the main objective was to evaluate Fenugreek’s effect on milk production and milk composition. The second trial consisted of eight goats per treatment group, where Fenugreek’s effect on the in vivo and in vitro digestibility of the feed served as the main objective of this study. In the final part of the study, growth hormone found in plasma was subsequently investigated using the same goats from trial two. Fenugreek’s effect on elevating GH levels was the objective from the third part of the study. The first trial showed promising results in terms of an increase in milk production (P = 0.01) from dairy goats using the Nutrifen® treatment and an increase in milk lactose (P = 0.03) using the NutrifenPlus® treatment. Blood cholesterol and cholesterol content found in the milk did not differ between treatments used. Apparent digestibility of the total digestible nutrients (TDN) from the feed did not increase and did not differ between treatments and therefore concluded that the dairy goats digested the different treatments with similar efficiency regardless of the additive added to the feed. Growth hormone levels found in plasma also did not differ between treatments used in the third part of the study. Variation was found in GH plasma levels and this was expected as GH levels are known to have variation within ruminants. It appears that Fenugreek used as a natural feed additive can increase the milk yield from dairy goats, which would be beneficial to the commercial dairy goat farmer. However, the process on how Fenugreek exerts its effect on milk production still remains unclear.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tot datum is min navorsing gepubliseer wat die invloed van natuurlike voer bymiddels op melkproduksie aanspreek. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) is ‘n peulgewas en kom voor in Indië, die Midde Ooste, Noord Afrika en Suid Europa. Fenugreek word in tradisionele medisyne gebruik om sodoende melkproduksie in lakterende vroue te verhoog. Dit verhoog ook melkprodukise in melkkoeie, waterbuffels en melkbokke. Diocin is ‘n natuurlike saponien, met sterk oestrogeniese strukturele ooreenkomste, wat in Fenugreek voorkom. Diocin lei tot die verhoogde afskeiding van groeihormoon (GH) en uiteindelik ‘n toename in melkproduksie. Drie proewe is uitgevoer ten einde die effek van Fenugreek te ondersoek. Elke proef het bestaan uit drie behandelingsgroepe en melkbokke is ewekansig aan die groepe toegedeel. Nutrifen®, NutrifenPlus® en ‘n kontrole sonder enige additief is gebruik as behandelings. Agt-en-veertig bokke is per behandeling gebruik in die eerste proef. Die doel van hierdie proef was om die invloed van Fenugreek op melkproduksie en melksamestelling te bepaal. Die tweede proef het agt bokke per behandelingsgroep gehad en het ten doel gehad om te bepaal wat die invloed van Fenugreek op die in vitro en in vivo verteerbaarheid van die voere was. In die derde proef is dieselfde bokke as die in proef twee gebruik en hier is groeihormoon vlakke in sirkulerende bloedplasma gemeet om die invloed van Fenugreek op hierdie parameter te bepaal. Resultate van die eerste proef het getoon dat melkproduksie van bokke wat Nutrifen® ontvang het betekenisvol verhoog het (P = 0.01) terwyl NutrifenPlus® gelei het tot ‘n verhoging (P = 0.03) in melk laktose vlakke. Bloed cholesterol en melk cholesterol vlakke was onveranderd. Skynbare verteerbaarheid van die totale verteerbare voedingstowwe (TVV) van die voer het nie verander (P = 0.34) met die insluiting van Fenugreek nie. Plasma groeihormoonvlakke was nie betekenisvol verskillend (P > 0.05) tussen behandelingsgroepe nie en die gebrek aan verskille kan waarskynlik toegeskryf word aan die variasie wat binne behandelings groepe opgemerk is vir hierdie parameter. Sodanige variasie in plasma groeihormoon word as algemeen beskou in herkouers. Gevolglik kan aanvaar word dat die natuurlike voerbymiddel, Fenugreek, gebruik kan word om melkproduksie in lakterende melkbokke te verhoog. Hierdie praktyk behoort voordele in te hou vir die kommersiële melkprodusent. Die proses waardeur hierdie verhoging plaasvind is egter steeds nie duidelik nie.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de quitosana e óleo de soja nas dietas de vacas leiteiras no terço médio da lactação, sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca e nutrientes, fermentação e síntese de proteína microbiana ruminal, produção e composição do leite, concentrações de parâmetros sanguíneos e os balanços de energia e de nitrogênio. Foram utilizadas 24 vacas da raça Holandesa, sendo quatro canuladas no rúmen e 20 não canuladas, com 581,2 ± 73,6 kg de PC, DEL médio de 174,7 ± 53,1 e produção de leite inicial de 36,14 ± 5,32 kg de leite por dia, que foram distribuídas em seis Quadrados Latinos balanceados e contemporâneos, para receber uma das quatro dietas experimentais, obtidas pela combinação dos fatores quitosana (aproximadamente 150 mg/kg de peso corporal) e óleo de soja (3,3% da MS da dieta): C controle; Q quitosana; O óleo de soja e QO quitosana associada ao óleo de soja. Foi observada interação entre os fatores avaliados para o consumo de MS, MO, PB, FDN, CNF e NDT. O consumo foi reduzido pela inclusão de quitosana nas dietas sem óleo, enquanto que, na presença deste, a quitosana não influenciou o consumo. A inclusão de óleo de soja reduziu o consumo de MS, MO, PB, FDN, CNF e NDT e aumentou o consumo de EE, independentemente da inclusão de quitosana na dieta. A inclusão de quitosana aumentou os coeficientes de digestibilidade (CD) da MS, MO e PB e não alterou o CDFDN. O CDEE foi alterado positivamente pela inclusão de óleo de soja na dieta. Tanto a inclusão de quitosana quanto a de óleo de soja aumentaram o colesterol total sérico. Na ureia plasmática foi observada interação, onde a concentração maior foi observada na dieta Q em relação a C, não diferindo entre as dietas contendo óleo de soja (O e QO). As concentrações de AST foram influenciadas positivamente pela suplementação de óleo de soja nas dietas. Observou-se interação para eficiência de utilização da energia e do nitrogênio, onde observou-se aumento pela inclusão quitosana nas dietas sem óleo de soja e reduziram quando da inclusão em dietas contendo óleo. As inclusões de quitosana e de óleo de soja não influenciaram a síntese de proteína microbiana ruminal. A inclusão de óleo de soja aumentou a concentração de propionato e reduziu acetato e consequentemente a relação C2:C3, no rúmen. A produção de leite não foi influenciada pela inclusão de quitosana na dietas sem óleo de soja e foi reduzida quando esta foi realizada em dietas contendo óleo de soja. A eficiência de conversão da MS consumida em leite foi reduzida nas dietas contendo óleo e aumentada nas dietas sem óleo de soja, pela inclusão de quitosana. Assim, considerando principalmente o desempenho produtivo dos animais, a inclusão de quitosana nas dietas de vacas leiteiras no terço médio de lactação é viável, desde que esta não esteja associada a suplementação com fontes de lipídeos.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of addition of chitosan in the diets of dairy cows in lactation, containing or not soybean oil, over intake, and total apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis, milk yield and composition, concentrations of blood parameters and energy and nitrogen balances. 24 Holstein cows were used , four rumen cannulated and 20 non-cannulated with 581.2 ± 73.6 kg of BW, DIM average of 174.7 ± 53.1 and 36,14 ± 5,32 kg per day of initial milk wield which were distributed in six Latin squares balanced and contemporary to receive one of four diets, that were obtained by a combination of factors chitosan (approximately 150 mg / kg body weight) and soybean oil (3.3% of diet DM): control (C) , chitosan (Q), soybean oil (O) and chitosan associated with soybean oil (QO). Diets The consumption was reduced by the addition of chitosan in the diets without oil, whereas the presence of this, the chitosan does not affect the intake. The addition of soybean oil reduced the intake of DM, OM , CP, NDF , NFC and TDN and increased consumption of EE, regardless of the addition of chitosan in the diet . The addition of chitosan increased the digestibility coefficients (DC) of DM, OM and CP and did not alter the NDFDC . The EEDC was changed positively by addition of soybean oil in the diet. Both the addition of chitosan as soybean oil increased the total serum cholesterol. In plasma urea interaction, where the highest concentration was observed in the diet Q over C , did not differ between diets containing soybean oil (O and QO) was observed. AST concentrations were affected by supplementation of soybean oil in the diets. Observed interaction for efficient use of energy and nitrogen, which showed increase by adding chitosan in diets without soybean oil and reduced upon addition in diets containing oil. The experimental diets did not affect the synthesis of rumen microbial protein. The addition of soybean oil increased the concentration of propionate and acetate and thus reduced the ratio C2:C3 rumen. Milk production was not affected by the addition of chitosan in the diets without soybean oil, and was reduced on diets containing soybean oil. The conversion efficiency of DM intake in milk was reduced in diets containing oil and increased in diets without soybean oil, adding the chitosan. Thus, considering mainly the productive performance of the animals, the addition of chitosan in the diets of dairy cows in mid lactating is feasible, provided that this is not associated with supplementation with lipid sources.

Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management and M.S. in Computer Science)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Burt Lundy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-100). Also available online.

Estratégias de vedação tem sido adotadas com o intuito de reduzir a entrada de oxigênio para o interior dos silos. Aditivos químicos como o benzoato de sódio, que apresenta funções antimicrobianas também pode ser empregado para melhoria da estabilidade aeróbia de silagens. Porém, ainda não se sabe se pode causar efeitos adversos no consumo ou metabolismo dos animais alimentados e, consequentemente levar a alterações no desempenho animal. Desta forma no presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a influência de estratégias de vedação de silos trincheira sobre as perdas de MS e valor nutritivo de silagens de milho e, a adição de benzoato sódio na ração total no valor nutritivo para vacas leteiras. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Zootecnia da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ/USP). A cultura do milho foi colhida com aproximadamente 35% de matéria seca (MS) e ensilada em silos trincheira (capacidade de 40 t). No momento do fechamento dos silos, dois tratamentos foram impostos: (1) lona dupla-face 200 μm protegida com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (camada com espessura de 10 cm) (BG) e, (2) aplicação superficial de benzoato de sódio 150 g/m2 (diluído em água 1:4) imediatamente antes da vedação com lona dupla-face 200 μm (BZ). Vinte vacas Holandesas em lactação foram alocadas em cinco Quadrados Latinos 4 × 4 em períodos de 21 dias (14 d adaptação). As dietas experimentais continham (%MS): 8% de caroço de algodão, 9,5% de polpa cítrica, 18% de farelo de soja, 9,0% de milho moído seco, 2,5% premix mineral + vitaminas e 53% de silagem de milho: BG ou BZ ou silagem de milho BG + 0,15% de benzoato de sódio ou silagem de milho BZ mais 0,15% de benzoato de sódio. O benzoato de sódio foi diluído em água (0,3:1) e aspergido na ração total imediatamente antes de cada trato. Os dados foram submetidos à análise utilizando-se o procedimento MIXED do SAS, através de arranjo fatorial 2 × 2. A silagem com cobertura de bagaço de cana foi mais eficiente em reduzir a entrada de oxigênio durante o processo de fermentação e, consequentemente levou ao menor crescimento de microrganismos deterioradores e melhor conservação dos nutrientes da silagem, resultando em maior digestibilidade da MS. A adição de benzoato de sódio na dose de 0,15% na MN não altera o desempenho de vacas leiteiras.
Sealing strategies have been adopted to reduce oxygen entrance to silo. Chemical additives such as sodium benzoate have antimicrobial activity and it can also promote an aerobic stability on silage. Nevertheless it is still unknown if sodium benzoate supplementation on silage may affect animal consumption or cause deleterious effect on metabolism with influence on animal performance. The objective of this study was using different sealing strategies to assess dry matter loss and nutritional value on corn silage, and the influence of supplementing sodium benzoate on total mixed ration for dairy cattle. This trial was conducted at Animal Science Department of Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP). Corn crop was harvested with 35% of dry matter (DM) and ensiled on horizontal silos (40 t capacity). A factorial design (2x2) for silo sealing and benzoate as an additive on dietary feed were evaluated. Silo sealing strategies were confected as follows: (1) Plastic film doubled-sized 200 μm covered with bagasse (layer thickness 10 cm) (BG) and 2) application of sodium benzoate on top surface of ensiled mass pulverizing 150 g m-2 (dilution of 1:4) sealing it immediately with plastic film double-sided 200 μm (BZ). After 343 days of storage, the silos were open and the lactation trial started. Two dietary treatments evaluated the addition sodium benzoate on feed mixture of total ration. Sodium benzoate was incorporated (+ 0.15 % on total feed) on corn silage from BG and BZ and no incorporation to BG and BZ were used as control treatment. Dietary sodium benzoate was diluted on water (0.3:1 ratio) and pulverized on total ration immediately before each meal. Feed formulation: 8% cottonseed meal, 9.5% citric pulp, 18% soybean meal, 9% dry corn meal, 2.5 % vitamin and mineral premix, and 53% of corn silage. Twenty Holstein cows lactating were allocated in five Latin squares (4 x 4) during 21 days (14 days to acclimate) and fed twice a day. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and quality were recorded between day 15th and 21st from each experimental period. Data were subjected to MIXED procedure from SAS for factorial design (2x2). The silage with sugarcane bagasse coverage was more effective in reducing the oxygen input during the fermentation process and consequently led to lower growth of spoilage microorganisms and better conservation of silage nutrients, resulting in increased digestibility of dry matter. Adding 0.15 % of sodium benzoate on fresh matter diet doesn\'t affect the performance of dairy cows.

Os mecanismos do desgaste e atrito que ocorrem durante o desgaste por deslizamento, bem como, a transição do regime do desgaste moderado para o desgaste severo, são influenciados pela força aplicada, rugosidade, temperatura e umidade, sendo estas variáveis frequentemente estudadas. Entretanto, a avaliação da remoção de debris durante o deslizamento e a influência do aditivo lubrificante, em regime limítrofe/quase seco (e.g. Ácido Esteárico C18H32O2) ainda são necessários maiores entendimentos sobre os mecanismos de desgaste e também a força na qual ocorre a transição do regime do desgaste moderado para o desgaste severo durante o deslizamento. Para os testes a seco, com e sem a remoção dos debris, foram realizados ensaios tribológicos convencionais com as duas durezas de disco, 435 e 530 HV30. Os resultados mostraram que a transição do regime de desgaste é influenciada pela dureza e pela remoção dos debris. A influência da dureza é observada apenas quando os ensaios convencionais são realizados, nos quais foi observado que o aumento da dureza do contra corpo estende a transição do desgaste moderado para o severo em forças maiores. A remoção dos debris aumenta a extensão da força para ocorrer a transição moderado/severo. Para os testes lubrificados, foram realizados ensaios com a dureza de disco de 530 HV, variando a concentração do ácido esteárico. Os resultados mostram que o aumento da concentração do aditivo e da força normal aplicada são varáveis determinantes para a redução do coeficiente de atrito. A ação do aditivo lubrificante é fundamental nas forças baixas, sendo que nas forças elevadas apenas o aumento da força normal é suficiente para manter o baixo coeficiente de atrito. Adicionalmente, para as elevadas forças aplicadas, o filme lubrificante falha em função do tempo de deslizamento, e maiores concentrações de aditivo são necessárias para manter o coeficiente de atrito constante.
The wear and friction mechanisms that occur during the sliding wear, as well as the transition from mild to severe wear regimes are influenced by the normal load applied, roughness, temperature and humidity, the variables more frequently studied. However, the assessment of debris removal during the sliding wear and oil influence with lubricant additive (e.g. Stearic Acid C18H32O2) in the boundary/dry lubrication needs further understanding of the mechanisms and the load that occur a wear transition from mild to severe wear. The aim in this work is the characterization and evaluation the contact surface without debris in sliding surface (cleaning of the wear track) and the wear surface in boundary lubrication tests. The materials studied are: the pin AISI 4140 - 435 HV30 steel and the disc AISI H13 - 435 e 530 HV30 steel. Firstly were made conventional tribological tests with two disc hardness. Then, tests with the cleaning of the wear track were made. The results showed that the hardness and the absence of debris influence in the wear transition regime. The hardness influence is observed only when the conventional tests were made. When the counter body hardness increased, the transition from mild to severe wear extends to greater loads. The debris influence was evidenced in tests with the cleaning of the wear track, and showed that greater loads are needed from mild to severe wear transition. For the lubricated tests, the hardness of the disk was 530 HV. The results shown that the concentration of the lubricant additive and the normal load applied are determinant variables to decreasing the friction coefficient. The lubricant additive action is critical in low loads, and in high loads only the increasing of the load is needed to maintain the low friction. In addition, in the high load applied, the failure of the lubricant film occurs with the increase of the sliding time, and higher additive concentrations are needed to maintain constant the friction coefficient.

O leite bovino é um alimento essencial na nutrição humana, principalmente para os mais jovens por ser uma fonte importante de proteínas, minerais e vitaminas. A crescente demanda por quantidade e qualidade de leite nos últimos anos tem impulsionado inúmeras pesquisas, principalmente em relação ao perfil de ácidos graxos por diferir substancialmente das exigências humanas. Nutrição e melhoramento genético são os principais fatores capazes de promover a alteração da qualidade nutricional do leite. Por muito tempo as mudanças alcançadas via melhoramento genético foram obtidas exclusivamente com base na genética quantitativa, mas a partir dos anos 90 o interesse nesta área passou a ser divido com a genética molecular. Os avanços alcançados na biologia molecular obtidos por meio do mapeamento e sequenciamento do genoma das diversas espécies e de estudos de associação fenótipo-genótipo vêm auxiliando a explicar o fundo genético das características quantitativas. Atualmente, a maioria dos estudos de associação fenótipo-genótipo foram delineados para estimar apenas efeitos genéticos aditivos em um único lócus. No entanto, parte da variação observada nestes fenótipos resultam da interação entre loci ou genes, tornando estes estudos fundamentais para conhecer a origem da variação biológica destas características. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram: I) Associar polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) com características produtivas e o perfil de ácidos graxos no leite; e II) Identificar interações entre os SNPs associados a estas características no leite de bovinos da raça Holandesa. Fenótipo ajustado de 760 vacas para o efeito fixo de grupo de contemporâneo e covariáveis dias em lactação, idade à mensuração e produção de leite, e 6.553 SNPs foram considerados para realizar a associação por meio de regressão SNP a SNP. No total nove SNPs foram associados a uma ou mais características relacionadas ao teor de gordura e perfil de ácidos graxos. Algumas destas associações evidenciam a presença de epistasia e/ou pleiotropia entre estas regiões. Para a identificação de interação entre os SNPs, foram usados modelos que consideraram os efeitos individuais (aditivo e dominante) e os efeitos individuais e de interação entre os nove SNPs para comparação por meio do teste de razão de verossimilhança (LRT). Foi observado efeito epistático aditivo x dominante (P < 0,01) somente entre os marcadores ARS-BFGL-NGS-71749 e ARS-BFGL-NGS-34135, ambos situados no cromossomo 14 bovino (BTA14), para as características teor de ácidos graxos saturados e teor de ácido palmítico (C16:0). Para o melhor entendimento da sua interação biológica existe ainda a necessidade de maior conhecimento sobre as rotas metabólicas em que tais genes identificados estão situados estes marcadores. Mais estudos nestas regiões cromossômicas possibilitarão ampliar o conhecimento sobre os genes e suas interações.
Bovine milk is an essential food in human nutrition, especially for younger people for being as important source of proteins, minerals and vitamins. The growing for quantity and quality for milk in recent years has stimulated numerous studies, especially regarding the fatty acid profile by differ substantially of human requirements. Nutrition and animal breeding are the main factors which would enhance change the nutritional quality of cow milk. For a long time the changes achieved by animal breeding were obtained purely based on quantitative genetics, but from 90 the interest in this area came to be divided with molecular genetics. The advances made in the molecular biology obtained through the mapping and sequencing of the genomes of different species and genome-wide association studies is helping to explain more about the genetic background of quantitative traits. Currently, most of genome-wide association studies were designed to estimate additive genetic effects only at a single locus, excluding additional effects. However, part of the observed variation in these phenotypes result from the interaction between genes or loci, thus, such studies are also important for the understanding of the origin of biological variation of these traits, such as their metabolic and biochemical pathways. The aims of this study were: I) Associate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with production traits and fatty acid profile in milk; and II) Identify interactions between SNPs associated with these traits in milk from Holstein cows. Phenotype adjusted of 760 cows for the fixed effects of contemporary group and covariates days in milk, age at measurement and milk yield, and information from 6,553 SNPs were considered for performing the association using single SNP regression method. A total of nine SNPs were associated with one or more traits related to the fat percentage and fatty acid profile. Some of these associations showed the presence of epistasis and/or pleiotropy between these regions. To identify interaction between SNPs, models that consider the individual effects (additive and dominance); and individual and interaction effects between the nine SNPs for comparison using the likelihood ratio test (LRT). Additive x dominance epistatic effect (P < 0.01) was observed only between markers ARS-BFGL-NGS- 71749 and ARS-BFGL-NGS-34135, both located on chromosome 14 (Bos taurus autossome, BTA14), for fat percentage (FP), saturated fatty acids (SFA) and palmitic acid (C16:0). For a better understanding of its biological interaction there is a need for greater knowledge of the metabolic pathways in with these genes identified these markers are located. More studies will enable these chromosomal regions expand knowledge about genes and their interactions.

UAB „Naujasis Nevėžis“ 2012 metais buvo sukurta ekstruduoto baltyminio priedo LAKTOMIL-1 receptūra, šis produktas skirtas melžiamoms karvėms skirtingais produktyvumo tarpsniais. Baltyminio priedo LAKTOMIL – 1 poveikio, karvių produktyvumui ir pieno kokybei, įvertinimui Lukšių žemės ūkio bendrovėje (Lauciškių komplekse) buvo atliktas 90 dienų trukmės bandymas. Bandymui analogų principu atrinkta 30 Lietuvos juodmargių karvių, jos suskirstytos į dvi grupes (kontrolinę ir bandomąją), po 15 gyvulių kiekvienoje. Kontrolinės grupės karvės buvo šeriamos įprastiniu racionu, sudarytu iš kukurūzų siloso, žolių šienainio, kukurūzų grūdainio, rapsų išspaudų, sojų išspaudų ir mineralų. Bandomosios grupės karvės šertos analogišku racionu, tačiau sojų išspaudos pakeistos baltyminiu priedu LAKTOMIL-1. Siekiant nustatyti LAKTOMIL-1 baltymų virškinamumo laipsnį didžiajame prieskrandyje ir plonosiose žarnose, bendradarbiavome su valstybiniu Estijos „Gyvybės Mokslų Universitetu“, Mitybos ir gyvūnų produktų kokybės katedra (Tartu). Baltymų ir sausosios medžiagos virškinamumas didžiajame prieskrandyje buvo nustatytas in sacco metodu. Tyrimui atrinktos trys karvės, kurioms į didįjį prieskrandį įvestos fistulos. Pašarų mėginiai buvo inkubuojami prieskrandyje 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 ir 72 valandas. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti ekstruduoto baltyminio priedo LAKTOMIL-1 virškinamumą in sacco metodu ir įvertinti skirtingo šėrimo poveikį karvių produktyvumui ir pieno sudėčiai. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. in sacco metodu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Object and tasks of work: Investigate extruded protein additive LAKTOMIL-1 ruminal digestibility, determine influence on cow productivity and milk composition. 1. Explore extruded protein additive ruminal digestibility using in sacco method; 2. Set extruded protein additive impact on dairy cows milk production and composition. Research methodology: In 2012 JSC „Naujasis Nevėžis“ specialists developed new extruded protein additive LAKTOMIL-1, for dairy cows in different stages of productivity. To investigate influence of extruded protein additive to cow’s productivity and milk composition, 90 days experiment was carried out in Lukšiai agricultural company (Lauciškiai farm). Analogues of the principle selected thirty Lithuanian Black/white breed cows, they were divided into 2 groups (control and experimental), each group containing 15 animals. The control group was fed a normal cow ration consisting of corn silage, grass silage, maize, rapeseed meal, soybean cake, and minerals. Experimental cows fed a similar diet, but soybean cake was replaced to extruded protein additive LAKTOMIL-1. During the investigation milk yield was determined by the control milking. Milk quality indices have been analyzed in PE “Milk Analysis” (“Pieno tyrimai”). Been studied milk protein, fat, lactose and urea concentration in milk content. Effective degradability of protein and dry matter was determined by the in sacco method using three fistulated cows. The cows were fed the same basal ration... [to full text]

Resumo: Este projeto teve como objetivo estudar a influência de diferentes processos de desidratação (secagem em leito pulso-fluidizado, atomizador - "spray dryer" e em liofilizador) de polpa de maracujá na qualidade do produto final em pó. Todos estes processos visam à obtenção do produto em pó, apresentando vantagens e desvantagens em nível de manuseio e custos. Entretanto, são escassos na literatura estudos que comparem estes processos com foco na qualidade do produto final. O leite desnatado foi utilizado para avaliar sua eficiência na substituição de parte dos aditivos comumente utilizados na produção deste tipo de produto, como, por exemplo, a maltodextrina e a goma Arábica, os quais têm como função a diminuição das dificuldades tecnológicas encontradas na secagem de sucos de frutas e outros produtos com alta quantidade de açúcar devido à higroscopicidade, termoplasticidade e capacidade de caramelização. Inicialmente, realizaram-se as análises físico-químicas da polpa de maracujá e do leite desnatado, onde foram obtidos resultados muito próximos aos da literatura, sendo que as pequenas diferenças obtidas foram atribuídas à variedade do maracujá utilizado, época e local de cultivo e no caso do leite em pó desnatado, devido provavelmente às diferentes marcas comerciais analisadas na literatura. A secagem da polpa de maracujá sem aditivos, em diversas condições operacionais, levou a um rendimento praticamente nulo, fazendo com que o processo fosse considerado inviável nestas condições. Conseguiu-se obter o pó com a polpa de maracujá e os aditivos no secador por atomização ("spray dryer"). Utilizando a maltodextrina como aditivo, o maior rendimento (23.32%) obtido foi para a proporção de 1:4:4 (polpa de maracujá:maltodextrina:leite desnatado) ou seja, 50% dos sólidos de aditivo substituído por leite desnatado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this research was to study the influence of different drying methods (pulsed fluid bed dryer, spray dryer and freeze dryer) of passion fruit pulp in the quality of final powder product. All these processes have the purpose to obtain a powder product, showing advantages and disadvantages in terms of handmade and costs. Nonetheless, the literature has a few studies related to comparison between these processes, focusing final product quality. Skim milk was utilized to evaluate its efficiency on partial substitution of additives commonly used in this kind of processes like maltodextrin and Arabic gum, which have the function of minimizing technologies difficulties in drying fruit juices and other products with high quantity of sugar due to hygroscopicity and termoplasticity in high temperatures and humidity. Initially, physicochemical analysis of passion fruit pulp and skim milk showed values close to those described by literature, with little differences due to passion fruit varieties used, time and place of culture. For skim milk the differences can be explain due to existence of a lot of commercial marks. Drying of passion fruit pulp without additives in many operations conditions had a small yield, becoming process impracticable in these conditions. It was obtained powdered passion fruit and additives in spray dryer. Using maltodextrin the greater yield (23.32%) was obtained for 1:4:4 ratio (passion fruit pulp:maltodextrin:skim milk) that is 50% of solids from additives substituted by skim milk. To Arabic gum the best results (21.96%) was obtained to 1:2:6 (passion fruit pulp:Arabic gum:skim milk) with 75% of solids from additives substituted by skim milk. The total substitution of additives (maltodextrin or Arabic gum) by skim milk also showed good results (15.5%). These better yield were obtained in 120°C and feed flow 0.4 l/h considering ratio of pulp... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Javier Telis Romero
Coorientador: Carmen Sílvia Fávaro Trindade
Banca: João Borges LAurindo
Banca: Célia Maria Landi Franco
Mestre

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Este projeto teve como objetivo estudar a influência de diferentes processos de desidratação (secagem em leito pulso-fluidizado, atomizador – “spray dryer” e em liofilizador) de polpa de maracujá na qualidade do produto final em pó. Todos estes processos visam à obtenção do produto em pó, apresentando vantagens e desvantagens em nível de manuseio e custos. Entretanto, são escassos na literatura estudos que comparem estes processos com foco na qualidade do produto final. O leite desnatado foi utilizado para avaliar sua eficiência na substituição de parte dos aditivos comumente utilizados na produção deste tipo de produto, como, por exemplo, a maltodextrina e a goma Arábica, os quais têm como função a diminuição das dificuldades tecnológicas encontradas na secagem de sucos de frutas e outros produtos com alta quantidade de açúcar devido à higroscopicidade, termoplasticidade e capacidade de caramelização. Inicialmente, realizaram-se as análises físico-químicas da polpa de maracujá e do leite desnatado, onde foram obtidos resultados muito próximos aos da literatura, sendo que as pequenas diferenças obtidas foram atribuídas à variedade do maracujá utilizado, época e local de cultivo e no caso do leite em pó desnatado, devido provavelmente às diferentes marcas comerciais analisadas na literatura. A secagem da polpa de maracujá sem aditivos, em diversas condições operacionais, levou a um rendimento praticamente nulo, fazendo com que o processo fosse considerado inviável nestas condições. Conseguiu-se obter o pó com a polpa de maracujá e os aditivos no secador por atomização (“spray dryer”). Utilizando a maltodextrina como aditivo, o maior rendimento (23.32%) obtido foi para a proporção de 1:4:4 (polpa de maracujá:maltodextrina:leite desnatado) ou seja, 50% dos sólidos de aditivo substituído por leite desnatado...
The aim of this research was to study the influence of different drying methods (pulsed fluid bed dryer, spray dryer and freeze dryer) of passion fruit pulp in the quality of final powder product. All these processes have the purpose to obtain a powder product, showing advantages and disadvantages in terms of handmade and costs. Nonetheless, the literature has a few studies related to comparison between these processes, focusing final product quality. Skim milk was utilized to evaluate its efficiency on partial substitution of additives commonly used in this kind of processes like maltodextrin and Arabic gum, which have the function of minimizing technologies difficulties in drying fruit juices and other products with high quantity of sugar due to hygroscopicity and termoplasticity in high temperatures and humidity. Initially, physicochemical analysis of passion fruit pulp and skim milk showed values close to those described by literature, with little differences due to passion fruit varieties used, time and place of culture. For skim milk the differences can be explain due to existence of a lot of commercial marks. Drying of passion fruit pulp without additives in many operations conditions had a small yield, becoming process impracticable in these conditions. It was obtained powdered passion fruit and additives in spray dryer. Using maltodextrin the greater yield (23.32%) was obtained for 1:4:4 ratio (passion fruit pulp:maltodextrin:skim milk) that is 50% of solids from additives substituted by skim milk. To Arabic gum the best results (21.96%) was obtained to 1:2:6 (passion fruit pulp:Arabic gum:skim milk) with 75% of solids from additives substituted by skim milk. The total substitution of additives (maltodextrin or Arabic gum) by skim milk also showed good results (15.5%). These better yield were obtained in 120°C and feed flow 0.4 l/h considering ratio of pulp... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程研究所
81
The adsorption of sulfur dioxide by sugar mill mud with additives has been studied in a thermo- gravimeteric analyzer along with scanning electron microscope. The study was divided into two parts. The first was on the effect of the different additives upon the sorption reactivity. The second was on the experimental conditions upon the sorption reac- tivity. Results of the first part indicated that the clinker of the Hsiehho power plant was the best promoter,and all the wastes of the power plant(fly ash, boiler clinker , bottom ash , oil ash ) were good promoter,too. The other promoters having been found were: Ferric Sulfate,Ferric Oxide,Aluminum Oxide,Copper Nitrate, Potassium Nitrate,Ferrous Sulfate,Potassium hydrogen sulfate, Titanium dioxide Potassium Carbonate,Potassium Chloride,Sodium hydr -ogen and Silica. The additives inhibit the rea -ction were Calcium Chloride,Stannic Chloride,Sodium Chloride,Sodium Carbonate,Potassium sulfate,Lithium sulfate,Ferric Nitrate. The results of the second part show that the reaction rate could be increased by decreasing the weight of solid sample,increasing the concentration of SOand the sulfation temperature. The reaction rate was also increased by the gas flow rate. However ,the rate levelled off when the gas flow rate was hi- gher than a certainvalue. Rate equation regressed based on the data obtained by the experiments were found to be: dWad 0.3037 -0.1744 -------- = 0.33735 Cso2 W dts T Vg (-------------) (-------------) exp(-1.67E4ts) 1+1.533X10T 1+6.068X10Vg The equation is applicable in the following ranges : sulfation temperature 923-1223 K,gas flow rate 2.5E -6-1.33E-5cubic meter/ ses,weight of solid sample 2E-5- 1.1E-4 Kg,concentration of Sulfur dioxide 1000-5000ppm ,calcination time 1 hr and sulfation time 3hr.

碩士
大葉大學
食品工程研究所
88
The objects of this study were to use different methods, including hot air, spray and vacuum drying, to prepare powders of papaya milk powder. The effect of different processing conditions on the properties of the papaya milk powder was investigated in the study as well. Before drying processes, papaya juice was blanched by microwave mechanism for six minutes. Then pectinase was added into the treated papaya juice which has been incubated at 50 ℃ for 120 minutes. Finally, milk powder and adjunct were added into papaya juice before drying process. The temperature used for hot-air and vacuum drying were 50, 60 and 70 ℃. The solid contents were controlled on 30%. Monolayer moisture contents of dehydrated products after vacuum drying and hot air drying were obtained by using the regression of BET model. The results showed that when papaya milk were treated at 60 ℃, the powder was whiter, the main range was between 0.125 and 0.25 mm, solubility was higher, flowability and bulk density were 1.51 g/sec and 0.46 g/ml, but both flowability and bulk density were lower compared with other samples. However, the sensory evaluation showed that no significant difference was found among the samples treated with various conditions. The optimum drying adjunct was maltodextrin, and the combination of 20% papaya juice, 10% milk powder, and 10% maltodextrin was best formula for sensory evaluation. Before the solid contents were controlled on 30% to receive the best outlet temperature, feeding rate, drying adjunct and adjuncts. As spray drying temperature increased, bulk density, rehydration speed, moisture content and water activity were found slightly decreased, but flowability and particle diameter slightly increased. As the feeding speed increased, moisture content, water activity and particle diameter increased but no significant difference was found in other properties. As the amount of drying adjunct increased, bulk density, flowability, moisture content, water activity and particle diameter decreased, but viscosity increased. The benefit effect of color and flowability of papaya milk powder prepared with addition of sodium bisulfite and tricalcium phosphate. The bulk density, flowability and particle diameter of 20% papaya juice, 20% milk powder were decreased than 20% papaya juice, 10% milk powder, and 10% maltodextrin. The sensory evaluation showed that the combination of 20% papaya juice, 10% milk powder, and 10% maltodextrin was the best formula. The optimum conditions for the spray drying were as follows： the spray drying temperature of papaya milk was 100n4 ℃, feeding rate was 2.5 ml/min, and maltodextrin, sodium bisulfite and tricalcium phosphate additives were 10%, 0.05% and 0.2%, respectively. The combination of 20% papaya juice, 10% milk powder, and 10% maltodextrin was found, the best formula for properties and sensory evaluation of papaya milk powder.

A study evaluating effects of metaphylaxis and milk replacer additives on health and growth was conducted with Holstein bull calves (n = 52; mean BW = 42.28 +- 3 kg) < 7 d of age. Calves were randomly assigned to receive tilmicosin phosphate (TIL), ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CEF), or saline (CON). All calves received a commercial milk replacer powder (25% CP, 20% fat), and within metaphylaxis treatment, were randomly assigned to receive milk replacer with: 1) 4 g/d for 7 d and then 2 g/d for the next 14 d of an egg-based additive (PR); 2) 2 g/d of 96% betaine (BE); 3) both PR and BE (BP); or 4) no additives (NA). Calves were housed in individual fiberglass hutches with ad libitum access to a commercial calf starter and water. Body weight was recorded twice weekly and fecal scores (1=firm, 4=watery) were recorded daily for 54 d. Number of treatments per calf for scours, incidence of respiratory symptoms, and febrile events were recorded on a daily basis, and the cumulative incidence of each response was used as an index of morbidity. All data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with a 3 X 4 factorial treatment arrangement. Neither metaphylaxis, additives, nor their interaction affected ADG (P>0.60); overall, calves gained .45 kg/d. Fecal scores were reduced by 39% for CEF compared to CON (P<0.01), but were not affected by additives. Metaphylaxis influenced neither the incidence of fever (P>0.3), or respiratory symptoms (P>0.2), nor were they reduced by additives. Overall, calves were treated an average of only 0.39 times for respiratory symptoms and 0.66 times for fever. Scours were not influenced by metaphylaxis (P>0.6), additives (P>0.5), nor their interaction (P>0.8). Other than fecal score, metaphylaxis did not enhance productivity or reduce morbidity in this study, but disease challenge may have been mild. Feed additives influenced neither measures of health and performance nor did the metaphylaxis and feed additive interaction.

碩士
淡江大學
化學學系
90
Abstract：a,b-Unsaturated carbonyl compound plays an important role in organic chemistry. The reaction products of a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to either nucleophiles or electrophiles under reaction conditions have made them ideal precursors for organic synthesis and numerous natural products. The development of novel synthetic method leading to b-substituted carbonyl compound has received much attention in organic synthesis. The b-substituted carbonyl compound is an important intermediate for organic synthesis and an attractive target for natural products. The b-substituted carbonyl moiety is commonly observed in a large variety of biologically active compounds because of their prevalence and wide utility for organic chemistry.Therefore, we developed a novel and mild synthetic method for the synthesis of a,b-unsaturated ketone, b-amino ketone and b-amido ketone. The isomerization of a series of b,g-unsaturated ketones to their corresponding a,b-unsaturated ketones were achieved. The synthesis of b-amido ketones were obtained by the reaction of a,b-unsaturated ketones and Bz-NH2 in the presence of Me3SiOTf.

碩士
東海大學
畜產與生物科技學系
96
The purpose of this research is to discuss when milk powder is fortified with different irons, the effect of milk fat levels and functional additives such as oligosaccharides (isomalto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (γ-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) on iron bioavailability. There are 0.3, 1.5, and 3.5 % of milk fat content in milk powder which is fortified with ferrous sulfate (FS), ferric chloride (FC), and 1/2 of each (MIX), respectively. Afterward the iron bioavailability is estimated by dialyzable ferrous iron (DFe (II)), dialyzable total iron (TDFe), and nondialyzable ferrous iron (NDFe (II)) during in vitro digestion. The result shows that the order of iron bioavailability among iron compounds is ferrous sulfate, mixed irons, and ferric chloride. Furthermore, the 3.5 % fat level has the best efficiency of iron bioavailability among fat content treatments, but there is no sigificance between 0.3 and 1.5 % of fat. In functional additives, isomalto-oligosaccharides and γ-linolenic acid seems to depress iron bioavailability. However, the situation does not find in fructo-oligosaccharides and docosahexaenoic acid. Eicosapentaenoic acid is the only one of the functional additives can improve iron bioavailability in iron fortified milk powder.

O aumento populacional ao nível mundial exige uma maior disponibilidade de proteína de origem animal. Neste contexto, foi e continua a ser necessário utilizar ferramentas que aumentem a produtividade animal. Desde 2006, a União Europeia proibiu a utilização de antibióticos nas rações dos animais como promotores de crescimento. A necessidade de aumentar o desempenho animal impulsionou o desenvolvimento de estudos relativos à utilização de ionóforos como aditivos na dieta dos ruminantes, com o objetivo de aumentar a eficiência energética e a recuperação do animal após o período de gestação. O uso de aditivos ionóforos na dieta dos bovinos é um dos recursos que têm sido estudados nos últimos tempos, entre os quais se destaca a utilização da Monensina. O presente trabalho discorre acerca da ação do aditivo Monensina sódica e a sua relação com a rentabilidade do animal. Adicionalmente, esta dissertação apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica de como os ionóforos influenciam o processo de digestão, fermentação ruminal e controlo de determinadas patologias do animal. A dissertação apresenta ainda um estudo onde foi avaliada a ação da Monensina sódica no arranque das vacas leiteiras, após gestação, e na prevenção e tratamento de doenças metabólicas no período de transição, numa Exploração Agropecuária de produção de leite, na região do Minho, em Braga. Neste estudo verificou-se que a administração de Monensina em vacas leiteiras originou uma diminuição do número de lactantes, reduziu a produção de leite e o número de deslocamentos do abomaso por animal quando comparados com animais do grupo de controlo.
The population growth worldwide requires greater availability of animal protein. In this context, it was and remains necessary to use tools that increase animal productivity. Since 2006 the European Union banned the use of antibiotics in animal feed as growth promoters. The need to increase animal performance spurred the development of studies on the use of ionophores as additives in the diet of ruminants, in order to increase energy efficiency and the animal's recovery after pregnancy period. The use of ionophores additives in the diet of cattle is one of the resources that have been studied in recent times, among which stands out the use of monensin. This work refers to the actions of the monensin as additive and its relationship to the productivity of animal. Additionally, this work presents a literature review of how ionophores influence the process of digestion, ruminal fermentation and control of certain animal diseases. The dissertation also presents a study where the action of monensin sodium was evaluated in the start-up of dairy cows after pregnancy and in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases in the transition period in one Agricultural Exploitation of Milk Production in the region of Minho in Braga. In this study it was found that Monensin reduced the administration of fewer lactating, decreased milk production and reduce the number of abomasal displacement per animal compared to animals of the control group.

In mehrfaktoriellen 2 x 2 x 4 Untersuchungen im Zeitraum vom 7. - 28. Lebenstag und in Bilanzversuchen vom 15. - 20. Lebenstag mit männlichen Broilerküken (Cobb 500) wurden die Effekte der Versuchsfaktoren Zerkleinerung (Hammermühle vs. Walzenstuhl), thermische Behandlung (Konditionierung bei 70°C vs. Konditionierung/Expandierung 100°C) und Zusätze von Zink-Bacitracin bzw. Roxazym G2 (ohne Zusatz, mit Zink-Bacitracin 50 mg, mit Roxayzm G2 150 ppm und deren Zusatzkombination A+E) sowie die Interaktionen untersucht. Als Kriterien dienten die Parameter Futterverzehr, Lebendmassezunahme, Futteraufwand, Nährstoffansatz und -verwertung, ileale Verdaulichkeit von ausgewählten Aminosäuren, Proteinverwertung/Proteinqualität und Umsetzbarkeit der Energie. Die Versuchstiere erhielten ab dem 7. Lebenstag die entsprechenden Versuchsmischungen. Der Gehalt an XP und MEn aller Versuchsmischungen war einheitlich (XP 21,7% und MEn 12,3 MJ/kg Futter). Die Lysinversorgung wurde auf 90 % unter der optimalen Bedarfsdeckung in allen Futtermischungen limitiert. Die Auswirkungen der Versuchsfaktoren lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: - Zerkleinerung : Die Zerkleinerungstechnologie mit dem Walzenstuhl übte einen signifikanten Einfluss auf den Futterverzehr (-3,5 %) und Futteraufwand (-2,8 %) gegenüber der Zerkleinerung mit der Hammermühle aus. Die Nährstoffverwertung (XP und Energie) zeigten durch Walzenstuhl-Zerkleinerung tendenzielle Verbesserungen. Die ileale Lysinverdaulichkeit blieb unverändert, die ileale Verdaulichkeit von Threonin und Met+Cys wurde signifikant erhöht. Die Walzenstuhl-Zerkleinerung führte zu einer besseren Futterstruktur und zu einer höheren Nährstoffdichte in den Pellets. Das wird deutlich durch die höhere N-Aufnahme bzw. N-Bilanz sowie durch gesteigerte N-Verwertungsparameter und einen erhöhten Gehalt an N-korrigierter umsetzbarer Energie (MEn). - Thermische Behandlung : Durch erhöhte Hitzeapplikation mit dem Expander konnten in der vorliegenden Arbeit hinsichtlich der Leistungsparameter, Nährstoffansatz und -verwertung keine Unterschiede gegenüber der Konditionierung festgestellt werden. Die Expandierung führte zu einer signifikant erhöhten ilealen Lysinverdaulichkeit, die durch die gemessene Lysinwirksamkeit im Bilanzversuch jedoch nicht widergespiegelt wurde. Auch signifikant niedrigere N-Bilanz und physiologische Proteinnutzwerte (PNu) sowie die tendenzielle Verringerung der N-Verdaulichkeit und des Gehaltes an umsetzbarer Energie deuten auf eine negative Wirkung der intensiveren thermischen Behandlung durch Expandieren hin. Hierzu sind weitere klärende Untersuchungen notwendig. - Futterzusätze: Durch die alleinige Supplementierung mit dem Antibiotikum Zink-Bacitracin oder NSP-spaltenden Enzym Roxazym G2 bzw. deren Kombination reagierten Mastleistung und Futterverwertung signifikant positiv. Während der Effekt der Enzymzulagen bei Nährstoffverwertung und ilealer Verdaulichkeit ausgewählter Aminosäure signifikant höher gegenüber der unsupplementierten Gruppe war, blieb ein Effekt von Zink-Bacitracin hinsichtlich dieser Parameter aus. Der Effekt der Zusatzkombination war bei Mastleistung, Nährstoffansatz und -verwertung und bei der ilealen Verdaulichkeit der ausgewählten Aminosäuren gegenüber der Kontrolle oder dem alleinigen Zusatz signifikant höher. Das deutet auf einen synergistischen Effekt der gleichzeitigen Applikation der beiden Additive hin. Die N-Verwertung einschließlich des Gehalts an N-korrigierter scheinbar umsetzbarer Energie lag nach alleiniger Applikation von Zink-Bacitracin unerwartet signifikant niedriger gegenüber den anderen Zusätzen bzw. tendenziell gegenüber der Kontrolle. Die Gehalte an scheinbar umsetzbarer Energie (AMEn) waren deutlich durch den Enzymzusatz allein oder in Kombination mit Zink-Bacitracin erhöht. -Interaktionen: Die Abhängigkeit der Versuchsfaktoren voneinander im Mastversuch war nicht stark ausgeprägt. Die Zerkleinerung in Verbindung mit anschließender thermischer Behandlung führte zur Beeinflussung der Futterverzehrsdaten. Danach verbesserten die Verfahrenskombinationen Hammermühle x Konditionierung oder Walzenstuhl x Expandierung bedingt durch einen erhöhten Futterverzehr die Lebendmassezunahme und den Nährstoffansatz signifikant. Hinsichtlich der ilealen Aminosäurenverdaulichkeit zeigten die Futterzusätze eine Abhängigkeit von der Behandlung bzw. Zerkleinerung und Behandlung. Die Enzymzulage allein oder in Kombination mit Zink-Bacitracin zeigte stärkere Effektivität in Verbindung mit der thermischen Behandlung durch Expandieren.