Academic literature on the topic 'Mill brook'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mill brook"
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Norcliffe, G. "The Regulation of Restructuring: Corner Brook 1984." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 13, no. 3 (September 1995): 315–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c130315.
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Restructuring is interpreted as an act of social regulation involving negotiations amongst corporate interests, labour, and the state. In Corner Brook, Newfoundland, these interests were brought together in 1984 when the long-time owners of the local paper mill, the main employer in this single-industry town, put it up for sale. Restructuring was essential in order to secure the long-term future of the mill and the town, but its achievement in situ required difficult negotiations. The new forms of production needed to modernise the mill entailed greater structural rigidity in plant operations, matched by greater flexibility of the labour force. This goal was to be achieved through costabilisation of the various elements forming the local regime of accumulation, with the local state playing a key role as facilitator, guarantor, and promoter of restructuring. It culminated in the passage of two controversial acts by the provincial legislature to satisfy the demands of the potential corporate purchaser of the mill.
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Tulk, Janice. "“The mill whistle was blowing and the Germans were coming”." Ethnologies 34, no. 1-2 (August 6, 2014): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1026150ar.
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In summer 2007, while conducting maintenance on the mill’s structure, the Corner Brook Pulp and Paper Mill silenced the whistle that had been part of the local “soundscape” (Schafer 1977) for more than eighty years. When the whistle did not return immediately, public outcry was voiced in the local newspaper over the loss of part of the city’s heritage. Its return in December 2007 at half the previous daily frequency provided the impetus for a collection project. While the mill whistle is an important tool that marks the passage of time, regulates the movement of bodies, and signals trouble at the mill (such as a fire), its significance to the community extends beyond the utilitarian. It plays a role in memorialization (sounding on Remembrance Day) and celebration (marking, for example, the end of WWII), and has become a familiar icon for local song-writers and authors alike. This article provides an overview of “The Mill Whistle Project” designed to document the mill whistle in Corner Brook, describes the historic functions of the mill whistle, and identifies alternative uses of the whistle over time. It then interrogates the whistle’s relationship to World War II and Remembrance Day, demonstrating its extension as a community-wide notification system, its mobilization as a means of celebration, and its continuing role in memorialisation.
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MacDonald, Gillian Z., Natacha S. Hogan, and Michael R. van den Heuvel. "Effects of habitat and pulp and paper mill contamination on a population of brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans)." Water Quality Research Journal 55, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2019.005.
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Abstract This study examined the responses of a population of brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) exposed to pulp mill effluent at Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior, Canada, in May 2007 and May 2011. Brook stickleback were extirpated from the effluent-receiving site, presumably due to anoxia after this period. Females at the effluent-receiving site had significantly larger gonad sizes in 2007 and 2011. In 2011, effluent-exposed female gonadal development was significantly advanced when compared with reference sites; they were the second most mature when compared among three different reference sites. Analysis of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity revealed that effluent-receiving site females had greater CYP1A induction in 2007 and significantly greater CYP1A induction in 2011. Effluent-receiving site males showed significantly reduced CYP1A induction in 2007 and significantly greater induction in 2011. Chemical evaluation of sediment from the receiving environment showed elevated levels of resin acids and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, retene. Higher condition factors and more mature gonads were consistent with higher winter and spring temperatures modified by effluent or by lake vs. stream environments. Overall, effects on effluent-exposed brook stickleback were not consistent with reported effects in white sucker exposed to the same effluent in previous studies. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the kind support of CAWQ/ACQE (https://www.cawq.ca).
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van Doorn, Natalie S., John J. Battles, Timothy J. Fahey, Thomas G. Siccama, and Paul A. Schwarz. "Links between biomass and tree demography in a northern hardwood forest: a decade of stability and change in Hubbard Brook Valley, New Hampshire." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 7 (July 2011): 1369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-063.
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We resurveyed a network of sampling plots (n = 371) 10 years after its establishment in Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (New Hampshire, USA) to quantify recent trends in tree biomass and demography. We found no significant change in live-tree biomass during the decade. Total biomass was 246 Mg·ha–1 (95%CI = 235–258) in 1995–1996 and 245 Mg·ha–1 (95%CI = 234–256) in 2005–2006. Annual mortality during the period for trees ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height (1.37 m) averaged 9.7 trees·ha–1·year–1 (95% CI of annual mortality rate = 1.36%–1.84%·year–1). Tree recruitment into the census pool was 8.4 trees⋅ha–1·year–1 (95% CI = 5.8–10.6). Although overall forest biomass remained constant, there were marked shifts in the relative dominance of the canopy species. For example, the live biomass of Betula alleghaniensis Britton declined by 7%, whereas the live biomass of Picea rubens Sarg. increased by 6% and that of Acer saccharum Marshall increased by 4%. There was no instance of recruitment significantly exceeding mortality for the major species. Relative growth rates ranged from 1.03%·year–1 for Betula papyrifera Marshall to 1.99%·year–1 for Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Our results confirmed earlier reports that the forest at Hubbard Brook is no longer aggrading. Current live-tree biomass is lower than expected. Although effects of novel disturbances documented on a regional level have not led to directional changes in tree demography at Hubbard Brook, we suggest that these novel stressors are depressing the biomass potential of the forest.
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Maheswaran, Gnanakaran, Manokararajah Krishnapillai, Doreen Churchill, and Lakshman Galagedera. "Fly-ash from a pulp and paper mill: A potential liming material for agricultural soils in Western Newfoundland." Canadian Biosystems Engineering 61, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1.9–1.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7451/cbe.2019.61.1.9.
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Most agricultural soils in Western Newfoundland are acidic and need lime to raise soil pH to be productive. Corner Brook Pulp and Paper Ltd produces a substantial amount of fly-ash, disposed of at a local landfill. This study was conducted to assess the potential for using fly-ash as a liming material for agricultural soil (pH 5.5) in Western Newfoundland. Heavy metal concentration in the soil and fly-ash were analysed and compared with soil and compost guidelines. As per quality guidelines, only part of the lime requirement can be substituted by fly-ash. The percentage may vary depending on initial soil pH and the desired pH for the crop to be grown. The total lime requirement can be met when fly-ash is applied combined with other soil amendments low in trace element concentration.
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Hennigar, Chris R., David A. MacLean, Kevin B. Porter, and Dan T. Quiring. "Optimized harvest planning under alternative foliage-protection scenarios to reduce volume losses to spruce budworm." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 9 (September 2007): 1755–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-001.
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Spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) severely defoliates balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and spruce ( Picea spp.) in large periodic outbreaks and represents one of Canada’s most damaging and widespread forest insects. We present a modeling framework that integrates stand-level spruce budworm volume impacts used in the Spruce Budworm Decision Support System (SBWDSS) into an industrial-scale timber supply model for the 209 000 ha Black Brook District in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada. This approach uses linear optimization of harvest scheduling, salvage, and insecticide application to minimize volume reduction. One hundred and ninety-five scenarios were simulated, including normal and severe spruce budworm outbreaks, beginning in 2002, with combinations of varying insecticide efficacy, timing, and spatial extent of protection. After simulated severe defoliation from 2007 to 2016, maximum harvest reductions of 35% were predicted for a normal outbreak for the 2012–2016 period, and 46% for a severe outbreak for the 2017–2021 period; these impacts were reduced to 25% and 34% using re-optimized harvest scheduling and salvage. Results suggest that combined optimized salvage and harvest rescheduling could reduce future harvest reductions by up to 12%. Spatial optimization of protected areas gave similar results to those obtained using protection priority assignments based on marginal stand-level volume reduction in the SBWDSS.
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Kobe, Richard K., Gene E. Likens, and Christopher Eagar. "Tree seedling growth and mortality responses to manipulations of calcium and aluminum in a northern hardwood forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 954–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-018.
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To assess potential forest compositional responses to exchangeable soil calcium (Caexch) and aluminum (Alexch), we characterized light-dependent growth and mortality of tree seedlings under amendments of CaCl2 and AlCl3 at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), New Hampshire, U.S.A. Seedlings of Acer saccharum Marsh., Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., Betula alleghaniensis Britton, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., and Picea rubens Sarg. were transplanted into field plots, which were randomly assigned to control, CaCl2, or AlCl3 treatments and stratified across <1 to 35% full sun. Acer saccharum and P. rubens exhibited significantly higher mortality in Al-amended than Ca-amended or control plots. Acer saccharum showed significant increases in relative diameter growth in Ca-amended plots versus controls; all other species showed nonsignificantly higher relative diameter growth under Ca amendments. We incorporated significant seedling responses into a model of forest dynamics (SORTIE) to assess potential changes in species composition under Alexch increases and Caexch losses. SORTIE predicts that further increases in Alexch would have negligible effects on canopy composition within 200 years but that the estimated Caexch depleted from HBEF between 1968 and 1995 and its influence on seedling dynamics could lead to substantial decreases in A. saccharum canopy dominance within a single forest generation (<125 years).
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Boyce, Richard L. "Chlorophyll fluorescence response of red spruce and balsam fir to a watershed calcium fertilization experiment in New Hampshire." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 8 (August 2007): 1518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-316.
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Decreases in soil exchangeable calcium (Ca) due to acid deposition have been linked with declines of forest species in the northeastern United States, particularly red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.). In 2005, chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were taken on red spruce and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) trees growing on two watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in New Hampshire. One watershed had been fertilized with CaSiO3 in 1999 to replace the soil Ca losses of the past 50 years, and the other was a reference watershed. In March, there were no differences in any chlorophyll fluorescence parameter between sites or species. In August, however, dark-adapted ratios of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were significantly greater (p = 0.05) in the Ca-treated watershed for both spruce and fir, and spruce values were significantly greater than fir. No differences were found in the light-adapted fluorescence parameters. These results suggest that both spruce and fir respond to increases in Ca availability, even though fir does not exhibit the decline symptoms seen in spruce. It is unclear what physiological effect is responsible for the observed differences in Fv/Fm. The Fv/Fm values appear to respond to differences in Ca availability in forest tree species; thus, the ratio has the potential to be used in these two watersheds at HBEF to determine if other forest species are also responding to Ca additions.
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Arthur, M. A., T. G. Siccama, and R. D. Yanai. "Calcium and magnesium in wood of northern hardwood forest species: relations to site characteristics." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-210.
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Improving estimates of the nutrient content of boles in forest ecosystems requires more information on how the chemistry of wood varies with characteristics of the tree and site. We examined Ca and Mg concentrations in wood at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Species examined were the dominant tree species of the northern hardwood forest and the spruce-fir forest. The concentrations of Ca and Mg, respectively, in lightwood of these species, mass weighted by elevation, were 661 and 145 µg/g for sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), 664 and 140 µg/g for American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), 515 and 93 µg/g for yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), 525 and 70 µg/g for red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), 555 and 118 µg/g for balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and 393 and 101 µg/g for white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.). There were significant patterns in Ca and Mg concentrations with wood age. The size of the tree was not an important source of variation. Beech showed significantly greater concentrations of both Ca (30%) and Mg (33%) in trees growing in moist sites relative to drier sites; sugar maple and yellow birch were less sensitive to mesotopography. In addition to species differences in lightwood chemistry, Ca and Mg concentrations in wood decreased with increasing elevation, coinciding with a pattern of decreasing Ca and Mg in the forest floor. Differences in Ca and Mg concentration in lightwood accounted for by elevation ranged from 12 to 23% for Ca and 16 to 30% for Mg for the three northern hardwood species. At the ecosystem scale, the magnitude of the elevational effect on lightwood chemistry, weighted by species, amounts to 18% of lightwood Ca in the watershed and 24% of lightwood Mg but only 2% of aboveground biomass Ca and 7% of aboveground Mg.
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Forsyth, Neil. "Brooke Conti. Confessions of Faith in Early Modern England. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 2014. vi + 225pp. ISBN 13: 9780812245752. $55.00 (cloth)." Milton Quarterly 49, no. 1 (March 2015): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/milt.12113.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Mill brook"
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Small, Contessa. "Occupational narratives of pulp and paper mill workers in Corner Brook, Newfoundland : a study in occupational folklife /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0032/MQ47479.pdf.
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Nadolski, Benjamin Keith. "Movement Patterns and Multi-Scale Factors That Influence Exotic Brook Trout And Endemic Bonneville Cutthroat Trout Distribution And Abundance In The Mill Creek Drainage, Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/25.
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Introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are implicated as a primary factor leading to the decline in distribution and abundance of native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii). However, not all introductions are successful, suggesting local conditions influence the success of invasions. Therefore, I sought to determine the multi-scale factor(s) that influence brook trouts’ invasion success of native Bonneville cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii utah) habitats in Mill Creek, Utah. I conducted patch occupancy surveys to determine watershed-scale brook trout and cutthroat trout distribution. I also determined the relative abundance of brook trout and cutthroat trout at the reach-scale by conducting three-pass depletion electrofishing surveys at ten index sites throughout the drainage. Upon completion of those surveys, I collected key watershed and reach-scale biotic and abiotic data twice during base-flow conditions. In addition, to determine watershed-scale population connectivity and the potential for upstream invasion by brook trout, I assessed fish movement using two-way weir traps. At the watershed-scale, stream slope appeared to limit brook trout invasion into some portions of the drainage. Intermittent stream-flows and extreme levels of stream slope (> 10%) appeared to limit cutthroat trout distribution. At the reach-scale, regression analyses indicated aquatic invertebrate abundance and low winter water temperatures may have influenced the abundance of brook trout, but my models explained little variation in cutthroat trout abundance overall. I observed high rates (74%) of site fidelity amongst brook trout, and mobile brook trout moved short distances (range=62-589 meters) overall. Cutthroat trout also exhibited high site fidelity (92%), but their movement was more variable, as few individuals moved long distances (up to 12.15 km). These findings will help prioritize cutthroat trout management actions in this watershed, and will be useful in determining why brook trout are successful invaders in some systems, yet remain in low and patchy abundance in others.
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Souček, Otakar. "Urbanistické řešení nábřeží řeky Jihlavy v Třebíči." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226598.
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The urban study of the river Jihlava in Třebíč is focused on the area stretching from the pedestrian bridge near „Sady na Polance“ to the Smetana Bridge. This design analyzes possible alternatives to make this river embankment more atractive for pedestrians and to enable pedestrians entry to the riverbank throughout the whole length of the river in this area. The drawing documentation of this study is scaled 1:2000. The selected urban details are scaled 1: 500. The cross-sections of the riverbed and the river bank are scaled 1:200. This master thesis further addresses a solution for the reconstruction of the central bus station. The significant point of the thesis is the partial uncovering of the Stařeč Brook, which is covered in the pipe nowadays. This stream creates a small tributary of the river Jihlava.
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Oberhammer, Tierney. "MILKY BODIES, OFF-WHITE MENACE: IDENTITY, MILK AND ABJECT FEMININITY IN RECENT US MEDIA." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1288363890.
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Brooks, Dorcas A. "Situated Architecture in the Digital Age: Adaptation of a Textile Mill in Holyoke, Massachusetts." 2011. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/575.
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The City of Holyoke, Massachusetts is one of many aging, industrial cities striving to revitalize its economy based on the promise of increased digital connectivity and clean energy resources. But how do you renovate 19th century mills to meet the demands of the information age? This architectural study explores the potential impact of sensing technologies and information networks on the definition and function of buildings in the 21st century. It explores the changes that have taken place in industrial architecture since 1850 and argues for an architecture that supports local relationships and environmental awareness. The author explores the industrial history of Holyoke, appraises emerging uses of sensing technologies and presents a thorough narrative of her site analysis and conceptual design of a digital fabrication and incubation center within an existing textile mill.
Books on the topic "Mill brook"
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Parker, W. R. A survey of the water quality of Forty Mile Brook near the East West Caribou Mine. Dartmouth, N.S: Environment Canada, Environmental Protection, 1993.
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Ruddock, William T. Linen threads and broom twines: An Irish and American album and directory of the people of the Dunbarton Mill, Greenwich, New York, 1879-1952. Bowie, Md: Heritage Books, 1997.
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Gregory, Jerry. Touching the past: A genealogy and photo history of the Bennett, Brock, Brown, Chadwell, Colson, Fisher, Gregory, Hampton, Hayre, Hibbard, Jones, Miller, Mills, Philpot, Root, Rowland, Smith, and Walker families of Clay and Laurel Counties, Kentucky. London, KY: Janze Publications, 1996.
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Constitution and by-laws of the East River Iron and Coal Company: On Mill Brook, Pictou Co., N.S. : with a description of the mines and their surroundings : the great spectacular ore bed and coal field. [Boston?: s.n.], 1986.
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Norcliffe, Glen. Global Game, Local Arena: Restructing in Corner Brook, Newfoundland. Iser Institutel of Social and Economic Resear, 2005.
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(Illustrator), Carissa Carisse, ed. Buddy Boy Brooks Takes the Wheel: A Mile Wide Tale from the Mighty Mississippi. Overmountain Press, 2007.
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Murnaghan, Sheila, and Deborah H. Roberts. Classics in their Own Right. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199583478.003.0003.
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This chapter traces the reception of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s and Charles Kingsley’s mid-nineteenth-century myth collections for children (A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, Tanglewood Tales, and The Heroes) over a century-long period during which they dominated the field and came to be viewed as classics in their own right. It treats the general cultural impact of these works, their role as gift books, and their progressive transformation as they were republished in varying formats and with illustrations by an array of distinguished artists; it includes detailed analyses of selected illustrations by Frederick Church, Milo Winter, Arthur Rackham, Charles Kingsley, William Russell Flint, H. M. Brock, Joan Kiddell-Monroe, and Charles Keeping.
Book chapters on the topic "Mill brook"
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"Multispecies and Watershed Approaches to Freshwater Fish Conservation." In Multispecies and Watershed Approaches to Freshwater Fish Conservation, edited by Stephen T. Hurley. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874578.ch21.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—Waquoit Bay is a coastal estuary located on the south side of Cape Cod. The primary rivers feeding the bay, the Quashnet and Childs rivers, are small, coldwater, groundwater-fed streams. Most of the watersheds of both rivers were originally set aside in the 1600s as a plantation for the Native American Mashpee Wampanoag tribe. The rivers were heavily modified in the late 1700s by the building of mill dams and later in the 1800s by cranberry agriculture. The anadromous Brook Trout <em>Salvelinus fontinalis </em>fisheries in both rivers were acclaimed in the early 1800s. Anadromous river herring <em>Alosa </em>spp. runs were created on both streams by connecting the streams to Johns Pond, a natural kettle hole pond. After anadromous Brook Trout populations declined due primarily to habitat loss, efforts were initiated in the 1950s to restore anadromy to Brook Trout in Cape Cod rivers by overstocking with hatchery Brook Trout. After this project, land protection along the river started with the purchase of abandoned cranberry bogs. Both rivers were heavily stocked with Brown Trout <em>Salmo trutta </em>in the 1970s and 1980s to create a sea-run Brown Trout fishery. In 1976, Trout Unlimited began an ongoing habitat improvement project in the Quashnet River. In the 1970s and 1980s, the rapid development of Cape Cod threatened the watershed. In 1988, the Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve was formed and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts purchased land in the watershed to preserve it as open space. As part of the purchase agreement, a potential well site was reserved, which led to studies by the U.S. Geological Survey on the hydrology of the Quashnet River and the impact of potential wells. In the early 1990s, fisheries management shifted away from the stocking of Brown Trout to focus on the native Brook Trout fishery. The Mashpee National Wildlife Refuge, a consortium of landowners centered on Waquoit Bay, was formed in 1995. In 1997, the contaminant ethylene dibromide from the former Otis Air Force Base Superfund site was found to be entering the upper Quashnet River. This led to the creation of a system of berms and groundwater extraction systems. The failure of part of the berm system led to concerns about fisheries impacts, and a restoration plan was developed. A Brook Trout passive integrated transponder tagging project was initiated on the Quashnet River in 2007, and the Brook Trout population has been annually sampled since 2000. In 2008–2010, adult wild Brook Trout from the Quashnet River were transplanted to the Childs River and a wild Brook Trout population was reestablished. Nitrogen loading from the watershed has become a major issue for the Waquoit Bay estuary, causing algae blooms and water-quality impacts. The fisheries of the Waquoit Bay tributaries have been protected and enhanced by an ongoing combination of land protection, fisheries management and research activities, and habitat improvements involving a wide variety of partners. Watershed development and potential climate change continue to threaten both the estuarine resources of Waquoit Bay and the native freshwater and diadromous fisheries of its tributaries.
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Russell, Tony. "“Cotton Mill Girl”." In Rural Rhythm, 172–74. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190091187.003.0051.
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Smith, Virginia F. "A Further Range." In A Scientific Companion to Robert Frost, 119–58. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954484.003.0007.
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The years between West-Running Brook and the publication of the Pulitzer-Prize winning collection A Further Range in 1936 were filled with great upheaval, joy, and sadness for the Frost family, including two deaths, cross-country moves, marriages, and births. In contrast, Frost’s career as a poet was flourishing, marked by a Pulitzer Prize for his collected poems in 1931 and increasing national recognition. In this collection, we see Frost sorting through his life, including childhood events (“At Woodward’s Gardens”), his time as a mill worker (“A Lone Striker,” “A Trial Run”), his life as a farmer (“Blue Ribbon at Amesbury,” ”The Gold Hesperidee”), and scenes from rural life (“Two Tramps in Mud Time,” “A Drumlin Woodchuck”) He also writes of ancient humans (“A Missive Missile”), the history of the earth (“Build Soil”), evolution of life (“Design”), and looks to the stars (“Lost in Heaven,” “The Master Speed.”)
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Cumbler, John T. "Cooperation, Conflict, and Reaction." In Reasonable Use. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138139.003.0011.
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When James Olcott spoke before Connecticut farmers for “anti-stream pollution,” he urged the public to mobilize to stop water pollution by “ignorant or reckless capitalists.” In identifying the “ignorant and reckless capitalists,” Olcott focused the attention of the farmers on industrial waste and the role of manufacturers in their search for profits in causing pollution. Although manufacturers and the courts argued that industrialization brought wealth and prosperity to New England and hence was a general good, Olcott challenged this idea. He saw the issue as a conflict between industrialization and its costs on the one hand and the public good on the other. Concern over industrial pollution and the potential conflict between it and public health had already arisen in Massachusetts. Although the Massachusetts State Board of Health realized that the interests of the “capitalists” and those of the public health officials might be in conflict, in 1872 it hoped that with improved knowledge, “a way will be eventually found to joining them into harmonious relations,” much as Lyman believed science and technology would resolve the conflict between fishers and mill owners. The board's interest in “harmonious relations” also reflected a realization that at least for the last several years, the courts had seen pollution as an inevitable consequence of civilization and had been favorable toward industrialists, especially if no obvious alternative to dumping pollution existed. In 1866, William Merrifield sued Nathan Lombard because Lombard had dumped “Vitriol and other noxious substances” into the stream above Merrifield's factory, “corrupting” the water so badly that it destroyed his boiler. Chief Justice Bigelow ruled that Lombard had invaded Merrifield's rights. “Each riparian owner,” the judge wrote, “has the right to use the water for any reasonable and proper purpose. . . . An injury to the purity or quality of the water to the detriment of the other riparian owners, constitutes in legal effect, a wrong.” In 1872, Merrifield again went to court, claiming the City of Worcester regularly dumped sewage into Mill Brook, by which the waters became greatly corrupted and unfit to use.”
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Hauser, Kitty. "The Archaeological Imagination." In Shadow Sites. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199206322.003.0006.
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Rudyard Kipling’s stories for children Puck of Pook’s Hill and Rewards and Fairies were first published in 1906 and 1909–10 respectively. In these stories, Puck (Shakespeare’s Puck of A Midsummer’s Night’s Dream and the last ‘fairy’ to survive in England) meets two children, Dan and Una, in the Sussex countryside where they live in the early twentieth century. Puck introduces the children to various historical characters—a Roman Centurion, a Norman Knight, and so on—who tell them stories about the past, and in particular the history of their locality. In these stories it is the land itself that is the bearer of historical meaning, as revealed by Puck and these messengers from the past. Indeed, time and space are seen to be inseparable, since a place and its features are often literally constituted by what has happened there. ‘Puck’s Song’, the opening poem of Puck of Pook’s Hill, makes this connection plain:… See you the dimpled track that runs, All hollow through the wheat? O that was where they hauled the guns That smote King Philip’s fleet . . . Puck reveals to the children the antiquity of some of the landscape’s features:… See you our little mill that clacks, So busy by the brook? She has ground her corn and paid her tax Ever since Domesday Book…. Sometimes it is a past that has left no trace that Puck restores, through storytelling, to the landscape:… See you our pastures wide and lone, Where the red oxen browse? O there was a City thronged and known Ere London boasted a house…. Puck, who is thousands of years old (‘the oldest Old Thing in England’), is the witness of the history of the British Isles since ‘Stonehenge was new’, and has an epic memory. All of history is available to him, both impossibly distant yet immediately present in his mind, as it is in the landscape he inhabits, which bears the marks of the past. The figure of Puck is a literary device through which Kipling could liberate himself from the limitations of written history, for within the frame of the stories, Puck’s testimony as the witness of time—however fanciful—is indisputable.
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Cumbler, John T. "Pre-1860 Responses to Change Views of the Public Good." In Reasonable Use. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138139.003.0008.
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Timothy and Theodore Dwight saw the coming of the mills and manufacturing as an example of industry and energy among the people of New England. The Dwights looked at the development of industrialization in New England at its early stages. For them, mills and manufacturing signified increased wealth and employment, a belief shared by many New Englanders. Theodore Lyman III believed that without manufacturing, New England would be poor, miserly, and ignorant. Not all New Englanders were as optimistic about manufacturing, but those who were had the support of the courts, and significant influence in the highest offices of the region. Nineteenth-century New Englanders of all stripes realized that a rural agrarian society was giving way to an urban industrial society. They understood that this transformation not only affected the immediate environment of cities and towns but also reached into the surrounding countryside, to the farms along the river valley, up to the forests of the hills and mountains, and into the waters of the rivers, brooks, and streams that flowed awav from the factories, towns, and cities. Dams dotted the late eighteenth-century countryside. But the dams, even the small eighteenth-century ones, also flooded fields and blocked the migrating fish. In the eighteenth century, farmers and fishers whose fields were flooded by the mill dams or whose fishnets were empty because of a dam blocking the migration of anadromous fish often took direct action against the dams. The judges of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court noted that if a dam was seen as a common nuisance, “any individual of their private authority might tear it down at any season.” In 1799, Elijah Boardman and several of his Connecticut River Valley friends climbed onto Joseph Ruggles’s mill dam and ripped out the upper portion, which had raised the dam an additional ten inches and flooded fifty acres of land. Boardman admitted to destroying Ruggles’s dam but claimed the right to do so on the grounds that the dam was a public nuisance. In 1827, Oliver Moseley and twelve of his friends entered Horace White’s mill dam site and tore down the dam across the Agawam River, claiming that the dam was a nuisance.
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Reeve, John D., and Peter Turchin. "Evidence for Predator-Prey Cycles in a Bark Beetle." In Population Cycles. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195140989.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is an economically important pest of pine forests in the southern United States (Price et al. 1992). This native bark beetle is able to attack and kill living trees, typically loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) or shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) pine, through a process of mass attack coordinated by pheromones emitted by the beetle (Payne 1980). During the attack process, thousands of beetles bore through the outer bark of the tree and begin constructing galleries in the phloem layer. Trees can respond to beetle attack by exuding resin from a network of ducts, but the large number of simultaneous attacks usually overcomes this defense, literally draining the resin from the tree. Oviposition and brood development then occur in the girdled (and ultimately dead) tree. Once a tree is fully colonized the attack process shifts to adjacent trees, often resulting in a cluster of freshly attacked trees, trees containing developing brood, and dead and vacated trees (Coulson 1980). These infestations can range in size from a single tree to tens of thousands, although the latter only occur in areas where no control methods are applied. Approximately six generations can be completed in a year in the southern United States (Ungerer et al. 1999). Like many other forest insect pests, D. frontalis populations are characterized by a considerable degree of fluctuation. The longest time series available are Texas Forest Service records of infestations in southeast Texas since 1958 (figure 5.la). These data suggest that the fluctuations have at least some periodic component, with major outbreaks occurring at intervals of 7-9 years (1968, 1976, 1985, and 1992). A variety of different analyses, including standard time series analysis and response surface methodology (Turchin 1990, Turchin and Taylor 1992), suggest that D.frontalis dynamics are indeed cyclic and appear governed by some kind of delayed negative feedback acting on population growth (see chapter 1). This effect can be seen by plotting the realized per-capita rate of growth (R-values) over a year against population density in the previous year (figure 5.1b).
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Wright, Barry. "Cognitive and Behavioral Complications of Deafness." In Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195342680.003.0064.
Full textAbstract:
The prevalence of profound deafness in the United Kingdom is reported as 9 per 10,000 in 3-year-olds to 16 per 10,000 in 9- to 16-year-olds, although it is estimated that these figures may be higher because of possible under-diagnosing (Fortnum et al. 2001). In England and Scotland, approximately 13 in 10,000 children have a permanent hearing impairment of 40 dB or more (moderate to profound) across the frequencies 500–4,000 Hz (Fortnum and Davis, 1997; Fortnum, 2003; Kennedy and McCann, 2008; MacAndie et al. 2003) and in 11 in 10,000 this loss is congenital. The remainder are acquired or progressive. Profound impairment (≥95 dB loss) occurs in 2.4 per 10,000. Bilateral sensorineural deafness had a prevalence of 21 per 10,000 in a Finnish birth cohort (1974–1987) (Vartiainen, Kemppinen, and Karjalainen 1997). A survey in the general population in Sichuan, China, found a prevalence of 1.9 per 1,000 profound deafness (Liu et al. 1993). Table 44.1 shows the World Health Organization (WHO) and British Society of Audiology definitions of degrees of deafness. Sensorineural deafness involves problems either in hair cell function in the cochlear or in the nerve transmission of sound. For bilateral sensorineural deafness, the diagnosis is made at variable ages in health systems in which there is no universal neonatal screening. This varies across cultures, but can still be surprisingly late even in modern health systems. One study of 106 children with bilateral sensorineural deafness showed a mean age for first diagnosis at 42 months (median 33 months) of age, with a range from 4 months to 11 years of age (Walch 2003). In another study in Glasgow, Scotland (Chaurasia and Geddes, 2008), only 50% of early childhood deafness presented before 2 years of age. Conductive deafness involves problems with sound travelling from the outer ear, through the middle ear, to the cochlear. The commonest cause is otitis media (“glue ear”), with losses usually in the mild to moderate range. About half of children between 2 and 4 years will have at least one episode of otitis media with effusion (OME) (Zielhuis, Rach, and Van den Brock 1990).