Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Milled rice'

This thesis describes a series of experiments concerned with the production of aromatised rice. The end product showed no visible difference from untreated rice, and the cooked product had a perceivable aroma. The aromatisation process used liquid carbon dioxide as a vehicle to deliver the aroma, and eugenol, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamaldehyde were used as the principle model aroma components. The aromas penetrated the cores of the rice grains, providing a longer period for the aroma compounds to migrate toward the surface and be lost to the open air. The stability of the injected compounds in aromatised rice was investigated, showing that aroma loss was a first-order process, although some model compounds showed evidence of two binding models, with two distinct phases of aroma loss. The strength of aroma binding to rice was further assessed by means of gas-chromatography columns, and the model aroma compounds interacted best with the rice-flour column. Shelf-life studies demonstrated that eugenol and cinnamaldehyde in aromatised rice showed no significant changes after being stored for 6 months in sealed vacuum aroma-barrier plastic bags, and the aromas could be detected by the human olfactory system after the rice had been cooked by boiling and steaming
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis describes a series of experiments concerned with the production of aromatised rice. The end product showed no visible difference from untreated rice, and the cooked product had a perceivable aroma. The aromatisation process used liquid carbon dioxide as a vehicle to deliver the aroma, and eugenol, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamaldehyde were used as the principle model aroma components. The aromas penetrated the cores of the rice grains, providing a longer period for the aroma compounds to migrate toward the surface and be lost to the open air. The stability of the injected compounds in aromatised rice was investigated, showing that aroma loss was a first-order process, although some model compounds showed evidence of two binding models, with two distinct phases of aroma loss. The strength of aroma binding to rice was further assessed by means of gas-chromatography columns, and the model aroma compounds interacted best with the rice-flour column. Shelf-life studies demonstrated that eugenol and cinnamaldehyde in aromatised rice showed no significant changes after being stored for 6 months in sealed vacuum aroma-barrier plastic bags, and the aromas could be detected by the human olfactory system after the rice had been cooked by boiling and steaming

Mestrado em Biotecnologia - Biotecnologia Alimentar
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the leading food crops in the world and it is consumed by more than half of the world’s population. Although its characteristics and composition vary, in general, milled rice is composed of starch, water, proteins, lipids, dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals. Parboiled rice, a differently processed rice, represents a significant percentage of the total worldwide rice production. Due to the current lifestyle and increasing use of microwave ovens, freezers and refrigerators, consumers tend to store food leftovers more than ever. Milled rice is one of the most consumed form of rice, being cooked with various different methods. Rice composition highly influences its cooking characteristics and determines rice preference by consumers. This work intended to characterise the different rice varieties commercialised by the company Novarroz in terms of size, whiteness and composition. The varieties chosen belong to the types aromatic, agulha, agulha South America, agulha parboiled, carolino, medium, risotto, round and round parboiled. Different cooking methods, such as using a microwave oven and steam, were also tested and compared with the ordinary boiling method. Strong correlations were found between the size, whiteness and composition parameters analysed. It can be concluded that rice’s composition, such as resistant starch content, has a great influence on the cooking times and appearances registered. From the three cooking methods tested, the pre-cooking of rice for 10 minutes, followed by freezing and later de-frosting and post-cooking by using a microwave oven allowed the fastest cooking method, considering the consumer point of view. The obtained cooked rice, with exception of some varieties, was visually appealing. A wide range of rices cooked with a “sticky” appearance, but some were also found to provide a “non-sticky” end result.
O arroz (Oryza sativa) é uma das principais culturas a nível mundial, sendo consumido por mais de metade da população do mundo. Embora as suas características e composição variem, de um modo geral o arroz branqueado é composto por amido, água, proteínas, lípidos, fibra dietética, vitaminas e minerais. O arroz vaporizado é processado de um modo diferente e representa uma percentagem significativa da produção total de arroz a nível mundial. Devido ao estilo de vida atual e ao aumento do uso de fornos micro-ondas, congeladores e frigoríficos, os consumidores têm cada vez mais tendência a guardar restos de comida. O arroz branqueado é a forma de arroz mais consumida, sendo cozinhado por diferentes métodos. A composição do arroz tem uma grande influência nas suas características de cozedura e determina a preferência que os consumidores têm pelo arroz. Este trabalho pretendeu caracterizar as diferentes variedades de arroz comercializadas pela empresa Novarroz em termos de tamanho, brancura e composição. As variedades escolhidas pertencem aos tipos aromático, agulha, agulha América do Sul, agulha vaporizado, carolino, médio, risotto, redondo e redondo vaporizado. Diferentes métodos de cozinhar arroz, tal como o forno micro-ondas e o vapor, foram testados e comparados com o método comum de cozedura em água fervente. Fortes correlações foram detetadas entre os parâmetros de tamanho, brancura e composição analisados. Pode-se concluir que a composição do arroz tem uma grande influência nos tempos de cozedura e aparências registadas. Dos três métodos de cozedura testados, a pré-cozedura durante 10 minutes, seguida de congelamento e posterior descongelamento e cozedura usando um forno micro-ondas permitiu o método de cozedura mais rápido, do ponto de vista do consumidor. O arroz cozido obtido, com exceção de algumas variedades, era visualmente agradável. Uma grande variedade de arrozes cozinhou com uma aparência “pegajosa”, mas alguns cozinharam com a aparência final “solta/não-pegajosa”.

In this thesis work, it was aimed to optimize the conditions to produce silicon carbide (SiC), from rice husks from Turkish Thrace Region, via pyrolysis. Rice husks, coked at 500oC, were high energy ball-milled prior to pyrolysis, in order to investigate the effects of ball-milling on pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis time and morphology of the SiC produced. Samples of rice husks subjected to different ball milling conditions, were pyrolyzed at temperatures varying from 1500oC to 1600oC and for times varying from ½
hour to 2 hours. Results of experiments showed that, ball-milling reduced the pyrolysis temperature and pyrolysis time to some extent. It was also experimentally shown that ball-milling favored the formation of SiC particles rather than formation of SiC whisker.

The proposed Sustainable Energy Model is based on rice husk and the development of briquettes made from agricultural waste, which will increase efficiency in the domestic sector, and potentially replace conventional polluting fuels such as firewood. Large volumes of rice husks from millers are found scattered in rural agricultural areas of the San Martin region of Peru, where people are exposed daily to the emissions of polluting gases produced by burning these wastes, causing respiratory and lung diseases. Despite present circumstances, this waste has a great energetic potential that is not yet used by society, representing an opportunity to encourage socioenvironmental development and generate added value to the husk. Based on a compaction and drying process, briquettes were obtained with 4,040 kcal / kg of heat power and 80.39% combustion efficiency, allowing the little use of biofuel compared to firewood, and consequently, the utilization of this biofuel would reduce levels of deforestation. In contrast to similar projects, the sustainability of an energetic model of briquette production will be achieved when economic, environmental and social aspects are met, developing clean technologies and an efficient supply chain, from the supply of the husk to the commercialization of briquettes

Women's status in Indian agrarian communities has been discussed in terms of cultural and agricultural practices, which affect women adversely in the northwestern wheat region and favourably in the southern rice region. The correlation is tested by the female farm labour participation (FLP) rate and the juvenile sex ratio (JSR).
I examine the correlation between women's contribution to agriculture and their status in wet paddy and dry millet regions in Tamil Nadu. Compared to northwestern India, the JSRs are more balanced and FLPs are high in both regions, yet the implications of high FLPs differ. Thanjavur shows a high female labour participation in peak seasons, but year-round underemployment. In Kongu, the cultivation of garden crops requires both male and female labour throughout the year.
The contrasts originate from varied factors such as ecology and irrigation, cropping system, the distribution of land wealth, and on- and off-farm employment opportunities.

Les matériaux argileux peuvent être utilisés dans le domaine cimentaire pour leur effet pouzzolanique (après deshydroxylation) ou encore comme charge inerte pour combler en partie la porosité ouverte. L’étude des interactions entre les produits cimentaires et les argiles est donc essentielle pour optimiser la valorisation de ces matériaux. Les interactions entre trois argiles (kaolin, illite et montmorillonite) et une solution d’hydroxyde de calcium Ca(OH)2) ont donc été étudiées. Les résultats obtenus montrent que toutes ces argiles piègent simultanément les ions calcium et hydroxyle. Cette adsorption est fonction de la surface spécifique de l’argile et de la basicité de la solution. Le calcium se révèle être un coagulant pour le kaolin et un dispersant pour l’illite en milieu basique. Le cas de la montmorillonite est plus complexe du fait d’échange interfoliaire. Les résultats ont pu être interprétés en prenant en compte le caractère donneur ou accepteur des atomes des diverses surfaces et le omportement de la sphère d’hydratation des ions calcium. L’utilisation de dispersants organiques est également présentée
Clay materials can be used in cementitous materials for their pozzolanic effect (after deshydroxylation) or like inert load to partly fill open porosity. The study of interactions between the cement based materials and clays is thus essential to optimise the valorisation of these materials. Surface reactivity of three clays (kaolin, illite and montmorillonite) in calcium hydroxide based dispersions (Ca(OH)2) was thus studied. The results obtained show that all these clays trap simultaneously calcium and hydroxyl ions. This adsorption is a function of the specific surface of clay minerals and the alkalinity of the dispersion. The calcium proves to be a coagulant for the kaolin and a dispersant for the illite in a basic medium. The case of montmorillonite is more complex because of interfoliar exchange. The results could be interpreted by taking into account the donor or acceptor character of atoms of various surfaces. The effect of organic dispersants is also discussed

The most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies in sub-Saharan Africa are iron, zinc and vitamin A. This is partly due to staple diets composed of mainly cereals, containing high levels of iron and zinc bioavailability inhibitors. In this study, pearl millet porridge was food-to-food fortified with dried micronutrient-rich plant foodstuffs (moringa leaves, hibiscus calyces, baobab fruit pulp), and a mango-carrot premix (plus sunflower oil) as a provitamin A source, and the effect on iron and zinc bioaccessibilities evaluated. The foodstuffs were analysed for mineral and antinutrient contents. The effects of adding 5 and 15 g/100 g, dry basis (db) pearl millet plus provitamin A source of dried moringa leaves, hibiscus calyces or baobab fruit pulp on iron and zinc bioaccessibilities (in vitro dialysability assay) were determined. Baobab fruit pulp, despite containing high levels of tannins (2286 mg CE/100 g, db), increased the iron and zinc bioaccessibilities the most, when added as food-to-food fortificants to pearl millet. This could contribute >200% and >180%, respectively, more to the iron and zinc absolute requirements (defined as the sum of the daily basal losses of the mineral plus the amounts of the mineral needed for growth) than the pearl millet plus provitamin A source porridge, for 2–5-year-old children. Fortification with hibiscus calyces also resulted in substantial increases in iron and zinc bioaccessibilities. This is because baobab fruit pulp and hibiscus calyces contain substantial levels of iron and zinc bioavailability enhancing organic acids. The addition of moringa leaves generally resulted in the lowest increases and, in some cases, even reduced the iron and zinc bioaccessibilities, even though it had the highest level of iron (58.4 mg/100 g, db) of all the plant foodstuffs. Dried moringa leaves had the highest levels of calcium and total phenolics, and substantial levels of phytate, as well as possible low levels of organic acids, all which contributed to the low iron and zinc bioaccessibilities. Including baobab fruit pulp and possibly hibiscus calyces in a cereal based meal, show potential to increase both the iron and zinc bioaccessibilities. The iron and zinc status of people consuming a cereal-based diet may be improved by the inclusion of baobab fruit pulp or possibly hibiscus calyces, as food-to-food fortificants, to cereal-based porridges.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Food Science
MSc
Unrestricted

Les chapes autonivelantes sont souvent composées de ciment alumineux et de sulfate de calcium pour assurer une prise rapide. Le ciment alumineux est généralement à base de monocalcium aluminate (CA). Récemment, un nouveau ciment alumineux riche en mayénite (C12A7) a été conçu pour optimiser l’application des chapes par l’augmentation de la quantité d’ettringite formée. Le développement de l’hydratation au jeune âge (pendant les premières 24 heures) de ce type de produit est pourtant très peu connu. L’objectif principal de cette étude est d’évaluer l’interaction entre l’hydratation au jeune âge et le séchage naturel à travers un modèle de couplage. Ce modèle est appliqué à l’étude d’une pâte pure ettringitique composée de ciment riche en C12A7 et de plâtre alpha. Tout d’abord, un modèle cinétique d’hydratation, initialement développé en système dilué, a été proposé pour étudier l’hydratation d’une pâte pure ettringitique en condition endogène. Il permet de décrire l’évolution en fonction du temps de la porosité, de la teneur en eau, des quantités de phases (réactifs et hydrates). Un modèle de distribution de rayon de pores a été aussi proposé. Ce modèle permet d’obtenir la courbe de pression capillaire au jeune âge nécessaire pour la modélisation des transferts hydriques. Ensuite, une modélisation complète des transferts hydriques a été présentée. Elle a montré que l’hypothèse d’une pression de gaz constante conduit à une surestimation de perte de masse pour des matériaux à faible perméabilité. Pourtant, pour le cas des ciments alumineux, cette hypothèse peut être retenue pour simplifier le couplage avec le modèle cinétique d’hydratation. Enfin, une modélisation des couplages entre l’hydratation et la dessiccation a été développée. L’originalité de ce modèle porte sur l’intégration de la courbe isotherme issue du modèle de distribution poreuse dans la modélisation des transferts hydriques via une fonction Matlab. Le modèle a été capable de reproduire la cinétique de perte de masse d’un échantillon de pâte pure ettringite réactive soumis au séchage précoce. La nécessité de la prise en compte de l’évolution de température a été mise en évidence. De plus, le modèle a prévu un arrêt précoce de l’hydratation à la surface séchante après 10 heures d’hydratation. L’effet de la dessiccation atteint une profondeur de 5 mm sur un échantillon de 3 cm d’épaisseur
Self-leveling flooring compounds (SLC) are often composed of calcium aluminate cements (CAC) and calcium sulfate to ensure rapid setting. The mineral composition of calcium aluminate cements is usually designed around monocalcium aluminate (CA). Recently, a new cement with the main compound of mayenite (C12A7) has been designed to optimize the application of SLC by increasing the amount of ettringite in the hydration product. However, there is a lack of knowledge related to early-age hydration (during the first 24 hours) of this type of product. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the interaction between early-age hydration and natural drying through a coupling model. This model is applied to the study of an ettringite binder composed of cement rich in C12A7 and plaster First, a kinetic model of hydration, initially developed in a diluted system, has been proposed to study the hydration of an ettringite paste under endogenous conditions. It allows to describe the evolution as a function of time of the porosity, the water content, and the quantities of phases (reactants and hydrates). A model of pore size distribution has also been proposed. This model allows us to obtain the capillary pressure curve at early-age, which is necessary for the modeling of moisture transport. Then, a complete modeling of water transfers was presented. It has shown that the assumption of constant gas pressure leads to an overestimation of mass loss for weakly permeable materials. However, for the case of CAC, this hypothesis can be retained to simplify the coupling with the kinetic model of hydration. Finally, a modeling of the coupling between hydration and desiccation has been developed. The originality of this model concerns the integration of the isothermal curve resulting from the pore size distribution model in the modeling of water transfers via a Matlab function. The model was able to reproduce the kinetics of mass loss of a sample of ettringite binder subjected to early drying. The role of temperature was also elucidated. In addition, the model predicted an early stop of hydration on the drying surface after 10 hours of hydration. The effect of desiccation reaches a depth of 5 mm on a sample with a thickness of 3 cm

L'étude de l'écoulement à l'aval d'une ride a un intérêt primordial dans la dynamique et l'évolution des rivières, des milieux côtiers ou des estuaires. Une des questions au coeur de ces écoulements est liée aux mécanismes d'interaction entre les particules et l'écoulement. Cette interaction donne souvent lieu à la formation de structures ondulées (rides ou dunes). Ce couplage est engendré au niveau de l'écoulement moyen, de la forme de la dune mais aussi au niveau de la macro turbulence et des structures tourbillonnaires instationnaires générées par la présence même des formes sédimentaires. L'identification des différents mécanismes et processus hydrodynamiques générés par la présence de dunes ou rides est exposée en détail par l'examen de l'écoulement laminaire à l'aval d'une ride fixe et isolée. Des techniques de mesure optiques 2D (PIV, visualisations) et 3D (Stéréo-PIV, tomographie laser) couplées à une étude numérique avec un code industriel, permettent de mettre en évidence l'instationarité, la tridimensionnalité de l'écoulement ainsi que la dynamique tourbillonnaire de la zone de recirculation à l'aval de la ride. L'impact de l'écoulement turbulent sur la naissance de dunes isolées est analysé au moyen d'une étude détaillée sur le transport de particules à partir d'essais menés en canal hydro-sédimentaire. Le rôle particulier de la zone de recirculation à l'aval de la dune est mis en évidence à l'aide d'un suivi spatio-temporel du transport des particules entre sa crête et sa face d'avalanche. Finalement, l'analyse et l'influence des conditions hydrauliques sur le seuil critique de mise en mouvement d'un lit de particules ainsi que la formation et la migration d
The aim of this study is to examine the processes leading to development a bed river, estuary or coastal environments morphology. The ability to investigate the complex nature of the interaction between fluids and sediments mechanisms and its role in bed transport and river stability is important to understand river evolution. Dunes or ripples are in frequent interaction with the bed. Hence, the topology of dune is related to the macroturbulence of the flow, mean flow field and the instantaneous structures of the vortices generated by these forms. Details of different mechanisms and hydrodynamic process generated behind a fixed single ripple are exposed by examining a laminar flow over the dune itself. Measurements with two-component Particle Image Velocimetry, three-component Stereo-PIV and flow visualization coupled with a numerical studies are performed to acquire and to obtain a detailed knowledge of the flow over the dune concerning the three-dimensionality, the instantaneous behavior of the flow and the large dynamic of vortex in the recirculation zone along the ripple. A set experiment generating turbulent flow is conducted in a hydro-sedimentary channel to detail the quantitative measurement of bedload transport processes in order to determine the effects of the turbulent flow on dune creation. A spatio-temporal monitoring of particles transport from crest to dune slip face is conducted to point the particular role of the recirculation region. Finally, the analyze and the effect of hydraulics conditions on the critical shear stresses for incipient particle motion as well as the formation and the migration of the mobile dune are emphasized by a geomorphological st

Ce travail reconstitue les mécanismes humoristiques propres à la concurrence politique des époques tardo-républicaine et impériale, dans le but de montrer les adaptations du risum mouere aux changements politiques et sociaux intervenus durant cette période. Il s’agit de dépasser une lecture théorique centrée sur le rire de l’homo urbanus et du bon orateur proposée par Cicéron et Quintilien pour lui préférer une lecture historicisée et combinatoire, considérant les orateurs, les traits d’esprit, les auditoires et les causes politiques comme un tout à l’agencement variable de ce que les Modernes nomment l’« humour politique ». Scrutant les divers contextes politiques de cet humour (les procès, le Sénat, les contiones, le Forum, la campagne militaire ou encore la rue), la recherche souligne également le passage, selon des rythmes syncopés résultant d’un repli de la causticité aristocratique face à César mais qui perdure à l’époque triumvirale, d’un « faire rire » frontal articulé autour du succès oratoire vers un humour fondé sur l’anonymat des correspondances, des graffitis ou des chants du triomphe. La dernière partie du travail, centrée sur le premier siècle du Principat, part de l’opposition établie par des sources pro-sénatoriales entre les « bons princes » et les « tyrans » pour mieux montrer que, ne se limitant pas à refuser ou à accepter le rire politique selon son degré de dangerosité pour leur autorité politique, les princes utilisèrent également le rire à leur profit, entretenant par là une « inaccessible accessibilité » au fondement du charisme impérial, permettant l’aboutissement de la « Révolution romaine »
This work explores the links between risum mouere and Roman political competition from the two last centuries of the Republic to the beginnings of the Principate. It is necessary to go beyond a critical discussion of the influential theories of the good orator and homo urbanus (mostly conceptualized by Cicero and Quintilian) and instead to adopt a historicizing and complex reading of the phenomenon, conceiving political humor as an ever-changing object shaped by orators, jokes, audiences, and political struggles. In order to understand its role in the roman city, political humor thus needs to be considered as a contextualized whole. The first part of the dissertation considers risum mouere in the context of trials, in the Senate, on the Forum, in the street or at war. Each of these case studies reveals a type of political humor that is freely and openly used in public life. The second part tries to determine what impact Caesar’s rise and the triumvirs had on political competition and, at the same time, on the possibilities of using political humor in the city. This section sheds light on the multiple ways in which the aristocrats and people of Rome continued to mock the powerful (Caesar, Antony and Octavian) by using more discreet channels (correspondence, graffiti, triumphal songs), and how these enabled them to keep expressing strong political opposition, which was otherwise dangerous to address in broad daylight. The third and last part focuses on the first century A.D. and discusses the opposition elaborated by ancient authors between the “good prince”, who was naturally comfortable with political humor, and the repressive “tyrant”. A critical study of the literary documentation shows that every Princeps tended to discourage political humor when it meant an effective danger for the imperial authority, but also that emperors knew how to use laughter and humor to create a form of “inapproachable approachability” which constituted a foundation of imperial charisma and strengthened the new regime, born from the “Roman revolution”

Cette thèse étudie le rapport au risque routier dans les bandes de jeunes de milieu populaire issus de l'immigration maghrébine. La bande est étudiée en tant que tentative de rite de passage, en l'absence de cadre sociétal offert à la partie de la jeunesse populaire dotée du capital social et culturel le plus faible. La bande est une tentative de rite de passage en ce sens qu'elle est une période de marge non suivie d'une période d’agrégation. Les bandes utilisent les voitures comme objets d'échange, symboles de prestige et de pouvoir et lieu d'expression du pouvoir sexuel des garçons, sans que les déplacements motorisés n'induisent un rapprochement avec l'out-group. A travers la prise de risques, valeur centrale de la bande en action, les jeunes tentent de mettre en place un rite de passage qui ne peut s'effectuer car il n'est sanctionné par aucune instance sociale extérieure au groupe et n'implique pas un changement de statut ultérieur pour ses membres. L'accident grave est la sanction malheureuse de la prise de risques et marque l’échec de la tentative de rite de passage. La bande n'analyse l'accident ni dans les causes, ni dans ses circonstances et s’éloigne peu a peu du jeune accidenté car il n'incarne plus les valeurs viriles du groupe. La prise de risques continue à être centrale dans la vie de la bande et l'accident n'a pas de fonction dissuasive pour ses membres
This thesis analyzes driving risks for lower class teen-age gang members whose parents immigrated from maghreb. The gang life is analyzed as an attempted rite of passage, in a period of lack of social framework available on lower class youth who have the weakest social and cultural background. The gang is an attempted rite of passage in the sense that it is a marge period without aggregation period afterwards. The gangs use cars and motocycles as trade objects, prestige and power symbols, and, for boys, way to express sexual power. This mode of transportation allows them motorized mouvements while maintaining a distance with society as a whole. Through risk taking, a central value of the active gang, young boys attempt the passage but it cannot be achieved because it is not sanctioned by any external institution and does not imply any change in ulterior status for its members. A serious accident is a negative sanction on their risk engagement. It shows the failure in the attempt of a rite of passage. The gang analizes the serious accident neither by its causes nor by its circumstances. The gang gets further and further away from an injured youth because he does not represent its manly values any more. The risk engagement continues to be essential in gang life and the accident has no dissuassive function for its members

L'architecture de la panicule de riz est l'un des caractères morphologiques majeurs du potentiel de rendement, sélectionné lors de sa domestication. Une panicule est une structure ramifiée, composée d'un axe principal (rachis), de branches primaires, et d'ordres supérieurs de branchement (branches secondaires et tertiaires) et enfin les épillets. Cette structure, qui dépend de l'activité des méristèmes axillaires au cours du développement de la panicule, montre une grande diversité à la fois inter-spécifique (espèces cultivées vs espèces sauvages apparentées) et intra-spécifiques (riz asiatique et / ou africain). Plusieurs gènes/QTL importants ont été caractérisés chez Oryza sativa pour le contrôle de l'architecture de la panicule en régulant l'identité des méristèmes, la division cellulaire et la signalisation hormonale. Cependant, les mécanismes liés à la diversité de la panicule de riz et son évolution dans le contexte de la domestication sont encore largement inconnus. Durant ma thèse, j'ai principalement contribué à l'étude des bases histologique et moléculaires de la diversité de la panicule entre l'espèce africaine Oryza glaberrima et Oryza barthii, l'espèce sauvage apparentée. J'ai analysé les profils d'expression d'orthologues à des gènes de O. sativa liés au développement de la panicule et participé à l'analyse transcriptomique de petits ARN dans les premiers stades de développement de la panicule. Ce travail a révélé une différence de période d'initiation et de niveau d'expression de ces gènes au cours du développement de la panicule entre les deux espèces, conjointement avec une forte conservation de leurs domaines d'expression. Les gènes qui favorisent l'activité des méristèmes sont sur-accumulés sur une période plus longue au cours du développement de la panicule chez l'espèce cultivée, tandis que les gènes liés au développement des épillets se comportent de manière opposée. Ces travaux ont également montré une altération similaire de l'expression des membres de la voie de siRNA phasés initiés par miR2118, voie connue pour être impliquée dans la gamétogenèse mâle. L'ensemble de ces résultats suggère que la diversité de complexité de la panicule chez les riz africains reposerait sur des altérations hétérochroniques de l'activité de ramification et de déterminisme des méristèmes d'épillets
Rice panicle architecture is one of the most important morphological traits specifying rice yield potential, which was under selection during rice domestication. A panicle is a branched structure composed of a rachis, primary branches, higher order branches (i.e. secondary and tertiary branches) and finally spikelets. This morphology, depending on the activity of axillary meristems during its development, shows a wide diversity in both inter-specific (i.e. crops vs. wild-relatives) and intra-specific (Asian or/and African rice) levels. Several important genes/QTLs have been characterized in Oryza sativa as controlling panicle architecture by regulating meristem fate, cell division and hormone signaling. However the mechanisms related to rice panicle diversity and its evolution in the context of domestication are still largely unknown. During my PhD, I mainly investigated the histological and molecular bases of panicle diversity between the African species Oryza glaberrima and its wild-relative Oryza barthii. I analyzed the expression patterns of orthologs of O. sativa landmark genes related to panicle development and was involved in small RNA transcriptomic analysis in early stages of panicle development. This work revealed a high conservation of the spatial expression pattern of the landmarks genes studied but have highlighted a differential timing and level of the expression of these genes during the panicle development between two species. The genes promoting meristem activity were upper-accumulated over a longer period during the panicle development in the crop species, whereas the gene promoting spikelet/floret meristem fate behaved in opposite way. This work also has shown similar heterochronic alteration of the expression of members of the miR2118-triggered 21-nt phased siRNA pathway, known to be involved in male gametogenesis. Together, these findings suggest that variation of panicle complexity in African rice may rely on heterochronic changes in branching activity as well as spikelet/floret meristem determinacy

Au moment où la scène poétique au Moyen Orient était ébranlée par un bouleversement inouï du point de vue de la forme et du style, le mouvement littéraire et intellectuel marocain, dont la poésie s’abandonnait durant les trente premières années du XXème siècle, à une torpeur et à un anachronisme dont il avait du mal à s’arracher. L’onde de choc orientale finira avec le temps par atteindre les poètes marocains,mais leurs tentatives timides et embarrassées, ne seront pas à la mesure des espoirs escomptés.Dans les années soixante-dix, un groupe de poètes marocains animé par une ambition incoercible, attentif à la refonte et empressé - à coups de manifestes et de textes émancipés - d’en finir avec le legs mitigé des poètes de la modernité des années soixante, va s’engager dans une écriture désencombrée de toutes contraintes. Ni le poème classique, ni le poème de vers libre ne les convainc plus. Ils veulent la rupture.Cette radicalisation délibérée, transgressive qui va toucher la langue, la grammaire, la signification et les rythmes, et va conduire à une crise poétique et à mettre des obstacles entre le lecteur et la poésie moderniste”
During the early twenty years of the 20 th centry, the intellectual and literarymovement in Morocco was outdated. The poetry of that time also kept on reproducingthe same old poetic genres. In the course of time the moroccan poets will realise that thearabic poetic movementhad reached a high level researching new styles and new forms.Influenced by theconcept of revival, the moroccan poets attempted to go beyond the bounds oftraditional poetry.However, their attempts remained very limited. The 1970s, in Morocco, werecharaterised by the birth of an ambitious group of poets. As early as their first texts,they asserted their longing to go beyond the experience of the 1960s, and to write a textthat is free from any constraint related to the classical poem or the free verse one. Neverthe less, their radical modernist experience will transform the poetry the 1970s into aprocess of transgression that will affect language, grammar, meaning and rhythm.Moreover,it will lead to a poetic crisis putting obstacles between the reader and themodernist poetry

Cette thèse propose une modélisation numérique 2D des écoulements en zone de jet de rive avec un code Volume-Of-Fluid. Dans un premier temps, le détail de la structure interne de l’écoulement de jet de rive généré par l’effondrement d’un front d’onde turbulent sur une plage imperméable lisse est étudié. Le modèle numérique est ensuite étendu à la simulation des écoulements en milieu poreux internes à la plage. L’utilisation d’une unique équation de quantité de mouvement (VARANS) et de la méthode 1-fluide, permet de résoudre simultanément les écoulements de l’eau et de l’air à la surface et dans une plage perméable. Ce modèle a été confronté à une série de cas tests analytiques et à de récentes mesures expérimentales. Les résultats numériques montrent l’aptitude du modèle VOF-VARANS à reproduire les écoulements en zone de jet de rive sur une plage imperméable fixe
A 2D numerical modeling of flows in the swash zone is proposed using a Volume-Of- Fluid code. The detailed flow structure of a bore-driven swash event over an impermeable beach is first studied. The numerical model is then developed to account for porous media flow within the beach. The unique VARANS momentum equation and 1-fluid method used allow to solve simultaneously both surface and subsurface flows of air and water phases in the swash zone. This model is validated against a series of analytical tests cases and confronted to recent experimental measurements. The numerical results highlight the ability of the VOF-VARANS model to reproduce swash flows over and within a permeable beach

Despite an abundance of archaeological material recovered from sites in Island Southeast Asia, the timing and route by which cultigens first arrived in Wallacea remains unclear. Many of the staple crops now grown on these islands were domesticated in mainland Asia, and were deliberately introduced by humans at an unknown point during the Holocene, through several possible routes. In this study, the δ13C, δ15N and δ18O values of subfossil bones and teeth attributed to Sus celebensis and Sus scrofa are analyzed. These materials, which span the last 5160 years at Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia are used to determine if and when there was a shift towards agricultural intensification, and whether this intensification included the integration of domesticated C4 crops. The δ13C and δ15N values of the bone and dentin collagen samples indicate an abrupt shift towards enrichment in 13C and depletion in 15N at some time between 5160 and 2750 yBP. This hints at changes in human subsistence patterns that may have included the clearing of forests, and the integration of non-endemic C4 cultigens such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica) onto the island. No statistically significant variation in the δ18O values of the enamel carbonate samples over time is observed, suggesting that once they appeared on Flores, semi-domesticated pigs became an important part of the island ecosystem, and were bred and raised on Flores instead of being continuously imported from elsewhere.
M.A.
Masters
Anthropology
Sciences
Anthropology

Le contexte de cette thèse couvre les dispositifs photoniques hybrides III-V sur silicium. L’étude porte sur l’intégration par collage de matériau à base d'InP sur le silicium, puis la conception d’un guide optique comportant une nanostructuration qui permettra la sélection en longueur d’onde dans un laser DFB hybride. Enfin, on étudie les étapes technologiques de fabrication d’un laser hybride injecté électriquement fonctionnant dans le domaine spectral 1.55µm, et on caractérise les dispositifs. Pour associer les matériaux III-V sur Si, nous avons développé le collage sans couche intermédiaire que l’on nomme collage hétéroépitaxial ou oxide-free. Ce collage est reporté dans la littérature comme présentant une meilleure qualité électrique. Nous avons établi les conditions de préparation permettant d’obtenir des surfaces parfaitement désoxydées, et les conditions de recuit conduisant à une interface hybride sans oxyde et sans dislocation. Mais ce recuit est réalisé à température assez élevée (~450-500°C). Nous avons alors développé le collage avec une fine couche intermédiaire d’oxyde réalisé à plus faible température -300°C- qui présente l'avantage d'être compatible avec la technologie CMOS. Nous avons étudié différentes approches pour élaborer et activer une couche d’oxyde très fine (~3nm), de façon à obtenir une surface collée sans zones localement non collées. Le collage est dans les deux cas réalisé sous vide dans un équipement de type Bonder Suss SB6e. La qualité structurale de l’interface a été observée par STEM et la qualité mécanique du joint de collage a été caractérisée par indentation. Une méthode originale de mesure quantitative et locale de l’énergie du joint de collage a été développée. La qualité optique des couches collées a été étudiée par la mesure de la photoluminescence de puits quantiques placés proches du joint d’interface. En conséquence du collage sans couche intermédiaire ou avec une couche très fine, le design du mode optique est de type double-cœur, qui ne nécessite pas de taper. Le guide optique Si est de type shallow ridge, le confinement latéral étant assuré par un matériau nanostructuré à une période sub-longueur d’onde. Ce matériau fonctionne comme un matériau effectif uniaxe pour lequel on a calculé les indices optiques ordinaire et extraordinaire selon la géométrie de la nanostructuration. On peut rajouter sur cette nanostructuration une super-périodicité qui conduit à un fonctionnement sélectif en longueur d’onde. Le comportement modal du guide est simulé à l'aide du logiciel COMSOL Multiphysics, le comportement spectral est simulé par FTDT 3D. Nous avons validé la pertinence de ce design en mesurant la transmission de guides hybrides. Ce design sera inclus dans un laser et permettra d’obtenir une émission monofréquence de type DFB. Nous avons développé les étapes technologiques nécessaires à la fabrication d’un laser hybride à base d'InP sur Silicium fonctionnant en injection électrique. Nous avons mis en oeuvre de nombreuses techniques, et développé plusieurs procédés spécifiques, en particulier, des procédés de gravure sèche de type Inductive Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching ICP-RIE pour la gravure de la nanostructuration dans le silicium, et pour la gravure du mésa du laser. La présence des 2 matériaux III-V et Si dans le dispositif hybride rend ces étapes complexes. Les premiers résultats peuvent être améliorés en optimisant la technologie des contacts. Un design permettant de s’affranchir de la pénalité thermique présenté par tous les dispositifs ayant les 2 contacts électriques du coté du matériau III-V a été proposé, exploitant le passage du courant à l’interface hybride III-V / Si, ce qui est possible dans le cas du collage oxide-free. Cette approche ouvre des perspectives d’intégration au-delà de la photonique
This work contributes to the general context of III-V materials on Silicon hybrid devices for optical integrated functions, mainly emission/amplification at 1.55µm. Devices are considered for operation under electrical injection, reaching performances relevant for data transfer application. The main three contributions of this work concern: (i) bonding InP-based materials on Si, (ii) nanostructuration of the Si guiding layer for spatial and spectral control of the guided mode and (iii) technology of an hybrid electrically injected laser, with a special attention to the thermal budget. Bonding has been investigated following two approaches. The first one we call heterohepitaxial or oxide-free bonding, is performed without any intermediate layer at a temperature ~450°C. This approach has the great advantage allowing electrical transport across the interface, as reported in the literature. We have developed oxide-free surface preparation for both materials, mainly InP-based layers, and established bonding parameter processing. An in-depth STEM and RX structural characterization has demonstrated an oxide-free reconstructed interface without any dislocation except on one or two atomic layers which accommodate the large lattice mismatch (8.1%) between InP and Si. Photoluminescence of quantum wells intentionally grown close to the interface has shown no degradation. We have also developed an oxide-based bonding process operated at 300°C in order to be compatible with CMOS processing. The original ozone activation of the very thin (~5nm) oxide layer we have proposed demonstrates a bonding surface without any unbonded area due to degassing under annealing. We have developed an original method based on nanoindentation characterization in order to obtain a quantitative and local value of the surface bonding energy. Related to the absence or to the very thin intermediate layer between the two materials, our modal design is based on a double core structure, where most of the optical mode is confined in the Si guiding layer, and no taper is required. The Si waveguide on top of the SOI stack is a shallow ridge. A nanostructured material on both sides of the waveguide core ensures the lateral confinement, the nanostructuration geometry being at a sub-wavelength period in order to operate this material well below its photonic gap. It behaves as an uniaxial material with ordinary and extraordinary indices calculated according to the structuration geometry. Such a structuration allows modal and spectral control of the guided mode. 3D modal and spectral simulation have been performed. We have demonstrated, on a double-period structuration, a wavelength selective operation of hybrid optical waveguides. Such a double-period geometry could be included in a laser design for DFB operation. This nanostructuration has larger potential application such as coupled waveguides arrays or selective resonators. We have developed all the technological processing steps for an electrically injected hybrid laser fabrication. Main developments concern dry etching, performed with the Inductive Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching ICP-RIE technique of both the nanostructuration of the Silicon material, and the mesa of the hybrid laser. Efficient electrical contacts fabrication is also a complex step. First lasers operating performances could be improved. We have investigated a specific design in order to overcome the thermal penalty encountered by all the hybrid devices. This penalty is due to the thick buried oxide layer of the SOI stack that prevents heating related to the current flow to be dissipated. Taking advantage of the electrical transport we have shown at the oxide-free interface, we propose a design where the n-contact is defined on the guiding Si layer, suppressing thermal heating under electrical operation. Such an approach is very promising for densely packed hybrid devices integrated with associated electronic driving elements on Si

Reconstitution des paléoenvironnements des rides sud-rifaines à l'Aaleno-Bajocien, et au néogène à partir de l'étude sédimentologique de coupes de terrain. Détermination des faciès au laboratoire et sur le terrain : pétrographie, structures sédimentaires, granulométrie, étude des éléments figurés ; inventaire et répartition de la microfaune et de la macrofaune. Conclusion concernant la dynamique du milieu et les principaux évènements en relation avec la mise en place tectonique des rides sud-rifaines

碩士
國立中興大學
生物產業機電工程學系所
99
An inspection system for external quality of milled rice had been developed in this study. Ten channels of air conveyor for delivering grain were designed and rapid prototyped in ABS material, 10 grains can be delivered at the same time. LabVIEW software was used to integrate equipments of the inspection system. A machine vision technology was extensively used in developing the image capture system. The feature parameters of grain, such as projected area, long axis, minor axis, and RGB gray value, were computed. A minimum distance classifier was used to find the decision boundary values for classifying grains. For classification of grains, four parameters of the grain geometric characteristic: projected area, long axis, short axis, and axial ratio were used to classify head kernel, broken kernel, and Indica. In addition, RGB gray value and standard deviation, and ration of RG layer were used to classify milled rice, discolored kernel, and chalky kernel. The average time required for inspecting one grain is near 0.629 s, and the average rate of accuracy is over 90 %.

碩士
國立中興大學
農藝學系
91
Summary There were one hundred and ten rice varieties, including twenty Taiwan varieties, nineteen Taiwan aromatic varieties and seventy-one introduced aromatic varieties, to be used in the experiment. The variation result of milled rice quality were showed that：（1）The heading duration, percentage of brown rice, percentage of milled rice, alkali spreading value, milled rice width, milled rice thickness, elongation ratio of cooked rice and cooked rice width in Taiwan aromatic varieties were lower than Taiwan varieties. But 1000 kernel weight, milled rice whiteness, chalkiness percentage, chalkiness scale, milled rice length, milled rice length / width and cooked rice length / width were higher than Taiwan varieties.（2）The heading duration, percentage of brown rice, milled rice whiteness , chalkiness percentage, chalkiness scale , alkali spreading value , milled rice width , milled rice thickness, elongation ratio of cooked rice and cooked rice width in introduced aromatic varieties were lower than Taiwan aromatic varieties. But 1000 kernel weight, percentage of milled rice , milled rice length and milled rice length / width were higher than Taiwan aromatic varieties.（3）In general, the milled rice quality in aromatic varieties had wide variation. The result of correlation coefficients between the investigated characters among the three kinds of varieties were showed that：（1）The correlation of alkali spreading value of Taiwan varieties were significant positively correlated with the heading duration, 1000 kernel weight, milled rice width, milled rice thickness and significant negatively correlated with milled rice length / width. The correlation of alkali spreading value of introduced aromatic varieties were significant positively correlated with the heading duration, 1000 kernel weight and significant negatively correlated with milled rice length / width. But that were no correlation of Taiwan aromatic varieties. （2）The 1000 kernel weight and milled rice length / width were no significant correlation of Taiwan varieties and all aromatic varieties. （3）The correlation of milled rice length / width of Taiwan varieties and all aromatic varieties were significant positively correlated with milled rice length and cooked rice width and significant negatively correlated with milled rice width, thickness and elongation ratio of cooked rice.（4）The correlation of elongation ratio of cooked rice of Taiwan varieties were significant positively correlated with cooked rice length and width. But the elongation ratio of cooked rice were significant negatively correlated with milled rice length in all aromatic varieties. （5）The correlation of elongation index of all araomatic varieties were significant positively correlated with milled rice width and thickness and were significant negatively correlated with milled rice length and milled rice length / widt. But the elongation index were significant negatively correlated with milled rice length / width in Taiwan varieties. The first ~ third component factors scatter diagram showed the distribution of rice varieties of three kinds of varieties. The variation of introduced aromatic varieties were wider than Taiwan aromatic varieties and the variation of Taiwan aromatic varieties were wider than Taiwan varieties. The characters of Taiwan varieties were large kernel, less chalkiness, long heading duration and good elongation ratio of cooked rice. The characters of all aromatic varieties were almost the short heading duration and small elongation ratio of cooked rice. Some improved aromatic varieties within the ninety aromatic varieties, such as TNG 71 and TK 4 in Taiwan aromatic varieties , Basmati 370 in Pakistan and Baiyu in Japanhad the similar rice quality to Taiwan varieties.

碩士
中國文化大學
生活應用科學系
101
Because endosperm of brown rice have bran layer, and it’s has a wealth of oil, fiber and vitamins, etc., nutritional value more than white rice, so it’s an excellent natural nutrition. But bran layer is hard to milled, and could easily lead to machine damage, so commercially available rice flour made from white rice or brown rice of popping treatment. The most rice flour made from wet mill, the rice flour color is white and percentage of damaged starch is lower. Wet mill on the environment and resources, could easily lead to injury and waste, so this study is made brown rice flour soaking in different solutions for semi-mill , to compare different in physicochemical properties. Brown rice soaked in different solutions(DIW，0.1% cellulase、0.2% cellulase、0.3% cellulase、1% Na2CO3、1%K2CO3、1% Na2CO3:K2CO3、1% Na2CO3:K2CO3+0.3% cellulase；BDIW、BC01、BC02、BC03、BNa1、BK1、BNaK and BNaKC). The best of percentage of brown rice flour through 100 mesh is BC03 (78.2%), and highest-level of Content moisture is DIW. Brown rice flour In water binding closest to the control group values is add 60% brown rice flour. Particle size with the increasing concentration of the cellulase numerical decline. Biggest of particle size of these groups is DIW (90.63μm).Lowest of Percentage of damaged starch and highest of dietary fiber is BC03. Lowest acid value of browm rice flour is storage on low temperature. In antioxidant test, the content of TPC test is BC01 keep up most TPC, and best the scavenging of DPPH free radical is BC03. When add more brown rice flour in pancake, the pancake volume is reduced, in TPA test, hardness、gumminess and chewiness will be increase. closest to the control group is pancake of add 40% brown rice flour.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
生物產業機電工程學研究所
102
Rice is typically consumed after milling, a process of removing the husk and bran layers on rice surface. The degree of bran residue remaining on rice surface after milling directly affects the rice quality. And the bran layer of rice mainly composed of lipids. This work proposed to nondestructively detect bran residue on single rice grain using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and fluorescence imaging (FRI). HSI and FRI are sensing techniques that combines both spatial and spectral information and may be used for chemical compound identification and quantification. In the HSI experiment, rice samples were milled and scanned using an HSI system. Afterward, the rice samples were dyed to enable the residual bran to be identified using optical microscopy and image processing algorithms. Classifiers were then developed to predict the rice bran residue by using the HSI measurements as inputs. In the FRI experiment, appropriate combinations of fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths were identified. Fluorescence images of rice samples at these excitation and emission wavelength combinations were then acquired and were used as the inputs to the machine learning classifier. After that, the same staining procedure and model development performed in the HSI work were applied. Bran image were predicted by using the fluorescence images. The predicted images were compared with the micrograph images for classifier performance evaluation. The proposed HSI and FRI approaches could reasonably estimate the residual bran distribution on milled rice surface.

碩士
國立中興大學
食品科學系
89
Two waxy rice varieties, Tai Gang Waxy 1(TGW1) and Taichung Waxy 70(TCW 70), and one non-waxy high amylose rice variety, Tainung Sen 17(TnuS17), of second crop of 1999 were used as test samples. Centrifugal filtration was used to investigate the difference in physicochemical properties of wet-milled rice flours. The eating qualities of it’s rice cakes were also examined. Centrifuge dehydration, it performed three layers of filter cake with different color after centrifuging. The data showed that there were differences in particle size and leached out amount of rice flour between different layers. Rice flour which located in the inside-layer showed highest protein, ash and fat content, highest amylase activity and lowest viscosity, white index and enthalpy(ΔH). Rice flour which located in the intermediate-layer showed lowest amylase activity, protein, ash and fat content and highest viscosity, white index and enthalpy(ΔH). In rice flour products, the physical properties of nein-kau, the results found that nein-kau prepared by inside layer had lowest value in springiness, cohesiveness and chewness. Nein-kau prepared by outside layer showed highest springiness, cohesiveness and chewness. Concerning the eating quality of rice cup cake, rice cup cake prepared by different layers of TNuS17 also showed differences in texture. Rice cup cake prepared by inside layer showed lowest hardness, adhesiveness and chewness. Rice cup cake prepared by outside layer showed highest hardness, adhesiveness and chewness.

碩士
實踐大學
食品營養與保健生技學系碩士班
104
Rice, as raw material of related products after grinding to rice flour, is an important staple food in the world. Different milling treatments made rice flour with various the damaged starch contents, thereby changing the quality of rice products. The study was to analyze the physiochemical properties and digestibility of dry- and wet-milled rice flour of Tai Keng 9 under the debranching and retrogradation treatments. Results showed that the dry-milled rice flour had smaller particle size, larger size distribution and higher damaged starch content, water holding capacity and water binding capacity than the wet-milled rice flour. As debranching temperature and time increased, the amylose content increased. Compared with debranched rice flour, the debranched and retrograded rice flour had the lower water absorption index and rapidly digestible starch (RDS), and higher swelling power and solubility at 80℃, slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS), except for swelling power of 121℃group. Under debranching treatment and/or retrogradation treatments, the dry-milled rice flour had lower RDS than wet-milled rice flour.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農藝學研究所
88
Genetic make up is one of the most crucial factors in determining the grain quality of rice. Methods to identify genomic structures among cultivars would benefit farmers, breeders, and consumers by offering reliable means to control the quality of rice grains. Using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLP), and inter-simple sequence length polymorphisms (ISSLP), we have demonstrated their ability to distinguish the milled grains among 24 rice cultivars in Taiwan. We examined 64 AFLP primer combinations, 34 SSLP primer pairs, and 54 ISSLP primers, and chose potential polymorphic molecular markers for cultivar identification. Using selected six best AFLP primer combinations, eight best SSLP primer pairs, and nine best ISSLP primers, a total of 59 AFLP, 29 SSLP, and 18 ISSLP reproducible molecular markers were identified. Each of these three methods can be used alone to characterize the genetic background of milled rice grains from most of these 24 rice cultivars. In addition, by combining the three methods, we have clearly determined the genetic relationships among all these cultivars. The present study has also proposed a sequential protocol to identify cultivars in Taiwan with 6 SSLP and 3 ISSLP primers. Results of sensitivity tests for DNA markers indicated that proportions of 10% or above mixed grains could be detected with certainty by ISSLP markers.

碩士
國立中興大學
食品科學系
93
Amylose isolated from waxy japonica rice (TCW70), waxy indica rice (TSW2), japonica rice (TK8) and indica rice (TN1) were used as test samples in the study. These samples were milled to different degree of milling for sake brewing on the effects of different degree of milled rices to the sake making. The results indicated that most of crude protein, crude lipid and ash were removed during milling, so that solubility decreased when brown rice were milled to white rice. The swelling power increased after milling. In addition, the solubility and swelling power of waxy rices were higher than non-waxy rices. Milling degree also resulted in decreased amylase activity but increased peak viscosity. TCW70 had a greater amylase activity and lower peak viscosity. In addition onset temperature (To) and peak temperature (Tp) values decreased and the enthalpy value (△H) increased after different degree of milling.TN1 had lowermost To, Tp and △H. Using different degree of milled rices to the sake making ,the results indicated that the degree of saccharification at 55℃was the highest among other temperatures and 70% milled rice was better than the others. After sake brewing, pH and total acid increased and 70% milled rice had lower pH and total acid. The amounts of amino acids of TN1 during sake brewing was higher than the others. TSW2 had lowest amino acids. The amounts of amino acids of 70% milled rice was lower than 90% milled rice. The final alcohol producing capability of sake making were inbetween 14.1%~16.9%. As the results of sensory evaluation 70% milled rice had better aroma and flaver.

Ce mémoire mesure les avantages et les coûts liés à l'introduction de bandes riveraines boisées, dans le milieu agricole québécois, comme moyen de filtrer la pollution de l'eau par des charges excédentaires en phosphore. Par la méthode de l'analyse avantages coûts, la rentabilité de trois systèmes agroforestiers a d'abord été évaluée d'un point de vue privé. Cette première partie nous a permis de déterminer que les bandes riveraines boisées ne sont pas rentables pour le producteur agricole surtout en raison de coûts d'entretien élevés. Par la suite, le coût privé a été comparé aux coûts et bénéfices sociaux attendus de l'agroforesterie. Les résultats de cette seconde analyse ont montré que les bénéfices sociaux liés à l'agroforesterie en milieu agricole surpassent les coûts. La conclusion principale de ce travail est qu'en introduisant la société dans l'analyse des avantages et des coûts, il a été mis en lumière que les bandes riveraines boisées constituent un moyen efficace de lutte contre la pollution diffuse d'origine agricole et ce, même si elles représentent un coût pour les producteurs agricoles. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Analyse avantages coûts, Biens et services environnementaux, Agroforesterie, Bandes riveraines, Culture de maïs, Amélioration de la qualité de l'eau, Cyanobactéries, Baie Missisquoi, Coûts privés, Bénéfices sociaux.

This thesis explores the journals written by the author during a 16,000 km solo bicycle journey around the Unites States, seven years ago, upon his graduation from university. This was his attempt at a spiritual quest. In this thesis, upon revisiting his journals, he argues that the original framework he used for this quest was flawed, leading to unsatisfactory results. Seven years ago, he was convinced that self-discovery was best attained through solitude. Instead, a new reading of his journals demonstrated that he learnt and benefitted most in contexts of social engagement, meaningful relationships and mutual exploration, all major themes in the works of Parker J. Palmer, Rachael Kessler and John P. Miller. He then argues that had he been guided to follow the successive phases described in Kessler‘s structured rite of passage (preparation, severance, threshold and ordeal, and reincorporation) the intended and anticipated outcomes of the experience would have been more beneficial. He suggests that he was missing three of Kessler‘s essential phases during his ordeal (solo bicycle journey) he had planned for himself: preparation, severance, and reincorporation. The author concludes that it was possible to reflect anew on his experience by using Kessler‘s theory and this process provided a more accurate interpretation of his journey, allowing for spiritual development seven years later. This is encouraging for teachers lacking the opportunity to lead their students through a rite of passage in Kessler‘s prescribed manner. They can build upon ordeals students have experienced independently, to create anew conditions for reflection, revelation, learning and reintegration.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur le roman Les Onze mille verges de Guillaume Apollinaire, et plus spécifiquement sur la réception singulière des contenus sexuels scabreux qu'il met en scène. En effet, le lecteur, face à l'étalage de pratiques et comportements socialement marginaux et parfois fort anxiogènes, ne s'insurge pas mais rit - ou à tout le moins sourit -, le roman semblant lui imposer une nouvelle évaluation des contenus, annihilant d'une certaine façon le jugement / le sentiment (négatifs) qu'ils génèrent habituellement. Ce sont les modalités - essentiellement comiques - de ce renversement des valeurs, de cette transformation de la réaction lecturale qui nous intéressent ici. Dans le premier chapitre, nous cherchons à révéler le phénomène comique dans sa grande complexité, à en dévoiler les rouages importants dans l'optique de rendre compte de la façon dont ces derniers contribuent au détournement ou encore à la désensibilisation du lecteur. Nous analysons, en tant que ressorts comiques observables dans plusieurs séquences et motifs du roman d'Apollinaire, la parodie d'une légende chrétienne, le jeu et ses déploiements, la contradiction axiologique, la mise en évidence du physique, la déshumanisation, l'interférence de séries et le comique de mot. Nous montrons dans le deuxième chapitre qu'un système de valeurs relatif au carnaval d'antan structure l'oeuvre, et que, dans cette axiologie propre, certains contenus particuliers des Onze mille verges - la sexualité infantile, la satisfaction des besoins naturels, la confusion des genres sexuels, la souffrance, la mort et ses circonstances atroces -, de même que plus généralement le bas corporel, ont une signification et des accents singuliers, joyeux. Nous nous intéressons, dans le troisième chapitre, à la parodie du roman de chevalerie dont l'analyse nous permet de signaler d'autres mécanismes importants du repositionnement lecrural inhérent aux contenus sexuels dans le roman d'Apollinaire, à savoir la culbute parodique par laquelle la sexualité se voit sporadiquement projetée vers le haut, ainsi que la déviation du contenu - au fort potentiel scandaleux - vers la forme - à la charge émotive quasi nulle - qu'entraîne la présence d'éléments parodiés. Il s'agit en fait pour nous de montrer qu'ils sont autant de puissants moyens déployés par le texte pour faire littéralement basculer - du moins le temps de la lecture - une axiologie relative aux pratiques sexuelles, et qui reste, dans bien des cas, encore aujourd'hui fortement ancrée.

Diets rich in high-sugar and -fat foods and poor in vegetable food products have been leading to the promotion or worsening of non-communicable diseases, whereas the consumption of vegetable products, namely whole grains, has been associated with beneficial effects on consumers’ health, with high fibre content being one of the main factors involved. In addition to the undeniable importance that the assessment of the dietary intake has in the design of strategies for the promotion of more balanced eating habits, the food industry is also a key player in this context. The development of food products with beneficial health properties is the first step for an effective consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to invest research efforts towards the development of innovative, functional food products, with a high-quality nutritional profile and tailored to consumers’ needs. In this sense, this Ph.D. thesis responds to these two research areas in the fields of food science and nutrition, proposing a two-fold strategy based on the following objectives: to study the dietary intake of adult urban Kenyans, and further comparison with Portuguese data; and, to develop and characterize an innovative fermented gluten-free whole grain-based product, with functional properties and an improved nutritional profile, expecting a positive impact on the nutritional deficits of the populations under study. Regarding the first objective outlined within this research work, a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was firstly designed and developed, towards its further application in the target population. Once developed, this FFQ was validated (against three non-consecutive twenty-four hours recalls) and studied for its reproducibility (test-retest method). The developed FFQ presented higher nutrient intakes compared to the multiple recalls (median for total energy: 2998 kcal vs. 2032 kcal), thus showing moderate agreement between the classification of intake quartiles; nevertheless, it was shown to be a valid and reproducible (total energy median: 2978 kcal vs. 2506 kcal) tool for ranking Kenyan urban adults according to their dietary intake. This validated FFQ was then used for the study of the dietary intake of a wider heterogeneous and representative sample of urban adult Kenyans. Macronutrients’ intake ranges were within the WHO/FAO dietary guidelines. Cereals and grain products (34.0 %), sugar, syrups, sweets, and snacks (9.8 %), fruits (9.7 %), and meat and eggs (8.8 %) were the major contributors to total energy. Individual characteristics such as gender, age and level of education seemed to have implications on the choice of food groups. When compared to the Portuguese diet, the Kenyan diet was similar in terms of contributors to energy, but with some differences regarding food sources. Responding to the second objective, several bacterial strains (indigenous exopolysaccharides (EPS)-producing strains and commercial probiotics), in plain and combined cultures, were studied for fermentation of three different whole grain African flours, Sorghum, Pearl millet and Finger millet, expecting the selection of a bacterial consortium which would reveal fermentative capacity and after all show a positive impact on the physicochemical, nutritional, sensorial, biological profiles, and also on the human gut microbiota of the product under study. The selected bacterial consortium included the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v probiotic strain and the EPS-producing Weissella confusa 2LABPT05 indigenous strain, inoculated in a 1:1 ratio (v/v), in finger millet suspended in an aqueous sucrose-based solution at 10 %, fermented at 30 ºC, 200 rpm, for 8 h. The final product obtained, hereinafter referred to as fermented yoghurt-like beverage (YLB), was shown to promote a significant growth of both strains (>108 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL), and to have higher viscosity (35 vs. 12 mPa.s), significant EPS content (16 % vs. 0.3 %) contributing to matrix texturization and essential and non-essential amino acids (threonine, arginine, GABA, and glutamine), increased protein digestibility (64 % vs. 25 %) and high fibre content (4 g/100 g) comparatively to the native cereal prior fermentation. It was organoleptically acceptable, both per si and combined with a dairy matrix, an unsweetened plain yogurt. In terms of biological activity, antidiabetic activity (21 % vs. 14 %) and total phenolics (244 vs. 181 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/kg YLB) increased with fermentation. The digested fermented YLB contributed to the increase, during the first 6 h of feacal fermentation, of the Bifidobacterium’s number of copies of the 16S rRNA gene, which results were supported by the acidification, concomitant with an expressive metabolic activity reflected in the significant production of lactic acid and the acetic, propionic and butyric short chain fatty acids. In conclusion, this research work has created useful nutritional epidemiology tools that can be applied in future studies carried out in Kenya. In addition, it has increased food alternatives in the area of fermented probiotic products, specifically with the development of a novel synbiotic functional fermented African gluten-free cereal-based product. Thus, the work developed in this thesis brought increased scientific knowledge and pioneering novelty in several areas of research.
Uma alimentação rica em produtos açucarados e processados e pobre em alimentos de origem vegetal, tem-se demonstrado potenciadora do aparecimento e progressão de doenças não transmissíveis, enquanto que o consumo de produtos de origem vegetal, nomeadamente cereais integrais, tem-se revelado promissor na saúde do consumidor, sendo o alto teor em fibra um dos principais responsáveis por estes benefícios. Além da importância inegável que a avaliação da ingestão alimentar e nutricional tem no delineamento de estratégias para a promoção de hábitos alimentares mais equilibrados e estilos de vida saudáveis, a indústria alimentar é também um interveniente fundamental neste contexto. O desenvolvimento de produtos alimentares com propriedades benéficas à saúde é o primeiro passo para o seu consumo efetivo. Assim, é necessário investir esforços para o desenvolvimento de produtos diferenciadores, funcionais, com perfil nutricional de qualidade customizados às necessidades dos consumidores. Neste sentido, esta tese de doutoramento vem dar resposta a estes dois eixos de investigação nas áreas das ciências da nutrição e alimentação, tendo especificamente os seguintes objetivos: estudar a ingestão alimentar e nutricional da população adulta residente em zonas urbanas do Quénia, e sua comparação com a realidade Portuguesa; e, desenvolver e caracterizar um produto alimentar inovador, fermentado, à base de cereais integrais Africanos isentos de glúten, com propriedades funcionais e perfil nutricional melhorado, que possa dar resposta a défices nutricionais das populações em estudo. Para responder ao primeiro objectivo delineado neste trabalho de investigação, foi desenvolvido um questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) semi-quantitativo para ser aplicado na população em estudo, o qual foi posteriormente validado (método comparativo: diários alimentares) e estudado em termos de reprodutibilidade (aplicação do QFA em dois momentos distintos). O QFA desenvolvido resultou numa ingestão nutricional mais elevada quando comparada com os diários alimentares (mediana para a energia total: 2998 kcal vs. 2032 kcal), mostrando concordância moderada na classificação em quartis de ingestão; não obstante, o QFA revelou-se uma ferramenta válida e reprodutível (mediana para a energia total nas duas aplicações: 2978 kcal vs. 2506 kcal) para classificar os adultos urbanos Quenianos de acordo com sua ingestão alimentar. O QFA validado foi usado para estudar a ingestão alimentar e nutricional de uma amostra mais abrangente de adultos, residentes em zonas urbanas de Nairobi. A gama de ingestão dos macronutrientes revelou-se de acordo com as directrizes alimentares da OMS/FAO. Em termos de contributos alimentares, cereais e derivados (34,0 %), snacks açucarados e salgados (9,8 %), fruta (9,7 %) e carnes e ovos (8,8 %), foram os grupos alimentares que mais contribuíram para a energia total. Características individuais como sexo, idade e nível de escolaridade revelaram influência na escolha dos grupos alimentares. Quando comparada com a dieta Portuguesa, a dieta Queniana revelou-se semelhante em termos de contribuidores para a energia, mas com algumas diferenças em termos de fontes alimentares. Para responder ao segundo objectivo, foram estudadas várias estirpes bacterianas (indígenas produtoras de exopolissacarídeos (EPS) e probióticos comerciais) em cultura simples ou combinada, na fermentação de três cereais integrais, Sorgo, Pearl millet e Finger millet, na expectativa de encontrar um consórcio bacteriano que revelasse capacidade fermentativa e, posteriormente, impacto positivo no perfil físico-químico, nutricional, sensorial e biológico, e com potencial na modulação da microbiota intestinal humana. O consórcio bacteriano selecionado incluiu o probiótico comercial Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v e a bactéria indígena produtora de EPS Weissella confusa 2LABPT05, inoculados na razão 1:1 (v/v), numa suspensão de finger millet, em solução aquosa de sacarose a 10 %, cuja fermentação decorreu a 30 ºC, 200 rpm, durante 8 horas. O produto final obtido, doravante denominado de bebida fermentada tipo iogurte (yoghurt-like beverage em inglês - YLB), promoveu o crescimento significativo de ambas as bactérias (>108 unidades formadoras de colónias (UFC)/g produto fermentado), revelou maior viscosidade (35 vs. 12 mPa.s), maior teor em EPS (16 % vs. 0,3 %) contribuindo para a texturização da matriz e em alguns aminoácidos essenciais e não essenciais (treonina, arginina, GABA, e glutamina), maior digestibilidade da proteína (64 % vs. 25 %) e alto teor em fibra (4g/100g), comparativamente ao produto nativo antes da sua fermentação. Foi positivamente avaliado do ponto de vista sensorial, tanto per si, bem como quando incorporado numa matriz láctea, um iogurte natural não açucarado. Em termos de actividade biológica, a YLB demonstrou ter uma actividade antidiabética (21 % vs. 14 %) e nível de compostos fenólicos totais (244 vs. 181 mg equivalentes ao ácido gálico (EAG)/kg YLB) aumentados com a fermentação. A YLB submetida a simulação de digestão no tracto gastrointestinal contribuiu para o aumento, nas primeiras seis horas de fermentação fecal, do número de cópias do gene 16S rRNA do grupo bacteriano Bifidobacterium, com produção concomitante significativa de ácido láctico e dos ácidos gordos de cadeia curta acetato, butirato e propionato. Este trabalho de investigação permitiu, por um lado criar ferramentas de epidemiologia nutricional úteis, passíveis de serem aplicadas em estudos posteriores levados a cabo no Quénia. Por outro lado, veio aumentar as alternativas alimentares na área das formulações fermentadas probióticas, concretamente com o desenvolvimento de um produto inovador simbiótico e fermentado à base de cereais integrais isentos de glúten. Assim, o trabalho desenvolvido nesta tese veio aumentar o conhecimento científico e trazer inovação pioneira em várias áreas de investigação.

Au sud du Québec, plusieurs ruisseaux en milieu agricole ont été fortement modifiés et ont perdu leurs caractéristiques initiales. La plupart des cours d'eau reçoivent maintenant des sorties de drains agricoles souterrains, amenant directement dans les cours d'eau l'azote et le phosphore excédentaires des champs agricoles. De plus, la perte de la végétation riveraine naturelle cause un sérieux problème de protection de la qualité de l'eau et de l'habitat des poissons. Ce projet de recherche a été effectué en Estrie à l'été 2011 dans trois ruisseaux en milieu agricole, situés à Roxton Falls, à Bromptonville et à Magog. Le long de ces trois ruisseaux, trois habitats ont été étudiés : une bande riveraine plantée de peupliers hybrides (à leur 9ième saison de croissance en 2011), la forêt riveraine naturelle (sauf à Bromptonville) et le champ ouvert (l'état avant la plantation des bandes). Sur chaque site et dans chacun des habitats, une section de ruisseau de 90 m de longueur a été échantillonnée. Nous évaluons l'effet de ces bandes d'arbres, après 9 saisons de croissance, sur la qualité de l'habitat aquatique et sur la composition et l'abondance de la faune aquatique, en comparaison avec ce qui a été mesuré dans des sections des mêmes ruisseaux qui se trouvent sous une forêt naturelle ou en plein champ agricole. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer si le fait d'avoir planté des bandes riveraines de peuplier hybride le long des ruisseaux étudiés a affecté la faune aquatique (les poissons) de façon positive, c'est-à-dire en la rendant plus semblable à la faune aquatique que l'on trouverait dans un ruisseau sous une forêt naturelle, ou bien si au contraire la faune aquatique sous les bandes plantées ressemble toujours plus à la faune aquatique que l'on pourrait trouver dans un ruisseau en milieu agricole ouvert. Dix-huit espèces de poissons ont été capturées dans les trois ruisseaux étudiés, dont sept d'entre elles dans les ruisseaux sous les bandes riveraines de peupliers hybrides. Plusieurs autres types d'organismes aquatiques ont aussi été capturés dans les ruisseaux étudiés, des larves d'invertébrés dans les sédiments du fond (surtout des larves d'insectes), des écrevisses et des salamandres à deux lignes. On observe de grandes fluctuations des captures totales entre sites et habitats. Pour les facteurs écologiques, l'effet de habitat est très faible, alors que l'effet site et l'effet de la date d'échantillonnage (pour les variables mesurées à deux saisons différentes) sont beaucoup plus forts. La plantation de bandes a eu peu d'effet sur la faune aquatique. Il y a un effet important de la qualité du ruisseau (un effet site) et de son eau dans la répartition et l'abondance de la faune aquatique. Bien que les bandes riveraines aident à l'amélioration de certaines variables environnementales, l'abondance des poissons n'a pas été significativement modifiée par la présence de forêt riveraine. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : ruisseaux agricoles dégradés, poissons, naseux noir, benthos, salamandre à deux lignes, peuplier hybride.

The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked, underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones. Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’ services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’ services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services are provided through ‘agents.’ Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile ‘airtime’-based Store of Value. The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed, in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’ An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be deemed ‘money’ in law. Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in South African law is discussed. The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is recommended for protection of user funds. | vi
Public, Constitutional and International Law
LLD