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Journal articles on the topic 'Millenium BCP'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 September 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Döpper, Stephanie. "Ground stone tools from the copper production site Al-Khashbah, Sultanate of Oman." Journal of Lithic Studies 7, no. 3 (2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/jls.3082.

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Archaeological research at Al-Khashbah, Sultanate of Oman, conducted by the University of Tübingen, revealed a large Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BCE) site. During the intensive surface survey and excavations, several ground stone tools were found. Most of them came from the vicinity of monumental stone and mud-brick structures, so-called towers, and are clearly connected to copper-processing waste such as slag, furnace fragments and prills, i.e., droplets of molten copper. Therefore, it is assumed that these ground stone tools were used within the operational procedures of copper-processi

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Botica, Aurel. "WHO INVENTED WHAT? EXPLORING THE ROLE OF THE NORTH WESTERN SEMITIC ALPHABET UPON THE FORMATION OF MODERN EUROPEAN LANGUAGES." Semănătorul (The Sower) 4, no. 2 (2024): 84–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.58892/ts.swr4250.

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It is an accepted fact that, with some exceptions, the ancient Greek and Latin languages served as the basis for the formation of most of the Western (modern) languages. However, what remains less known is that the Greeks borrowed the alphabet letters from the North-Western Semitic alphabet of the 2nd millenium BCE. This alphabet was used by Phoenicians, Arameans, Hebrews and the Moabites beginning with the early second millenium and was borrowed by the early Greeks from Phoenician merchants in the later part of the second millenium and the beginning of the first millenium BCE. In this article

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3

Adams, Matthew J. "Megiddo in the Third Millennium BCE." Near Eastern Archaeology 88, no. 2 (2025): 126–37. https://doi.org/10.1086/735559.

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Wang, Peng. "Seima-Turbino-type bronze spearheads from Xiawanggang in Xichuan and the implications for north-south cultural exchange." Chinese Archaeology 24, no. 1 (2024): 168–79. https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2024-0012.

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Abstract Through typological analysis and pattern comparison, this study demonstrates that the Seima-Turbino-type bronze spearheads unearthed from the Xiawanggang site date roughly to the end of the third millennium BCE or the beginning of the second millennium BCE. Considering their similarities to the Okunev culture, the Shimao culture, and the iconography of the post-Shijiahe culture, this study suggests that the appearance of Seima-Turbino-type bronze spearheads in the Yangtze River valley resulted from north-south cultural exchange. Understanding this cultural exchange is significant for

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Bianconi, Michele. "The linguistic relationships between Greek and the Anatolian languages." Journal of Greek Linguistics 20, no. 1 (2020): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-02001004.

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Abstract This summary presents the main findings of my DPhil. thesis, written under the supervision of Andreas Willi at the University of Oxford, on the linguistic relationships (with a particular emphasis on language contact) between Greek and the Anatolian languages between the second millennium and the first half of the first millennium BCE.

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Lomsdalen, Tore. "The Islandscape of the Megalithic Temple Structures of Prehistoric Malta." Culture and Cosmos 17, no. 2 (2013): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.0217.0209.

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The exploration of the Mediterranean seascape goes back to the foragers of the early Holocene period around the ninth millennium BCE. However there is no secure evidence of human settlement in the Maltese Archipelago before the end of the sixth millennium BCE. Approximately one thousand years later, the unique style of megalithic structures that later became known as the Temple Period commenced. This period lasted about another millennium, then suddenly halted for no apparent reason, leaving no further trace than the monuments themselves. However, based on the extant material culture—artefacts

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Gatto, Maria Carmela, and Oren Siegel. "Combining Geo-Archaeology and Historical Nile Records to Understand Predynastic Settlement Patterns in the Region of the Nile’s First Cataract, Egypt." Old World: Journal of Ancient Africa and Eurasia 4 (November 5, 2024): 1–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26670755-20240003.

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Abstract This paper aims to contribute new data to understanding early Predynastic settlement patterns in Egypt at the beginning of the state formation process in the 4th millennium bce. It focuses on the early settlements of the First Nile Cataract region. We employ three different datasets to address the issue retrieved from a recent archaeological investigation and drill coring and from Nile records available from archaeological and historical sources. The analysis is performed in a gis-based environment and through inundation modelling. Data suggest early Predynastic settlements at the Fir

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Bowe, Patrick. "Garden making in the second millennium BCE c 2000 BCE – c 1000 BCE." Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 38, no. 3 (2018): 230–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2018.1441660.

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Laugier, Elise Jakoby, and Jesse Casana. "Integrating Satellite, UAV, and Ground-Based Remote Sensing in Archaeology: An Exploration of Pre-Modern Land Use in Northeastern Iraq." Remote Sensing 13, no. 24 (2021): 5119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245119.

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Satellite remote sensing is well demonstrated to be a powerful tool for investigating ancient land use in Southwest Asia. However, few regional studies have systematically integrated satellite-based observations with more intensive remote sensing technologies, such as drone-deployed multispectral sensors and ground-based geophysics, to explore off-site areas. Here, we integrate remote sensing data from a variety of sources and scales including historic aerial photographs, modern satellite imagery, drone-deployed sensors, and ground-based geophysics to explore pre-modern land use along the Uppe

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Osborne, James F., Michele Massa, Fatma Şahin, Hüseyin Erpehlivan, and Christoph Bachhuber. "The city of Hartapu: results of the Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project." Anatolian Studies 70 (2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154620000046.

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AbstractThe Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project (TISP) has identified the archaeological site of Türkmen-Karahöyük on the Konya plain as a previously unknown Iron Age capital city in the western region of Tabal. Surface collections and newly discovered inscriptional evidence indicate that this city is the early first-millennium royal seat of ‘Great King Hartapu’, long known from the enigmatic monuments of nearby Kizildağ and Karadağ. In addition to demonstrating this Iron Age city's existence, supported principally by (1) the site's size at the time and (2) the discovery of a royal insc

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Wang, Peng. "On crescent-shaped objects of the early Bronze Age in southern Siberia and the surrounding areas." Chinese Archaeology 23, no. 1 (2023): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2023-0011.

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Abstract Crescent-shaped objects are a special type of artifact commonly found among early Bronze Age archaeological cultures in southern Siberia and the surrounding areas. Based on typology, burial context, and accompanying assemblages, in addition to related iconographic evidence, this study shows that these crescent-shaped objects, in the form of single or double birds, were religious representations once suspended from sacred attire. Crescent-shaped objects in southern Siberia and the surrounding areas might have originated in the Baikal region during the first half of the third millennium

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12

Clark, Shmuel, Mark Altaweel, and Shai Gordin. "Urbanscape, Land Use Change and Centralization in the Region of Uruk, Southern Mesopotamia from the 2nd to 1st Millennium BCE." Land 11, no. 11 (2022): 1955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111955.

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We produce results that bridge the gap between physical and textual study of the ancient Mesopotamian landscape in the region south and west of the city of Uruk (Biblical Erech, Modern Warka). A brief survey of gazetteers of Mesopotamia, volumes listing place-names drawn from translated and published cuneiform texts from the 2nd and 1st Millennium BCE, are presented. The various gazetteers were reviewed for relevant place-names, and the results were recorded and analyzed. These are described in detail below, as are their implications. The resulting data are then compared to the results of a re

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Bowe, Patrick. "Garden making in the first millennium BCE." Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 39, no. 4 (2019): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2019.1580497.

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Papac, Luka, Michal Ernée, Miroslav Dobeš, et al. "Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe." Science Advances 7, no. 35 (2021): eabi6941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi6941.

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Europe’s prehistory oversaw dynamic and complex interactions of diverse societies, hitherto unexplored at detailed regional scales. Studying 271 human genomes dated ~4900 to 1600 BCE from the European heartland, Bohemia, we reveal unprecedented genetic changes and social processes. Major migrations preceded the arrival of “steppe” ancestry, and at ~2800 BCE, three genetically and culturally differentiated groups coexisted. Corded Ware appeared by 2900 BCE, were initially genetically diverse, did not derive all steppe ancestry from known Yamnaya, and assimilated females of diverse backgrounds.

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Laermanns, Hannes, Simon Matthias May, Daniel Kelterbaum, et al. "Coastal lowland and floodplain evolution along the lower reaches of the Supsa River (western Georgia)." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 68, no. 2 (2019): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-68-119-2019.

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Abstract. In the southernmost part of the Colchian plain (Georgia), the Supsa and Rioni rivers represent important catchments for reconstructing Holocene landscape changes. Using granulometric methods, geochemical analyses and radiocarbon dating, we demonstrate that significant palaeoenvironmental changes have taken place in the surroundings of the Supsa fan since at least 4000 BCE. The initial foothill fan accumulation was prolonged by delta plain progradation. Due to continued fluvial sediment supply, mainly from the Rioni, the lagoon silted up and extended peat bogs formed east of the beach

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Douche, Carolyne, Kyriaki Tsirtsi, and Evi Margaritis. "What's new during the first millennium BCE in Greece? Archaeobotanical results from Olynthos and Sikyon." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 36 (January 27, 2021): 102782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102782.

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This paper investigates agricultural practices during the 1st millennium BCE in Greece. New archaeobotanical data provide fresh insights on the plant economy at the urban centers of Sikyon and Olynthos, dated to the Archaic-Classical period. The results show that the staple economy of Sikyon and Olynthos was based on a broad spectrum. However, the analysis records the presence of taxa such as sesame (Sesamum indicum) and pine (Pinus pinea) that are usually absent in assemblages from Greece. In order to understand the role and the place of these sites within the ancient Greek world, we draw a w

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Bruins, Hendrik J., and Johannes van der Plicht. "Radiocarbon Dating the “Wilderness of Zin”." Radiocarbon 49, no. 2 (2007): 481–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200042417.

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An important archaeological survey was conducted by Leonard Woolley and T E Lawrence in 1914 on behalf of the Palestine Exploration Fund in the Negev and northeastern Sinai deserts—the “Wilderness of Zin.” The region of Ain Kadeis, associated by some scholars in the 19th century with biblical Kadesh-Barnea, received much attention in their survey and discussions. Concerning the vexed question of Kadesh-Barnea, Woolley and Lawrence gave their preference for the nearby Ain el Qudeirat Valley, and in particular the ancient tell. Their survey contributed significantly in the shaping of scholarly o

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Lyonnet, Bertille. "Transformations in the Caucasus: Cultural interactions and movements of people from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 16, no. 1-2 (2022): 240–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v16i1-2.1833.

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Based upon archaeological data and the first results of genomic studies, the article aims at understanding the successive cultural transformations at work in the Caucasus area (North and South) and along the Euphrates, starting from the Neolithic period up to the beginning of the 3rd millennium BCE. Long lasting cultural interactions with northern Mesopotamia are observed from the Neolithic to the middle of the 4th millennium. Questions are raised concerning the introduction of the black (and red) polished pottery during the 4th millennium that led to the formation of the Kura-Araxes and Novos

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Bruins, Hendrik J., Johannes van der Plicht, and J. Alexander MacGillivray. "The Minoan Santorini Eruption and Tsunami Deposits in Palaikastro (Crete): Dating by Geology, Archaeology, 14C, and Egyptian Chronology." Radiocarbon 51, no. 2 (2009): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220005579x.

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Deposits from the Minoan Santorini (Thera) eruption in the eastern Mediterranean region constitute the most important regional stratigraphic marker in the chronological perplexity of the 2nd millennium BCE. Extensive tsunami deposits were discovered in Crete at the Minoan archaeological site of Palaikastro, containing reworked volcanic Santorini ash. Hence, airborne deposition of volcanic ash, probably during the 1st (Plinian) eruption phase, preceded the tsunami, which was apparently generated during the 3rd or 4th phase of the eruption, based on evidence from Thera. Average radiocarbon dates

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20

Verderame, Lorenzo. "Slavery in Third-Millennium Mesopotamia." Journal of Global Slavery 3, no. 1-2 (2018): 13–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00301003.

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Abstract Third-millennium Mesopotamia has provided an impressive quantity of sources for the study of ancient slavery, among them a collection of standards (the so-called Laws of Ur-Namma). Despite the volume of documents, Mesopotamian slavery remains elusive in its general traits. This is partly due to the nature of the sources, but also to the approaches and interpretations of modern scholars. Slavery in ancient Mesopotamia has been the focus of several studies in the 1960s and 1970s that interpreted the sources using comparative approaches and Marxist analyses. Since then, the topic has sel

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21

Chang, Claudia. "Models for iron age agriculture and pastoralism in Kazakhstan." Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences 7, no. 2 (2022): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jhaas.2022.07.00254.

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During the first millennium BCE the Saka (eastern variants of the Scythians) have been characterized as early nomadic confederacies or states. Recently there has been considerable discussion about the role of agro pastoralism in Eurasian prehistory, especially during the Bronze and Iron Ages (ca. 2500 BCE to 400/500 CE).1-4 The term of agro pastoralism has become so widespread in archaeological literature as a catch-all term that the variations within and between dual economic systems of agriculture and mobile pastoralism have become obscured. In this brief essay I wish to discuss the ways in

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22

Crépy, Maël, and Marie-Françoise Boussac. "Western Mareotis lake(s) during the Late Holocene (4th century BCE–8th century CE): diachronic evolution in the western margin of the Nile Delta and evidence for the digging of a canal complex during the early Roman period." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 70, no. 1 (2021): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-39-2021.

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Abstract. Lake Mareotis (modern Mariut), located near the Mediterranean coast of Egypt west of the Nile Delta, is bordered by ancient sites dating from the New Kingdom (end of the 2nd millennium BCE) to the Medieval period (8th century CE), the most famous one being Alexandria. In its western part (wadi Mariut), several sites are equipped with harbour structures, but they also have structures contemporaneous with them that are not compatible with the lake level required for the operation of the harbour. Between the 1990s and 2010, several sedimentological studies tried to solve this paradox wi

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Melheim, Lene, and Anette Sand-Eriksen. "Rock Art and Trade Networks: From Scandinavia to the Italian Alps." Open Archaeology 6, no. 1 (2020): 86–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0101.

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AbstractThis article uses rock art to explore potential bonds between Scandinavia and Italy, starting in the second half of the third millennium BCE with the enigmatic Mjeltehaugen burial monument in coastal western Norway and its striking rock art images, and ending in the first millennium BCE with ship motifs in inland Val Camonica, Italy. While the carved dagger on the Mjeltehaugen slab is unique in its Nordic setting, such weapon depictions are frequently seen on the Continent, e.g. in South Tyrol, and more often in later Nordic rock art. Strong evidence of trade relations between the Ital

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Gabbay, Uri. "“The Shepherd, What Has He Done?”." Altorientalische Forschungen 48, no. 1 (2021): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2021-0005.

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Abstract The article publishes an Old Babylonian syllabically written tablet of the Eršema su₈-ba-de₃ ta an- ak, “The shepherd, what has he done?” with duplicates from the first millennium BCE stemming from Nineveh. The composition laments the disappearance of Dumuzi.

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Graham, Lloyd D. "Iconographic Similarities Between Permian “Goddess Plaques” (Ural Region, 7-8th Centuries CE) and Horus Cippi (Egypt, 8th Century BCE - 2nd Century CE)." Eikon / Imago 9 (July 3, 2020): 419–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/eiko.73338.

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The iconography of the Horus cippus, an amulet popular in Egypt from the late Third Intermediate Period to Roman times (8thcentury BCE - 2nd century CE), is unexpectedly recapitulated in bronze “goddess plaques” of the 7-8th centuries CE made by Permian peoples – Finno-Ugric groups from the Ural region of northern Eurasia. The likely explanation is that both templates are descendants of the widely-diffused “Master of Animals” motif, which originated in Mesopotamia during the Ubaid period (6-5thmillennium BCE). Transfer of the Master/Mistress of Animals motif from the Near East to the Ural regi

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Hagens, Graham. "Testing the Limits: Radiocarbon Dating and the End of the Late Bronze Age." Radiocarbon 48, no. 1 (2006): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200035414.

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Archaeometry is becoming an increasingly important tool in chronological research related to events in the Ancient Near East during the 2nd millennium BCE. This paper is a review of recently published radiometric results in an attempt to establish the probable dating range for one particular event that occurred during the last quarter of that millennium, the end of the Late Bronze Age. The conclusion is that in spite of significant improvements in methodology in recent years, the quantity and quality of radiocarbon data are still insufficient to define the range of that date to much better tha

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Dubinsky, Stanley. "Finding ‘language’ in the Hebrew Bible." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 10, no. 1 (2025): 5877. https://doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v10i1.5877.

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In the Hebrew Bible, lashon [לָשׁוֹן] and safah [שָׂפָה] are both translated as ‘language’. In Genesis 10, survivors of the flood went their separate ways each according to their lashon. In Chapter 11, the builders of the Tower of Babel all spoke the same safah. Focusing on lashon, it changes radically over the Biblical millennium. From ~1400 BCE, lashon describes ways in which individuals speak. By 550-450 BCE, it was synonymous with ‘nation’ or ‘people’ and used in a manner more familiar to us today.

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Breu, Adrià, Roberto Risch, Elena Molina, Susanne Friederich, Harald Meller, and Franziska Knoll. "Pottery spilled the beans: Patterns in the processing and consumption of dietary lipids in Central Germany from the Early Neolithic to the Bronze Age." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (2024): e0301278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301278.

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The need to better understand economic change and the social uses of long-ago established pottery types to prepare and consume food has led to the study of 124 distinct ceramic vessels from 17 settlement and funerary sites in Central Germany (present day Saxony-Anhalt). These, dated from the Early Neolithic (from 5450 cal. BCE onwards) to the Late Bronze Age (1300–750 cal. BCE; youngest sample ca. 1000 BCE), include vessels from the Linear Pottery (LBK), Schiepzig/Schöningen groups (SCHIP), Baalberge (BAC), Corded Ware (CWC), Bell Beaker (BBC), and Únětice (UC) archaeological cultures. Organic

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Neff, Hector, Deborah M. Pearsall, John G. Jones, Bárbara Arroyo de Pieters, and Dorothy E. Freidel. "Climate change and population history in the pacific lowlands of Southern Mesoamerica." Quaternary Research 65, no. 3 (2006): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.10.002.

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AbstractCore MAN015 from Pacific coastal Guatemala contains sediments accumulated in a mangrove setting over the past 6500 yr. Chemical, pollen, and phytolith data, which indicate conditions of estuarine deposition and terrigenous inputs from adjacent dry land, document Holocene climate variability that parallels the Maya lowlands and other New World tropical locations. Human population history in this region may be driven partly by climate variation: sedentary human populations spread rapidly through the estuarine zone of the lower coast during a dry and variable 4th millennium B.P. Populatio

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Hansen, Svend. "Eurasia and Ancient Egypt in the Fourth Millennium BCE." Journal of Egyptian History 13, no. 1-2 (2021): 271–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340062.

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Abstract This article focuses on technical innovations, new interregional networks, and social upheavals in the fourth millennium BCE. Similar trends in the iconography of the lion, the heraldic animal of power, can be observed in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Caucasus. This indicates that a process of concentration of power in the hands of strong rulers or kings took place relatively synchronously in these regions. The exchange of coveted raw materials such as copper and silver was connected with the transfer of knowledge between these regions, which can be seen in metal objects such as daggers

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Franjić, Ana, Ian C. Freestone, Borut Križ, and Petra Stipančić. "The spectrometric analysis of Iron Age glass beads from Novo Mesto, Slovenia | Spektrometrične analize železnodobnih steklenih jagod iz Novega mesta, Slovenija." Studia universitatis hereditati, znanstvena revija za raziskave in teorijo kulturne dediščine 10, no. 1 (2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26493/2350-5443.10(1)23-29.

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This paper presents the results of spectrometric analysis of Iron Age glass from Novo Mesto, Lower Carniola, Slovenia. Several different glass types were detected in the assemblage. The results indicate that raw glass was imported to Novo Mesto from eastern Mediterranean centres and corroborate the existence of long-distance trade during the first millennium BCE.

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Rajiva, Bhatnagar. "A Study on the Possible Role of Ideological Conflict in the Decline of Indus Valley Civilisation." A Study on the Possible Role of Ideological Conflict in the Decline of Indus Valley Civilisation 8, no. 11 (2023): 7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10279539.

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The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was unique amongst the contemporaneous civilisations of the bronze Age because of its geographical extent, technological advancements, an organised civic society, well-planned cities, unprecedented standardization of construction materials and methods, weights and measures, manufacturing, and bristling trade as far away as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Afrika. The rise of Indus Civilisation (8th to 4th millennium BCE) culminated in its mature phase that lasted from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE and by 1300 BCE its cities were abandoned. The reasons advanced for this declin

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Lenzi, Alan. "Mesopotamian Scholarship: Kassite to Late Babylonian Periods." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 2, no. 2 (2016): 145–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2016-0009.

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AbstractThis article surveys scholarship and inquiry in ancient Mesopotamia from the middle of the second millennium BCE until the Common Era. After an overview of the source material, the article explores scribal authority, the organization of their textual materials, their interpretive practices, and epistemology. The conclusion offers thoughts about current debates and the trajectory of future studies.

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Nikitin, Alexey G., Mykhailo Videiko, Nick Patterson, Virginie Renson, and David Reich. "Interactions between Trypillian farmers and North Pontic forager-pastoralists in Eneolithic central Ukraine." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (2023): e0285449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285449.

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The establishment of agrarian economy in Eneolithic East Europe is associated with the Pre-Cucuteni-Cucuteni-Trypillia complex (PCCTC). PCCTC farmers interacted with Eneolithic forager-pastoralist groups of the North Pontic steppe as PCCTC extended from the Carpathian foothills to the Dnipro Valley beginning in the late 5th millennium BCE. While the cultural interaction between the two groups is evident through the Cucuteni C pottery style that carries steppe influence, the extent of biological interactions between Trypillian farmers and the steppe remains unclear. Here we report the analysis

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Morales, Antonio J. "Text-building and Transmission of Pyramid Texts in the Third Millennium bce: Iteration, Objectification, and Change." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 15, no. 2 (2016): 169–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692124-12341273.

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The emergence of ancient Egyptian mortuary literature in the third millennium bce is the history of the adaptation of recitational materials to the materiality of different media. Upon a gradual development, the transformation of the oral discourse into writing began with the use of papyri for transcribing the guidelines of ritual performances as aide-mémoire, and culminated with the concealment of sacerdotal voices and deeds into the sealed-off crypt of king Wenis (ca. 2345 bce). The process of committing ritual and magical recitations into scriptio continua in the Pyramid Texts was subject t

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Marcus, Ezra S., Michael W. Dee, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Thomas F. G. Higham, and Andrew J. Shortland. "Radiocarbon Verification of the Earliest Astro-Chronological Datum." Radiocarbon 58, no. 4 (2016): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.67.

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AbstractPapyri 10012A and 10012B from Illahun, Egypt, provide the earliest astro-chronological datum in history and, while calculated to various years in the 19th century BCE, have never been independently verified. As this datum enables the Middle Kingdom (MK) section of Egyptian historical chronology to be anchored in absolute time, it establishes the principal calendrical timeline for the eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. AMS radiocarbon measurements of Papyrus 10012B establish its date range to 1886–1750 BCE, confirming the astronomical calculati

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Burney, David A. "Late Holocene Environmental Changes in Arid Southwestern Madagascar." Quaternary Research 40, no. 1 (1993): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1060.

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AbstractA 5000-yr stratigraphic record containing fossil pollen, charcoal, and bones of the extinct Quaternary megafauna from Andolonomby, a hypersaline pond in arid southwestern Madagascar, shows evidence for climatic desiccation beginning about 3000 yr B.P. Pollen spectra shift at this time from primarily arboreal taxa characteristic of forests and woodlands of more mesic western Madagascar, to wooded savanna typical of somewhat drier localities. Between 3000 and 2000 yr B.P., the site became increasingly arid. Charcoal and pollen evidence indicates that increased fire and disturbance occurr

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Griggs, Carol B., and Sturt W. Manning. "A Reappraisal of the Dendrochronology and Dating of Tille Höyük (1993)." Radiocarbon 51, no. 2 (2009): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200056046.

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The results of a tentative oak tree-ring chronology built from charcoal samples found in Late Bronze to early Iron Age contexts (late 2nd millennium to early 1st millennium BCE) at the site of Tille Höyük in southeast Turkey, and its placement in time, was published in 1993 (Summers 1993). This represented one of the few publications about archaeological dendrochronology for this period and region. However, the dendrochronological sequence and its crossdating have been questioned, including in this journal (Keenan 2002). Here, we critically reassess and revise the dendrochronological positioni

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Yang, Bao, Chun Qin, Achim Bräuning, et al. "Long-term decrease in Asian monsoon rainfall and abrupt climate change events over the past 6,700 years." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 30 (2021): e2102007118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102007118.

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Asian summer monsoon (ASM) variability and its long-term ecological and societal impacts extending back to Neolithic times are poorly understood due to a lack of high-resolution climate proxy data. Here, we present a precisely dated and well-calibrated tree-ring stable isotope chronology from the Tibetan Plateau with 1- to 5-y resolution that reflects high- to low-frequency ASM variability from 4680 BCE to 2011 CE. Superimposed on a persistent drying trend since the mid-Holocene, a rapid decrease in moisture availability between ∼2000 and ∼1500 BCE caused a dry hydroclimatic regime from ∼1675

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Leipe, C., T. Long, E. A. Sergusheva, M. Wagner, and P. E. Tarasov. "Discontinuous spread of millet agriculture in eastern Asia and prehistoric population dynamics." Science Advances 5, no. 9 (2019): eaax6225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax6225.

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Although broomcorn and foxtail millet are among the earliest staple crop domesticates, their spread and impacts on demography remain controversial, mainly because of the use of indirect evidence. Bayesian modeling applied to a dataset of new and published radiocarbon dates derived from domesticated millet grains suggests that after their initial cultivation in the crescent around the Bohai Sea ca. 5800 BCE, the crops spread discontinuously across eastern Asia. Our findings on the spread of millet that intensified during the fourth millennium BCE coincide with published dates of the expansion o

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D'Andrea, A. C., S. Kahlheber, A. L. Logan, and D. J. Watson. "Early domesticated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) from Central Ghana." Antiquity 81, no. 313 (2007): 686–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00095661.

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From examining the remains of charred cowpeas from rock shelters in Central Ghana, the authors throw light on the subsistence strategies of the Kintampo people of the second millennium BCE. Perhaps driven southwards from the Sahel by aridification, the Kintampo operated as both foragers and farmers, cultivating selected plants of the West African tropics, notably cowpea, pearl millet and oil palm.

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van Lint, Theo Maarten. "The Formation of Armenian Identity in the First Millenium." Church History and Religious Culture 89, no. 1 (2009): 251–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187124109x407925.

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AbstractIn tracing three possible answers to the question what the 'first millennium' might be for the Armenians, various layers of the Armenian tradition constitutive of the formation of Armenian identity are presented. Three periods are distinguished: the Nairian-Urartian stretching from about 1200 bce to the conquest of the Armenian plateau by the Achaemenids; followed by the Zoroastrian phase, in which political, religious, social, and cultural institutions in Armenia were closely related to Iranian ones, lasting until the adoption of Christianity as state religion in Armenia at the beginn

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Desset, François, Kambiz Tabibzadeh, Matthieu Kervran, Gian Pietro Basello, and and Gianni Marchesi. "The Decipherment of Linear Elamite Writing." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 112, no. 1 (2022): 11–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-2022-0003.

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Abstract Linear Elamite writing was used in southern Iran in the late 3rd/early 2nd millennium BCE (ca. 2300–1880 BCE). First discovered during the French excavations at Susa from 1903 onwards, it has so far resisted decipherment. The publication of eight inscribed silver beakers in 2018 provided the materials and the starting point for a new attempt; its results are presented in this paper. A full description and analysis of Linear Elamite of writing, employed for recording the Elamite language, is given here for the first time, together with a discussion of Elamite phonology and the biscript

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Pankenier, David W. "The cosmic center in Early China and its archaic resonances." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 7, S278 (2011): 298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311012737.

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AbstractStudy of the role of astronomical alignments in shaping the built environment suggests that centuries before establishment of the Empire in 221 BCE, the Chinese had already developed practical, geometrical applications of astronomical knowledge useful in orienting high-value structures. The archaeological record clearly shows this fundamental disposition was already firmly established by the formative period of Chinese civilization in the early 2nd millennium BCE. The cosmological identification of the imperial center with the celestial Pole and an intense focus on the circumpolar ‘sky

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Saunderson, Kayleigh, and Karina Grömer. "Textile techniques of the 1st millennium BCE in Central Europe." Ophiussa. Revista do Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa 8 (December 17, 2024): 221–34. https://doi.org/10.51679/ophiussa.2024.158.

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Iron Age textile techniques in Central Europe are rooted in Bronze Age innovations which evolved into a very diverse picture of weaving and patterning techniques in the Iron Age. Besides the main textile culture of the Bronze Age being based on more or less simple tabbies, weaving techniques like twill weaving, tablet weaving, patterning and sewing techniques are innovations in mid 2nd millennium BCE. Gold threads from sites in Austria, Bavaria and Hungary bring some glamour into the woven world. In Iron Age Europe, the first specialisation in textile craft can be seen, with a fully developed

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Spada, Gabriella. ":Elementary Education in Early Second Millennium bce Babylonia." Bulletin of the American Society of Overseas Research 390 (November 1, 2023): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/727055.

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Riva, Corinna. "Citizenship and Urban States in the First-Millennium-bce Mediterranean." Religion in the Roman Empire 9, no. 3 (2023): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/rre-2023-0022.

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Crites, Gary D. "Domesticated Sunflower in Fifth Millennium B.P. Temporal Context: New Evidence from Middle Tennessee." American Antiquity 58, no. 1 (1993): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281459.

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Carbonized seeds of domesticated sunflower (Helianthus annuus var. macrocarpus Ckll.) recovered from the Hayes site in middle Tennessee yielded an accelerator date of 4265 ± 60 B.P. This is the earliest date for domesticated sunflower, extending the known age of this eastern North American domesticate by 1,400 years.

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Crites, Gary D. "Domesticated Sunflower in Fifth Millennium B.P. Temporal Context: New Evidence from Middle Tennessee." American Antiquity 58, no. 01 (1993): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600056146.

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Carbonized seeds of domesticated sunflower (Helianthus annuus var. macrocarpus Ckll.) recovered from the Hayes site in middle Tennessee yielded an accelerator date of 4265 ± 60 B.P. This is the earliest date for domesticated sunflower, extending the known age of this eastern North American domesticate by 1,400 years.

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Barta, Peter, Ján Sládek, Mária Hajnalová, and Ivan Nagy. "Monoxyl z doby laténskej zo Šamorína." Musaica Archaeologica 5, no. 2 (2020): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46283/musarch.2020.2.04.

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In the article we present preliminary results of research of a logboat housed in the Žitný Ostrov Museum in Dunajská Streda. According to our research the boat comes from the 3rd century or later part of the last third of 1st millennium cal BCE. It is the earliest chronometrically dated vessel countrywide and the second specimen of Late Iron Age logboats known from Slovak and Czech Republics.

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