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1
Mutangabende, Shepherd, and Elvin Shava. "Assessing Progress and Pitfalls of the Millennium Development Goals in Zimbabwe: A Critical Analysis." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v4i4.141.
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Zimbabwe adopted the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) at their inception in 2000 and it has trends of its progress in its attempt to attain these MDGs as indicated in progress reports since 2004, 2010, 2012 and 2015. In these reports optimistic trends are chiefly found in MDG2 on universal primary education which is Zimbabwe’s pride in Africa, MDG3 regarding gender parity in schools and MDG6 on HIV and AIDS. The country continues to face its biggest challenges in attaining MDG1 which is eliminating extreme poverty and hunger and MDG5 which is increase nurturing mortality, whereas all the objectives under these goals are dubious that would be attained at the cut-off date. It was unfortunate that, the inception of the MDGs coincided with the deepening of socioeconomic, political and environmental crisis in the country which made it very difficult for Zimbabwe to accomplish all of its MDGs. The focal motive of this study was to check the progress, policies, programmes and strategies which were in place to promote the attainment of the MDGs from 2000-2015 and other strategies or policies in place to attain the SDGs 2016-2030. This paper recommended that there is need for institutionalisation of SDGs that is aligning them with Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socioeconomic Transformation (Zim-Asset) cluster; for instance, value accumulation and beneficiation, nourishment security, poverty extermination, social services and strengthening partnership with all stakeholders. The research uses intensive secondary data analysis from various sources including government gazette, journal articles, e-books, and government website, reports, published and unpublished books.
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English, Mike, Rex English, and Atti English. "Millennium Development Goals progress: a perspective from sub-Saharan Africa." Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, Suppl 1 (January 22, 2015): S57—S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-305747.
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Sub-Saharan Africa is a highly diverse geo-political region. Any brief discussion of the progress made over the last 15 years towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will therefore not do justice to the true complexity of context and events. Our focus will be MDG4—to reduce child mortality by 66% from 1990 levels. We will touch briefly on MDG1, to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, MDG2, to achieve universal primary education, and MDG5, to improve maternal health, which are inextricably linked with child well-being. We will also draw on an eclectic mix of additional global indicators. Acknowledging the limitations of this approach, we first offer a summary of expected progress and then point to debates on future goals.
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Larionova, Marina. "The Challenges of Attaining the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)." International Organisations Research Journal 15, no. 1 (April 5, 2020): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2020-01-07.
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The history of the millennium development goals (MDGs), the achievement of which experienced a major setback with the outbreak of the 2008 global economic and financial crisis, may provide some useful insights on the global partnership for the sustainable development goals (SDGs). There is a vast literature devoted to the MDGs. Most of the analysis is focused on the implementation and progress made toward achieving the MDGs. Fewer authors explore reasons for shortfalls or describe intrinsic limitations to the MDG framework, including limitations in the development, formulation and content of the MDGs themselves. This article reviews cooperation on the MDGs, exploring the priorities of different stakeholders and the challenges to progress inthe broader context of development and global governance.The review focuses on MDG 8, developing a global partnership for development. Added to the MDGs due to Kofi Annan’s leadership, MDG 8 helped to attract support from developing countries which viewed the MDGs as reflecting a one-sided deal favouring the interests of rich countries. Inclusion of the goal to reform the international economic system appeased some critics of the international development goals that were put forward by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and taken as the basis for the MDGs. This article argues that despite the endeavour by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly to steer the development of global partnerships, extrinsic barriers such as lack of political will on the part of the key stakeholders, the financial crisis, and vested interests prevented deliveryon MDG 8’s key target ofdeveloping an open, predictable, rule-based, non-discriminatory trading and economic system. Achievement of this goal is necessary in order to create the equitable and inclusive international order demanded by developing countries for decades. Most markedly, a lack of progress on MDG 8’s goal of addressing systemic issues of global economic governance became the greatest challenge to achieving the MDGs, and the greatest disappointment. Systemic problems were inherited by the SDGs, the achievement of which requires a truly global partnership able to build a new economic order as a foundation for inclusive and sustainable development. This review draws on content analysis of General Assembly resolutions and the official records of its 55th to 70th sessions, documents from the three conferences on financing for development, the crisis summit, reports on MDG results, and public statements and analytical narratives about the MDGs
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Katamba, David, Cedric Marvin Nkiko, Charles Tushabomwe-Kazooba, Sulayiman Babiiha Mpisi, Imelda Kemeza, and Christopher M.J. Wickert. "Integrating corporate social responsibility into efforts to realize millennium development goals." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 10, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 314–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-09-2013-0051.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an alternative roadmap to accelerating realization of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Uganda, even after 2015. Design/methodology/approach – Using a mixed research methodology, this research documented CSR activities of 16 companies operating in Uganda. Data collection was guided by quantitative and qualitative methodologies (semi-structured interviews with CSR managers, plus non-participant observation of CSR activities and projects linked with MDGs). Triangulation was used to ensure credibility and validity of the results. For data analysis, the authors followed a three-stepwise process, which helped to develop a framework within which the collected data could be analyzed. For generalization of the findings, the authors were guided by the “adaptive theory approach”. Findings – Uganda will not realize any MDGs by 2015. However, CSR activities have the potential to contribute to a cross-section of various MDGs that are more important and relevant to Uganda when supported by the government. If this happens, realization of the MDGs is likely to be stepped up. CSR's potential contributions to the MDGs were found to be hindered by corruption and cost of doing business. Lastly, MDG 8 and MDG 3 were perceived to be too ambiguous to be integrated into company CSR interventions, and to a certain extent were perceived to be carrying political intentions which conflict with the primary business intentions of profit maximization. Practical implications – Governments in developing countries that are still grappling with the MDGs can use this research when devising collaborations with private-sector companies. These documented CSR activities that contribute directly to specific MDGs can be factored into the priority public-private partnership arrangements. Private companies can also use these findings to frame their stakeholder engagement, especially with the government and also when setting CSR priorities that significantly contribute to sustainable development. Originality value – This research advances the “Post-2015 MDG Development Agenda” suggested during the United Nations MDG Summit in 2010, which called for academic and innovative contributions on how MDGs can be realized even after 2015.
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Durokifa, Anuoluwapo A., and Babatunde Moshood Abdul-Wasi. "Evaluating Nigeria’s Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): DETERMINANTS, DELIVERABLES, AND SHORTFALLS." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v4i4.147.
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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was implemented in 2000 ostensibly to accelerate development within its 15 years plan of action. In the credence of this notion, Nigeria was one of the early countries that adopted the rational policy. Prior to the introduction of MDG, the country had implemented diverse developmental policies which are said not to have delivered the expected dividend. Hence, no sooner, the MDGs came to an end; the impulse of another developmental goal became necessary. Sustainable development Goals (SDGs) succeeding MDGs reiterates questions such as, how well did MDGs perform in developing countries? Where the aims of the MDGs met? If MDGs struggle to achieve 8 goals, how possible will SDGs 17 goals be realized? It is in this light, that the study using secondary data evaluate the MDG era in Nigeria, how far and how well they achieved their set target. The study suggests that although MDGs era in Nigeria recorded slight progress with regards to targeted goals, it did not meet the required plausible targets. Hence, as a very effective way of achieving sustainable development, the study recommends good governance and prioritizing of goals according to the country needs.
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Akinboade, Oludele Akinloye, and Emilie Chanceline Kinfack. "Financial development, economic growth and millennium development goals in South Africa." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 5 (May 11, 2015): 459–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-01-2013-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically report the findings on the relationship between financial sector development, economic growth and of millennium development goals (MDGs) for poverty reduction, education and health development in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach – The autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing technique was applied to two indicators of financial development, economic growth and four indicators of MDGs. Findings – Economic growth and MDGs jointly cause financial development. Similarly, economic growth and financial sector development jointly cause the attainment of MDGs. The attainment of MDGs such as increased per capita expenditure on food and education as well as economic growth jointly cause financial development. Practical implications – The findings highlight the complexity of the relationship between financial development, economic growth and MDGs. It is essential that the government of South Africa pursue a three track strategy of promoting financial sector development, economic growth and MDGs. The development of one strategy causes and is caused by the development of the other two. Originality/value – Relationships between financial development, economic growth and MDG targets are unsettled in the literature. This paper studies the link between the three variables in South Africa. Hence, the contribution of this study is to enrich the understanding of this important field in the context of an important African country.
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Matafwali, Muleba, and Kenny Makungu. "An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Communication Strategies for Achieving Millennium Development Goals in Zambia." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 141–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.2.1.438.
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According to various reports by the UN and other organizations, Africa is facing big challenges in achieving the world's anti-poverty Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This prompted a study by Muleba Matafwali (2010) which aimed at enhancing the understanding that communication plays a very critical role in the quest to attain development in Zambia. Key findings were that Twenty-Five point Five percent (25.5%) of the respondents indicated that television and radio documentaries were the most useful tool sources of information on MDGs for them. Forty-Three point Six percent (43.6%) indicated that community education on MDGs should be intensified. A total of 16.4% of respondents indicated that radio and television programmes should be prioritized in an effort to accelerate the achievement of MDGs. The findings also revealed that MDG experts and politicians make up 19.1% and 18.2% respectively of people who were good sources of information for them. A total of 126 people were sampled for the study. In the conclusion, the study noted that all key players in the MDG campaign were making significant efforts to reach the wider public with the MDG message. However there was need to accelerate these efforts in order to reach the wider population. The study recommended that MDG campaigners should use more inexpensive communication methods such as folk media alongside conversional means of communication such as radio.
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Romaine, Suzanne. "Keeping the promise of the Millennium Development Goals: Why language matters." Applied Linguistics Review 4, no. 1 (March 29, 2013): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2013-0001.
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AbstractThe adoption of the Millennium Declaration in 2000 by 189 member-states of the United Nations defined a critical moment for global cooperation as leaders committed themselves to achieve eight specific development objectives known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. As the largest and arguably most ambitious initiative on the international development agenda, the MDGs have become the normative framework for human development, and the MDG language of goals and targets now shapes the global debate about how to define and measure development. Examination of the progress achieved thus far towards the MDGs pinpoints language at the very heart of major fault lines in the development process: those most often left behind are language minorities. Keeping the promise of the MDGs requires a new understanding of the critical role of language in human development. Because there can be no true development with linguistic development, only by putting language at the center of development can we close the gaps and meet key targets of the MDGs and other global agendas such as Education for All (EFA) and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). This article issues an urgent call for linguists to make their voices heard.
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Bariyah, N. Oneng Nurul, and Siti Rohmah. "Analisis maslahah dalam millennium development goals." Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v13i2.141-162.
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The analysis of Maslahah in the Millennium Development Goals . This research is a study Maslahah of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The focus of this research is Maslahahof five MDG targets, namely: 1) Reduction of extreme poverty and hunger, Equity in education, 3) Supporting the equation of gender and empowerment of women, 4) Reduce child mortality, 5) Improve maternal health The method of research used qualitative analysis. The data sources of this study is literature, Because this type of research is library research. The results Showed that the millennium goals are maslahah values that have an influence on the maintenance of maqasid al-Shari’ah, namely: to maintain religion, mind, spirit, Ancestry, wealth, lineage. All of this indicates the existence of universal values of Islamic law as rahmatan lil’alamin and suitable for all times and places salih likulli zaman wa makan.
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Chiguware, Tendai. "Compatibility between the Millennium Development Goals and the Global Development Discourse: PERSPECTIVES FROM ZIMBABWE." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v4i4.138.
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The Millennium Development Goals were a rather a bold initiate meant to curtail rising levels of poverty in developing countries. While the intention of the MDGs has been roundly praised, what has beenquestioned is the capacity of the respective governments to implement and achieve the stated goals. Conceptually, there were also questions about a program with uniform indicators that did not take cognisance of disparities within countries. However, the design of the MDGs did not raise as much questions as the execution of them. In recent, there have also been questions on the possibility and efficacy of achieving the MDG. While there were always doubts about the capacity of the international community to raise the requisite resources to achieve the MDGs, there were always undercurrents of the capacity of beneficiary countries to implement the goals. Further, the study argues that the prevailing development discourse in Zimbabwe entrenched in the use and dependence of donor agencies and their respective implementing NGOs further reduced the chances of the MDGs, and consequently, sustainable development ever being achieved in the country.
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Prachitha, J., Akshay Dhume, and S. Subramanian. "India in Pursuit of Millennium Development Goals: Were the Targets Really Feasible?" Journal of Developing Societies 35, no. 1 (March 2019): 105–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x19826737.
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In recent years, the Indian National Health Mission (NHM) was introduced by the Government of India as an umbrella of health programs to cover reproductive and child health, adolescent health, and selected disease control programs. These programs were given a mandate to accelerate the achievement of the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. Considerable progress toward realizing the MDG objectives has been achieved, especially reductions in infant and child mortality and improvement in measles vaccination coverage (MDG Goal 4), as well as the reduction of maternal mortality and an increase in the number of births attended by skilled personnel (MDG Goal 5). Nevertheless, an overall appraisal of the status of the indicators in 2015 reveals that many of the targets remained to be achieved. The analytical issue explored here is whether the targets were too high to achieve or whether Indian health policies were flawed or too long delayed. This article offers a state-wise analysis of the achievements in health indicators relating to MDGs 4 and 5. The rate of achievement for two time periods, pre-NHM and NHM until 2015, is analyzed here. Our key finding is that most of the targets were indeed infeasible, but that lack of achievement could be attributed to delays in planning; sometimes poor execution of the policies and programs; and to the economic, social, and political disparities within the country. Better organized and more innovative approaches at the state level could improve the realization of vital MDG targets, providing improved public health for all.
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Mohan, Nitya. "Democratic Decentralisation and the Millennium Development Goals for Health." Journal of Health Management 11, no. 1 (January 2009): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340901100112.
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In the context of the targets for primary health identified by the MDGs this article evaluates the link between decentralisation and positive outcomes for women and children. Using India as a case study, the article traces the changes in health attainments as a result of decentralisation reforms. The evidence presented, drawn from the experiences of two states, speaks to the relevance of such a link. Despite the heterogeneity of contexts and in implementation, in general democratic decentralisation has enhanced health outcomes for women in the selected village Panchayats. However, the article unearths significant differences in the impacts of decentralisation between the two states. The variations in outcomes between the two states are found to be linked to the architecture of decentralisation design as well as to ‘non-statutory’ provisions that can create a process of path-dependency towards achieving MDGs. The article also flags key methodological complexities inherent in the current MDG framework with respect to the actualization of the goals of equity and access to primary health.
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Anuoluwapo, Durokifa, and Dominique Uwizeyimana. "Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 1 in Ogun State, Nigeria : Lessons from the Millennium Development Goals Poverty Reduction Strategy." African Journal of Development Studies (formerly AFFRIKA Journal of Politics, Economics and Society) 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 79–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2634-3649/2021/v11n1a4.
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There is no gainsaying the fact that one of the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals is to end poverty in all its form by 2030. However, the continuous increase in poverty level has generated a lot of debates among policymakers and scholars while government keeps formulating policies to avert the situation. Thus, with SDGs in view, the study took into cognizance the MDGs before it and what hindered it from the full actualisation of its goal, specifically MD Goal 1a “eradicate extreme poverty”. Using quantitative data, the study examined the implementation of MDGs and pinpointed the factors that affected the implementation of the MDG poverty reduction strategy. These factors include corruption, lack of awareness, politics of poverty, non-poor targeted, etc. On this basis, the paper suggests that, if Ogun State will achieve SDG1 by 2030, factors such as good leadership, identification of the poor, awareness and infrastructural opportunities will need to be addressed.
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Oduwaiye, RO, S. Oyeniran, and OO David. "Impact of Teacher Development Programmes on Teachers’ Attitudes towards MDG2: the Case of Abeokuta South Local Government." Journal of Science and Sustainable Development 4, no. 1 (June 12, 2013): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jssd.v4i1.6.
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Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 2 focuses on attainment of universal primary education (UPE). Taking cognizance of the fact that attainment of the goal depends heavily on the attitudes and work of teachers involved in the delivery of primary education, this study delved into these teachers’ attitudes towards the goal as shaped by their involvement in professional development programmes, taking the case of Abeokuta South Local Government. The findings were that teacher development programmes improve teachers’ capacity and disposition towards attainment of MDG2. Pertinent recommendations for theory, policy and practice grounded on thisfinding are propounded. Keywords · Teacher development programmes · Primary education · MDGs
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Chakrabarty, Ranajit, Mahuya Chakrabarti, and Ayan Chattopadhyay. "Millennium development goals achievement in different states of India (2003-2004 to 2013-2014)." World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 13, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-01-2016-0011.
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Purpose According to the Government of India 2015 report on millennium development goal (MDG), India is yet to achieve almost 50 per cent of the goals set by UN. Characterized by its diversity, India’s progress in terms of the indicators of MDGs for the country as a whole averages out the prevailing state level variations. The purpose of this paper is to explore the status of these goals during 1993-1994-2013-2014 at state level using 12 targets and 35 indicators relevant for India along with an attempt to explain inter-state variations in this regard. Design/methodology/approach Using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution method, a multiple criteria decision making method, the states have been ranked in terms of all the indicators of MDGs. These ranks were then analysed using socio-economic and political factors to understand the root cause of variation. Findings Ranking of the states considering all the indicators reveals the actual scenario in an effective way. The factors like state domestic product, state-wise standard of education level, social backwardness and political leadership help in finding the link between the derived ranks and these socio-economic and political factors. Originality/value Previous studies in this area have been carried out taking the indicators separately. However, without a comprehensive idea with all the indicators, the overall impact cannot be understood effectively. This study is novel since it takes into account each state with respect to all the indicators taken together thereby providing a comprehensive view on the variation in the achievement of MDG goals.
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Homer, Caroline. "Maternal Health and the Sustainable Development Goals – A new focus for the world and for our region." Pacific Journal Reproductive Health 1, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.18313/pjrh.2018.900.
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By the year 2015, we had all become very familiar with the Millennium Development Goals and many countries were used to reporting their health indicators using MDGs. For those of us working in maternal and child health, in many ways, there was a simple direction to our reporting – we predominately focussed on MDG 4 (child health), MDG 5 (maternal health) and MDG 6 (HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases including tuberculosis). Across the Pacific Island region, there was reported to be good progress from 1990 to 2015 in reducing maternal mortality, with only fair progress in reducing child mortality, ensuring access to reproductive health and poor progress in the halt and reversal of the spread of TB. Clearly, we all still have work to do in our region especially to improve maternal health.
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Anderson, Edward. "Equality as a Global Goal." Ethics & International Affairs 30, no. 2 (2016): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679416000071.
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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were established following the UN Millennium Declaration, which was approved by the UN General Assembly in September 2000. Described by some as the “world's biggest promise,” they set out a series of time-bound targets to be achieved by the international community by 2015, including a halving of extreme poverty, a two-third reduction in child mortality, a three-quarter reduction in maternal mortality, and universal primary education. The MDGs were, however, often criticized for having a “blind spot” with regard to inequality and social injustice. Worse, they may even have contributed to entrenched inequalities through perverse incentives. As some have argued, in order to achieve progress toward the MDG targets at the national level, governments focused their attention on the “easy to reach” populations and ignored more marginalized, vulnerable groups. The aim of this essay is to examine the extent to which this widespread criticism has been successfully addressed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), approved by the UN General Assembly in September 2015.
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Jeffs, Nikolai, and Uršula Lipovec Čebron. "The Erased and MDG Implementation." Journal of Health Management 11, no. 1 (January 2009): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340901100103.
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The Erased are a group of individuals who were taken off the register of permanent residents in the aftermath of Slovenia's independence in 1991. With this they faced total social exclusion. This article discusses how Erasure came to be and its consequences. The plight of those Erased who are without legal status even today is discussed with regard to issues concerning health and access to health services from which they are excluded through a combination of nationalist and neo-liberal policies. As such, they not only form a section of society that can be completely overlooked by the implementation strategies of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), but can also be seen as indicative of some of the conditions that may also effect other vulnerable individuals and groups such as those emerging from various conflicts, precarious workers, migrants and ethnic minorities.
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Hidayati, Roziana Ainul. "ANALISIS PROGRES PENCAPAIAN MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR (Progress Analysis Of Achievement Millenium Development Goals In The Province Of East Java)." MANAJERIAL 6, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30587/manajerial.v6i2.1041.
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Problems of poverty alleviation is not an easy problem. Poverty alleviation programs should be targeted, the exact activities, the right program, the right location and the right budget. This programs will be undertaken in order to reduce poverty more in the form of charity, physical development and others that it is less well targeted. a lot of program-the program as activities which basically only be duplicated or copy paste from the previous year's activities with the intention that the budget, physical also often undertaken without first reviewing whether the local area is very requires the existence of the physical building while there are things another even more a priority for local residents to improve their welfare. And one of the frameworks that can help us understand poverty as a multidimensional problem and its measurement is with the Millennium Development Goals or also known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The results showed that the achievement of the MDGs progress in East Java of 7 (seven) existing Goal progress of his "fast" exception Target IC on Goal I. To Target IC progress in the achievement of East Java Province "slow". Districts that experienced the severity of poverty for Goal I is Sampang and Pamekasan. , Districts that experienced the severity of poverty for Goal III is Bangkalan and Pamekasan. Districts that experienced the severity of poverty for Goal IV is Probolinggo and Bangkalan. Districts that experienced the severity of poverty for Goal V is Bangkalan and Sumenep. Districts that experienced the severity of poverty for the Goal and VII are Sampang regency. Districts that have the highest poverty severity for each Goal MDG namely Bangkalan on Goal III, IV and V
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Damman, Siri. "Indigenous Vulnerability and the Process Towards the Millennium Development Goals–Will a Human Rights-Based Approach Help?" International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 14, no. 4 (2007): 489–539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138548707x247400.
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AbstractIndigenous peoples tend not to benefit equally from development processes. This is partly due to lack of efforts by states and others to respect and protect their land and livelihoods, and to a failure to consider their equal rights and their special rights when policies related to development are designed and enacted. As the case of indigenous peoples and the Millennium Development Goal 1 (MDG-1) shows, development indicators and strategies may not properly capture and address their special circumstances and concerns. Information should be sought on the specific situations of the most marginalized, and development policies should be sensitive to national multicultural realities. The newly adopted UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples does, in addition to other human right instruments, provide guidance on how development processes, and in particular the process towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), may better respond to indigenous peoples' needs and development aspirations.
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Stalcup, M., and S. Verguet. "Mothers and Children: Designing research toward integrated care for both." Health, Culture and Society 3, no. 1 (August 14, 2012): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2012.91.
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In this paper we examine pragmatic corollaries to the design and implementation of Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 4 and 5. The first corollary we analyze is how the timeframe imposed on the MDGs affects choices about how to implement health care interventions to meet those goals, which we look at specifically in terms of the trade-off between strengthening a health care system or increasing mass campaigns. The second corollary is that, in the allocation of resources, those choices must often be made between providing health care interventions for certain members of the population as opposed to others. We analyze aspects of these unintentional effects of the MDGs, and then offer a model for designing research on the provision of maternal and child health that does aim to take them into account.
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Fuller and Dwivedi. "Assessing Changes in Inequality for Millennium Development Goals among Countries: Lessons for the Sustainable Development Goals." Social Sciences 8, no. 7 (July 3, 2019): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8070207.
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In 2000, the United Nations adopted the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a set of eight global development goals to be achieved between 2000 and 2015. We estimated the Lorenz Curve and Gini Index for determining any changes in inequality at the global level with countries as a unit of analysis for eight development indicators (proportion of population undernourished, school enrollment rates, the percentage of women in parliament, infant mortality rates, maternal mortality rates, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) rates, access to improved water sources, and access to a cellular device), representing one MDG each. All of the selected indicators improved on average between 2000 and 2015. An average improvement in an indicator does not necessarily imply a decrease in inequality. For instance, the average infant mortality rate decreased from 39.17 deaths per 1000 births in 2000 to 23.40 in 2015, but the Gini Index remained almost stable over the same period, suggesting no reduction in inequality among countries. For other indicators, inequality among countries decreased at varying rates. A significant data gap existed across countries. For example, only 91 countries had data on primary school enrollment rates in 2000 and 2015. We emphasize developing a global data collection and analysis protocol for measuring the impacts of global development programs, especially in reducing inequality across social, economic, and environmental indicators. This study will feed into currently enacted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for ensuring more inclusive and equitable growth worldwide.
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Eskelinen, Teppo. "After the Millennium Development Goals. Remarks on the ethical assessment of global poverty reduction success." Etikk i praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/eip.v12i1.2348.
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The Millennium Development Goals were effective from 2000 to 2015. Statistics show that most of the goals were met, and particularly success in the goal of reducing extreme poverty (MDG1) gained wide recognition. Despite the strong ethical language related to poverty reduction, there has been little analysis of the ethical significance of the MDG achievements. Since statistical and ethical definitions and representations of poverty never completely overlap, conclusions concerning ethical progress are not directly available from the statistics. This article shows how this ethical significance can be analysed and what kinds of controversies and uncertainties relate to the issue. As part of this analysis, utilitarian issues, population ethics, and the social aspect of poverty are discussed.
Keywords: poverty, Millennium Development Goals, statistics, ethics, poverty line
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Katamba, David, Cedric Marvin Nkiko, Charles Tushabomwe Kazooba, Imelda Kemeza, and Sulayman Babiiha Mpisi. "Community involvement and development." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 9 (September 2, 2014): 837–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2013-0110.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how ISO 26000 inter-marries with millennium development goals (MDGs) with a view to demonstrate and recommend how businesses can successfully use this intermarriage to solve society problems. Design/methodology/approach – Case methodology was used to investigate how a company can use the social responsibility standard, ISO 26000, to guide its corporate social responsibility (CSR) aimed at contributing to MDGs. The paper focussed on the CSR dimension of community involvement and development (CI&D) interventions in health-related MDGs (4, 5 and 6). Data collection was by semi-structured interviews with CSR managers of the studied company, plus non-participant observation of CSR activities and projects. In order to develop a framework within which the collected data could be analyzed, the authors employed pattern-matching, explanation building and time series analysis. For generalization purposes of findings, the authors were guided by the “adaptive theory approach.” Findings – The intermarriage is much revealed in health and wellness. This intermarriage also reveals cross-cutting issues which support universal access to health care and prevent illnesses. Lastly, the intermarriage is symbiotic in nature, that is, MDGs contribute what to achieve while ISO 26000 contributes how to achieve. Research limitations/implications – The case study (Uganda Baati Ltd, - UBL) that informed this research is a subsidiary company of a multinational, SAFAL Group. This provided an indication that global or trans-national forces drive CSR/CI&D at UBL. Thus, the findings may not fit directly with a company that has a local/national focus of its CSR/CI&D. Practical implications – The paper presents guidelines to use and localize this intermarriage so as to focus CSR on global socio-economic development priorities, identify strategic stakeholders, and pathways to solutions for complex CI&D issues. Originality/value – This research advances the Post-2015 MDG Development Agenda suggested during the United Nations MDG Summit in 2010 which called for academic contributions on how MDGs can be realized even after 2015.
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Kashyap, Amit, and Mohd Jameel. "ACHIEVING GENDER EQUALITY, ECONOMIC JUSTICE AND COMPETITION LAW IN INDIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 3 (March 31, 2018): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i3.2018.1498.
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The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) on gender equality can be achieved by mainstreaming a gender perspective and promoting women's economic empowerment. Punjab has almost become synonymous with the low status of women, patriarchal society, feudal customs and values, social polarization along caste lines, high illiteracy, and poverty. The secondary status of women in Punjab coupled with an oppressive caste system and grinding poverty has robbed the women of their rights and a life of dignity, which were envisaged by the framers of the Constitution. The issue of gender equality has acquired a global character, and therefore, there is a need for the Civil Society to actively participate and enable the women to fight for their rights. The United Nations has included the issue of gender mainstreaming in the Millennium Declaration and 'promoting gender equality and empowerment of women' is one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Improved gender sensitivity could be achieved by adopting a proactive approach towards achieving gender economic justice. Therefore achieving gender equality requires two complementary approaches--mainstreaming a gender perspective and promoting women's economic empowerment.
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Igere, B. E., and T. C. Ekundayo. "Global mapping of cholera Vibrio and outbreaks in the Pre-Millennium Development Goals (MDG)/Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and MDGs/SDGs era of 1990–2019." Microbial Pathogenesis 149 (December 2020): 104319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104319.
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Vogel, Joshua P., Cynthia Pileggi-Castro, Venkatraman Chandra-Mouli, Vicky Nogueira Pileggi, João Paulo Souza, Doris Chou, and Lale Say. "Millennium Development Goal 5 and adolescents: looking back, moving forward." Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, Suppl 1 (January 22, 2015): S43—S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-305514.
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Since the Millennium Declaration in 2000, unprecedented progress has been made in the reduction of global maternal mortality. Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG 5; improving maternal health) includes two primary targets, 5A and 5B. Target 5A aimed for a 75% reduction in the global maternal mortality ratio (MMR), and 5B aimed to achieve universal access to reproductive health. Globally, maternal mortality since 1990 has nearly halved and access to reproductive health services in developing countries has substantially improved. In setting goals and targets for the post-MDG era, the global maternal health community has recognised that ultimate goal of ending preventable maternal mortality is now within reach. The new target of a global MMR of <70 deaths per 100 000 live births by 2030 is ambitious, yet achievable and to reach this target a significantly increased effort to promote and ensure universal, equitable access to reproductive, maternal and newborn services for all women and adolescents will be required. In this article, as we reflect on patterns, trends and determinants of maternal mortality, morbidity and other key MDG5 indicators among adolescents, we aim to highlight the importance of promoting and protecting the sexual and reproductive health and rights of adolescents as part of renewed global efforts to end preventable maternal mortality.
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Appiah-Effah, Eugene, Godwin Armstrong Duku, Naziru Yakubu Azangbego, Ransford Kojo Aduafo Aggrey, Barbara Gyapong-Korsah, and Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko. "Ghana's post-MDGs sanitation situation: an overview." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 3 (June 13, 2019): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.031.
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Abstract This paper presents an overview of Ghana's sanitation situation post-Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It specifically examines why the MDG target on sanitation was missed, Ghana's preparedness towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) sanitation target, potential barriers and opportunities for the sanitation sector. An eight step policy analysis framework guided the review. The findings indicate that the low sanitation has largely been driven by rather complex economics, institutional and sociocultural factors including inadequate financial commitment, poor implementation of policies, bad attitude and perception towards sanitation and extensive use of shared and public toilets. Nevertheless, it was found that recent reforms and programmes in the sanitation sector such as the creation of new Sanitation and Water Resource Ministry, National Sanitation Authority (NSA), introduction of sanitation surcharges included in property tax, and programmes such as the Greater Accra Municipal Assembly sanitation and water project put Ghana in a better position to rapidly increase its coverage. However, efforts would have to be accelerated by forging partnerships with the private sector to provide efficient and low-cost technologies, financial schemes, human and technical resources for improved service delivery.
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Thiesmeyer, Lynn. "What's Millennial about the MDGs? Discursive Boundaries of Public Health in Southeast Asia." Journal of Health Management 11, no. 1 (January 2009): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340901100102.
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The Millennium Development Goals are framed within the post-war discourses of development that also gave us Basic Human Needs and Human Security. The Goals set out a consideration of the failures of earlier strategies along with an agenda for the accelerated reduction of poverty and its accompanying human insecurities. Though the more critical aspects of the MDG discourse were sorely needed, they also left space for the repetition of earlier top–down development strategies, and, more generally, for a (re)vision and wider implementation of globalised intervention by developed countries into the less-developed. In this discourse developed countries identify needs on the part of the less-developed and then supply these needs. The ‘need’ discourse focussed on here represents inferior public health that requires services, goods and equipment to be provided by developed countries; what it ignores are negative health consequences that can arise from development schemes themselves.
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Ogundipe, Oluwatomisin M., Oluranti I. Olurinola, and Adeyemi A. Ogundipe. "Health Interventions and Child Health in Sub-Saharan Africa: Assessing the Impact of the Millennium Development Goal." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (January 26, 2016): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n1p187.
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The study investigates the role of health interventions on child health in developing Africa for the period 1990-2013 using a dynamic panel approach. Among others, the study examines the effect of millennium development intervention programme on child health outcomes. Our analysis reveals MDG intervention as extremely pertinent in reducing the incidence of child mortality in Africa. It implies that introduction of MDGs culminates into increasing the rate of child survival in Africa. Similarly, maternal literacy, maternal health and other child protective measures adopted were found to be statistically significant in improving child health outcomes. The proportion of under-five mortality (proxy for child health) responds more strongly and negatively to immunization coverage, exclusive breastfeeding and DPT vaccines. On the other hand, the quality of institution contributively impact under-five mortality in Africa. Finally, there is need to strengthen institutional arrangement, ensure compulsory basic education for women and strengthen the health system to achieve full packages of intervention, curtain the rising incidence of child deaths and attain the MDGs.
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HADIPURO, WIJANTO. "WATER SUPPLY VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 09, no. 01 (March 2007): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333207002676.
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All the United Nations' members have already committed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce by half the proportion of 1.1 billion people without sustainable access to safe drinking water by 2015. The problem is that with all the limiting capacities, which half should be prioritized and what kind of policy intervention can be used to achieve the goal. This paper proposes a methodology on water supply vulnerability assessment, specifically for meeting basic human needs. Based on the impacts to the five assets owned by a certain household and the causes of the lack of access, the policy intervention can be tailored made as to what problems the community faces. Hopefully the method can be used by multilateral donors or agencies and all levels of government to focus on a certain community or area that should be prioritized to meet the MDG target.
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Yumni, Hilmi, Fendy Suhariadi, Oedojo Sudirham, Baiq Dewi Harnani R, Hasyim As’ari, and Noer Saudah. "Ecological Social Development Model of Health Behavior of Conduct Achievement MDGs 5." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v5i4.4843.
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Behavior of pregnant women who support the achievement of MDG 5 has not been fully achieved, one antenatal visit, shows there are still pregnant women who do not perform pregnancy tests regularly. The research aims to develop a model with Social Ecological Approach Model of Health Behavior in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by objective 5 with indicator of antenatal visits as well as aid delivery plan both place of birth and birth attendant. Observational study design, analytic, cross-sectional sample of 100 pregnant women who visit antenatal care at the health center Krembangan South Surabaya, simple random sampling, instruments using questionnaires, data analysis descriptive and inferential, using structural equation modeling (Structural Equation Modelling). The development of the social model of ecological models of health behavior to the behavior of the achievement of MDG 5 by the dominant factor is the construction of models intrapersonal factors include knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy, interpersonal factors include the support of family and community factors include health result support model testing goodness of fit note that the resulting model is an appropriate model used in the interpretation of the model because it has a model fit the criteria of empirical data generated by the study. The model can be used to strategize interventions in antenatal care is increasing knowledge, forming attitudes and self-efficacy through various activities such as prenatal classes or groups in pregnancy exercise as well as the involvement of family and health volunteers in assisting pregnant women to childbed.
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Yumni, Hilmi, Fendy Suhariadi, Oedojo Sudirham, Baiq Dewi Harnani R, Hasyim As’ari, and Noer Saudah. "Ecological Social Development Model of Health Behavior of Conduct Achievement MDGs 5." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v5i4.4843.
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Behavior of pregnant women who support the achievement of MDG 5 has not been fully achieved, one antenatal visit, shows there are still pregnant women who do not perform pregnancy tests regularly. The research aims to develop a model with Social Ecological Approach Model of Health Behavior in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by objective 5 with indicator of antenatal visits as well as aid delivery plan both place of birth and birth attendant. Observational study design, analytic, cross-sectional sample of 100 pregnant women who visit antenatal care at the health center Krembangan South Surabaya, simple random sampling, instruments using questionnaires, data analysis descriptive and inferential, using structural equation modeling (Structural Equation Modelling). The development of the social model of ecological models of health behavior to the behavior of the achievement of MDG 5 by the dominant factor is the construction of models intrapersonal factors include knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy, interpersonal factors include the support of family and community factors include health result support model testing goodness of fit note that the resulting model is an appropriate model used in the interpretation of the model because it has a model fit the criteria of empirical data generated by the study. The model can be used to strategize interventions in antenatal care is increasing knowledge, forming attitudes and self-efficacy through various activities such as prenatal classes or groups in pregnancy exercise as well as the involvement of family and health volunteers in assisting pregnant women to childbed.
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Tsukahara, Kenichi, and Noriyasu Kachi. "Using Data and Statistics to Explain Investment Effectiveness on Flood Protection." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 1238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p1238.
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Losses and damages caused by natural disasters have negatively impacted poverty alleviation and human development and undermine the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, disaster issues were not included in MDG targets set up in 2000. A new development agenda, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), was approved in the UN General Assembly in September 2015. In the SDGs, disaster issues are included in many targets such as target 11.5. To appropriately set targets and prepare monitoring measures for disaster-related issues, quantitatively measurable indicators of impacts of disaster risk reduction on economic growth and poverty alleviation should be prepared. In addition, to promote disaster prevention measures, we need to convince policy makers that such measures are highly essential for a country’s development and are cost-effective. Although the cost-effectiveness of single disaster prevention projects has been studied, aggregate effectiveness of these projects at a national level has not been presented. This study proposes a simple method to explain the cost-effectiveness of flood protection investment in Japan post World War II by using national aggregate data.
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Park, Sung Hyun. "A Study on the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals of UN for Enhancing the Quality of Human Life." Journal of the Korean society for quality management 42, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7469/jksqm.2014.42.4.529.
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Rotheram-Borus, Mary Jane, Mark Tomlinson, Dallas Swendeman, Adabel Lee, and Erynne Jones. "Standardized Functions for Smartphone Applications: Examples from Maternal and Child Health." International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications 2012 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/973237.
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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are unlikely to be met in most low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Smartphones and smartphone proxy systems using simpler phones, equipped with the capabilities to identify location/time and link to the web, are increasingly available and likely to provide an excellent platform to support healthcare self-management, delivery, quality, and supervision. Smart phones allow information to be delivered by voice, texts, pictures, and videos as well as be triggered by location and date. Prompts and reminders, as well as real-time monitoring, can improve quality of health care. We propose a three-tier model for designing platforms for both professional and paraprofessional health providers and families: (1) foundational functions (informing, training, monitoring, shaping, supporting, and linking to care); (2) content-specific targets (e.g., for MDG; developmentally related tasks); (3) local cultural adaptations (e.g., language). We utilize the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) MDG in order to demonstrate how the existing literature can be organized and leveraged on open-source platforms and provide examples using our own experience in Africa over the last 8 years.
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Pedercini, Matteo, and Gerald O. Barney. "Dynamic analysis of interventions designed to achieve millennium development goals (MDG): The case of Ghana." Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 44, no. 2 (June 2010): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2009.08.002.
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Editor, The. "Millennium Development Goals(MDG 4 andMDG 5 and Child and Maternal Health Status in Bangladesh." BIRDEM Medical Journal 4, no. 2 (November 10, 2014): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v4i2.33189.
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Assan, Joseph K., Samuel K. Assan, Nicola Assan, and Lauren Smith. "Health Inequality in Resource Poor Environments and the Pursuit of the MDGs." Journal of Health Management 11, no. 1 (January 2009): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340901100107.
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The article examines health inequalities and the impact of changing healthcare provision in rural Indonesia. Traditional medicine is often the only source of medical care for a majority of the population in rural Indonesia. However, the pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) requires the provision and implementation of modern healthcare systems. Using case studies from four rural districts in Kaledupa, a remote island in southeast Sulawesi in Indonesia, the study shows that although modern healthcare facilities are present in the sampled island, they seem to be remote with limited access in comparison with the number of traditional practitioners. High costs, cultural beliefs, distrust and distance to modern healthcare facilities appear to be the most common reasons for people opting for traditional healthcare. However, social reconstruction in the perception and provision of care has also led to a gradual disappearance of the traditional healthcare provision. The study calls for policy intervention approaches that are geographically and culturally sensitive as the most pragmatic means towards the attainment of MDG targets for the health sector of Indonesia.
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Trepanier, Lauren, Josephine Orare, John Nyagwencha, and Caitlin Grady. "How are we actually doing? Comparing water and sanitation in Kenya with MDG and SDG criteria." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 4 (June 15, 2021): 638–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.023.
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Abstract This cross-sectional study assesses the extent to which water and sanitation access differs among respondents in three counties in Western and Rift Valley Kenya. By using both Millennium Development Goal (MDG) and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) criteria, we utilize important geographical nuances of SDG water and sanitation provisioning across rural and urban settings to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the MDGs and SDGs in each context. Purposive heterogenous sampling using local knowledge was employed to select households who represent varying rural and urban contexts with differing land use practices. Differences in water and sanitation access based on varying MDG/SDG water criteria showcase how the shift from technology-based criteria to service provisioning criteria affects understanding of progress and remaining challenges toward water and sanitation provisioning. Results indicate that although 72% of respondents have Improved Water per MDG criteria, only 34% have Safely Managed Water and 36% have Basic Water as per the SDGs. Component analyses show SDG criteria with the lowest percentages of achievement were: microbial and fluoride water quality and that sanitation facilities were not shared with other households. These results pinpoint areas where there is a need for increased research and investment surrounding how to achieve specific SDG criteria and increase access to safe water and sanitation.
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O'Hara, Sarah, Tim Hannan, and Maria Genina. "Assessing access to safe water and monitoring progress on MDG7 target 10 (access to safe water and basic sanitation): Lessons from Kazakhstan." Water Policy 10, no. 1 (October 1, 2007): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.063.
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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), designed to combat global poverty and hunger, protect the environment, improve health and sanitation and promote education and gender equality, were agreed at the UN Millennium Summit in September 2000. The importance of access to clean water in the overall MDG process has been highlighted and shown to contribute to all other goals and targets. Goal 7 target 10 aims to “halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation”, compared with 1990. The aim of this MDG is clear and considered to be achievable in most countries. However, it is argued that the base data upon which the targets are set and against which progress will be measured can be problematic, partly because of reliance on poor government information and also on the apparent need of the UN to have a consistent base year and set of definitions across the world. In this paper, we report the findings of a major water and sanitation survey conducted in Kazakhstan designed specifically to quantify the current level of access, providing the base upon which to determine implementation priorities and against which to measure progress. As well as providing country-specific information the survey highlighted several important issues that have more general relevance. We raise three major questions associated with Target 10: how to define “access”, how to define “improved source” or “improved sanitation” and whether 1990 is always an appropriate base year. Moreover, we argue that there is need to reconsider the way progress is monitored and that the focus on global comparisons is detrimental to making real progress. In conclusion we argue that improving water supply and sanitation can be done in a way that is (1) appropriate for the country, (2) feasible (and fairly easy) to monitor progress and (3) more likely to be accepted by government as there is a sense of relevance.
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Hossain, Amzad, Samiul Islam, Serajum Munira, Sakiba Farzana, Swati Sarker, Razu Ahmed, Mostafa Kamal Sarker, and Aktaruzzaman . "Infant and Child Mortality Status of Bangladesh: A Study on Demographic and Health Survey." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v3i1.330.
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The objective of the study is to review in order to gain a better understanding of current status and achievement of child health and infant mortality related MDG’s status from 2000 to 2014 in Bangladesh. In this regard, the study intends to review and analyze the MDG achievements status of Bangladesh mainly published by UNDP and BDHS. Building on the United Nations (UN) global conference of the 1990s, the United Nations Millennium Declaration 2000 marked a strong commitment which was adopted by 147 Heads of states, were what have become known as the eight Millennium Development Goals (UNDP, 2014). The overall proportion of birth attended by skilled health personnel increased by more than eight folds in the last two decades, from 5.0% in 1991 to 43.5% in 2012-2013 (MDG Report 2014). In this circumstance, the committed target for Bangladesh is to reduce to 143 by 2015. On the contrary, many national and international reports projected that in case of under-five year mortality, Bangladesh can be able to reach at 54 deaths per thousand live-births while the target is to reduce to 48 by 2015. Bangladesh has made considerable progress in child survival rate as the mortality has declined rapidly over the last 10-12 years. The successful programs for immunization, control of diarrheal disease and vitamin-A supplementation are considered to be the most significant contributors to the decline in child and infant deaths. MDG report 2014 says that despite these progresses, there still remain challenges. While the mortality rates have declined substantially, inequalities in terms of access and utilization of health services among the populations still need to be addressed. To improve the MDG-5, some aspects such as unhealthy environment’s impact on childhood diseases, poor uses of maternal healthcare services, different types of injury risks, high malnutrition and various technical, non-technical and administrative loopholes can be under highly considered. Greater efforts are particularly required in populous countries with mortality. In addition to medical and nutritional factors, improvement in other areas- notably education, access to safe water and adequate sanitation, adequate food, child protection and women’s empowerment will also improve prospects for child survival and development. This paper also suggests that achievement in child mortality is positive but accomplishment of immunization is very much demanding. In conclusion, the health related MDGs are closely interrelated and require a joint and comprehensive approach. Although some progress has been made, it is uneven and there are much more remains to be done.
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Brits, H. "Child deaths at National District Hospital, Free State: one a month is better than one a week." South African Family Practice 59, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v59i5.4769.
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Background: The United Nations set a two-thirds reduction in child mortality between 1990 and 2015 in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of 2000. The National Department of Health (NDoH) introduced strategies to achieve these MDGs, which included new vaccines, better HIV care and training of healthcare workers. This study investigated whether the strategies implemented by the NDoH decreased child mortality (MDG 4) at National District Hospital (NDH).
Method: A retrospective file review was done on all children that died in NDH from 2008 to 2015. Data were collected from patient files and ChildPIP data forms. Deaths before and after the implementation of the strategies were compared.
Results: A total of 209 children died during the study period. The mortality rate decreased from 47 per thousand admissions and stabilised at 15 per thousand admissions for the past five years. Deaths due to acute gastroenteritis decreased from 67% of the total to less than 40%. Pneumonia as the main cause of death decreased from 44 during the 2008–2010 period to 19 during the 2011–2015 period. More than 90% of the children who died were malnourished. There was no statistically significant improvement in the malnutrition rates during the study periods (p = 0.85).
Conclusion: Child deaths decreased from one a week to one a month at NDH. Strategies to meet the MDG 4 targets, like the introduction of the Rotavirus and Pneumococcal vaccine, the scale-up of anti-retroviral treatment and Prevention of Mother to Child transmission of HIV and better Integrated Management of Childhood Illness training all contributed to the better outcome.
(Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp)
S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1317991
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Kang’ethe, S. M. "Exploring Feminization of HIV/AIDS and Millennium Development Goals (MDG) with Examples from Botswana and South Africa." Journal of Human Ecology 49, no. 3 (March 2015): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2015.11906839.
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Galjour, Joshua, Philip Havik, Peter Aaby, Amabelia Rodrigues, and Emmanuel Kabengele Mpinga. "Chronic Political Instability and the HIV/AIDS Response in Guinea-Bissau from 2000 to 2015: A Systematic Review." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6010036.
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Guinea-Bissau suffers from political instability and an unusually high HIV/AIDS burden compared to other countries in the West Africa region. We conducted a systematic review on the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Guinea-Bissau during the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) period (2000–2015), which dovetailed with a period of chronic political instability in the country’s history. We searched published works on the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Guinea-Bissau for references to chronic political instability. Six databases and the grey literature were searched, informed by expert opinion and manual research through reference tracing. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The search yielded 122 articles about HIV/AIDS in Guinea-Bissau during the MDG years. Biomedical, clinical, or epidemiological research predominated public health research production on HIV/AIDS in Guinea-Bissau in this period. Six articles addressing themes related to chronic political instability, including how political instability has affected the HIV/AIDS disease response, were identified. The results suggest the importance of considering a broader political epidemiology that accounts for socio-political aspects such as governance, human rights, and community responses into which any national HIV/AIDS response is integrated.
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Keats, Emily C., William Macharia, Neha S. Singh, Nadia Akseer, Nirmala Ravishankar, Anthony K. Ngugi, Arjumand Rizvi, Emma Nelima Khaemba, John Tole, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta. "Accelerating Kenya’s progress to 2030: understanding the determinants of under-five mortality from 1990 to 2015." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 3 (May 2018): e000655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000655.
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IntroductionDespite recent gains, Kenya did not achieve its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target for reducing under-five mortality. To accelerate progress to 2030, we must understand what impacted mortality throughout the MDG period.MethodsTrends in the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) were analysed using data from nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys (1989–2014). Comprehensive, mixed-methods analyses of health policies and systems, workforce and health financing were conducted using relevant surveys, government documents and key informant interviews with country experts. A hierarchical multivariable linear regression analysis was undertaken to better understand the proximal determinants of change in U5MR over the MDG period.ResultsU5MR declined by 50% from 1993 to 2014. However, mortality increased between 1990 and 2000, following the introduction of facility user fees and declining coverage of essential interventions. The MDGs, together with Kenya’s political changes in 2003, ushered in a new era of policymaking with a strong focus on children under 5 years of age. External aid for child health quadrupled from 40 million in 2002 to 180 million in 2012, contributing to the dramatic improvement in U5MR throughout the latter half of the MDG period. Our multivariable analysis explained 44% of the decline in U5MR from 2003 to 2014, highlighting maternal literacy, household wealth, sexual and reproductive health and maternal and infant nutrition as important contributing factors. Children living in Nairobi had higher odds of child mortality relative to children living in other regions of Kenya.ConclusionsTo attain the Sustainable Development Goal targets for child health, Kenya must uphold its current momentum. For equitable access to health services, user fees must not be reintroduced in public facilities. Support for maternal nutrition and reproductive health should be prioritised, and Kenya should acknowledge its changing demographics in order to effectively manage the escalating burden of poor health among the urban poor.
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Das, Priyam, and Julia Crowley. "Sanitation for all: a Panglossian perspective?" Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 718–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.011.
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Abstract At the deadline for meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2.1 billion (109) people had gained access to improved sanitation and 95 countries were able to meet the MDG sanitation target. However, 2.4 billion still lacked improved sanitation facilities. India is among those countries where open defecation stubbornly persists. Despite decades of government spending on the construction of toilets, and the recent Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) to eradicate open defecation, toilet use remains a challenge. To draw attention to the deep deficits in sanitation services in smaller Indian cities, we explore what motivates sanitation uptake by the urban poor. Household survey data from 13 low-income settlements combined with interviews, focus-group discussions, and transect walks in three cities in central India allowed us to examine factors that influenced resource-constrained households' toilet ownership and toilet use versus open defecation. Our findings indicate that in urban settings, toilet ownership could, in fact, deter open defecation given the presence of other key conditions. Programs to build toilets under the SBM could, therefore, see favorable outcomes in cities provided there is a broadening of access to sanitation to include fecal sludge management. Our findings also underscore the importance of coproducing basic services.
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Kimwaga, Richard, Joel Nobert, Victor Kongo, and Mpembe Ngwisa. "Meeting the water and sanitation MDGs: a study of human resource development requirements in Tanzania." Water Policy 15, S2 (November 1, 2013): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.012.
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In the Tanzanian water and sanitation (WatSan) sector, the human resource (HR) requirements for meeting the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets have so far been relatively unknown. This study was therefore conducted with a focus on determining HR requirements in the public sector and parastatal institutions, in the private sector (private consultancy companies, individual contractors, etc.), and in non-governmental organizations and community-based organizations active in the broader water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector. The competences assessed were: design and construction of new infrastructure, operation and maintenance (O&M), community mobilization, sanitation, and hygiene promotion. The study found a greater HR shortage in rural areas than in urban areas. The smallest HR need is for social development professionals (estimated at 320 in the urban areas). In the water supply and sanitation sectors, the average number of water supply engineers that will be required to achieve MDGs is estimated at 3,864, compared to the sanitation sector, which will need 637 engineers. In terms of the demand for competences in the water supply sector, the highest need is for O&M professionals (7,589) and the lowest for mobilization professionals (447). The study recommends increasing the HR supply in the WatSan sector through the following measures: increasing support for training institutions offering relevant courses in WatSan; focusing on skills required for asset management and O&M; and giving specific attention to HR capacity development in small towns and rural areas.
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Wuttke, Martina, and Arnis Vilks. "Poverty alleviation through CSR in the Indian construction industry." Journal of Management Development 33, no. 2 (February 4, 2014): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-11-2013-0150.
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Purpose – Against the background of still insufficient achievements of particular millennium development goals (MDGs), contributions of private business to the alleviation of poverty have been increasingly called for. The purpose of this paper is to address this issue and explore the CSR strategies of transnational corporations (TNCs) regarding their impact on poverty alleviation within the construction industry in India, in order to gain an insight on how business is engaged in the improvement of the situation of the poor, and to derive recommendations on how pertinent CSR strategies can be further developed. Design/methodology/approach – The paper collects primary data for monitoring the CSR activities of the largest TNCs within the construction industry in India to conduct a CSR ranking of the sample TNCs in terms of CSR engagement with particular focus on poverty alleviation with respect to the MDGs. Findings – The findings show that the core business-oriented focus of the CSR activities of the construction industry is mainly on MDG 1 and 7. Nevertheless, the construction industry still needs to gear its core business towards business models that enhance the housing conditions of the poor and to improve the general social conditions within this industry. Based on the findings the paper suggests a selected industry-specific governmental CSR guidance to propel the implementation of CSR as business case. Practical implications – This work provides policy implications for the government and outlines the areas for business practitioners where CSR strategies should be enhanced to meet social needs and contribute to the alleviation of poverty. Originality/value – First of its kind study in scrutinizing the contribution of CSR to the alleviation of poverty, particularly regarding TNCs of the construction industry in India.
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Hobbs, Amy J., Ann-Beth Moller, Liliana Carvajal-Aguirre, Agbessi Amouzou, Doris Chou, and Lale Say. "Protocol for a scoping review to identify and map the global health personnel considered skilled attendants at birth in low and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2015." BMJ Open 7, no. 10 (October 2017): e017229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017229.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionDespite progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), maternal mortality remains high in countries where there are shortages of skilled personnel able to manage and provide quality care during pregnancy and childbirth. The ‘percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel’ (SAB, skilled attendants at birth) was a key indicator for tracking progress since the MDGs and is part of the Sustainable Development Goal agenda. However, due to contextual differences between and within countries on the definition of SAB, a lack of clarity exists around the training, competencies, and skills they are qualified to perform. In this paper, we outline a scoping review protocol that poses to identify and map the health personnel considered SAB in low and middle-income countries (LMIC).Methods and analysisA search will be conducted for the years 2000–2015 in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, POPLINE and the WHO Global Health Library. A manual search of reference lists from identified studies or systematic reviews and a hand search of the literature from international partner organisations will be done. Original studies conducted in LMIC that assessed health personnel (paid or voluntary) providing interventions during the intrapartum period will be considered for inclusion.Ethics and disseminationA scoping review is a secondary analysis of published literature and does not require ethics approval. This scoping review proposes to synthesise data on the training, competency and skills of identified SAB and expands on other efforts to describe this global health workforce. The results will inform recommendations around improved coverage measurement and reporting of SAB moving forward, allowing for more accurate, consistent and timely data able to guide decisions and action around planning and implementation of maternal and newborn health programme globally. Data will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed manuscript, conferences and to key stakeholders within international organisations.