Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Millettia'

The tropical hardwood forests of Mozambique are among its most important natural resources. Long-term sustainable management of these resources will require proper forest management, which depends on understanding the growth rates and the life history of important commercial species as well as the impacts of natural forces (e.g., climate variability) and human management. This study analyzes radial growth rate dynamics and climate-growth relationships of Millettia stuhlmannii and examines its dendrochronological potential. This tree locally known as Panga-panga or Jambirre is one of the most important timber species in Mozambique. Ranked as a first class commercial timber in Mozambique, it is frequently harvested in an unsustainable way and sustainable management of the species is urgently needed for the continued utilization of this resource. Five different methods demonstrate that the semi-ring porous tree rings of M. stuhlmannii are annual: (1) Ring structure and anatomy; (2) Successful cross-dating within and between trees; (3) Ring counting in trees with known age (young trees collected from an experimental "plantation") (4) Cambial wounding and (5) Correlation between ring width and climate data. Through these methods, M. stuhlmannii trees showed distinct reaction to pinning, adding one annual ring after one year. Cross dating of annual ring width growth was successful within and among selected M. stuhlmannii trees, which indicates that this species forms annual rings and that growth responds to an external climate variability. M. stuhlmannii annual growth ring boundaries were characterized by alternating patterns of parenchyma and fibre vessels and marginal parenchyma. Precipitation during previous December (r= 0.30; p<0.05), current February (r=0.30; p<0.05) and the entire rainy season (NDJFM; r=0.43, p<0.01) over a long period (1900-1996) showed a significant influence on Panga-panga tree ring growth. Declining rainfall has caused a growth increment decrease since 1940. The results of this study show that the mean annual increment of M. stuhlmannii is 0.51 cm/year and it takes about 75 years for an average M. stuhlmannii tree to reach the minimum lawful cutting diameter of 40 cm DBH (diameter at breast height). Temporal differences in movement through increasing diameter classes are large among and within classes. The median time necessary for trees to grow into the next diameter class was not statistically significant (Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 9.568, p>0.001). The relationship between stem diameter and percentage of heartwood is significantly high (R2 = 0.9701, p < 0.0001) and results suggest that from 33cm diameters on, the HW% remain stable. Partial correlation coefficients show that significant effects on growth to minimum cutting diameter occur while stems move through the 20-30 cm DBH class. This indicates the specific sizes at which silviculture treatments have to be started in order to maximize the productivity of this species. Correlation analyses revealed that heartwood width (HW) is positively correlated with total stem diameter (TSD), cambial Age (Ac), number of rings in heartwood (HWR), heartwood area (HWA), Total stem diameter area (TSDA) and Mean annual increment (MAI). This study suggests that further studies to improve diameter growth rate models as well as volume increment models need to be carried out. Strong correlation with precipitation during the rainy season suggests that this species is potentially useful for future climate reconstruction studies in Mozambique.

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No cenário florestal moçambicano diversas espécies nativas tem revelado potencial para a expansão silvicultural. Entre as espécies destaca-se a Millettia stuhlmannii (conhecida vulgarmente por panga-panga) com alto valor comercial e que tem contribuído para a economia do país. Contudo, há carência de estudos sobre o comportamento ecofisiológico desta espécie frente às condições edafoclimáticas, fato que pode comprometer o sucesso de novos projetos. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a ecofisiologia de Millettia stuhlmannii em diferentes demandas atmosféricas e disponibilidades hídricas no solo. O estudo foi realizado em casas de vegetação climatizadas, localizadas na área experimental do Departamento de Ciências Florestais e da Madeira, no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, situado no município de Jerônimo Monteiro ES, utilizando delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x4, sendo o fator demanda atmosférica em dois níveis (Alta e Baixa) e o fator disponibilidade hídrica no solo em quatro níveis da água disponível (100, 80, 60 e 40%), com cinco repetições. No final do experimento foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis morfológicas: massa seca total, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca radicular, área foliar, área foliar especifica, fração de massa foliar, fração de massa radicular, fração de massa da parte aérea, razão da área foliar, relação massa seca radicular por massa seca da parte aérea e eficiência do uso da água de produtividade; variáveis fisiológicas: taxa fotossintética líquida, condutância estomática, concentração interna de CO2 e transpiração e teores dos pigmentos fotossintéticos: clorofila a, clorofila b, clorofila a+b, carotenóides, razão clorofila a/clorofila b e clorofila a+b por carotenóides. Os dados foram comparados através do modelo de regressão por meio de teste de identidade de modelos, de acordo com Chow (1960) para crescimento. Para as trocas gasosas e pigmentos fotossintéticos, foi realizado teste de Tukey (P≤0,05) usando software SISVAR 5.1 de Furtado (2011). A espécie apresentou diminuição da massa seca total, massa seca da parte aérea, área foliar, fração de massa foliar, razão de área foliar, fração de massa da parte aérea com a redução da disponibilidade hídrica no solo independente da demanda atmosférica; e aumento da massa seca radicular, razão massa seca radicular por massa seca da parte aérea, área foliar específica, fração de massa radicular, eficiência do uso da água de produtividade com a redução da disponibilidade hídrica no solo independente da demanda atmosférica. Porém, o maior acúmulo de massa seca total, maior área foliar e eficiência do uso da água de produtividade foi observado na alta demanda atmosférica. Para as trocas gasosas, a taxa fotossintética líquida, condutância estomática e transpiração foram maiores sob alta demanda atmosférica e o contrário foi observado para a concentração interna de CO2. Nos pigmentos fotossintéticos, houve a diminuição do teor com a redução da disponibilidade hídrica no solo independente da demanda atmosférica na clorofila a, b, clorofila a+b, carotenóides, relação clorofila a/b e clorofila a+b/Carot. Assim, a espécie teve maior desempenho na alta demanda atmosférica, o que revela se adequar as condições de clima tropical.

Six isoflavones derived from Millettia griffoniana namely, 4’-methoxy-7-O-[(E)-3-methyl-7hydroxymethyl-2,6 octadienyl]isoflavone (7-O-DHF), Griffonianone C (Griff C), 7-O-geranylformononetin (7-O-GF), 3’,4’-dihydroxy-7-O-[(E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl]isoflavone (7-O-GISO), Griffonianone E (Griff E), 4’-O-geranylisoliquiritigenin (4-O-GIQ) were tested for potential oestrogenic activities in three different oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) dependent assays, namely a recombinant yeast assay, a reporter gene assay based on stably transfected MCF-7 cells (MVLN cells) and the induction of alkaline phosphatase in Ishikawa cells. The oestrogenic activities of isoflavones from Millettia griffoniana could be completely suppressed by the pure oestrogen antagonist, fulvestrant. The expression of Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1 (CD1) mRNA used as indicator of cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells was assayed. Based on these in vitro results, Griff C was further tested in vivo. The main objective of this part of the work was to study the mechanistic basis of the oestrogenicity Three different doses of Griff C (2, 10, or 20 mg/kg BW) of Griff C in ovariectomised Wistar rats. 17β-oestradiol (E2: 10 µg/kg BW) was used as positive control. They were treated daily for three consecutive days and sacrificed 24 hours after receiving the last dose. The whole uterus was removed and weight. Liver and vena cava fragments were also collected and stored together with uteri in liquid nitrogen for subsequent real-time PCR to evaluate the effects of Griff C on the regulation of some relevant oestrogen–responsive genes in the uterus, the liver and the vena cava. The role of Griff C in apoptosis or in cell survival, through mediation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway, was also investigated. Western blot analysis revealed that Griff C slightly increased the phosphorylation of Akt at its serine 473 residue. In this work, oestrogenic properties of the isoflavones derived from Millettia griffoniana are described using reporter gene assays and the oestrogen-inducible alkaline phosphatase Ishikawa model for the first time. These in vitro data were verified in vivo showing the regulation of the expression of various relevant oestrogen-responsive genes by Griff C. The spectrum of its activity was clearly similar to that of 17β-oestradiol on uterine hepatic and vena cava tissues of ovariectomised rats except for the proliferative response. However Griff C remained 100 to 1000 times less effective than oestradiol. These findings confirmed that some of the biological effects attributed to Millettia griffoniana are closely related to oestrogen-mediated action.

The tribe Millettieae belongs to the family Leguminosae. As traditionally circumscribed it comprises approximately 45 genera and over 900 species distributed pantropically and in subtropical regions. Previous phylogenetic studies revealed that many genera in the tribe are not monophyletic. The most problematic genus is the massive genera Millettia. Various authors have attempted to clarify generic circumscription since the genus was established in 1834. This thesis attempts to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of doubtfully placed genera of the tribe Millettieae, with the emphasis on the polyphyletic genus Millettia and its closed allies. Forty-five genera placed in the Millettioid s.l. were sampled for phylogeny reconstruction, representing 22 genera putatively part of the Core Millettieae, 17 genera from the Basal millettioid & phaseoloid group (BMP) of the Millettioid s.str. Group, and six genera from the IRLC Clade. Phylogenetic relationships are reconstructed in this study using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analysis. Three DNA markers were used in the study, which included published and newly-generated sequence data. In total, there were 361 sequences of the ribosomal nuclear DNA (nrDNA) ITS region; a combined chloroplast (matK+trnL-F) included 306 individuals, and the total evidence analysis (ITS+matK+trnL-F) included 436 individuals. The Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses which produced comparable phylogenies are largely congruent. The total evidence phylogeny supported the monophyly of genera in Millettioid s.str. Group, namely Antheroporum, Apurimacia, Chadsia, Leptoderris, Mundulea, Philenoptera, Piscidia, Platysepalum, Pongamiopsis, Pyranthus, Solori, Sylvichadsia and Tephrosia, while others were not monophyletic and need to be re-evaluated, namely Dahlstedtia, Deguelia, Derris, Fordia, Lonchocarpus, Millettia, Muellera, Ptycholobium and Requienia. Genera with uncertain placement that now more robustly placed are: Antheroporum and Disynstemon in the Basal Millettioid and phaseoloid group (BMP), and Deguelia, Fordia, Leptoderris, Platysepalum and Sylvichadsia in the Core Millettieae. In case of genus Millettia, all sequences were distributed between Group 1 and Group 2 of the Millettioid s.str. Group, groups which correspond with the Canavanine Group and the Non-canavanine Group. Within these groups eleven subgroups were recognized. iii The distribution of canavanine, a Non-Protein Amino Acid Accumulating (NPAAA), is explored by means of a literature review, in the light of the new phylogenetic hypothesis. The investigation found three species without canavanine in the Canavanine Group, and two species with canavanine in the Non-canavanine Group. Consequently, these groups are considered whether to retain old names or proposed possible alternative names. In order to retain the monophyletic Derris, a need for a new combination and a new name for Millettia pachycarpa Benth. was identified. Here Derris lithocarpa (Benth.) Mattapha & Hawkins, com.nov. et nom.nov. is proposed. In relation to this, a new species of Derris from Thailand is newly described as Derris constricta Mattapha & Hawkins, sp.nov. Furthermore, three new species Millettia are also newly described, two species from Thailand namely M. calcicola Mattapha & Hawkins, sp.nov. and M. khaoyaiensis Mattapha & Hawkins, sp.nov. and another species from Vietnam, M. fulva Mattapha, Forest & Hawkins, sp.nov. However, the generic placement for these new species might yet prove to be provisional, since generic limits remain unsatisfactory.

Orientador: Ana Maria Goulart de Azevedo Tozzi
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Tephrosia Pers. apresenta distribuição pantropical e é constituído por cerca de 350 espécies. A classificação infragenérica foi baseada principalmente em características florais das espécies. Para o gênero, têm sido reconhecidos dois subgêneros: Tephrosia subg.BarbistylaBrummitt e T. subg. Tephrosia, sendo o primeiro caracterizado pela presença de indumento ao longo do estilete e a base do estigma glabra, enquanto o segundo apresenta estilete glabro e tricomas na base do estigma. Ambos os subgêneros possuem ' representantes na América do Sul, onde cerca de 17 espécies foram referidas. Estas espécies apresentam ampla diversidade morfológica e problemas de delimitação específica. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram apresentar caracteres micro e macromorfológicos das sementes que subsidiem a classificação das espécies e realizar a revisão taxonômica das espécies de Tephrosia ocorrentes na América do Sul. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram selecionadas sementes para estudo da em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), foram feitas análises de exsicatas de herbários nacionais e estrangeiros e observações de populações em campo. O estudo das sementes revelou caracteres importantes tanto para classificação infragenérica quanto para delimitação das espécies. Estes caracteres estão relacionados à forma da semente, à coloração, forma e posição do hilo, à presença de arilo e ao padrão da testa e suas variações. Os tipos de testa encontrados foram cristado, foveolado, multifoveolado para T. subg. Barbistyla e reticulado simples para T. subg. Tephrosia. A partir da revisão foram reconhecidas 17 espécies de Tephrosia, das quais quatro são subespontâneas e 13 nativas. As espécies T. guaranitica, T. hassleri, T. marginata e T. sp. são endêmicas do Chaco. Dentre as espécies estudadas foram propostas uma nova para a ciência, quatro novas sinonimizações, uma nova combinação e dois registros novas ocorrências para a América do Sul. Para cada espécie foram feitas ilustrações, descrições com comentários sobre relações taxonômicas e morfológicas, além da atualização de distribuição geográfica
Abstract: Tephrosia Pers. presents distribution pantropical and is constituided by approximately 350 species. The infrageneric classification was based mainly on floral features of species. To the genus have been recognized two subgenera: Tephrosia subg. Barbistyla Brummitt and T. subg. Tephrosia, being the first characterized by the presence of trichomes along the style and the glabrous base of stigma, the second has a style glabrous and have trichomes at base of s~igma. Both subgenera have representatives in South America, where about 17 species have been referred. These species have wide morphological diversity and specific problems of delimitation. The present study aims to provide micro and macromorphological characters of seeds that support the classification of species and make a taxonomic revision of Tephrosia species occurring in South America. To develop this work seeds were selected for study in scanning electron microscopy (SEM), herbarium specimens were analyzed in nationals and foreigners herbaria and field populations were observated. The study revealed important characteristics of the seeds for both infrageneric classification as to species delimitation. These characters are related to the seed shape, the color, shape and position of the hilum, the presence of aryl and pattern of testa and their variations. The patterns of testa founded were crested, foveolate and multifoveolate in T. subg. Barbistylaand simple reticulate in T. subg. Tephrosia. From the review were recognized 17 species of Tephrosia,of which four are introduced and 13 are native. From the studied species, T. guaranitca, T. hassleri, T. marginata and T. sp. are endemic to the Chaco. Among the proposals were a new species to science, four new synonymys, a new combination and two new records for South America. For each species, were made illustration, description and comments on morphological and taxonomical relationships, and also the geographical distribution was updated
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Today, feminist theory, instead of accompanying a movement or being generated by a movement, is out there on its own. There is no large-scale social movement to complement it and to act on it. The energy and excitement of collective action is what many feminists miss and what is implied through critiques of contemporary feminist theory. The lament is for unity, for what was conceived of as “sisterhood” and what emerges as a myth. Many feminists share a nostalgia for a time that was filled with the potential for and intensity of social revolution. When we look at the theory of early second wave feminism and the theory of more recent years, the differences are negligible. What is different, and glaringly so, is the social climate. Theory is not to blame; we are. Theory is not the culprit. Theory is just as impacting and politically useful as it ever was, but it is missing its partner. This realization should be no cause for alarm, however, because there still exist many opportunities for activism, albeit different sorts of activism, based on different sorts of political issues that complement our present needs and abilities.
Master of Arts

Orientador: Ana Maria Goulart de Azevedo Tozzi
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Lonchocarpus Kunth (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae) é predominantemente neotropical e inclui cerca de 150 espécies. Estudos considerando a sistemática de Lonchocarpus são necessários, devido à sua classificação infragenérica que apresenta problemas nomenclaturais e taxonômicos, correlacionados com a alta diversidade morfológica de seus representantes. Há controvérsias referentes ao número, ao nome e à definição de suas séries, seções e subgêneros, bem como à sua própria circunscrição genérica. Entre as seções de Lonchocarpus, L. sect. Laxiflori (Benth.) Taub. e L. sect. Punctati (Benth.) Taub. são distintas morfologicamente das demais e têm distribuição geográfica quase que restrita à América do Sul, sendo a revisão taxonômica delas fundamental para a delimitação de Lonchocarpus. Ainda neste contexto, a precisa circunscrição do gênero só é possível com o entendimento das relações de Lonchocarpus com gêneros relacionados. Entre as poucas referências de estudos filogenéticos que incluem espécies de Lonchocarpus, uma apresenta Lonchocarpus s. str. como monofilético se as espécies sulamericanas da seção Punctati forem excluídas. Considerando os resultados apresentados nos estudos filogenéticos e os problemas relacionados à circunscrição e à classificação infragenérica de Lonchocarpus, esta tese teve como objetivos 1) estudar a filogenia de Lonchocarpus, com o intuito de precisar sua circunscrição, bem como sua origem, idade, diversificação geográfica, e de elucidar suas relações com alguns gêneros cotribais, e 2) revisar Lonchocarpus sect. Punctati e L. sect. Laxiflori. O estudo filogenético baseou-se em fragmentos seqüências de macromoléculas derivadas do DNA do cloroplasto (trnL-F e matK) e nuclear (ITS1+5.8S+ITS2), analisadas individualmente ou de maneira combinadas entre si e com dados morfológicos, através dos métodos de parcimônia e bayesiano, enquanto que os estudos taxonômicos revisionais fundamentaram-se nos procedimentos taxonômicos tradicionais. No capítulo 1, que trata da filogenia e biogeografia de Lonchocarpus e afins, as análises cladísticas mostraram que Lonchocarpusconforme atualmente circunscrito é parafilético e que em Lonchocarpus sensu lato três grandes clados podem ser reconhecidos: clado Laxiflori, clado Dahlstedtia e clado Lonchocarpus s. str., sendo os dois primeiros predominantemente sulamericanos e o último principalmente mesoamericano. As espécies de Lonchocarpus sect. Punctati ficaram no clado Dahlstedtia, enquanto que no clado Laxiflori também foram incluídas as espécies de Bergeronia Micheli e Margaritolobium Harms. Com estes resultados, em adição à consistência da delimitação morfológica, houve a necessidade de se propor o reestabelecimento de Muellera L.f., gênero neotropical com apenas duas espécies antes de sua sinonimização com Lonchocarpus, para incluir as espécies do clado Laxiflori, e a ampliação da circunscrição de Dahlstedtia, para incluir as espécies até então subordinadas à seção Punctati. Na recircunscrição e revisão do gênero Dahlstedtia Malme (capítulo 2) foram reconhecidas 16 espécies incluindo as duas anteriormente aceitas e as 3 novas para a ciência, e propostas 12 combinações novas e dois sinônimos novos. Dahlstedtia possui distribuição neotropical, com centro de diversidade na porção sudeste da América do Sul. O estudo visando o restabelecimento e revisão do gênero Muellera L.f. (capítulo 3) resultou na sinonimização de Lonchocarpus sect. Laxiflori e dos gêneros Bergeronia e Margaritolobium com Muellera, totalizando 26 espécies, das quais 10 novas. O gênero é sulamericano, com duas espécies atingindo a América Central. Estão sendo propostas seis lectotipificações, 10 sinonimizações e 17 combinações novas. Descrições, ilustrações, comentários taxonômicos, mapas de distribuição geográfica e chaves para identificação das espécies foram apresentadas. A análise de datação molecular revelou que Lonchocarpus s.s originou-se a cerca de 8,7±0,05Ma na América Central, diferentemente dos clados Dahlstedtia e Laxiflori que surgiram na América do Sul, em 6,3±0,05Ma e 8,0±0,09Ma, respectivamente, e que ocorreu pelo menos três eventos de migração deste gênero da América Central para a do Sul e um único para o continente africano.
Abstract: Lonchocarpus Kunth (Leguminosae, Papilionoidae, Millettiae) is predominantly neotropical and it includes around 150 species. It is necessary to make studies of the systematics of Lonchocarpus owing to its problematic nomenclatural and taxonomical infrageneric classification, which is related to the great morphological diversity of its representatives. There is a controversy over the number, the name, the definition of itsseries, sections and subgenus, as well its generic circumscription. Among the sections of Lonchocarpus, only L. sect. Laxiflori (Benth) Taub. and L. Sect. Punctati (Benth) Taub. Are morphologically distinct from the others. And their geographical distribution is mostly restricted to South America. Hence, it is extremely important to perform a taxonomical revision to delimit Lonchocarpus. Moreover, a precise circumscription of the genus is only possible if one has an understanding of the relationship between Lonchocarpus and related genera. Among the few references to phylogenetic studies which include species of Lonchocarpus, one refers to Lonchocarpus s. str. as monophyletic if the South American species of the section Punctati are excluded. Considering the resulted presents in the phylogenetic studies, the problems related to circumscription and the infrageneric classification of Lonchocarpus, this thesis aims at: 1) Studying the phylogeny of Lonchocarpus in order to determine its exact circumscription, its age and origin, and its geographic diversification, as well as elucidating its relationships with some cotribal genera, and 2) at revising Lonchocarpus sect Punctati and L. sect Laxiflori. The phylogenetic study was based on sequence fragments of macromolecules derived from the DNA of the chloroplast (trnL-F AND matk) AND of nuclear (ITS1 + 5.85 + ITS2), analyzed individually or combined among themselves (or with morphological data) using the parsimony and bayesian methods, while the revisional taxonomic studies were based on traditional taxonomic procedures. Chapter 1 deals with phylogeny and biogeography of Lonchocarpus and allies. In this chapter the cladistic analysis shows that according to the current circumscription Lonchocarpus is paraphyletic and that in Lonchocarpus sensu lato three great clade can be recognized: clade Laxiflori, clade Dahlstedia and clade Lochocarpus s. str., where the first two are predominantly southamerican and the last one ismainly mesoamerican. The species of Lonchocarpus sect. Punctati remained in the clade Dahlstedtia, while the species of Bergeronia Micheli and Margaritolobium Harms were also included in the clade Laxiflori. Based on these results which support the consistency of the morphological delimitation, it was necessary to propose the reestablishment of Muellera L.f., a neotropical genus with only two species before its synonymization with Lonchocarpus, in order to include the species of the clade Laxiflori. Furthermore, the circumscription of Dahlstedtia was extended to include the species which were still subordinated to the section Punctati. During the recircumscription and revision of the genus Dahlstedtia Malme (chapter 2), 16 species were recognized including the two species which were previously accepted and 3 unknown species to science. Also, 12 new combinations and 2 new synonyms were proposed. Dahlstedtia has a neotropical distribution, with its diversity center in the southern region of South America. The study intended for the reestablishment and revision of the genus Muellera L.f. (chapter 3) resulted in the synonymization of Lonchocarpus sect. Laxiflori and of the genera Bergeronia and Margaritolobium with Muellera, totalling 26 species (10 of them new). The genus is South American, with two species reaching Central America. Six lectotypifications, tem synonymizations and 17 new combinations are being proposed. Descriptions, illustrations, taxonomic commentaries, maps of the geographic distribution and species identification keys have been presented. The analysis of the molecular dating revealed that Lonchocarpus s. str. originated in Central America around 8.7± 0.05Ma. Unlike the clades Dahlstedia and Laxiflori that appeared in South America in 6.3± 0.05Ma and 8.0± 0.09Ma, respectively. The analysis also revealed that there have been at least three migrations of this genus from Central America to South America, and only one to Africa.
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Mon mémoire traite de l’utilisation des outils de composition assistée par ordinateur (CAO) dans cinq de mes œuvres: 1. De deux choses Lune, pour flûte, clarinette, violon, violoncelle et électronique; 2. L’ombre véritable, pour harpe, voix, voix enregistrée et électronique; 3. Par ailleurs, musique acousmatique; 4. Musique du rocher, musique acousmatique; 5. Or Chess, orchestre symphonique. Après avoir présenté mes préoccupations artistiques, j’établis le contexte historique dans lequel s’inscrit mon travail. Je présente ensuite mes recherches ayant conduit à la composition des œuvres à l’étude. Finalement, j’explique, par l’analyse ciblée de chacune des pièces, en quoi les outils de CAO se sont avérés déterminants dans la composition de mes œuvres. J’y aborde, notamment, la programmation textuelle (De deux choses Lune, Par ailleurs), la programmation visuelle (Musique du rocher, Or Chess), ainsi que la manipulation audio (L’ombre véritable).

碩士
靜宜大學
化粧品科學系
104
Sodium alginate (SA) microcapsules were encapsulated retinol by emulsion, cross linking and drying, that Sodium alginate combined hyaluronic acid microcapsules (SAH) were prepared by the same process. In this study, the optimum conditions of SA-A microcapsules were: emulsifiers = Arlacel 2121 and Span 80, stirring speed = 7000 rpm, cross linking speed = 1000 rpm and 10 % acetic acid = 6.0 g. The characters of microcapsules were analyzed through Optical Microscopy, Field-emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) and in vitro release (Transdermal Franz Diffusion Cell). SA-A microcapsules was 72.85 ± 14.01 μm, encapsulation efficiency (EE): 26.63 ± 2.67 %, loading capacity (LC): 0.44 ± 0.11 %, but SAH-A microcapsules obtained better result that was 113.29 ± 32.28 μm, EE: 55.96 ± 0.87 %, LC: 0.80 ± 0.04 %. The release amount of retinol from SA-A and SAH-A respectively which were 27.68 μg and 131.73 μg in 6 hour later. The stability study result indicated that SA-A and SAH had better stability than retinol. 10 different herbs extract as an addition agent through determination of antioxidant activity. Alcohol extract of Mucuna macrocarpa Wall. was showed that, IC50 of Scavenging DPPH free radical : 117.43 ppm; 1000 ppm extract had 596.50 mg of GAE/g; reducing power of 1000 ppm extract was equivalent to 95.11 ± 2.84 ppm BHA. In stability, microcapsules with Millettia dielsiana was provided a protective capability for retinol. The results of SAH-A microcapsule had great protective capability, while improved release of retinol. Further, this process may possess potential application in cosmetic industry.

碩士
高苑科技大學
化工與生化工程研究所
101
Millettia dielsiana has been reported to possess pharmacological effect of promoting hematopoiesis,anti-tumor,anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. Importantly, Millettia dielsiana was suggested to restrict progression of tumor in several studies. However, the therapeutic effect of Millettia dielsiana on various tumors/cancers and its further mechanism remain unclear. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the anti-tumor effect and mechanism of Millettia dielsiana on lung adenocarcinoma (A549), promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and neuroblastoma (SK-N-AS). HL-60 is most susceptible to Millettia dielsiana induced cell death.Our results indicated that among these carcinoma cell lines,Millettia dielsiana caused increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, decreased mitochondria membrane potential and simultaneously enhanced anti-oxidative proteins (MnSOD, GPX1 and catalase) in HL-60 cell. Moreover, Millettia dielsiana induced HL-60 cell apoptosis mediated through intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. Collectively, Millettia dielsiana dissipates mitochondrial membrane potential, elicits oxidative stress and ultimately promotes apoptotic death of cancer cells.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
植物學系
81
This study is concerned with the 5 genera, 13 species of tribe Millettieae in Taiwan, using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to examine pollen morphology. It also uses scanning electron microscopy to examine seed morphology. The exine stratification is similar in the pollen of this tribe. Its interstitium is in the form of columella. The foot layer ranges from clear and connected to unconnected and layered, but it is not divided by genus. Exine ornamentation is clearly differentiated in each genera. However, there is no way to distinguish between the exine ornamentation of different genera. The types were distinguished by exine ornamentation and exine stratification. The genera Derris, Pongamia, and Wisteria are each represented by a single type. The genus Millettia and genus Tephrosia are each represented by three types. The pollen types of the tribe are continuously changing. Palynological character is useless in determining intergenus taxonomy; however, palynological study can be used to identify the plants of the tribe as complex in taxonomy. Using pollen types can clarify intergenus taxonomy through comparison with morphology. Palynological study and seed morphology support the combination of the taxa of Tephrosia purpurea. In addition, this study has determined two different kinds of exine ornamentation in the pollen of Derris oblonga. It has also determined that the pollen of Millettia pachycarpa and Pogamia pinnata have different exine ornamentation at different stages of development. Concerning the phenomenon of pollen development, more research is necessary.

Wood products from Milletia grandis (E. Mey) skeels (umSimbithi), a prominent tree in the coastal scarp forests ofPondoland, form an important economic base for the craft workers in Urnzimvubu District ofthe Eastern Cape. The local carving industry draws considerable income in a place where employment opportunities are scarce, poverty is rife and financial burden and dependency is high. Despite the curio trade being perceived as important by the local communities, little is known about this craft work industry or its impact on the forest especially the sustainability of the wood resource base. Resource availability and impacts of harvesting were assessed at Mount Thesiger Forest Reserve (MTFR) through sampling plots and social surveys oflocal carvers and curio traders. Stem size-class distributions ofstanding trees and stumps were used to investigate the present quantity, past harvesting patterns and distribution ofM grandis within the forests. Line transects sampling confirmed umSimbithi as a forest margin species penetrating to about 50 metres into the forest from the edge and its. current use was found to be unsustainable. Current monitoring and management of most State forests in the Eastern Cape is inadequate, and although a harvest ban has been served, it has only led to and encouraged poaching. Social surveys indicated that the quality of monitoring and sustainability of wood stocks in the Headmen forests appear better than in State forests and this raises hope for successful comanagement structures in the area. Craftwood production and derived income varied from one month to another depending on wood availability, size and shape of stems, with straight stems being most preferred. MontWy income per carver was estimated between R960 to RIIOO while the annual yield for the estimated 100 carvers in the communities surrounding MTFR approximated RI.l million. It was observed that higher sales could be obtained if (1) the amount of wood wasted during harvests and carving could be minimised and (2) the craft products were marketed in the lucrative up markets such as Johannesburg, Durban and Maseru. Interviews with 30 carvers pointed to several problems most of them originating from the stoppage of harvest permits following the ban on umSimbithi. Various recommendations addressing carver's needs and promoting sustainable resource management are proposed. These include (1) establishing an appropriate land tenure system, (2) reviewing the permit system, (3) strengthening the institutional capacity ofthe Forest Department and (4) enhancing efforts on community forest outreach through the extension system. Above all, and to achieve sustainable forest management in Pondoland, tenurial rights needs to be addressed and the options of co-management, community management and privatisation are discussed. It was noted that for sustainable development to be realised in Pondoland, co-management ofnatural resources is important and this must be supported by introduction ofother economic activities that would alleviate pressure off the forests.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.