Academic literature on the topic 'Milwaukee (wis.), social conditions'

Abstract Background Social determinants of health are conditions in which people live, including aspects of both social environments and physical environments, and how these conditions affect their health. Examples of social determinants include access to health care, social support, culture, etc. These factors are often considered when discharging a patient on IV antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine if social determinants of health are related to outcomes for veterans discharged from the Zablocki VA on outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT). Methods This retrospective chart review evaluated veterans discharged home from the Zablocki VA on OPAT between the years of 2013 and 2017. Variables of social determinants of health included: race/ethnicity, co-habitants, mental health diagnosis, employment, use of illicit drugs, use of tobacco, and use of alcohol. The primary outcome analyzed was completion of therapy with or without complication. Complication is defined as antibiotic change/dose adjustment, PICC line complication, or additional clinic/hospital visit. Results Overall, 294 veterans’ charts were reviewed. Of these patients, 188 (63.95%) had no complication and 106 (36.05%) had a complication. Univariate analyses of social determinants are summarized in Table 1. Tobacco use was the only factor significantly associated with OPAT complication (p= 0.008). Table 1. Conclusion This analysis suggests that many social determinants thought to potentially impact OPAT outcomes, such as race/ethnicity, co-inhabitants, mental health diagnosis, employment status, and use of illicit drugs or alcohol were not significant contributions to OPAT complications in the Milwaukee VA population; although, veterans who were current smokers were more likely to have an OPAT complication. These results may speak to the VA’s integral social support provided to veterans upon discharge, and perhaps, the above social determinants should not be as heavily considered when deciding if a veteran can perform OPAT. However, it is important to consider that these results may reflect the careful selection of Milwaukee veterans discharged on OPAT, as questionable cases can be treated as an inpatient. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

COVID-19 vaccination coverage was studied by race/ethnicity, up-to-date doses, and by how it was affected by social vulnerability and spatial accessibility at the census-tract level in Milwaukee County, WI, USA. Social vulnerability was quantified at the census-tract level by an aggregate index and its sub-components calculated using the principal components analysis method. The spatial accessibility was assessed by clinic-to-population ratio and travel impedance. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and spatial regression models were employed to examine how social vulnerability and spatial accessibility relate to the vaccination rates of different doses. We found great disparities in vaccination rates by race and between areas of low and high social vulnerability. Comparing to non-Hispanic Blacks, the vaccination rate of non-Hispanic Whites in the county is 23% higher (60% vs. 37%) in overall rate (one or more doses), and 20% higher (29% vs. 9%) in booster rate (three or more doses). We also found that the overall social-vulnerability index does not show a statistically significant relationship with the overall vaccination rate when it is defined as the rate of people who have received one or more doses of vaccines. However, after the vaccination rate is stratified by up-to-date doses, social vulnerability has positive effects on one-dose and two-dose rates, but negative effects on booster rate, and the effects of social vulnerability become increasingly stronger and turn to negative for multi-dose vaccination rates, indicating the increasing challenges of high social vulnerability areas to multi-dose vaccination. The large negative effects of socio-economic status on the booster rate suggests the importance of improving general socio-economic conditions to promote multi-dose vaccination rates.

In the 1980s and 1990s, researchers came to understand poor urban neighborhoods as blighted, depopulated areas, based on important ethnographic observations in a handful of cities. This image helped inform influential theories of social isolation and de–institutionalization. However, few scholars have examined whether those observations were representative of poor neighborhoods nationwide—and whether they are representative today. Based on a descriptive analysis of the largest 100 U.S. metropolitan areas using normalized census tract boundaries, we document an important transformation in the conditions of poor neighborhoods. We find that the depopulation in poor neighborhoods often reported in cities such as Chicago and Baltimore was, in fact, typical across cities in 1990. Today, it is not. Moreover, heterogeneity across cities has increased: The experience of neighborhood poverty is likely to depend more today than in 1990 on the city in question. In fact, the most typically studied cities, such as Chicago, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Milwaukee, are increasingly atypical in this respect. Addressing today's core questions about neighborhood effects, how and why they matter, requires paying far greater attention to heterogeneity, conducting more ethnographic observation in ostensibly unconventional cities, and addressing the historically extreme conditions in a newly unique subset of cities.

Chronic and unpredictable acute pain coexist with cognitive dysfunction in sickle cell disease (SCD). Managing chronic pain is crucial, though efforts are complicated by both physiological and affective contributors to pain. The affective state, which is severely impacted by the environment including stigma and social isolation, plays a substantial role in pain perception and may further exacerbate psychological factors. Therefore, we examined if companionship and social isolation influence cognitive function and pain in SCD. In the present study, we examined the effects of social isolation on hyperalgesia, learning memory, and anxiety in humanized transgenic homozygous BERK mouse model of SCD. At ~3.5 months of age, BERK male mice were paired with age-matched female BERK companions (1 male + 1 female/cage; called companion group) and another group of BERK males were placed into isolation (one male/cage; called isolation group) for ~14 months. Isolation and companion groups were maintained in general housing conditions in the same room. Both groups were assessed for body weight, hyperalgesia and cognitive behaviors. Mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed by counting paw withdrawal frequency (PWF) following 10 applications of a 1.0 g von Frey monofilament (Semmes Weinstein, Stoelting, Wood Dale, IL, USA) to the plantar surface of the hind paw. Cold hyperalgesia was assessed following placement of mice onto a 4°C cold plate chamber (Stoelting) and by measuring PWF over a 2-minute period. Musculoskeletal hyperalgesia was measured by testing grip force of each mouse's peak forepaw grip to a computerized grip force meter (SA Maier, Milwaukee, WI, USA) and normalizing by body weight. The cognitive behavioral assessment consisted of an open field test to assess anxiety-related behaviors, which measured time spent and number of crosses through a central region. Working memory was assessed using novel object recognition and novel placement recognition tests to measure discrimination of novel objects and location. Data are shown as mean ± SEM and comparisons between companionship and isolation groups were performed using unpaired, two-tailed T-tests to determine statistical significance (P<0.05) We observed a significant increase in the body weights of males housed with females ( Companion group) compared to males in isolation (p<0.05). It is likely that males living with a companion were eating more compared to those under isolation. Isolated male sickle mice experience greater hyperalgesia than male mice housed with a female companion. Isolation induces greater PWF to mechanical (P<0.05) and cold (P<0.005) stimuli, indicating exacerbated hypersensitivity to mechanical and cold stimuli. Spontaneous, non-evoked musculoskeletal hyperalgesia was not significantly altered by isolation (P>0.05). Isolation also appeared to impact working and learning memory. Novel object recognition and novel object placement tests revealed reduced discrimination ratios in isolated mice (~25%, P<0.05 and ~25%, P<0.05), which are suggestive of impaired learning and memory function compared to mice with companionship. Open field test showed no significant difference (P>0.05) between isolation and companionship groups in time spent and number of crosses in the open field center area, indicating no detectable differences in anxiety-like behaviors. According to cognitive tests, mice in companionship showed greater novel object and place detection and greater cognitive ability compared to those in isolation. For the first time we show the causal role of social isolation on hyperalgesia and memory in a humanized mouse model of SCD. “ Comfort therapy” with companionship can ameliorate the perception of pain through the higher brain centres. It is also likely that mice in companionship eat more as evinced by a significant increase in their weight, which may provide additional comfort and meet the increased nutritional/calorie demands of SCD due to altered metabolism. Our observations suggest that “ comfort therapy” with improved living conditions and reducing isolation and loneliness may improve pain-related outcomes in SCD.

While mounting evidence demonstrates that tensions and differences in diverse neighbourhoods are managed in ways that largely reproduce existing inequalities, processes of conflict can unsettle spatially embedded power relations. Drawing on a three-year ethnographic study of Riverwest, a racially and economically mixed neighbourhood in the mid-sized U.S. city of Milwaukee, I examine the role of everyday battles over the uses of space in the production of a dynamic, negotiated social order. While block-level clashes sometimes reinforce oppressive and marginalizing practices, they also create opportunities for dissent, resistance to assimilation pressures, and challenges to the legitimacy of dominant norms. I argue that a set of material and cultural neighbourhood conditions facilitate the transformative potential of conflict.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: At the Saturday Clinic for the Uninsured (SCU), a Milwaukee student-run free clinic affiliated with the Medical College of Wisconsin, we screened patients for food insecurity and evaluated associations of food security status with nine separate social determinants of health (SDOH) needs and eight chronic medical conditions influenced by diet. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This cross-sectional study took place from October 2021-April 2022 at SCU, which only sees uninsured patients. We added the USDA six-item food insecurity form to the clinic’s larger SDOH survey, which screens for medication financing, housing stability, energy assistance, legal issues, educational/work opportunities, substance use, mental health, health insurance options, and dental care needs. We then completed chart review for demographic, diagnostic, lab, and medication information pertaining to obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), anxiety, and depression. We conducted descriptive statistics on demographics and measured associations using both Kendall’s tau correlation and odds ratios from binomial regression. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 157 patients seen during this time, most were middle-aged (mean age = 49.4 years ± 14.5 years), female (n = 98, 62.4%), Black or African American (n = 66, 42%) and resided in Milwaukee County (n = 144, 92.9%). 22 (16%) screened as food insecure and had greater odds and positively correlated with needing resources for medication financing (OR = 7.28, I2 = 0.33), housing (OR = 129.99, I2 = 0.28), energy assistance (OR = 3.94,I2= 0.2), mental health (OR = 4.54, I2= 0.28), insurance (OR = 2.86, I2= 0.18), and dental care (OR=3.65,I2= 0.28), but not legal concerns, education/work opportunities, or substance use. Food insecure patients had higher odds and positively correlated with having anxiety (OR = 3.26,I2= 0.23) or depression (OR = 2.88,I2= 0.19), but not obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, CKD, or GERD. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Patients without health insurance and experiencing food insecurity were more likely to have multiple SDOH needs and mental health diagnoses. Risk factors separate from food security status may explain associations with other chronic medical conditions, including uninsured status, socioeconomic status, eating behaviors, or food accessibility.

Abstract In Black, Hispanic, and Native American communities, historical and current systemic inequities result in medical mistrust limiting participation in biomedical studies. At the same time, many researchers misunderstand the context of communities experiencing the highest disparities, which may produce incomplete or inapplicable research questions. These conditions constrain the development of new and relevant biomedical research questions and hampers understanding of biological, clinical, and social factors holding disparities in place. With the goal of reducing misunderstanding and mistrust between researchers and community members, a team led by a senior basic science researcher at the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) and a retired community college faculty member launched a pilot 9-month bi-weekly Cancer Disparities Curriculum for Research and Community Scholars in Fall 2021. This curriculum is a project of the Community and Cancer Science Network (CCSN) which promotes transdisciplinary collaboration with equitable engagement of non-academic audiences as full partners and emphasizing co-learning and co-developing of solutions. Designed for early career basic scientists (“research scholars”) and Milwaukee community members (“community scholars”), the curriculum included topics such as cancer disparities, social determinants of health, bias, racism, communicating with different audiences, and bridging diverse perspectives. Respected experts from the Milwaukee community and MCW facilitated the sessions. Additionally, dyad pairs of one research and one community scholar worked throughout the 9-months to develop project plans to address cancer disparities incorporating both perspectives. At the end of the program, the scholars presented these plans to MCW faculty and staff, and community leaders and members. To assess the impact of the curriculum and to continuously improve its delivery, the team used quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection throughout the pilot curriculum. These methods included attendance data, scholar surveys, facilitator surveys, and observations and debriefs of each session, all of which have informed adjustments to the curriculum. Following the conclusion of the first cohort in May 2022, the evaluation team began its preliminary review and found that scholars reported an increase in understanding of the scientific, environmental, and social factors that influence cancer disparities but wanted to have more opportunities to connect learning to action. Research Scholars specifically reported that engagement with community led them to begin to think differently about their work. To fully address cancer disparities, biomedical researchers and community members must collectively address issues of mistrust and misunderstanding. This can be achieved by increased understanding and empathy, shared vocabulary, and opportunities to explore different ways to partner. Our curriculum provides opportunity and guidance to build authentic collaboration, increase understanding, and engage in low-risk program exploration. Citation Format: Tobi A. Cawthra, Laura Pinsoneault, Kristen Gardner-Volle, Jessica Olson, Alexis Krause, Deborah Thomas, Melinda Stolley, Carol Williams. First year results of a cancer disparities curriculum to address mistrust and misunderstanding between basic science researchers and community members [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B065.

A new kind of conservatism has evolved and has taken center stage in many nations, one that is best seen as “conservative modernization.” Although parts of these conservative positions may have originated within the New Right, they are now not limited to what has traditionally been called the Right. They have been taken up by a much larger segment of government and policy makers and have also even been appropriated by groups that one might least expect to do so, such as African American activists in cities like Milwaukee. In this article, we examine a growing phenomenon: the growth of seemingly conservative sentiments among some of the least powerful groups in this society. Perhaps the most significant organization to emerge has been the Black Alliance for Educational Options (BAEO). It has mobilized around voucher advocacy for urban working-class communities of color. BAEO has attracted significant attention not just for its iconoclastic alignment with conservative educational reform, but also for accepting funding from far-Right foundations. This article analyzes the complexity of the discursive and sociopolitical space that BAEO occupies. The organization's awareness of its critics, allies, and the limited range of educational options within which low-income African American families must act belies the notion, put forward by some, that BAEO is simply a front organization for the educational Right. Nevertheless, BAEO's importance to the larger rightist project in education cannot be overstated. At the core of our analysis is a concern about what is at stake for all of us if a rightist educational agenda succeeds in redefining what and whose knowledge is of most worth and what our social and educational policies are meant to do. Yet, no matter what one's position is on the wisdom of BAEO's strategic actions, this case provides a crucial example of the politics of how social movements and alliances are formed and reformed out of the material and ideological conditions of daily life. A critical but sympathetic understanding of groups such as BAEO may enable us to avoid the essentialism and reductionism that enters into critical sociological work on the nature of ongoing struggles over educational reform. It can provide a more nuanced sense of social actors and the possibilities and limits of strategic alliances in a time of major conflicts over educational reform during a period of conservative modernization.

Boen Bioyang Temple, located in Surabaya City, is one of the houses of worship in Indonesia that still cling to the purity of Confucian religious teachings. Especially, it still maintains the pure values of Confucian tea¬chings that do not go through syncretism like other temples. Temples in Indonesia are mostly Tridharma temples used by three religions, namely Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. This article wishes to reveal (1) the context and historical back¬-ground of the founders of Boen Bio Temple, which includes the time, the founding figures, and the conditions of the community around that time; (2) data on the architectural model of the building, and the objects as well as the philosophical meanings contained therein and (3) the role of religious spreading and the social and cultural use since its inception to date. The expected benefits of this research can add to the religious treasures of the Indonesian archipelago, exploring the values of local wis¬dom. These also conserve and preserve historical religious places of worship in Indonesia, especially the Confucian Chinese people who are Confucians in Surabaya and generally the people of Indonesia. Basically, the research method used here is descriptive and quali-tative, related to history. The use of such methods may present evidence of evidence and facts contained in the temple through the stages of historical studies. A historical approach is made to describe the historical back¬ground of the existence of a historic place of worship, while the archae¬ological approach is done to describe the ancient objects and the symbols within them. Keywords: Temple, Confucianism, Chinese, Surabaya, Indonesia. Latar belakang penelitian Klenteng Boen Bio yang ada di Kota Surabaya ini, adalah salah satu satu tempat ibadah di Indonesia yang masih berpegang teguh pada kemurnian ajaran agama Khonghucu. Teru-tama masih mempertahankan nilai-nilai murni ajaran Khonghucu yang tidak mengalami sinkretisme seperti kelenteng-kelenteng lainnya. Jika Kelenteng-kelenteng di Indonesia kebanyakan merupakan kelenteng Tri-dhar¬¬ma yang digunakan oleh tiga agama, yakni Khonghucu, Budha dan Tao. Adapun tujuan dan manfaat dari penelitian ini diantaranya (1) untuk mengungkapkan konteks latar sejarah berdirinya Klenteng Boen Bio, yang meliputi waktu, pendiri, serta kondisi masyarakat di sekitar saat itu. (2) Didapatnya data tentang model aristektur bangunan, dan benda-benda berikut makna filosofis yang terkandung di dalamnya serta (3) mengetahui peran penyebaran agama serta pemanfaatan sosial budaya sejak awal berdirinya sampai saat ini. Manfaat yang diharapkan dari penelitian ini dapat menambah khazanah keagamaan Nusantara, menggali nilai-nilai kearifan lokal dan mengkonservasi dan melestarikan tempat-tempat iba¬dah keagamaan bersejarah di Indonesia. khususnya masyarakat Tionghoa yang beragama Khonghucu di Surabaya dan umumnya masyarakat Indonesia. Secara mendasar metode penelitian ini deskriptif kualitatif yang terkait dengan sejarah dan kekunoan.Penggunaan metode tersebut diharap¬kan dapat memaparkan bukti temuan dan fakta yang terdapat pada Klen¬teng tersebut melalui tahapan kajian sejarah. Pendekatan yang dilakukan disesuaikan dengan sifat penelitian yang akan dilakukan yaitu historis dan arkeologis. Pendekatan historis dilakukan untuk men-deskripsikan latar belakang sejarah keberadaan rumah ibadah bersejarah, sedang¬kan pende¬ka¬tan arkeologis dilakukan untuk mendeskripsikan benda-benda kuno serta simbol yang ada didalamnya.Karena keterbatasan waktu dan teknis, maka dalam penelitian ini hanya di analisis melalui pendekatan sejarah. Kata Kunci: Klenteng, Khonghucu, Tionghoa, Kota Surabaya, Indonesia.

In addition to cuts in social programs, the Great Recession also affected government expenditures once considered less vulnerable to austerity, such as economic development. Using a comparative case study approach, we examine economic development policies and practices in two cities, sampled for similar economic and fiscal conditions: Fresno, California and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. We find that declining state support and local autonomy weakened the municipal economic development function while leaving entrepreneurial logics largely intact. In the face of significant economic and fiscal stress after the Great Recession, both Fresno and Milwaukee remained committed to conventional approaches to stimulating private development, even as their capacity to do so was severely constrained by state pre-emption and cuts in intergovernmental aid. The elimination of city-controlled economic development programs, rescaling of incentives, and state-imposed regulatory restrictions provide a counter-narrative to those claiming that a “new localism” enhanced the role of cities as economic actors after the crisis.