Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'MIMO ; Spatial Modulation ; experimental'

The spatial modulation (SM) concept combines, in a novel fashion, digital modulation and multiple antenna transmission for low complexity and spectrally efficient data transmission. The idea considers the transmit antenna array as a spatial constellation diagram with the transmit antennas as the constellation points. To this extent, SM maps a sequence of bits onto a signal constellation point and onto a spatial constellation point. The information is conveyed by detecting the transmitting antenna (the spatial constellation point) in addition to the signal constellation point. In this manner, inter-channel interference is avoided entirely since transmission is restricted to a single antenna at any transmission instance. However, encoding binary information in the spatial domain means that the number of transmit antennas must be a power of two. To address this constraint, fractional bit encoded spatial modulation (FBE—SM) is proposed. FBE–SMuses the theory of modulus conversion to facilitate fractional bit rates over time. In particular, it allows each transmitter to use an arbitrary number of transmit antennas. Furthermore, the application of SM in a multi-user, interference limited scenario has never been considered. To this extent, the average bit error rate (ABER) of SM is characterised in the interference limited scenario. The ABER performance is first analysed for the interference-unaware detector. An interference-aware detector is then proposed and compared with the cost and complexity equivalent detector for a single–input multiple–output (SIMO) system. The application of SM with an interference-aware detector results in coding gains for the system. Another area of interest involves using SM for relaying systems. The aptitude of SM to replace or supplement traditional relaying networks is analysed and its performance is compared with present solutions. The application of SM to a fixed relaying system, termed dual-hop spatial modulation (Dh-SM), is shown to have an advantage in terms of the source to destination ABER when compared to the classical decode and forward (DF) relaying scheme. In addition, the application of SM to a relaying system employing distributed relaying nodes is considered and its performance relative to Dh-SM is presented. While significant theoretical work has been done in analysing the performance of SM, the implementation of SM in a practical system has never been shown. In this thesis, the performance evaluation of SM in a practical testbed scenario is presented for the first time. To this extent, the empirical results validate the theoretical work presented in the literature.

Spatial modulation (SM) is a unique single-stream, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission technique. Unlike traditional MIMO schemes, SM sends out signals through a single active antenna, and achieves multiplexing gains by encoding information bits into the index of the currently active antenna. In contrast to multi-stream MIMO systems, this particular characteristic offers great superiority in two main aspects. Firstly, SM completely avoids inter-channel interference. Secondly, SM requires a single radio-frequency chain, regardless of the number of antennas used, and therefore exhibits a significant energy saving. However, the property of a single active antenna challenges the channel estimation process for SM: the transmit antennas have to be activated sequentially for sending pilot signals. As a result, the time consumed in pilot transmission is proportional to the number of transmit antennas. However, this fact has so far been neglected in related research. Also, published research on SM has focused on point-to-point communications, and few have covered a network perspective. In this thesis, a comprehensive study is undertaken on SM systems in single-user, multi-user and multi-cell scenarios. As a unique three-dimensional modulation scheme, SM enables a trade-off between the size of the signal constellation diagram and the size of the spatial constellation diagram. In this thesis, an optimum transmit structure is proposed for SM to employ an adaptive scale of antennas against channel correlations. Unlike traditional antenna selection methods, this new approach is not sensitive to fast fading, due to the exploitation of statistical channel state information (CSI) instead of instant CSI. The proposed transmit structure is demonstrated to have a near-optimal performance against exhaustive search, while achieving very low computational complexity. In addition, three novel methods are developed to improve the channel estimation process for SM. A first method estimates the entire MIMO channel by sending pilot signals through only one of the transmit antennas, among which the channel correlation is exploited. In a similar way but focusing on the receiver, a second method can improve the estimation accuracy without increasing the pilot sequence length. A third method balances the transmission power between pilot and data to minimise the bit error rate. A framework of combined channel estimation is also proposed, in which the three methods are jointly applied. Furthermore, the antenna allocation in multi-user SM is studied, in order to explore multi-user diversity gains. A method that jointly manages transmit antennas and receive antennas for all co-channel users is proposed. The aim of this new method is to maximise the channel capacity for each user, and the fairness among users is taken into account. It is demonstrated that the proposed method significantly improves the performance of multi-user SM, especially when serving a large number of users. Finally, a novel cooperative scheme is proposed for SM in a multi-cell scenario. Based on the concept of coordinated multi-point transmission (CoMP), this scheme enables the coordinated users to swap the base station antennas pertaining to them. A three-tier cellular architecture is further developed to switch between CoMP and the cooperative scheme.

Spatial modulation (SM) is a transmission technique proposed for multiple–input multiple– output (MIMO) systems, where only one transmit antenna is active at a time, offering an increase in the spectral efficiency equal to the base–two logarithm of the number of transmit antennas. The activation of only one antenna at each time instance enhances the average bit error ratio (ABER) as inter–channel interference (ICI) is avoided, and reduces hardware complexity, algorithmic complexity and power consumption. Thus, SM is an ideal candidate for large scale MIMO (tens and hundreds of antennas). The analytical ABER performance of SM is studied and different frameworks are proposed in other works. However, these frameworks have various limitations. Therefore, a closed–form analytical bound for the ABER performance of SM over correlated and uncorrelated, Rayleigh, Rician and Nakagami–m channels is proposed in this work. Furthermore, in spite of the low–complexity implementation of SM, there is still potential for further reductions, by limiting the number of possible combinations by exploiting the sphere decoder (SD) principle. However, existing SD algorithms do not consider the basic and fundamental principle of SM, that at any given time, only one antenna is active. Therefore, two modified SD algorithms tailored to SM are proposed. It is shown that the proposed sphere decoder algorithms offer an optimal performance, with a significant reduction of the computational complexity. Finally, the logarithmic increase in spectral efficiency offered by SM and the requirement that the number of antennas must be a power of two would require a large number of antennas. To overcome this limitation, two new MIMO modulation systems generalised spatial modulation (GNSM) and variable generalised spatial modulation (VGSM) are proposed, where the same symbol is transmitted simultaneously from more than one transmit antenna at a time. Transmitting the same data symbol from more than one antenna reduces the number of transmit antennas needed and retains the key advantages of SM. In initial development simple channel models can be used, however, as the system develops it should be tested on more realistic channels, which include the interactions between the environment and antennas. Therefore, a full analysis of the ABER performance of SM over urban channel measurements is carried out. The results using the urban measured channels confirm the theoretical work done in the field of SM. Finally, for the first time, the performance of SM is tested in a practical testbed, whereby the SM principle is validated.

Spatial Modulation (SM) is a spatial multiplexing technique designed for MIMO systems where only one transmit antenna is used at each time. It is considered to be an attractive choice for future wireless communication systems as it reduces Inter Channel Interference (ICI) while maintaining high energy efficiency. It can achieve this goal by mapping block of data bits into constellation points in the spatial and signal domain. Combining this innovative method with multiple access techniques could improve the system performance and enhance the data rate. In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) method employing parity bit permutation spreading, the bit error rate (BER) performance could be improved by using the parity bits to select the spreading sequence to use at each signalling interval. In this thesis, a new system model based on SM and CDMA employing parity bit permutation spreading is proposed and investigated. The proposed system takes advantage of the benefits of both techniques. In this system, in addition to use the parity bits to select the spreading sequences, same concept is used to select the combination of antennas to activate at each time instant. By doing so, a reduction of power consumption, Inter-Channel and Inter Symbol Interference effect can be achieved while keeping a certain diversity order compared to SM. Multiuser scenario is also discussed in order to investigate the multiple access interference (MAI) effects in synchronous transmission. In such case, the receiver estimates the desired user's information by considering the other users' signal as additional noise. Simulation results of the proposed MIMO-CDMA system employing permutation spreading show, for single user and multiuser, a significant improvement of the BER performance in low signal to noise ratio (SNR) when SM is implemented.

ITC/USA 2014 Conference Proceedings / The Fiftieth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 20-23, 2014 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CA
Spatial modulation (SM) is a transmission scheme where only one transmit antenna is active at any time instant. It thus reduces interchannel interference (ICI) and receiver complexity over traditional multi-antenna systems. However, the spectral efficiency of SM is low. To improve the spectral efficiency, generalized spatial modulation (GSM) can be used. In this paper, we propose to apply the Alamouti technique with GSM for correlated antennas, and show that the proposed approach provides significant improvement over conventional SM and GSM. Our study also shows the importance of bit-to-antenna mappings and their roles on the selection of appropriate correlated antennas.

Spatial Modulation (SM) is a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission technique which realizes low complexity implementations in wireless communication systems. Due the transmission principle of SM, only one Radio Frequency (RF) chain is required in the transmitter. Therefore, the complexity of the transmitter is lower compared to the complexity of traditional MIMO schemes, such as Spatial MultipleXing (SMX). In addition, because of the single RF chain configuration of SM, only one Power Amplifier (PA) is required in the transmitter. Hence, SM has the potential to exhibit significant Energy Efficiency (EE) benefits. At the receiver side, due to the SM transmission mechanism, detection is conducted using a low complexity (single stream) Maximum Likelihood (ML) detector. However, despite the use of a single stream detector, SM achieves a multiplexing gain. A point-to-point closed-loop variant of SM is receive space modulation. In receive space modulation, the concept of SMis extended at the receiver side, using linear precoding with Channel State Information at the Transmitter (CSIT). Even though receive space modulation does not preserve the single RF chain configuration of SM, due to the deployed linear precoding, it can be efficiently incorporated in a Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) or in a Virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (VMIMO) architecture. Inspired by the potentials of SM, the objectives of this thesis are the evaluation of the EE of SM and its extension in different forms of MIMO communication. In particular, a realistic power model for the power consumption of a Base Station (BS) is deployed in order to assess the EE of SM in terms of Mbps/J. By taking into account the whole power supply of a BS and considering a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) multiple access scheme, it is shown that SM is significantly more energy efficient compared to the traditional MIMO techniques. In the considered system setup, it is shown that SM is up to 67% more energy efficient compared to the benchmark systems. In addition, the concept of space modulation is researched at the receiver side. Specifically, based on the union bound technique, a framework for the evaluation of the Average Bit Error Probability (ABEP), diversity order, and coding gain of receive space modulation is developed. Because receive space modulation deploys linear precoding with CSIT, two new precoding methods which utilize imperfect CSIT are proposed. Furthermore, in this thesis, receive space modulation is incorporated in the broadcast channel. The derivation of the theoretical ABEP, diversity order, and coding gain of the new broadcast scheme is provided. It is concluded that receive space modulation is able to outperform the corresponding traditional MIMO scheme. Finally, SM, receive space modulation, and relaying are combined in order to form a novel virtual MIMO architecture. It is shown that the new architecture practically eliminates or reduces the problem of the inefficient relaying of the uncoordinated virtual MIMO space modulation architectures. This is undertaken by using precoding in a novel fashion. The evaluation of the new architecture is conducted using simulation and theoretical results.

ITC/USA 2015 Conference Proceedings / The Fifty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2015 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV
Spatial modulation (SM) reduces transceiver complexity and inter-channel interference over traditional multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. It has been shown recently in the literature that the use of a precoder in an SM or a generalized spatial modulation (GSM) system can significantly improve error performance. This paper investigates two issues related to precoders: 1) the use of a precoder in Alamouti-GSM systems, and 2) the effects of power constraints on the precoder design. The results in this paper show that Alamouti-GSM can improve system performance by several dB. On power constraint issues, the paper shows that there is a trade-off between limiting antenna power fluctuations and the potential gain due to precoders.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Este trabalho de dissertação de mestrado apresenta os resultados obtidos com a conjunção de duas técnicas propostas para utilização em modernos sistemas de comunicações: a Modulação Espacial (Spatial Modulation - SM) e a detecção desacoplada de sinais. Na primeira parte são abordados os fundamentos teóricos da detecção de sinais com modulação espacial, uma comparação entre os sistemas MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) tradicionais e os sistemas SM-MIMO, uma revisão bibliográfica sobre trabalhos previamente feitos no tema e os diferentes tipos de detectores que podem ser empregados em sistemas com modulação espacial. A seguir são abordadas diferentes técnicas para desacoplamento de sinais, as quais permitem a separação na estação radio-base dos sinais oriundos de diferentes tipos de usuários, visando simplificar e adequar o procedimento de detecção às necessidades do usuário da rede. Finalmente uma análise de desempenho, em termos da taxa de erro de bit, e complexidade computacional, em termos do número médio de flops requerido por vetor de símbolos detectado, é realizada para as diferentes associações de técnicas de desacoplamento e detectores SM enfocados neste trabalho.
This work dissertation presents the results obtained from the conjunction of two proposal techniques for the use in modern systems of communications: the Spatial Modulation and the Decoupling Signal Detection. In the first part are discussed the theorical bases of the signal detection with Spatial Modulation, a comparison between the traditional MIMO systems and the SM-MIMO systems, a bibliographical review about previousworks in the topic and the different kinds of detectors that can be used in systems with Spatial Modulation. Then the different techniques of signal decoupling are discussed, which allow the separation in the radio base station of the signals coming from the different classes of users, to simplify and adapt the process of detection and the requirements of the user in the network. Finally a performance analysis in terms of the bit error rate and computational complexity in terms of average number of flops required fot the vector of symbols detected, is done for the studied detectors in the dissertation, using the same different techniques of decoupling studied in this work.

L'Internet des objets est l'un des concepts clefs stimulant l'évolution des réseaux mobiles dans le but de leur donner de nouvelles fonctionnalités de communication et de gestion d'objets dits connectés. Comparativement aux terminaux mobiles standards, les usages associés à ces objets connectés sont en général caractérisés par des débits modestes et de faibles ressources en capacité de calcul et en énergie. Les techniques de modulation spatiale (SM) sont proposées comme une solution prometteuse pour assurer les débits des objets connectés tout en maîtrisant le critère de la consommation énergétique. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les performances de différents schémas de transmission basés sur le concept SM mis en oeuvre en transmission ou en réception. Nous avons notamment proposé un système global de communication en liaisons montante (SM en transmission) et descendante (SM en réception) entre une station de base et un objet, dans lequel l'essentiel de la complexité de calcul est concentré à la station de base. Par ce système, une liaison avec un objet peut être établie en limitant les traitements au sein de l'objet à di simples fonctions d'activation/désactivation d'antenne et de détection à seuil. Par ailleurs, nous avons proposé des schémas SM étendus grâce auxquels l'efficacité spectrale atteignable devient égale au nombre d'antennes au sein de l'objet. Les expressions analytiques de la probabilité d'erreur binaire ont été développées pour l'ensemble des systèmes étudiés en utilisant différentes méthodes de détection. L'impact de la connaissance imparfaite de l'état des canaux de propagation ainsi que l'effet des corrélations entre antennes ont également été incorporés dans l'étude des performances des schémas SM de réception. Dans une dernière partie, nous avons proposé d'adapter les schémas SM de réception dans un environnement de propagation en ondes millimétriques en utilisant une formation de faisceau hybride analogique/numérique au niveau de l'émetteur
Internet of Things is one of the keyword that represents the evolution in 5G that is able to connect the so-called Connected Devices (CD) to the network. These CDs are expected to require modest data rates and will be characterized by low resources in terms of both computation and energy consumption compared to other mobile multi-media devices. Spatial Modulation (SM) is proposed to be a promising solution to boost the data rate of the CD with a small ( or no) increase in energy consumption. Inspired by the advantages of SM, the objective of this thesis is to study the performance of different transmission scheme based on the SM concept at the transmitter and at tht receiver, for respectively an uplink and a downlink transmission between a BS and a CD. We proposed a global system where the higher computational complexity remains at the BS: The transmit SM is used for uplink, and the receive SM for downlink. It is shown that with SM, an ON­OFF keying for uplink and Single Tap detector for downlink could be sufficient for the transmission a the CD. Also, with Extended SM schemes, we increased the spectral efficiency of SM to be equal t< the number of antennas of CD in both uplink and downlink transmission. A framework for the derivation of the Bit Error Probability (BEP) is developed for all schemes with different detection methods. Impact of imperfect CSIT transmission has been studied when linear precoding is implemented for the receive spatial modulation, as well as the effect of antenna correlations. Finally we proposed to adapte the spatial modulation at the receiver with the mmWave environment, using hybrid beamformina at the transmitter

Reward expectation and spatial attention both exert powerful control over behaviour and modulate neural activity. The experiments in this thesis aimed to chart the dynamics of reward expectation effects across the time course of information processing and examine the relationship between reward and attention. Experiments 3.1 and 3.2 parametrically manipulated reward magnitude in the presence or absence of attention and demonstrated reward could influence reaction time (RT) under conditions of time pressure. Experiments 4.1 and 4.2 independently varied reward and spatial probabilities and illustrated independent and interactive effects of reward and attention at late stages of cognitive processing (the P300 potential), as well as modulation of detection sensitivity (d') by reward under conditions of uncertainty when reward was able to work through feature-based attention. The experiment of Chapter 5 cued reward and attention trial by trial and showed under these conditions, not only could reward influence late stages of information processing, but expectation of reward reduced peak latency of the visual N1 potential. Reward and attention also modulated motor preparation with both independent and interactive effects. The experiment of Chapter 6 examined the dynamics of reward association with task-relevant targets and irrelevant distracters during visual search and demonstrated that task-irrelevant but motivationally-salient distracter items could capture attentional resources away from the target, guided by endogenous reward association alone. The experiments of this thesis demonstrated the ability of reward expectation to modulate both behaviour and multiple stages of information processing, with effects predominantly independent from those of attention. Reward could influence processing from early visual analysis and target detection stages. Interaction between the two systems occurred at late processing stages, whereby reward and attentional information may have been integrated to provide a cohesive representation of the stimulus given the current environmental conditions.

Dans cette thèse, nous avons utilisé la théorie des matrices et les propriétés d’algèbre linéaire pour concevoir de nouveaux précodeurs MIMO basés sur la distance euclidienne minimale (max-dmin) entre les points des constellations reçues. À cause de la grande complexité de résolution engendrée par le nombre d’antennes et le nombre de symboles dans la constellation utilisée, ce type de précodeur n’existait auparavant que pour 2 voies d’émission et des modulations simples. Nous l’avons dans un premier temps étendu à la modulation MAQ-16, avant de généraliser le concept pour toute modulation MAQ. L’utilisation des fonctions trigonométriques a ensuite permis une nouvelle représentation du canal à l’aide de deux angles, ouvrant la voie à un précodeur dmin pour trois voies de données. Grâce à ce schéma, une extension non-optimale du précodeur max-dmin pour un nombre impair de flux de symboles utilisant des modulations MAQ est obtenue. Lorsqu’une détection par maximum de vraisemblance est utilisée, le nombre de voisins fournissant la distance minimale est également très important pour le calcul du TEB. Pour prendre en compte ce paramètre, un nouveau précodeur, sans rotation possible, est considéré, menant à une expression moins complexe et un espace de solutions restreint. Enfin, une approximation de la distance minimale a été dérivée en maximisant la valeur minimale des éléments diagonaux de la matrice maximisant le RSB. L'avantage majeur de cette conception est que la solution est disponible pour toute modulation MAQ rectangulaire et pour tout nombre de flux de symboles
In this thesis, we studied the efficient non-diagonal precoder based on the maximization of the minimum Euclidean distance (max-dmin) between two received data vectors. Because the complexity of the optimized solutions depends on the number of antennas and the modulation order, the max-dmin precoder was only available in closed-form for two independent data-streams with low-order modulations. Therefore, we firstly extended this solution for two 16-QAM symbols and then generalized the concept to any rectangular QAM modulation. By using trigonometric functions, a new virtual MIMO channel representation thanks to two channel angles, allows the parameterization of the max-dmin precoder and the optimization of the distance for three parallel data streams. Thanks to this scheme, an extension for an odd number of data-streams using QAM modulations is obtained. Not only the minimum Euclidean distance but also the number of neighbors providing it has an important role in reducing the error probability when an ML detection is considered at the receiver. Aiming at reducing this number of neighbors, a new precoder in which the rotation parameter has no influence is proposed, leading to less complex processing and a smaller space of solutions. Finally, an approximation of the minimum distance was derived by maximizing the minimum diagonal element of the SNR-like matrix. The major advantage of this design is that the solution can be available for all rectangular QAM-modulation and any number of datastreams

With the rapid growth of wireless data demands and saturation of radio frequency (RF) capacity, visible light communication (VLC) has become a promising candidate to complement conventional RF communication, especially for indoor short range applications. However the performance of the system depends on the propagation and type of system used. An optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (O-OFDM) together with multiple input multiple output (MIMO) in different scenario and modulation techniques are studied in the thesis. A novel optical wireless communication (OWC) multi-cell system with narrow field of view (FOV) is studied. In this system the intensity modulated beam from four light sources are used for communication. The system allows beams to be concentrated in specific areas of the room to serve multiple mobile devices with low interference and hence increase system capacity. The performance of asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM), direct current biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) and single carrier (SC) modulation are then compared in this system considering single user and multiusers scenarios. The performance of the multi-cell is compared with single cell with wide FOV. It is shown that the capacity for multi-cell system increases with the number of users to 4 times the single user capacity. Also the findings show that multi-cell system with narrow beams can outperform a single wide beam system in terms of coverage area and hence average throughput of about 2.7 times the single wide beam system capacity. One of the impairments in line of sight (LOS) OWC systems is coverage which degrades the performance. A mobile receiver with angular diversity detectors in MIMO channels is studied. The objective is to improve the rank of the channel matrix and hence system throughput. Repetition coding (RC), spatial multiplexing (SMP) and spatial modulation (SM) concepts are used to evaluate throughput across multiple locations in a small room scenario. A novel adaptive spatial modulation (ASM) which is capable of combating channel rank deficiency is devised. Since the receiver is mobile, the channel gains are low in some locations of the room due to the lack of LOS paths between transmitters and receivers. To combat the situation adaptive modulation and per antenna rate control (PARC) is employed to maximise spectral efficiency. The throughputs for fixed transmitters and receivers are compared with the oriented/inclined detectors for different cases. Angular diversity detectors offer a better throughput improvement than the state of the art vertical detectors, for example in ASM angular diversity receiver gives throughput of about 1.6 times that of vertical detectors. Also in SMP the angular detectors offer throughput about 1.4 times that of vertical detectors. SMP gives the best performance compared to RC, SM and ASM, for example SMP gives throughput about 2.5 times that of RC in both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. Again SMP gives throughput about 6 times that of SM in both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. Also SMP provides throughput about 2 times that of ASM in both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. ASM exhibit improvement in throughput about average factor of 3.5 times SM performance in both vertical detectors and angular diversity detectors. As the performance of the system may be jeopardized by obstructions, specular and diffuse reflection models for indoor OWC systems using a mobile receiver with angular diversity detectors in MIMO channels are considered. The target is to improve the MIMO throughput compared to vertically oriented detectors by exploiting reflections from different reflecting surfaces in the room. The throughput across multiple locations in the small room by using RC, SMP and SM approaches is again evaluated. The results for LOS only channels against LOS with specular or diffuse reflection conditions, for both vertical and angular oriented receivers are then compared. The results show that exploiting specular and diffuse reflections provide significant improvements in link performance. For example the reflection coefficient (α) of 0.9 and the antenna separation of 0.6 m, RC diffuse model shows throughput improvement of about 1.8 times that of LOS for both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. SM diffuse model shows throughput improvement of about 3 times that of LOS for both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. ASM diffuse model shows throughput improvement of about 2 times that of LOS for both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. SMP diffuse model shows throughput improvement of about 1.5 times that of LOS for both vertical detectors and angular diversity receiver.

La Modulation Spatiale MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) SM-MIMO est apparue pour répondre à la fois aux besoins croissants de forts débits binaires et d’efficacité énergétique des dispositifs connectés pour l’Internet des objets (IoT) et les réseaux sans fil (5G, Wi-Fi, etc...). Elle se caractérise par l’emploi d’un réseau d’émetteurs. Chaque élément du réseau d’émetteurs code pour un symbole particulier. Mais cette solution n’est pas envisageable pour l’implémentation de petits objets connectés. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous avons développé plusieurs antennes reconfigurables. Pour nos applications, une antenne reconfigurable possède différents diagrammes de rayonnement codant chacun pour un symbole binaire particulier. Les premiers prototypes fabriqués reposent sur une ligne méandre en couplage avec des résonateurs parasites. Pour accroître la compacité de l’antenne, nous avons conçu une antenne à anneaux fendus générant 8 différents diagrammes de rayonnement décorrélés à la fréquence de 2.45GHz. Pour estimer la fiabilité de la transmission radio, nous calculons numériquement et évaluons expérimentalement la probabilité d’erreurs de transmission (BER) en fonction du rapport Signal-sur-Bruit (SNR). Nos antennes présentent des résultats prometteurs dans l’implémentation d’une communication numérique en environnement indoor. Dans une deuxième partie de la thèse, pour transmettre une donnée vers un récepteur, nous avons exploité les ondes électromagnétiques ambiantes comme sources d’opportunité. Cette nouvelle technique de communication numérique repose sur un rétrodiffuseur capable de commuter entre différents états d’impédance et module le champs électrique ambiant. Ces réseaux sont sujets à des interférences. En particulier, on montre que le diagramme d’interférences entre une source d’onde, un rétrodiffuseur et un récepteur dépend fortement de leur localisation dans l’espace. Nous estimons le BER de la communication par rétrodiffusion et démontrons qu’il dépend du contraste de puissance estimé par le récepteur. A la fin du manuscrit, on donne des axes de recherche possibles pour améliorer la sensibilité du récepteur vis-à-vis du rétrodiffuseur et augmenter le débit binaire de cette communication numérique
The Spatial Modulation MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) SM-MIMO has emerged to meet both the growing need for high data rates and energy efficiency of connected devices for the Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless networks (5G , Wi-Fi, etc ...). It is characterized by the use of a network of transmitters. Each element of the transmitter network encodes a particular symbol. But this solution is not conceivable for the implementation of small connected objects. In the first part of the thesis, we have developed several reconfigurable antennas. For our purposes, a reconfigurable antenna has different radiation patterns whose each of them codes for a particular binary data. The first prototypes manufactured are based on a meander line in coupling with parasitic resonators. To increase the antenna’s compactness, we have developed a split-ring antenna generating 8 different decorrelated radiation patterns at the frequency of 2.45GHz. To estimate the reliability of the radio transmission, we numerically compute and experimentally evaluate the probability of errors of transmission (BER) as a function of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Our antennas show promising results in the implementation of a digital communication in indoor environment. In the second part of the thesis, in order to transmit data to a receiver, we have exploited ambient electromagnetic waves as sources of opportunity. This new digital communication technique is based on a backscatter capable of switching between different states of impedence and thus modulating the ambient electric field. These networks are subject to deep fadings. In particular, it is shown that the interference pattern between a wave source, a backscatter and a receiver strongly depends on their location in space. We estimate the BER of backscatter communication and demonstrate that it depends on the power of contrast estimated by the receiver. At the end of the manuscript, possible search axes are given to improve the sensitivity of the receiver towards the backscatter and to increase the data rate of this digital communication

Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Murali Tummala, Roberto Cristi. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-71). Also available online.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電機工程系所
101
Orthogonal space-time block codes can provide improved error performance for wireless systems with linear decoding complexity. Recently, an alternative multiple transmission technique known as spatial modulation has been proposed. In addition to the conventional signal constellations, multiple transmission antennas can also convey information bits so that the resulting spectral efficiency can be increased. In this thesis, we propose a new design of trellis-coded spatial modulation by combining the convolutional code and set partitioning of the transmission matrix set according to the coding gain distance criterion. Simulation results show that the new scheme can achieve good error performance with small trellis complexity.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電機工程系研究所
101
The multilayer code combines the partition set of Spatial Time Block Code(STBC) modulation matrix in the internal connected coding system, and the external system connects the Reed-Soloman code(RS code) to increase system performance. The simulation has shown that what we had proposed has good coding gain in the high SNR region.

碩士
國立清華大學
通訊工程研究所
106
The thesis proposed 5 algorithms for spatial modulation detector in polar coordinate. There are maximum likeliood detector in polar coordinate(PML), gradient detector in polar coordinate(PGML), one-stage candidate selection(OCS), two-stage candidate selection(TCS) and modified two-stage candidate selection(MTCS). We derived the maximum likelihood detector in polar coordinate(PML) and find that the complexity is lower than in rectangular coordinate. With the mathematical proof of only single local minimum in maximum likelihood distance formula and the slope of distance is monotonically increasing from the local minimum, we reinterpret the maximum likelihood solution from minimum distance to minimum slope summation. The interpretation leads to the PGML and it has lower complexity and the performance is near optimal. From the formula of slope summation, we proposed OCS algorithm by using part of the information: phase as parameter to select candidates from all the combinations of spatial and symbol index. To enhance the power of candidate selection, we proposed the TCS algorithm by adding the magnitude information which requires more complexity. With the property of convex in phase and magnitude domain, we proposed the MTCS algorithm which reduced the complexity efficiently. In the simulation result, we can see that the BER performance of sub optimal detectors in polar coordinate are near to optimal detector and the complexity are comparable to the sub optimal detector in rectangular coordinate. Among all the detectors, MTCS algorithm has the lowest complexity.

碩士
國立中山大學
通訊工程研究所
106
Spatial-Multiplexing aided Generalized Spatial Modulation (SMx-GSM) is essentially a combination of Vertical Bell Labs Layered Space-Time and Generalized Spatial Modulation (GSM) to achieve a high transmission rate technology. In transmitter, the transmit antennas are divided into several groups and each group use GSM technique. Therefore, we don’t need a lot of Radio Frequency chain to transmit signal and will not cause serious inter-channel interference. Compare to the conventional GSM, we can implement high transmission rate system by using the characteristics of SMx-GSM symbols at receiver. In this thesis, we explain a low-complexity detector for SMx-GSM. We use tree search algorithm and utilize a low-complexity cost function to find a set of transmit antenna combinations with maximum a posteriori probability for optimal detection. From the results of the simulation, the detection complexity can be greatly reduced, that make high-rate system feasible.

Yes
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems require simplified architectures that can maximize design parameters without sacrificing system performance. Such architectures may be used in a transmitter or a receiver. The most recent example with possible low cost architecture in the transmitter is spatial modulation (SM). In this study, we evaluate the SM and quasi-orthogonal space time block codes (QOSTBC) schemes for MIMO systems over a Rayleigh fading channel. QOSTBC enables STBC to be used in a four antenna design, for example. Standard QO-STBC techniques are limited in performance due to self-interference terms; here a QOSTBC scheme that eliminates these terms in its decoding matrix is explored. In addition, while most QOSTBC studies mainly explore performance improvements with different code structures, here we have implemented receiver diversity using maximal ratio combining (MRC). Results show that QOSTBC delivers better performance, at spectral efficiency comparable with SM.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology has emerged as a popular technique for enhancing the reliability and capacity of wireless communication systems. In this dissertation, we analyze the spatial modulation (SM) MIMO technique and investigate possible extensions to this scheme. To date, there has been no literature reporting on the theoretical performance of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) SM with maximum likelihood (ML) based detection. The first objective of this dissertation is to present an asymptotic bound to quantify the average bit error rate (BER) of M-QAM SM with ML detection over independent and identically distributed (i.i.d) Rayleigh flat fading channels. The analytical frameworks are validated by Monte Carlo simulation results, which show the derived bounds to be tight for high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values. The ML based SM detector is optimal, since it offers the best detection performance. However, this technique is not practical due to its high computational complexity. The second objective of this dissertation is to introduce a novel SM detection scheme, termed multiple-stage (MS) detection. Performance and complexity comparisons with existing SM detectors show two main benefits of MS detection: near optimal BER performance and up to a 35% reduction in receiver complexity as compared to the ML based detector. Conventional SM schemes are unable to exploit the transmit diversity gains provided by the MIMO channel. The third objective of this dissertation is to propose Alamouti coded spatial modulation (ACSM), a novel SM based scheme with transmit diversity. The ACSM technique combines SM with Alamouti space-time block coding (STBC), thereby improving the diversity aspect and overall system performance of conventional SM. A closed form expression for the average BER of real constellation ACSM over i.i.d Rayleigh flat fading channels is derived and Monte Carlo simulations are used to verify the accuracy of this analytical expression. The BER performance of ACSM is compared to that of SM and Alamouti STBC. Simulation results show that the new scheme outperforms SM and Alamouti STBC by approximately 5.5 dB and 1.5 dB respectively, albeit at the cost of increased receiver complexity.
Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

Multi-antenna wireless systems have become very popular due to their theoretically predicted higher spectral efficiencies and improved performance compared to single-antenna systems. Large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems refer to wireless systems where communication terminals employ tens to hundreds of antennas to achieve in-creased spectral efficiencies/sum rates, reliability, and power efficiency. Large-scale multi-antenna systems are attractive to meet the increasing wireless data rate requirements, without compromising on the bandwidth. This thesis addresses key signal processing issues in large-scale MIMO systems. Specifically, the thesis investigates efficient algorithms for signal detection and channel estimation in large-scale MIMO systems. It also investigates ‘spatial modulation,’ a multi-antenna modulation scheme that can reduce the number of transmit radio frequency (RF) chains, without compromising much on the spectral efficiency. The work reported in this thesis is comprised of the following two parts: 1 investigation of low-complexity receiver algorithms based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique, tabu search, and belief propagation for large-scale uplink multiuser MIMO systems, and 2 investigation of achievable rates and signal detection in generalized spatial modulation. 1. Receiver algorithms for large-scale multiuser MIMO systems on the uplink In this part of the thesis, we propose low-complexity algorithms based on MCMC techniques, Gaussian sampling based lattice decoding (GSLD), reactive tabu search (RTS), and factor graph based belief propagation (BP) for signal detection on the uplink in large-scale multiuser MIMO systems. We also propose an efficient channel estimation scheme based on Gaussian sampling. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling: We propose a novel MCMC based detection algorithm, which achieves near-optimal performance in large dimensions at low complexities by the joint use of a mixed Gibbs sampling (MGS) strategy and a multiple restart strategy with an efficient restart criterion. The proposed mixed Gibbs sampling distribution is a weighted mixture of the target distribution and uniform distribution. The presence of the uniform component in the sampling distribution allows the algorithm to exit from local traps quickly and alleviate the stalling problem encountered in conventional Gibbs sampling. We present an analysis for the optimum choice of the mixing ratio. The analysis approach is to define an absorbing Markov chain and use its property regarding the expected number of iterations needed to reach the global minima for the first time. We also propose an MCMC based algorithm which exploits the sparsity in uplink multiuser MIMO transmissions, where not all users are active simultaneously. Gaussian sampling based lattice decoding: Next, we investigate the problem of searching the closest lattice point in large dimensional lattices and its use in signal detection in large-scale MIMO systems. Specifically, we propose a Gaussian sampling based lattice decoding (GSLD) algorithm. The novelty of this algorithm is that, instead of sampling from a discrete distribution as in Gibbs sampling, the algorithm iteratively generates samples from a continuous Gaussian distribution, whose parameters are obtained analytically. This makes the complexity of the proposed algorithm to be independent of the size of the modulation alpha-bet. Also, the algorithm is able to achieve near-optimal performance for different antenna and modulation alphabet settings at low complexities. Random restart reactive tabu search (R3TS): Next, we study receiver algorithms based on reactive tabu search (RTS) technique in large-scale MIMO systems. We propose a multiple random restarts based reactive tabu search (R3TS) algorithm that achieves near-optimal performance in large-scale MIMO systems. A key feature of the proposed R3TS algorithm is its performance based restart criterion, which gives very good performance-complexity tradeoff in large-dimension systems. Lower bound on maximum likelihood (ML) bit error rate (BER) performance: We propose an approach to obtain lower bounds on the ML performance of large-scale MIMO systems using RTS simulation. In the proposed approach, we run the RTS algorithm using the transmitted vector as the initial vector, along with a suitable neighborhood definition, and find a lower bound on number of errors in ML solution. We demonstrate that the proposed bound is tight (within about 0.5 dB of the optimal performance in a 16×16MIMO system) at moderate to high SNRs. Factor graph using Gaussian approximation of interference (FG-GAI): Multiuser MIMO channels can be represented by graphical models that are fully/densely connected (loopy graphs), where conventional belief propagation yields suboptimal performance and requires high complexity. We propose a solution to this problem that uses a simple, yet effective, Gaussian approximation of interference (GAI) approach that carries out a linear per-symbol complexity message passing on a factor graph (FG) based graphical model. The proposed algorithm achieves near-optimal performance in large dimensions in frequency-flat as well as frequency-selective channels. Gaussian sampling based channel estimation: Next, we propose a Gaussian sampling based channel estimation technique for large-scale time-division duplex (TDD) MIMO systems. The proposed algorithm refines the initial estimate of the channel by iteratively detecting the data block and using that knowledge to improve the estimated channel knowledge using a Gaussian sampling based technique. We demonstrate that this algorithm achieves near-optimal performance both in terms of mean square error of the channel estimates and BER of detected data in both frequency-flat and frequency-selective channels. 2. Generalized spatial modulation In the second part of the thesis, we investigate generalized spatial modulation (GSM) in point-to point MIMO systems. GSM is attractive because of its ability to work with less number of transmit RF chains compared to traditional spatial multiplexing, without com-promising much on spectral efficiency. In this work, we show that, by using an optimum combination of number of transmit antennas and number of transmit RF chains, GSM can achieve better throughput and/or BER than spatial multiplexing. We compute tight bounds on the maximum achievable rate in a GSM system, and quantify the percentage savings in the number of transmit RF chains as well as the percentage increase in the rate achieved in GSM compared to spatial multiplexing. We also propose a Gibbs sampling based algorithm suited to detect GSM signals, which yields impressive BER performance and complexity results.

碩士
國立清華大學
通訊工程研究所
103
The concept of Generalized Spatial modulation (GSM) has been proposed as a promising architecture for low complexity massive MIMO systems. The GSM systems activates only small number of transmit antennas at a symbol time which simply the complexity in implementation. Different selection of the activating antennas patterns change the average symbol error rate (SER) performance, however the optimal selection of the activating antenna patterns is an NP hard problem due to the complicated connection in the universe of antenna patterns set. Through [1] has proposed a suboptimal design criterion for the codeword construction problem, it does not proposed the corresponding algorithms to realize the criterion. Even the suboptimal algorithm for the GSM codeword construction problem has not been proposed yet. Motivating by the above reasons, in this thesis we propose two GSM codeword construction criterions in the sense of minimizing the average symbol error rate (SER). We also design the corresponding systematic greedy-like algorithms for the proposed criterions and for the criterion proposed by [1]. At the last of the thesis we show the numerical results for the proposed codeword construction algorithms and we verify the performance of the proposed algorithms are indeed better than the algorithm whose design criterion is proposed by [1] and also better than the random selection method.

碩士
國立清華大學
通訊工程研究所
104
The high data rate and the quality of transmission is attached great importance in recent years.Though the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system can achieve these requirement, the new MIMO technology called generalized spatial modulation MIMO (GSM-MIMO) that has additional consideration about power consumption.This thesis proposes a hardware design of CECML-OB-MMSE detector \cite{CECML} called parallel 4 shared index processing with joint QR-SIC in GSM-MIMO system.At the index selection, the new algorithm uses shared index method instead of memory access to reduce hardware resource and computational complexity.And the parallel technology trades off the hardware latency and area. At the symbol detection, we use joint QR-SIC detector \cite{JQRSIC} instead of MMSE detector to avoid matrix inverse and decrease hardware latency.After using error correction code (ECC), the BER performance of this algorithm is close to maximum likelihood (ML).The hardware architecture is designed and verified by FPGA and TSMC90nm.The analysis of hardware area, hardware timing and hardware power are presented as well.

碩士
國立清華大學
電機工程學系
104
Massive multiple-input multiple-output system, has many advantages for wireless communication system, has higher data rate and accommodate more users. Due to generalized spatial modulation can effectively reduce hardware complexity and improve the spectral efficiency of multiple-input multiple-output system, it is a modulation method whitch combines the combination of transmit antennas and digital modulation as a transmission codeword and has been widely discussed in recent years. Nowadays, there are a lot of discussions about the hard-decision detections of generalized spatial modulation. The complexity of inverse matrix operations is high computational. Under these circumstances, we propose a detection method that is similar to tree search whitch has lower computation and present the soft-decision detections whitch is applicable to Low-density parity-check(LDPC) code. In view of the results, we have a tight performance loss compared to maximum a posteriori(MAP) detection.

碩士
國立中正大學
通訊工程研究所
107
For Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) wireless communication systems, spatial modulation (SM) has been considered as an effective technology mitigating the inter-carrier or inter-channel interference and solving the problem of antenna synchronization. By introducing the antenna index of transmitting antennas, each SM’s transmitting antenna can transmit one of the modulated signals and carry some data bits itself within a symbol duration. Therefore, it is capable of increasing spectrum efficiency. In the receiver of SM, maximum likelihood (ML) decoder is used to decode the modulated signal and antenna index simultaneously. The performance of the Maximum Likelihood decoder highly relies on the accuracy of channel estimation in MIMO wireless systems. In the thesis, we propose an algorithm adaptively adjusting the forgetting factor of Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm to improve the adaptability and accuracy of time-varying channel estimation. The idea is to use the estimation error and its variance of RLS’s every iteration incorporated with a fuzzy inference system to judge that the current estimation is in the transient state or steady state. Consequently, we can adaptively assign the proper forgetting factor to achieve the best-estimated performance. The simulation results show that the proposed fuzzy-logic control (FLC) RLS channel estimator takes the advantages of fast convergence and low steady-state error. It shows its better performance tracking the time-varying channel compared to normalized Least Mean Square (LMS) and other conventional RLS algorithms. Based on the better performance of channel estimation, the FLC-RLS is capable of reducing the symbol error rate and improving the overall transmission efficiency of SM-MIMO wireless systems.

碩士
國立清華大學
電機工程學系
103
In recent years, due to the transmission data rates and growing link quality demand, researchers develop new transmission technologies to achieve high data throughputs and spectral eciency, such as multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems that is widely used in wireless communication. However, the energy eciency is always not taken into consideration. In traditional MIMO system, The energy eciency decreases linearly with the number of active antennas (RF chains). In order to increase energy eciency in wireless communication, the researcher proposes Spatial Modulation (SM) that is a emerging and recently developed multiple-antenna transmission technique. The main concept of SM is that using one active antenna to transmit signal in largescale MIMO communications. Therefore, SM can achieve to reduce the number of RF chain and increase energy eciency, such as Single-Input- Single-Output (SISO) system. Beside, SM can improve transmission date rates compared to Single-Input- Single-Output (SISO) system. This is because there are addition bits to be mapped into antenna index. Nowadays, the researcher has been developed the large-scale MIMO system. Therefore, the more the number of antenna at transmit, the higher data rates. In addition, if the system at the same time has more than two active antennas to transmit signals, which is termed as SM-MIMO. It can achieve higher transmission data rates than SM system. In this thesis, we mainly SM-MIMO with two active antennas and propose a joint subset channel concept and pre-processing each joint subset channel to reduce the computational complexity of detector.

Multi-antenna wireless communication systems that employ a large number of antennas have recently stirred a lot of research interest. This is mainly due to the possibility of achieving very high spectral efficiency, power efficiency, and link reliability in such large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. An emerging architecture for large-scale multiuser MIMO communications is one where each base station (BS) is equipped with a large number of antennas (tens to hundreds of antennas) and the user terminals are equipped with fewer antennas (one to four antennas) each. The backhaul communication between base stations is also carried out using large number of antennas. Because of the high dimensionality of large-scale MIMO signals, the computational complexity of various transceiver operations can be prohibitively large. Therefore, low complexity techniques that scale well for transceiver signal processing in such large-scale MIMO systems are crucial. The transceiver operations of interest include signal encoding at the transmitter, and channel estimation, detection and decoding at the receiver. This thesis focuses on the design and analysis of novel low-complexity transceiver signal processing schemes for large-scale MIMO systems. In this thesis, we consider two types of large-scale MIMO systems, namely, massive MIMO systems and generalized spatial modulation MIMO (GSM-MIMO) systems. In massive MIMO, the mapping of information bits to modulation symbols is done using conventional modulation alphabets (e.g., QAM, PSK). In GSM-MIMO, few of the avail-able transmit antennas are activated in a given channel use, and information bits are conveyed through the indices of these active antennas, in addition to the bits conveyed through conventional modulation symbols. We also propose a novel modulation scheme named as precoder index modulation, where information bits are conveyed through the index of the chosen precoder matrix as well as the modulation symbols transmitted. Massive MIMO: In this part of the thesis, we propose a novel MIMO receiver which exploits channel hardening that occurs in large-scale MIMO channels. Channel hardening refers to the phenomenon where the off-diagonal terms of HH H become much weaker compared to the diagonal terms as the size of the channel gain matrix H increases. We exploit this phenomenon to devise a low-complexity channel estimation scheme and a message passing algorithm for signal detection at the BS receiver in massive MIMO systems. We refer to the proposed receiver as the channel hardening-exploiting message passing (CHEMP) receiver. The key novelties in the proposed CHEMP receiver are: (i) operation on the matched filtered system model, (ii) Gaussian approximation on the off-diagonal terms of the HH H matrix, and (iii) direct estimation of HH H instead of H and use of this estimate of HH H for detection The performance and complexity results show that the proposed CHEMP receiver achieves near-optimal performance in large-scale MIMO systems at complexities less than those of linear receivers like minimum mean squared error (MMSE) receiver. We also present a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) analysis that provides an analytical reasoning for this better performance of the CHEMP receiver. Further, the proposed message passing based detection algorithm enables us to combine it with low density parity check (LDPC) decoder to formulate a joint message passing based detector-decoder. For this joint detector-decoder, we design optimized irregular binary LDPC codes specific to the massive MIMO channel and the proposed receiver through EXIT chart matching. The LDPC codes thus obtained are shown to achieve improved coded bit error rate (BER) performance compared to off-the-shelf irregular LDPC codes. The performance of the CHEMP receiver degrades when the system loading factor (ratio of the number of users to the number of BS antennas) and the modulation alpha-bet size are large. It is of interest to devise receiver algorithms that work well for high system loading factors and modulation alphabet sizes. For this purpose, we propose a low-complexity factor-graph based vector message passing algorithm for signal detection. This algorithm uses a scalar Gaussian approximation of interference on the basic sys-tem model. The performance results show that this algorithm performs well for large modulation alphabets and high loading factors. We combine this detection algorithm with a non-binary LDPC decoder to obtain a joint detector-decoder, where the field size of the non-binary LDPC code is same as the size of the modulation alphabet. For this joint message passing based detector-decoder, we design optimized non-binary irregular LDPC codes tailored to the massive MIMO channel and the proposed detector. GSM-MIMO: In this part of the thesis, we consider GSM-MIMO systems in point-to-point as well as multiuser communication settings. GSM-MIMO has the advantage of requiring only fewer transmit radio frequency (RF) chains than the number of transmit antennas. We analyze the capacity of point-to-point GSM-MIMO, and obtain lower and upper bounds on the GSM-MIMO system capacity. We also derive an upper bound on the BER performance of maximum likelihood detection in GSM-MIMO systems. This bound is shown to be tight at moderate to high signal-to-noise ratios. When the number of transmit and receive antennas are large, the complexity of en-coding and decoding of GSM-MIMO signals can be prohibitively high. To alleviate this problem, we propose a low complexity GSM-MIMO encoding technique that utilizes com-binatorial number system for bits-to-symbol mapping. We also propose a novel layered message passing (LaMP) algorithm for decoding GSM-MIMO signals. Low computational complexity is achieved in the LaMP algorithm by detecting the modulation bits and the antenna index bits in two deferent layers. We then consider large-scale multiuser GSM-MIMO systems, where multiple users employ GSM at their transmitters to communicate with a BS having a large number of receive antennas. For this system, we develop computationally efficient message passing algorithms for signal detection using vector Gaussian approximation of interference. The performance results of these algorithms show that the GSM-MIMO system outperforms the massive MIMO system by several dBs for the same spectral efficiency. Precoder index modulation: It is known that the performance of a communication link can be enhanced by exploiting time diversity without reducing the rate of transmission using pseudo random phase preceding (PRPP). In order to further improve the performance of GSM-MIMO, we apply PRPP technique to GSM-MIMO systems. PRPP provides additional diversity advantage at the receiver and further improves the performance of GSM-MIMO systems. For PRPP-GSM systems, we propose methods to simultaneously precode both the antenna index bits and the modulation symbols using rectangular precoder matrices. Finally, we extend the idea of index modulation to pre-coding and propose a new modulation scheme referred to as precoder index modulation (PIM). In PIM, information bits are conveyed through the index of a prehared PRPP matrix, in addition to the information bits conveyed through the modulation symbols. PIM is shown to increase the achieved spectral efficiency, in addition to providing diver-sity advantages.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電腦與通訊研究所
97
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system is one of methods for increasing system capacity and reliability in high data rate wireless communications. Adaptive hybrid MIMO system is a scheme of multi-antenna wireless communication. The receiver can feedback limited data to the transmitter and the transmitter utilizes different modulations, codes, power, and antenna allocation to achieve the best performance and maximize the throughput under the different channel situation. For the conventional hybrid MIMO system, the BER in different transmission scheme is dissimilar. A single modulation order doesn’t suit to all hybrid MIMO systems. Hence, for the different schemes and channels, we use an adaptive modulation algorithm for a MIMO system to minimize BER under a fixed data rate. Traditional adaptive systems enhance the throughput of the system by increasing the modulation orders. The multi-antenna can provide the diversity gain (STBC) and multiplexing gain (VBLAST) and their benefits can be revealed when working at the high SNR and low SNR separately. Hence, we can use the spatial multiplexing to increase the system throughput. Therefore, we propose an adaptive hybrid MIMO transceiver scheme in a fixed transmission antenna system. The transmitter is based on power allocation and antenna allocation with both average SNR and partial channel state information (CSI) feedback to maximize the throughput.

The dissertation aims to study the low-complexity receivers for Single Carrier (SC) systems and generalized spatial modulation (GSM) in order to reduce the number of radio frequency (RF) chains used in the emitter and making the system more efficient energetically. In the first instance, the study addressed the use of multiple-Input multipleOutput (MIMO) schemes in conjunction with GSM in SC systemsin order to increase the throughput of a telecommunications network without diminishing energy efficiency. This study was followed by the development of an algorithm based on the alternating Direction method of Multipliers (ADMM) as a low-complexity receiver intending to achieve performances close to the optimal Maximum Likelihood Detector (MLD). The study of the ADMM receptor was done in two stages, the first step consists of the exclusive study of the ADMM receptor is SC systems where the main parameters of the receiver are tested. The second step compared the ADMM receiver with other receivers, namely the MMSE and the Zero Forcing in severe time dispersive environments. The realization of the various simulations with various receivers and scenarios allows to demonstrate that the ADMM can be an efficient and robust alternative. The referred technologies promote the reduction of the ecological footprint and the development of the technologies.
A dissertação visa estudar os receptores de baixa complexidade para sistemas "Single Carrier" (SC) e modulações espaciais generalizadas (GSM) de modo a reduzir o número de cadeias radio frequência (RF) utilizadas no emissor e tornando o sistema mais eficiente energeticamente. Em primeira instância o estudo apresentado abordou a utilização de esquemas "Multiple-Input Multiple-Output" (MIMO) em conjunto com o GSM em sistemas SC de forma a aumentar o "throughput" de uma rede de telecomunicações sem que a eficiência energética diminua. De seguida foi realizado o estudo de um algoritmo baseado no método "Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers" (ADMM) como um receptor de baixa complexidade, pretendendo-se obter desempenhos próximos do receptor ótimo "Maximum Likelihood Detector" (MLD). O estudo do receptor ADMM foi feito em duas etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu no estudo exclusivo do receptor ADMM onde foram testados os parâmetros principais do receptor. A segunda etapa consistiu em comparar o receptor ADMM com outros receptores, nomeadamente o MMSE e o Zero Forcing em ambiente altamente dispersivo no tempo. A realização das diversas simulações com vários receptores e cenários, permitiu demonstrar que o ADMM pode ser uma alternativa bastante eficiente e robusta. As tecnologias referidas promovem a diminuição da pegada ecológica e o desenvolvimento das mesmas.

碩士
國立中正大學
通訊工程研究所
105
In the spatial modulation multiple input multiple output (SM-MIMO) system, the best detector is the maximum likelihood detector (MLD). But MLD has the problem of high computational complexity and is not easily implemented by hardware architecture. Therefore many detection algorithms that are of low computational complexity and error rate performance close to theMLD are studied. Extension of the conventional SM-MIMO system to use multiple active transmit antenna for transmitting different symbols is called multiple active-spatial modulation (MA-SM). Low complexity linear detection algorithm of MA-SM signals are comprised of two steps. In the first step, estimation of the L groups of active antennas is performed; and, detection of the transmit symbols from the estimated groups of active antennas is performed in the second step. Unlike the joint detection, such separate detection of the active antennas and transmit symbols is of low complexity at the expense of performance degradation. For the hardware implementation, a 4-by-4 MIMO system with two active antennas transmitting 16-QAM signals is considered. The number of groups L is set to 2. The fixed point simulation results suggest that word length of the proposed architecture is 13 bits. The proposed design is described by Verilog HDL and synthesized by Synoposis Design Compiler.

Considerando os avanços tecnológicos das últimas décadas, espera-se que a próxima geração de comunicações sem fios siga a tendência de um aumento significativo da robustez do sistema, da eficiência espectral (SE) e da eficiência energética (EE). Atualmente na era do pós-5G, os esquemas de "Multiple Input, Multiple Output" (MIMO) baseados em modulações espaciais generalizadas (GSM) bem como noutras modulações de índices (IM), têm sido amplamente considerados como potenciais técnicas candidatas para as redes sem fios. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo desenhar e estudar um sistema MIMO para comunicações multiutilizador integrando símbolos GSM e símbolos de modulação de índices generalizada no espaço-frequência (GSFIM). Numa primeira parte estuda-se um sistema MIMO multiutilizador, em que uma estação base (BS) transmite símbolos GSM pré-codificados para vários recetores. Na abordagem GSM adotada, múltiplas antenas transmitem simultaneamente diferentes símbolos M-QAM de alto nível, até M =1024. O pré-codificador é desenvolvido de modo a remover interferências entre utilizadores enquanto um algoritmo iterativo baseado no "alternating direction method of multipliers" (ADMM) é aplicado no recetor para realizar a deteção GSM de um único utilizador. Os resultados mostram que a abordagem GSM MU-MIMO apresentada é capaz de explorar eficazmente um grande número de antenas de transmissão implantadas no transmissor e também proporcionar ganhos de desempenho sobre esquemas convencionais MU-MIMO com eficiências espectrais idênticas. Numa segunda parte, introduz-se uma nova dimensão (para além do espaço), a frequência. Estuda-se assim o comportamento dos recetores MMSE e OB-MMSE, num sistema MIMO baseado em GSFIM. Os resultados mostram que o sistema GSFIM MUMIMO explora de forma competente as comunicações com grande número de antenas/sub-portadoras, apresentando melhores desempenhos quando usada com um recetor OB-MMSE.
Considering the technological advances of the last decades, the next generation of wireless communications is expected to follow the trend of a significant increase in system robustness, spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). Today in the post5G era, Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) schemes based on generalised spatial modulations (GSM) as well as other index modulations (IM) have been widely considered as potential candidate techniques for wireless networks. This dissertation aims to design and study a MIMO system for multi-user communications integrating GSM symbols and generalised space-frequency index modulation (GSFIM) symbols. In a first part, a multi-user MIMO system is studied, in which a base station (BS) transmits pre-coded GSM symbols to several receivers. In the GSM approach adopted, multiple antennas transmit different high-level M-QAM symbols simultaneously, up to M =1024. The precoder is designed to remove interference between users while an iterative algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is applied to the receiver to perform single user GSM detection. The results show that the GSM MU-MIMO approach presented is capable of effectively exploiting a large number of transmission antennas deployed on the transmitter and also provides desempenho gains over conventional MU-MIMO schemes with identical spectral efficiencies. In a second part, a new dimension (beyond space) is introduced, frequency. The behaviour of MMSE and OB-MMSE receivers in a GSFIM-based MIMO system is thus studied. The results show that the GSFIM MU-MIMO system competently exploits communications with large numbers of antennas/sub-carriers and performs better when used with an OB-MMSE receiver.