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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mineral and Coal Resources'
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1
Li, Zhongxue. "Determining the size and life of underground coal mines." Diss., This resource online, 1987. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022008-063243/.
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Curtis, Ben. "The South Wales miners, 1964-1985." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2007. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/the-south-wales-miners-19641985(926e4360-6ca5-4cb7-87e7-d30140c3f975).html.
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In May 1981, at the South Wales Area NUM annual conference, Area president Emlyn Williams addressed the delegates and told them that the south Wales miners 'are associated in people's minds with resistance and struggles ... There is no doubt in my mind that miners have an historical mission to lead in class struggles'.1 This statement expressed the conscious self-image of the South Wales Area and was also a reaffirmation of an important historical trend. During the twentieth century the miners were generally considered to be amongst the most militant sections of the British labour movement, with South Wales very much in the forefront of this. This thesis examines both how and why the south Wales miners held this prominent 'vanguard' role. My research explores the history of the south Wales miners between 1964 and 1985, examining the interrelationship of coal, community and politics through the prism of their Union. The period covers the concerted run-down of the coal industry under the Wilson government, the growth of miners' resistance and the brief prospect of a secure future for them, through to eventual NUM defeat in 1985. In this socio- political history, the emphasis is on the dynamics of the relations between colliery lodges, the South Wales Area and the national NUM, the response of the Area to industrial and political developments, and also the impact of this upon its relationship with the wider labour movement. In many respects however, labour history is not currently 'fashionable'. The decline of the densely-unionised heavy industries, together with the global hegemony of neo-liberalism, has led many to believe that this subject is no longer relevant - even though the working class has not disappeared just because more people in Britain now work in call centres and supermarkets than in collieries or steelworks. Nevertheless, as Mcllroy and Campbell point out, '[t]he [current] debility of labour studies ... have to be related to the defeats and the consequent sense of demoralisation the labour movement has suffered from, as well as state policies and academic responses to them'.
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BARUA, SUKHENDU LAL. "APPLICATION OF CONDITIONAL SIMULATION MODEL TO RUN-OF-MINE COAL SAMPLING FREQUENCY DETERMINATION AND COAL QUALITY CONTROL AT THE POWER PLANT (BLENDING, GOAL PROGRAMMING, MICROCOMPUTER)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187940.
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Run-of-mine (ROM) coal sampling is one of the most important factors in determining the disposition of ROM coal for an overall emission control strategy. Determination of the amount of sample, or still better, the frequency of ROM coal sampling is thus essential to the analysis of overall emission control strategies. A simulation model of a portion of the Upper Freeport coal seam in western Pennsylvania was developed employing conditional simulation. On the simulated deposit, different mining methods were simulated to generate ROM coal data. ROM coal data was statistically analyzed to determine the sampling frequency. Two schemes were suggested: (1) the use of geostatistical techniques if there is spatial correlation in ROM coal quality, and (2) the use of classical statistics if the spatial correlation in ROM coal quality is not present. Conditions under which spatial correlation in ROM coal quality can be expected are also examined. To link the ROM coal and coals from other sources to coal stockpiles and subsequently to solve coal blending problems, where varying qualities of stockpiled coals are normally used, an interactive computer program was developed. Simple file-handling, for stockpiling problems, and multi-objective goal programming technique, for blending problems, provided their solutions. The computer program was made suitable for use on both minicomputer and microcomputer. Menu-driven and interactive capabilities give this program a high level of flexibility that is needed to analyze and solve stockpiling and blending problems at the power plant.
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Umejesi, Ikechukwu. "Land use, compensational justice and energy resource extraction in Nigeria: a socio-historical study of petroleum and coal mining communities." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/344.
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Scholarly and public analyses of state-community conflict in resource-rich communities, especially in Nigeria, often portray the compensational practices of the state and extractive enterprises as unjust and unsustainable. According to this view, at least three issues foreground the “unjustness”, namely: a) Inadequate compensation of land owners when land is expropriated or degraded in the process of natural resource exploration and production; b) inadequate periodic rents paid by extractive firms to land owners; and c) lack of, or inadequate socio-economic infrastructure in the host communities of extractive operations. Most analysts have therefore argued for a revamp of the compensation system and have presented the inadequacy of compensation as the underlying cause of conflict in Nigeria‟s mining communities (see Frynas, 2000b:208; Okoji, 2002:205). This thesis subjects the compensation discourse to a closer examination, especially against the backdrop of underdevelopment, pervasive poverty, environmental damage and continuing corporate-community conflict in Nigeria‟s resource-rich rural communities. The main argument is that, because of some of its underlying neoliberal assumptions, much of the compensation discourse is flawed – which is why the discourse obscures the true character of state-community and corporate-community conflict. This more so, because the discourse relies mainly on post-colonial (that is, post-1960) experiences and contemporary advocacy literature, ignores the interplay between history and contemporary developments in state-community relations, and treats compensation as an independent variable. Drawing on the concept of collective memory, and utilising historical, ethnographic and survey data from two of Nigeria‟s oldest petroleum and coal-mining communities, the thesis examines how the evolution of the Nigerian state and collective memory about aspects of that evolution have shaped state-community relations in the extractive sector. It situates state- iii community resource-related conflict within the wider socio-historical matrix of state and community contestations for ecological and natural resource sovereignty. The key finding of the thesis is that within the context of socio-ecological rights, compensation demands by local communities are textured. In the case of the communities selected for the study, such demands are often made outside, rather than within, local ethnographic ideas of “justness” and “fairness”. Hence, land-related grievances associated with natural resource extraction persist, regardless of whether or not local demands for compensation are “adequately” met by the state and extractive corporations. The thesis enriches and extends our understanding of natural resource conflict by privileging both the sociological and historical contexts of the conflict and raising questions about the dominance the state enjoys over local communities and indigenous ecological spaces.
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Brüggemann, Jürgen, Christian Melchers, and Peter Goerke-Mallet. "Das Ruhrgebiet ist am Äquator entstanden - Gelungener Strukturwandel auf 51 Grad nördlicher Breite." Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-206145.
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Der Beitrag beschreibt die Voraussetzungen des gelungenen Strukturwandels mit der Bündelung der Potentiale von Bodenschätzen, Geographie, Wirtschaft und Bevölkerung. Das Ruhrrevier in seiner heutigen Form ist im besonderen Maße Ausdruck der montanindustriellen Entwicklung. Diese wiederum hängt maßgeblich von der Ausbildung der Steinkohlenlagerstätte ab. So sind es die geologischen Schichten der Region, die diese nachhaltig gestaltet haben. Die Steinkohlenlagerstätte des Ruhrreviers entwickelte sich bereits vor über 300 Mio. Jahren unter subtropischen Bedingungen. Meeresnahe Ablagerungen sind Ursprung des „schwarzen Goldes“, der Steinkohle zwischen Ruhr und Lippe. Eine wechselvolle Geschichte führt über Gebirgsbildungen, Fort- und Rückschreitung der Küstenlinie sowie eiszeitlicher und fluviatiler Sedimentationen zur Gestaltung von Geologie und Morphologie im Ruhrrevier. Die heutige Raumstruktur des Ruhrgebiets entstand somit aus der Geomorphologie des Karbons mit den sich herausgebildeten Flüssen Ruhr, Emscher und Lippe und den sich daran orientierenden mittelalterlichen Städten und Siedlungen. Mit den Auswirkungen der industriellen Revolution auf Basis Kohle, Eisen und Stahl veränderte sich die Region von einem landwirtschaftlich geprägten Raum hin zum heutigen Ballungsraum mit über 5 Millionen Einwohnern. Von den ehemals über 400 Zechen im Ruhrrevier existierten im Jahr 2015 noch zwei fördernde Bergwerke. Das Bergwerk Auguste Victoria wurde Ende 2015 eingestellt, das Bergwerk Prosper Haniel wird Ende 2018 die Förderung einstellen. Damit endet der subventionierte Steinkohlebergbau in Deutschland aus ökonomischen Gründen. Die Lagerstätte im Ruhrrevier ist jedoch bei weitem noch nicht erschöpft. Die Beendigung des Bergbaues führte zu einem Strukturwandel, der in den 1960er Jahren begann und heute noch nicht sein Ende gefunden hat. Er hat eine industrielle, stabile Raumstruktur mit neuem Leben zu füllen. Zwischen Ruhr und Lippe sowie am Niederrhein haben 53 eigenständige Städte und Gemeinde das historische Erbe aufzunehmen und gemeinsam die regionalen Stärken zu fördern. Die großen Flächenstilllegungen wurdenin den prosperierenden Zonen zu modernen Stadtquartieren mit unterschiedlichsten Nutzungen entwickelt oder haben in den Zwischenräume die Landschaften und Freizeitgebiete vergrößert<br>The article describes the prerequisites for a successful structural change in the Ruhr area during the last 60 years. Via the regional bundling of the potential in raw materials, geography, economy and population the region managed the termination of the coal and steel industry. More than 50 communities have to deal with the historic legacy and they have to promote the local features. The cessation of the intensive coal-mining phase requires creative ideas, intensive communication, coordination of a lot of stakeholders to ensure a development in the direction of new stable structures
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Fraher, Richard Louis. "Optimizing roof control using probabilistic techniques in roof failure prediction." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062009-020200/.
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Mafavisse, Isaías Mutombo. "Mapeamento e estratégia de controle de cargas antrópicas potencialmente poluidoras da mineração de carvão de Moatize, Moçambique." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154558.
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Previous issue date: 2018-06-21<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>A poluição do ar é considerada uma situação-tipo para o setor mineiro, apresentando aspectos clássicos de degradação do meio ambiente biótico e abiótico. O objetivo do trabalho é identificar áreas impactadas por material particulado da mineração do carvão e suas principais fontes emissoras em Moatize, propondo uma nova formulação de supressor de poeira de base vegetal como alternativa para reduzir a emissão de material particulado em mina a céu aberto. Através de metodologia cartográfica, buscou-se representar as áreas críticas contendo carga potencial poluidora, neste caso, partículas totais em suspensão (PTS) e material particulado respirável (MP10) procedentes do processo e logística da exploração do carvão. As variações na qualidade do ar em torno das áreas de mineração do carvão em Moatize foram avaliadas durante o período de 2015 em cinco locais e em duas estações do ano. Os dados de campo mostraram que as áreas mais impactadas pelas emissões difusas de partículas totais em suspensão (PTS) e material particulado com diâmetro 10 (MP10) devido à atividade de mineração do carvão em Moatize são Liberdade, Carbomoc, Minas Moatize e 25 de setembro. Este último é o mais impactado. Os dados revelaram ainda níveis de concentração de material particulado acima dos padrões estabelecidos no Regulamento de Normas de Qualidade Ambiental e Decreto de Emissão de Efluentes n° 67/2010 vigente em Moçambique. As concentrações de PTS atingiram 569 μg m-3 no mês mais crítico. As análises de elementos principais e de elementos maiores e traço no carvão bruto foram realizadas por Análise Elementar CHN e Espetroscopia de Emissão óptica com Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente (ICP OES). Na formulação básica do supressor de poeira foi examinado o supressor de extrato de Pinus e ácido γ-poliglutâmico (γ-PGA). A nova formulação contendo ácido γ-poliglutâmico resultou em supressor de poeira de base vegetal, biodegradável. A interface entre a matriz de carvão mineral e a película supressora foi examinada por microscopia confocal de varredura a laser. Na caracterização do supressor de poeira foram utilizadas técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia no infravermelho. O gênero Pinus é uma matéria-prima abundante, renovável e de baixo custo, que possui potencial químico para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos de alto valor agregado. Os resultados iniciais são promissores e representam não apenas uma vantagem ambiental, mas também um ganho importante para as comunidades localizadas nas imediações das minas de carvão.<br>Air pollution is considered a standard situation for the mining sector, presenting classic aspects of degradation of the biotic and abiotic environment. The objective of this work is to identify areas impacted by coal mining particulate matter and its main source sources in Moatize, proposing a new formulation of a dust suppressant which is plant base with an alternative to suppress the particulate matter in an open pit mine. By means of cartographic methodology, we intend to represent the critical areas with potential pollutant load, in this case, total suspended particulate (TSP) matter and respirable particulate matter (PM10) from the process and logistic of the coal exploitation. The variations in air quality around the coal mining areas at Moatize were assessed over the 2015 period at five sites and two seasons. The field data showed that the areas most impacted by the diffuse emissions of TSP matter and PM10 particulate due to the coal mining activity in Moatize are Liberdade, Carbomoc, Minas Moatize on September 25. The latter is the most impacted. The data also revealed a high concentration of particulate matter in these areas, with levels above the standards established in the Regulation of Environmental Quality Standards and Wastewater Emission Decree No. 67/2010 in force in Mozambique. The PTS concentrations reached 569 μg m-3 in the most critical month. The analyzes of major elements and major elements and trait in crude coal were performed by CHN elementary and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometers (ICP OES). In the basic formulation of the dust suppressant the extract suppressor of Pinus and γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) was examined. The new formulation containing γ-polyglutamic acid resulted in a biodegradable plant-based dust suppressant. The interface between the charcoal matrix and the suppressor film was examined by a laser scanning confocal microscopy. In the characterization of the dust suppressor, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy techniques were used. The Pinus genus is an abundant, renewable and low-cost raw material that has chemical potential for the development of new products with high added value. The initial results are promising and represent not only an environmental advantage, but also a significant gain for communities located in the vicinity of coal mines.
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Malchenko, R. "Ukrainian mineral resources." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45894.
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Ukraine is very rich in mineral resources. It contains iron and manganese ores, natural gas, salt, sulphur, graphite, flux limestone. Ukraine also has deposits of oil, bauxite as well as black coal. Mineral resources can be classified into three main groups: fuels, metals and nonmetals. Fuels include deposits of black and brown coal, natural gas and peat. The reserves of black coal are concentrated in two basins: the Donets and Lviv-Volynian Basins, deposits of brown coal are to be found in many places on the Right Bank. They form the large Dnieper Brown Coal Basin. The western regions of Ukraine contain small deposits of brown coal. Brown coal is used as local fuel for power stations, factories and plants, also in household heating.
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Semenenko, E. "Non-renewable mineral resources." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33826.
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Includes any ores or minerals that are being removed at or below the surface of the Earth, processed into a usable form, used, then burned for energy or placed in areas of disposal after use. Coal would typically begood example. Mineral resources are considered non-renewable because their production by earth forces on a geologic timescale cannot keep up with their consumption by humans on a human timescale.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33826
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Paul, Anton Dilojaan. "Electrocatalytically induced liberation of mineral matter from coal." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82636.
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A new method for demineralizing coal has been developed which is based on the osmotic pressures that occur when electrical double layers overlap. In this technique, coal is exposed to ferric ions in an acidic medium which causes the coal to lose electrons and become positively charged, thereby establishing ionic double layers in the vicinity of its surface. Inside the pores and crevices in which mineral matter is entrapped, the ionic double layers overlap and reduce the chemical potential of water, creating an osmotic pressure. The build-up of such pressure pushes the mineral matter out of the crevices, resulting in mineral liberation. Since the process, which is termed electro catalytically induced liberation (EIL), relies on surface-chemical reactions, the energy consumption is substantially lower than in conventional liberation processes based on comminution.
Tests on several different seams of coal from varying geological locations have indicated that the process may be used to remove over 70% of the mineral matter present in coal. Mass balance studies conducted on a Wyodak coal indicate that approximately 90% of the ash removed is by the EIL mechanism, while the balance may be attributed to acid dissolution and the loss of material during handling. Scanning electron micrographs of the coal samples taken before and after treatment show morphological changes consistent with the proposed EIL mechanism. The technique has been used successfully to clean bituminous coals, low-rank coals and preparation plant refuse, and to further reduce the ash content of coals pre-cleaned by other means.
A theoretical model has been developed to calculate the osmotic pressure that occurs inside a typical coal crevice during the EIL treatment. The changes in the aqueous chemical potential are calculated using semi-empirical equations derived from solution theory, while partial molar volume changes are accounted for in the final calculation of the osmotic pressure. The model indicates that pressures on the order of 4-7 atmospheres can develop inside crevices with walls 100-1000Å apart. These values are numerically consistent with those predicted by other models developed using different approaches.<br>Ph. D.
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Bak, Peter Robert Gustaaf. "Applied solid modelling in mineral resources engineering." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46658.
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Castro, Amilton Feliciano de. "Análise do sistema de reagentes na flotação de finos de carvão mineral de moazite, Moçambique." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/150515.
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Este estudo foi feito a partir de uma amostra de carvão extraído na mina da Vale- Moçambique, localizada no distrito de Moatize, Província de Tete. O trabalho visa analisar o sistema de reagentes na flotação de finos de carvão mineral pertencente à camada UCB. Dentre os métodos de beneficiamento de carvão, a flotação se destaca como um dos mais importantes para a concentração deste material, em particular no tratamento de partículas finas. A alimentação total da planta de processamento da Vale- Moçambique é de 8000 tph de carvão, onde 10% dessa alimentação corresponde a fração fina que alimenta o circuito de flotação. O material utilizado nesse estudo apresentou uma granulometria 96% menor do que 0,25 mm. Os reagentes utilizados nos ensaios de flotação foram betacol e óleo diesel como agentes hidrofobizantes e MIBC como espumante. O intervalo de concentrações de betacol na primeira fase de ensaios foi de 200 g/t a 500 g/t, e na segunda fase foi de 200 g/t a 500g/t de óleo diesel e manteve-se constante o MIBC em 300 g/t. Os resultados mostraram que é possível, a partir de uma alimentação com o teor de cinzas em torno de 22,84%, obter produtos com teores abaixo de 10% de cinzas, com uma recuperação mássica em torno de 50%. A recuperação de matéria carbonosa também foi avaliada e apresentou resultados positivos. Complementando esse estudo, foi avaliado o efeito da recuperação de H2O e foi observado que para as concentrações de betacol as recuperações variaram de 6 a 9%, e para óleo diesel mais MIBC foram de 4 a7%.<br>This study was done from a sample of coal mined at the Vale-Mozambique mine, located in Moatize district, Tete Province. The aim of this work is to analyze the reagent system in the flotation of coal fines belonging to the UCB layer. Among coal processing methods, flotation stands out as one of the most important for the concentration of this material, in particular in the treatment of fine particles. The total feed of the Vale-Mozambique processing plant is 8000 tph of coal, where 10% of this feed corresponds to the fine fraction that feeds the flotation circuit. The material used in this study had a particle size of 96% smaller than 0.25 mm. The reagents used in the flotation tests were betacol and diesel oil as hydrophobizing agents and MIBC as frother. The range of betacol concentrations in the first test phase was 200 g / t at 500 g / t, and in the second phase 200 g / t at 500 g / t of diesel oil and MIBC were kept constant at 300 g / t. The results showed that it is possible, from a feed with the ash content around 22.84%, to obtain products with levels below of 10% ash, with a mass recovery around 50%. The recovery of carbonaceous matter was also evaluated and presented positive results. Complementing this study, the effect of H2O recovery was evaluated and it was observed that for the concentrations of betacol the recoveries ranged from 6 to 9%, and for diesel oil plus MIBC were 4 to 7%.
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ROBERTS, MARK CULMER. "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE INTENSITY OF USE METHOD OF MINERAL CONSUMPTION FORECASTING (MINERAL, ECONOMICS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187962.
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The intensity of use of a mineral is traditionally defined as the consumption (production plus net imports) of the mineral divided by gross national product. It has been proposed that this ratio of raw material input to gross economic output is a predictable function of per capita income and that the relationship is based on economic theory. Though the theory has never been clearly defined, the intensity of use method has been used to make long term forecasts. This dissertation formulates a theoretical model of the consumption of minerals and the resulting intensity of use which is used to test the validity of the traditional intensity of use measure and its forecasting ability. Previous justifications of the intensity of use hypothesis state that changes in technical efficiency, substitution rates among inputs, and demands are explained by per capita income, which, as it grows, produces a regular intensity of use pattern. The model developed in this research shows that the life of the goods in use, foreign trade of raw and final goods, prices, consumer preferences, technical innovations, as well as the above factors fully explain economic use, which is not simply a function of per capita income. The complete model is used to restate the traditional theory of intensity of use and to examine the sensitivity of traditional measures to changes in the explanatory variables which are commonly omitted. The full model demonstrates the parameters that must be examined when making a long term forecast. Regular intensity of use patterns are observed for many minerals in many nations. Setting aside the theoretical questions, the intensity of use method is often used to make long term projections based on these trends in intensity of use as well as the trends in population and gross national product. This dissertation examines the forecasting ability of the traditional intensity of use method and finds that it is not necessarily an improvement over naive consumption time trend forecasts. Furthermore, it is unstable for very long term projections.
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Iddon, Casey. "Market valuation of junior natural resources companies." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2015. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/96742.
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Junior mining companies provide a vital feedstock to the mining sector, which in turn, feeds into the wider economy via manufacturing. The valuation models traditionally used in other sectors of the economy appear to be insufficient, in terms of scope and capacity to handle uncertainty, to provide a rational pricing of junior mining companies. The observation that junior mining firms are valued by some means suggests that either the junior mining markets are inefficient or, more likely, that these markets are able to provide insight, scope, and capacity to the methods of firm valuation. The process by which natural resource companies are valued on equity markets is poorly understood, especially for those companies at an early stage-of-development focussed upon exploration and the development of embryonic natural resources. Thus, the primary research question motivating this research is: How does the market value junior natural resource companies? While a number of studies have contributed to our understanding of market valuation within the junior natural resources sector, the extant research is often siloed in a focus on traditional value-relevant factors that neglects other factors that potentially have even greater value-relevance. A key contribution of this research is to identify, define and subsume potential value-relevant factors into a conceptual framework of junior mining firm valuation. Another key contribution of this research is its empirical analysis of the relevance of accounting information in 2,324 junior mining companies and an empirical event study into 1,526 seasoned equity offerings by junior mining companies. The findings support the value-relevance of commodity prices and reveal that natural resource companies tend to undertake seasoned equity offerings following persistent market outperformance. This research, by conjoining the extant literature with empirical analysis in a mixed methods approach, provides an integrated account of market valuation within the junior natural resource sector.<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Lemaignen, Ludovic Francois Jacques. "Influence of mineral matter in gasification and combustion reactivity of coal." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394410.
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Westerfield, Tracy Cheryl. "Evaluation of Hydraulic Separator Applications in the Coal and Mineral Industries." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35386.
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The mineral processing industry has commonly utilized hydraulic separators throughout history for classification and gravity concentration of various minerals. More commonly referred to as hindered-bed or fluidized-bed separators, these units make use of differential particle settling rates to segregate particles according to shape, size, and/or density. As with any equipment, there are inefficiencies associated with its operation, which prompted an industry driven research program to further evaluate two novel high-efficiency hindered bed separators. These units, which are commercially called the CrossFlow separator and HydroFloat separator, have the potential to improve performance (separation efficiency and throughput) and reduce operating costs (power consumption, water and reagent usage).
This thesis describes the results of recent laboratory and pilot-scale tests conducted with the CrossFlow and HydroFloat separators at several locations in the minerals and coal industries. Details of the testing programs (equipment setup, shakedown testing and detailed testing) associated with four coal plants and two phosphate plants are summarized in this work. In most of these applications, the high-efficiency units proved to provide a higher quality product at reduced costs when compared against the performance of conventional separators.
As a result of this test work performed in this study, a full-scale CrossFlow separator is being installed at an industrial site. The separator is an integral part of an ultra-fine phosphate recovery system at a Florida processing plant. The unit will be used to classify the +400 mesh material prior to column flotation. The successful implementation of the ultra-fine phosphate recovery system will increase industry profits by the millions of dollars in addition to reducing tailing impoundments and energy requirements.<br>Master of Science
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Westman, Erik C. "A Characterization and Determination of the Coal Reserves and Resources of Southwest Virginia." Diss., View Web version, 1999. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-040899-151628.
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Crandall, Jake. "Potential mineral resources on Mars: Ore processes and mechanisms." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1677.
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Ore-forming processes are relatively well understood on Earth, but little is known about mineralization processes on Mars. By applying terrestrial analogs, using data collected from orbital and rover missions and evidence for hydrothermal activity from alteration assemblages, the types and locations of different ore-forming processes have been investigated with the aim of discovering concentrations of mineral resources on Mars. These resources are likely to be of critical importance for future manned missions to Mars, and insight gained towards mineralization on Mars may also advance our understanding of terrestrial deposits.
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Nel, Marika Verita. "The influence of coal-associated trace elements on sintering and agglomeration of a model coal mineral mixture / M.V. Nel." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6413.
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A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the potential influence
of selected inorganic compounds on sintering and agglomeration of a model mineral
mixture. The minerals and inorganic compounds were chosen based on the
constituents found in coal. The study simulated ash formation processes in the
temperature range of 500 °C to 1000 DC. The mineral mixture consisted of kaolinite,
quartz, pyrite, siderite, calcite, Ti02 and magnesite in a fIxed ratio. The mixture was
doped with 4% (by weight) of each trace or minor element species. Different
analytical methods were employed to investigate the extent of sintering and
agglomeration and to identify the possible interactions between the species.
Compressive strength measurements, TG/DTA, SEMIEDS and XRD analysis were
used to evaluate the interactions in oxidizing and inert atmospheres. The influence of
the compounds on the reducing-atmosphere ash fusion temperatures of the mineral
mixture was also investigated. The results indicated that NaCl, Na2C03, Ge02,
Mn20 3, NbS2, srCo3 and PbS increased sintering in the mineral mixture in the
oxidizing atmosphere. Sintering was increased by enhancing sulfation of limestone,
and/or by affecting the characteristics of the aluminosilicate phases. Na2C03, Ge02
and Mn20 3 increased sintering of the mineral mixture in the inert atmosphere by
affecting the characteristics of the alurninosilicate phases. MOS2 and PbMo04
decreased sintering of the mineral mixture in the oxidizing atmosphere, while CU2S,
CuS, PbS and NaCI decreased sintering in the inert atmosphere. The results obtained
in oxidizing and inert atmospheres indicated that the oxidation numbers of the cations
and the anions associated with the different compounds affected the potential of the
additives to influence sintering and agglomeration of the mineral mixture. The
influence of the inorganic compounds on the mineral mixture at different ashing
temperatures was investigated with the ash fusion temperature test. The results
indicated that the ash fusion temperatures were decreased by the addition of GeS and
PbC03 at an ashing temperature of 500 °C, decreased by SrC03 at an ashing
temperature of 815°C, and increased by cr03 at an ashing temperature of 500°C. The
results confirm that the addition of trace element compounds can result in the
formation of species with lower melting points, and that the ashing temperature has an influence on the ash fusion temperatures.<br>Thesis (Ph.D. (Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Leedal, John Matthew. "The nature and evolution of consultation and participation for opencast coal mine planning." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312737.
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Hatami, Hossein. "Pricing of domestically consumed oil in Iran." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08222009-040326/.
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Kalligeris-Skentzos, Andreas. "An investigation of the kinetics and an assessment of the economics of ultrafine grinding of coal for mineral liberation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329037.
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Schins, Peter Frans Roeland. "Biomarkers of mineral dust induced lung disorders molecular epidemiologic studies in coal workers /." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1996. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6697.
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Kang, Shin-Gyoo. "Fundamental studies of mineral matter transformation during pulverized coal combustion : residual ash formation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13746.
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Hopper, David Berian. "Integrating mineral resources and land-use planning in Nova Scotia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0015/MQ49369.pdf.
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Masuda, Nobuyuki. "Study on exploration and evaluation systems for mineral resources development." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148310.
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Kola, Trevor Tebogo. "Mineral Beneficiation : a continuing African paradox or a panacea for economic growth and skills development." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/71589.
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Africa is rich with plentiful mineral resources, yet it is a continent associated with underdevelopment, low economic growth and unskilled labour. Arguments abound that if developing countries added more value to their commodities locally, rather than exporting them to other countries in a raw and unprocessed format, their key economic indicators, such as employment and economic growth, would be enhanced. This study explored debates by scholars and policymakers, who either support or are against the position that mineral beneficiation is a panacea to Africa’s economic challenges. The study explored arguments by scholars and policymakers as to why African countries fail to pursue mineral beneficiation which has subsequently relegated their economies to the bottom end of economic development. The research explored how International Relations (IR) scholars in the past tried to define development. These debates on development were explored using the theoretical frameworks of modernisation and dependency. The study found that these debates, have highlighted the important role which mineral resources play in international relations. Diplomacy and foreign policy were found to be key aspects in the debates on mineral beneficiation in the continent.
The study employed a qualitative research approach to explore arguments by scholars and policymakers on whether the continent should beneficiate its mineral resources. Data was collected, analysed and categorised. The findings of the research were discussed based on the themes which emerged from the literature reviewed.
The study focused on whether by beneficiating minerals locally, the continent could realise sustainable economic growth for its citizens. The study explored whether debates by scholars, mining industry and government policymakers could dispel or support the argument that mineral beneficiation is a panacea for sustainable economic growth and skills development in the continent. The study found that debates on whether African governments should beneficiate their abundant mineral resources will continue to evolve and develop.
Key words: mineral resources; underdevelopment; economic growth; mineral beneficiation; comparative advantage; skills development; employment creation, diplomacy, resource diplomacy, upstream and downstream linkages.<br>Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2019.<br>University of Pretoria<br>Political Sciences<br>MA<br>Unrestricted
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Cai, Wenlong. "ZERO-ONE PROGRAMMING ANALYSIS OF MINE PRODUCTION SCHEDULING PROBLEMS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275401.
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MELIANDE, AMANDA MARIA CHRISPIM. "ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF SOILS MIXTURES WITH MINERAL COAL FLY ASH AND LIME." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24611@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA<br>Este estudo apresenta o comportamento de misturas de areia e solo argiloso com teores variados de cinza volante, proveniente do processo de queima de carvão mineral no Complexo Termelétrico Jorge Lacerda, localizado no município Capivari de Baixo, no estado de Santa Catarina. O objetivo da presente pesquisa consiste em avaliar a aplicabilidade do uso de misturas solo-cinza e solocinza- cal em obras geotécnicas, como camadas de aterros sanitários, solos de fundação e estabilização de taludes. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização física, química e mecânica (ensaio de compactação e ensaio de cisalhamento direto). Os ensaios de cisalhamento direto foram realizados em amostras de solo argiloso compactadas na umidade ótima e no peso específico seco máximo correspondente, com teores de cinza volante de 15 por cento e 30 por cento em relação ao peso seco do solo. Já os ensaios em amostras de areia foram realizados para uma densidade relativa de 50 por cento e umidade ótima de 10 por cento, com teores de cinza volante de 15, 30 e 40 por cento em relação ao peso seco do solo. Para as misturas solo-cinza-cal, adicionou-se 3 por cento de cal em substituição ao peso seco da cinza. Foi analisada a influência do tipo de solo, teor de cinza, adição de cal e tempo de cura (0, 30, 100, 125 e 140 dias) para as misturas, sendo a cura adotada somente para as misturas com areia. Os resultados mostraram-se mais satisfatórios para as misturas com solo argiloso, sendo a adição de cal mais eficiente para a mistura com menor teor de cinza. Na ausência de cal, o melhor comportamento obtido foi para a mistura com 15 por cento de cinza. Quanto às misturas com areia e sem cal, os resultados foram inferiores à areia; já no caso das misturas areia-cinza-cal, não foi possível definir um padrão do comportamento com relação ao tempo de cura, pois ainda que tenha havido um aumento da coesão a determinados dias, este ganho veio acompanhado de uma redução no ângulo de atrito, fazendo com que a areia mantivesse um comportamento melhor. Contudo, o teor de 27 por cento de cinza, sob 140 dias de cura, proporcionou ao solo um aumento de ambos os parâmetros, sendo, portanto, o teor ótimo a ser utilizado. Dessa forma, ainda que o emprego da cinza volante em misturas com o solo argiloso tenha se mostrado mais satisfatório, este material também pode ser utilizado em misturas com areia, desde que submetido a elevados períodos de cura e que contenham uma porcentagem de cinza em torno do teor ótimo encontrado, o que viabiliza o emprego positivo deste material em aplicações geotécnicas, possibilitando uma destinação ambientalmente correta deste resíduo e dando um fim mais nobre a este material.<br>This study presents the behavior of sand and clay soil mixtures with different contents of fly ash, which comes from the coal burning process in Thermoelectric Complex Jorge Lacerda, located in the city of Capivari de Baixo, in Santa Catarina. The aim of this research is to assess the applicability of using soil-ash and soil-ash-lime mixtures in geotechnical works, like landfill layers, foundation soils and slope stabilization. Physical, chemical and mechanical (compaction test and direct shear test) were performed. Direct shear tests were performed on clay soil samples compacted at the optimum moisture content and the corresponding maximum dry specific gravity, with fly ash contents of 15 and 30 per cent, related to the dry weight of soil. Tests on sandy soil samples were performed at the relative density of 50 per cent and optimum humidity of 10 per cent, with fly ash contents of 15, 30 and 40 per cent related to the dry weight of soil. For soil-ash-lime mixtures, it was added 3 per cent of lime to replace the dry weight of ash. It was studied the influence of different parameters: soil type, ash content, lime addition and curing time (0, 30, 100, 125 and 140 days) for the mixtures. Curing process was adopted only for sandy soil mixtures. Results were more suitable for clay soil mixtures, and lime addition was more efficient for the mixture with the lowest ash content, related to 12 per cent. In the absence of lime, the best performance was obtained for the mixture with 15 per cent of ash. For sandy soil mixtures and without lime, the results were inferior to sand; and in the case of soil-ash-lime mixtures, it was not possible to define a pattern of behavior to the curing time, because although there has been an increase in cohesion certain days, this gain was followed by a reduction in friction angle, which has maintained the best performance of sand. However, the ash content of 27 per cent, at 140 days of curing, caused an increase of both parameters, what means that this ash content is the optimum content to be used. Thus, although the use of fly ash in mixtures with clay soil has been more satisfactory, this material can also be used in mixtures with sandy soil, since it contains an ash content around the optimum content found, and since it has been submitted to elevated curing periods, what enables the positive employment of this material in geotechnical applications, providing an environmentally correct disposal of this waste and giving it a noblest destination.
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Marsh, Margaret Karen. "The effect of mineral salts on deposit formation during fluidised bed combustion of coal." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47560.
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Zhang, Quan. "Thermogravimetric Study of Effect of Mineral Content and Maceral Composition on Illinois Coal Gasification." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1178.
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The effects of mineral and maceral composition on Illinois coal gasification were studied by thermogravimetric analysis and semi-batch reactor. Macerals were separated from coal samples. Samples were manipulated to vary their mineral contents and characterized. TGA gasification experiments were conducted at 1000˚C and atmospheric pressure. The kinetics studied of gasification shows that the gasification involves two different mechanisms: the near zero order kinetics followed by Avrami-Erofe'ev mechanism. Correlation of rate constant and maceral and mineral content was analyzed. Semi-batch reactor gasification studies were performed at 800˚C. The gasification products were analyzed at different steam concentration. Correlation of product yield, steam concentration and mineral content was studied.
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Gottschalk, Ethan Jermome. "Resource Debate in Southwest Alaska: The Bristol Bay Fishery and the Pebble Mine." The University of Montana, 2010. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-01222010-112628/.
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Bristol Bay, in Southwest Alaska, is the largest sockeye salmon fishery in the world. After an almost total collapse of salmon numbers in the mid 1970s, the salmon have returned and average in the tens of millions every year. The salmon play a vital economic, cultural, and subsistence role in the lives of the people who call Bristol Bay home. At present there is a plan to develop a low-grade, but substantial, mineral deposit that consists primarily of copper, gold, and molybdenum. The estimated value of the minerals present is more than $500 billion. This plan is known as the Pebble Project, and could involve an open-pit mine, a large area of block caving, as well as the creation of huge tailings ponds north of Lake Iliamna. The proposed site of the mine straddles a drainage divide that affects two major watersheds that feed the Bristol Bay fishery. A resource debate is at hand which places the development of the mineral deposit at odds with the health of the fishery.
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Gan, Yu. "Assessing the Impacts of Mineral and Hydrocarbon Resources Exploitation and Consumption." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1085.
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The exploitation of natural resources lays the foundation for the economic and social development, but also is the root cause of various environmental issues. The study aims to analyze the process of natural resource exploitation, to optimize the extraction and utilization processes, maximizing their economic and social values while reducing the accompanied negative environmental impacts. This dissertation focuses on the impacts of exploitation of mineral and hydrocarbon resources in emerging countries on global warming effect, economy and society. Chapter 2 of the dissertation analyzes the life cycle GHG emissions associated with iron ore mining and processing in China. With rapid economic development and nationwide urbanization, the iron ore demand grows while the ore grade declines significantly, leading to the increasing GHG emissions from iron ore production. Results of the research show that the mean life-cycle GHG emissions for Chinese iron ore production are 270 kg CO2e/tonne, with a 90% confidence interval of 210 to 380 kg CO2e/tonne. The two largest contributors to overall GHG emissions are agglomeration (60%) and ore processing (23%). Iron content (ore grade) varies from 15% to 60% and is the largest contributor (40%) to the uncertainty of the results. Chapter 3 explores the impact of China’s outsourcing of iron resources on the global warming effect. This chapter applies the same life cycle assessment framework of Chinese iron ore in Chapter 2 to Australian and Brazilian ore production, and compares the LCA results of Australian and Brazilian ore to Chinese iron ore. Results show that among the three iron ore sources, Australian iron ore is the optimal choice for reducing GHG emissions. The mean life cycle GHG emissions of Australian iron ore fines is 60% less than that of Chinese iron ore fines (42 kg CO2e/tonne versus 110 kg CO2e/tonne). There is no significant difference between the imported iron ores sourced from Brazil versus the China’s domestic supplied iron ores, but if Chinese ore grade falls below 20% in the future, Brazilian iron ores would be preferred. The largest source of GHG emissions for Australian and Brazilian iron ores comes from ocean shipping (accounts for 58% and 75% of the overall GHG emissions respectively). Chapter 4 studies the impacts of the exploitation of pre-salt natural gas in Brazil. Natural gas production and its associated downstream industries are currently underdeveloped in Brazil, while the on-going exploitation of deep-sea pre-salt reservoir would potentially change the current situation. This study analyzes the impacts of the increasing pre-salt gas production and potential natural gas use pathways in downstream industries. Results reveal that GHG emissions associated with pre-salt gas production vary according to the stage of reservoir exploitation. At the early stage, the estimate of GHG emissions is 5.4 (90%CI: 4.5~6.4) gCO2e/MJ, and the value becomes 7.1 (90% CI: 6.3~8.0) gCO2e/MJ for the intermediate stage. All six natural gas use pathways analyzed in the study emit less GHG on average than their current corresponding incumbent pathways. The mean GHG emissions reduction from natural gas use for power generation, nitrogen fertilizer production, methanol production, as the reducing agent for steel making, ethylene-based polymer production, heavy-duty vehicle fueling are estimated to be 0.83, 2.3, 0.38, 35, 2.6 and 0.078 million tonnes CO2 equivalent per year, respectively. The specific economic profits of the six pathways are affected by the prices of natural gas and traditional fuel. Under current fuel prices, the net annual profits for the six pathways are -270, 87, 92, 1700, 190 and -1500 million dollars, respectively. The job creation potential from the pathways of power generation, nitrogen fertilizer production, methanol production and as reducing agent for steel production are estimated to be 28, 17, 5 and 36 thousand, respectively.
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Diallo, Thierno Amadou. "Beyond the resource curse : mineral resources and development in Guinea-Conakry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98930.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 73-76).<br>Natural resource endowments are no guarantee of socioeconomic development. Many developing countries are rich in natural resources (minerals, oil, gas, hydropower), and yet many of their citizens remain in poverty and their economies have failed to grow; the "paradox of plenty". Despite its natural resources (bauxite, iron ore, diamond, gold and hydropower), Guinea has been unsuccessful in marshaling and leveraging these resources to produce socioeconomic development. The critical challenge for Guinea, just like many resource-rich countries, is governance failures- decades of military rule, corruption and resource mismanagement after centuries of French colonial rule. This thesis uses secondary sources and data to argue that the resource curse as a phenomenon in resource-rich countries has limitations as it does not offer these countries a path for how their resources could be used to propel social and economic development. To overcome the so-called resource curse, this thesis argues that the key to unlocking economic and social development in mineral-rich Guinea, is investing its resource-generated revenue to develop the country's infrastructure services. Infrastructures such as roads, telecommunications, water, power, education and health facilities are the foundation for socioeconomic development. The new hope for Guinea rests in the fact that after more than fifty two years of military and authoritarian rule, the country transitioned to "democracy" for the first time in 2010. This coupled with the emergence of new global players such as China and other emerging countries, with their quests to secure stable natural resources to fuel their industries, comes a new window of opportunity for resource-rich countries such as Guinea to leverage and link its extractive industries to develop key infrastructure services. Guinea could leverage its bauxite and iron ore industries to transition to onsite transformation of these materials, whose transformation is energy-intensive. Guinea could then leverage the demand for power from the onsite transformation to develop its untapped hydropower generation capacity to supply both mines and the rest of the country. However, this will not happen without governance reforms in Guinea's extractive industries and mining code.<br>by Thierno Amadou Diallo.<br>M.C.P.
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Pan, Guocheng. "Concepts and methods of multivariate information synthesis for mineral resources estimation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184946.
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This study introduces a new methodology referred to as geoinformation synthesis for multivariate evaluation of mineral resources and integration of diverse geoscience data. The most critical component is the development of the notion of intrinsic samples and the methods for their delineation. Intrinsic samples replace grid cells which are conventionally employed as the basic information reference. Grid cell sampling has imposed several serious limitations on the geoscience and genetic information that can be objectively related to mineral endowment. Methods based upon intrinsic samples moderate to a certain extent these problems and bring the critical genetic information into the geoscience information system which forms the basis for the quantitative evaluation of mineral resources. The second major component in this new methodology is the integration of factors describing exploration effects with other geodata and mineral endowment estimation; this combination effectively reduces the possibilities of biases in the estimates of mineral endowment and recoverable resources due to the incomplete knowledge on the control area and imperfect analogy with the study areas. The third component is the use in the qualitative models of synthesized geoinformation, which is considerably enhanced, instead of using directly the original measurements (geodata). Several multivariate techniques are proposed and employed for synthesis of diverse information and estimation of mineral endowment, including a priori weighted multivariate criterion, optimum discretization, coherency analysis, multidimensional scaling method (p(ijk), filtering analysis, and geochemical transportation models. These methods were developed, tested, and demonstrated on an actual case study of the epithermal gold-silver deposits in the Walker Lake quadrangle of Nevada and California using various data sets available for this region: geochemical, structural, gravity and magnetic, lithology, and alteration. Finally, the estimation of endowment in terms of epithermal gold-silver mineral occurrences is given for some selected intrinsic samples or information zones identified in the Walker Lake region.
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Amavilah, Voxi Heinrich 1958. "Resources, technology, and mineral trade in the economic growth of Namibia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282190.
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In traditional growth theory, the terms of trade are important growth factors. However, the new exported growth hypothesis suggests that shifting from resource to innovation rents via the free market trade mechanism accelerates growth. Given its revealed comparative advantages in natural resources, Namibia is attempting to apply World Bank, and UNIDO new growth criteria to stimulate economic growth. This research analyzes Namibia's data from 1968-1992, estimates the impacts and tests the significance of resources, technology, and mineral exports in economic growth. It assumes variable elasticity of substitution (VES) production technologies in which capital, labor, and land inputs can be disaggregated and hypotheses concerning scale, complementary and substitute inputs can be examined. A disaggregated examination of traded and nontraded sectors is employed over two sub-periods: 1968-1980, and 1981-1992. The analysis confirms the importance of mineral exports to the economy but finds no discernible sign of accelerated growth as a function of the shifting structure and the new growth criteria. The attempt to shift from resource rents in the early period to an industrial emphasis in the later period fails to accelerate Namibia's growth. Global constant returns to scale pre-1980, and diminishing returns to scale post-1980 obtain. The switch from complementary and flexible substitute inputs pre-1980 to rigid substitutes post-1980 suggests technical inefficiencies. The vent-for-surplus nature of the mineral subsector is supported; but attempts to industrialize via manufacturing are not vindicated, and the surplus arising pre-1980 dissapates post-1980, as evidenced by the low or negative factor productivities and technical change. The result is that neither the expected growth nor acceleration in technical change patterns are observed. Policies seem to have discouraged investment in the traded resource sectors such that structural changes expanded the low productivity nontraded service sectors. Namibia is a vent-for-surplus example in which resource rents do not sustain early economic growth, and attempts to shift to innovation rents fail to stimulate growth. Given the paucity of data, Namibia's case confirms that export surpluses from resources may be a necessary element, but not a sufficient condition, for sustainable growth.
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Chiari, Luca. "Climate Change and the Exhaustion of Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368287.
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The ongoing exhaustion of fossil fuels places a limit to the total amount of anthropogenic CO2 that will be emitted into the atmosphere and therefore constraints future global warming. Here we assess the implications of fossil fuels depletion on future changes of atmospheric CO2 concentration and global-mean temperature. We find that, despite the exhaustion of fossil fuels, future global warming will likely reach a dangerous level. Deliberate actions aiming at emissions reduction are needed to avoid dangerous climate change.
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Chiari, Luca. "Climate Change and the Exhaustion of Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2010. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/397/1/Tesi_PhD_Luca_Chiari_2010.pdf.
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The ongoing exhaustion of fossil fuels places a limit to the total amount of anthropogenic CO2 that will be emitted into the atmosphere and therefore constraints future global warming. Here we assess the implications of fossil fuels depletion on future changes of atmospheric CO2 concentration and global-mean temperature. We find that, despite the exhaustion of fossil fuels, future global warming will likely reach a dangerous level. Deliberate actions aiming at emissions reduction are needed to avoid dangerous climate change.
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Murphy, D. "Extraction of lithium from resources in south-west England." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378948.
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Gavronski, Jorge Dariano. "Carvão mineral e as energias renováveis no Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15450.
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O aumento da população e o desenvolvimento da economia criam a necessidade de expansão de mais de quatro mil Megawatts da energia nova por ano no Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN). O sistema elétrico brasileiro é peculiar, devido a sua grande capacidade, extensão continental e grande dependência na energia renovável hídrica. Outra peculiaridade é a capacidade potencial de inserção de outras formas da energia renováveis “verdes” no sistema. Embora as vantagens ambientais das energias renováveis, elas têm limitações, são variáveis e dependentes das condições climáticas. Para que o setor elétrico brasileiro possa atuar com confiabilidade com mais energia renovável deve haver concomitante mais energia firme de origem térmica disponível. Assim o trabalho analisa, na perspectiva global, o estado da arte e as tendências das fontes de geração elétrica, sob o ponto de vista de disponibilidade, preço e sustentação ambiental. De forma especial, o trabalho analisa as opções de geração térmica no Brasil. Conclui pela necessidade do Brasil priorizar o uso dos recursos disponíveis dentro de suas fronteiras como o carvão mineral para garantir a geração térmica elétrica auto-suficiente. O trabalho demonstra as vantagens sociais e de desenvolvimento de uma indústria do carvão para as regiões produtoras. Aponta também a necessidade de implementação de tecnologias modernas a fim de atender à legislação ambiental, que gradativamente deve aumentar as restrições das emissões poluentes, na medida em que as tecnologias forem desenvolvidas.<br>The population and economy growth in Brazil generate the necessity of an expansion higher than four thousand Megawatts of new electric energy per year. The Brazilian Electrical System is peculiar because of its continental extension and also its strong dependence in renewable energy (hydro). Another reason for its peculiarity is the potential of inserting other forms of renewable and “green” energy in the system. Although the environmental advantages of the “renewable”, these kinds of energies are variable and dependant of the weather conditions. In order to the electrical system be more reliable, its operation must be combined with a larger addition of thermal energy. Thus this report analyses thermal generation option in Brazil. Looking at the developed countries trends in diversify power generation, the article indicates the advantages and the priority of using, in Brazil, internal resources like coal to guarantee the self-sufficient thermal generation electrical capacity. The dissertation demonstrates the social advantages to develop the coal industry for the producers region, witch are poor areas in Brazil. The proposition points the need of implement modern technologies in order to attend the environmental legislation, which must increase the emissions restrictions as these technologies are developed.
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Alcântara, Raquel Reis. "Síntese, caracterização, de nanomaterial zeolítico de cinzas de carvão organomodificado e aplicação como adsorvente na remediação de água contaminada por Rodamina B e Azul Direto 71." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-30112016-130905/.
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A síntese de zeólitas a partir de cinzas leves e pesadas de carvão mineral foi realizada por tratamento hidrotérmico alcalino, as quais foram nomeadas ZCL e ZCP, respectivamente. As zeólitas organomodificadas ZML e ZMP foram obtidas a partir da modificação superficial de ZCL e ZCP, respectivamente, utilizando o surfactante catiônico brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamônio. A partir das soluções remanescentes geradas na síntese de ZCL e ZCP foi possível sintetizar duas novas zeólitas. As características físicoquímicas dos nanomateriais zeolíticos sintetizados, bem como de suas respectivas matérias primas, tais como: capacidade de troca catiônica, massa específica, área específica, composição química, mineralógica e morfológica, entre outras, foram determinadas. Os adsorventes ZML e ZMP foram utilizados na remoção dos corantes Azul Direto 71 (DB71) e Rodamina B (RB) de soluções aquosas em sistema de batelada. Desta forma, quatro sistemas DB71/ZML, RB/ZML, DB71/ZMP e RB/ZMP foram investigados. Os modelos de pseudoprimeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem foram aplicados aos dados experimentais para o estudo da cinética de adsorção. O modelo de pseudosegunda ordem foi o que melhor descreveu o processo de adsorção de todos os sistemas corante/zeólita organomodificada. O equilíbrio da adsorção foi analisado a partir de quatro modelos de isoterma, sendo eles: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin e Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R). Os resultados mostram que os modelos de Freundlich e Langmuir melhor descreveram os dados experimentais dos sistemas DB71/ZML e DB71/ZMP, respectivamente. Para os sistemas com RB, o modelo de D-R foi o que melhor se ajustou para ambos adsorventes ZML e ZMP. O planejamento fatorial 24 foi aplicado para a análise dos seguintes fatores que influenciam o processo de adsorção: concentração inicial do corante (Co), pH, dose de adsorvente (M) e temperatura (T). De acordo com as condições estudadas concluiu-se, com o intervalo de confiança igual a 95%, que para o sistema DB71/ZML, os fatores e suas interações que mais influenciam foram C0, M, pH, pH*M, pH*C0, M*C0, pH*M*C0, nessa ordem. No sistema DB71/ZMP, a ordem de influência foi: M, C0, pH, pH*M, pH*C0, M*C0, pH*M*C0. Para os sistemas RB/ZML e RB/ZMP, os resultados foram: M, C0, M*C0, pH, pH*M e M, C0, M*C0, respectivamente. O equilíbrio de adsorção foi atingido em cerca de 40 min para todas as amostras. As porcentagens de remoção do DB71 estavam na faixa de 50 80% e 20 50% para ZML e ZMP, respectivamente. A faixa de porcentagens de remoção do RB variou entre 60 80% e 30 50% para ZML e ZMP, respectivamente.<br>The synthesis of zeolites from mineral coal fly and bottom ash was performed by alkaline hydrothermal treatment, which were named ZFA and ZBA, respectively. Organo-modified zeolites, SMZF and SMZB, were obtained from surface modification of ZFA and ZBA, respectively, using the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. From the remaining solutions generated in ZFA and ZBA synthesis it was possible to synthesis two new zeolites. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized nanomaterials zeolite as well as their respective raw materials, such as cation exchange capacity, density, specific area, chemical composition, mineralogical and morphological, among others, were determined. The adsorbents SMZF and SMZB were used to remove the dyes, Direct Blue 71 (DB71) and Rhodamine B (RB) from aqueous solutions in batch system. Thus, four systems DB71/SMZF, RB/SMZF, DB71/SMZB, RB/SMZB were investigated. The models of pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order were applied to the experimental data for the study the adsorption kinetics. The model of pseudo-second order was the one that best described the adsorption of all dye/organomodified-zeolites systems. The equilibrium adsorption was analyzed from four models isotherm, namely: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-B). The results show that the model Freundlich and Langmuir best described the experimental data systems DB71/SMZF and DB71/SMZB, respectively. For systems with RB, the model D-R was the best fit for both adsorbents (SMZF and SMZB). The factorial design 24 was applied to the analysis of the following factors influencing the adsorption process: initial concentration of dye (Co), pH, amount of adsorbent (M) and temperature (T). Under the conditions studied it concludes with the confidence interval of 95%, which for the DB71/SMZF system, the factors and their interactions that influence more were C0, M, pH, pH*M, pH*C0, M*C0, pH*M*C0, in that order. In DB71/SMZB system, the order of influence was: M, C0, pH, pH*M, pH*C0, M*C0, pH*M*C0. For RB/SMZF and RB/SMZB systems, the results were: M, C0, M*C0, pH, pH*M and M, C0, M*C0, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium was attained in about 40 min for all samples. The DB71 removal percentages were in the range of 50 80% and 20 50% for ZML and ZMP, respectively. The range of RB removal percentages varied between 60 80% and 30 50% for ZML and ZMP, respectively.
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Webber, R. C. W. "Determining the physical and economic impact of environmental design criteria for ultra-deep mines." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07242006-105847/.
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Holman, Darren Wayne. "Development of an Underground Automated Thin-Seam Coal Mining Method." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32935.
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It is predicted that coal mining in Southwest Virginia, and the economic stability that it brings to the area, will continue to decline over the next decade unless an environmentally sound, and economically viable means can be found to extract seams of high quality coal in the thickness range of 14 to 28 inches. Research into autonomous machine guidance, coupled with developments of thin-seam mining equipment, offer new opportunities for devising mining layouts suitable for extracting these thin seams in a cost effective manner. These layouts must involve well-planned transportation and ventilation routes that will allow safe conditions for personnel. This implies that the mining face, where coal is extracted, will be completely automated, ensuring the safety of the workers.
This thesis presents a brief overview of current technologies utilized for underground coal mining in the United States. This is followed by a review of developments in highwall mining that are potentially applicable in underground mining of thin seams. Some past attempts at thin seam mining are discussed, and evaluated for their short comings. An overview of the more recent advances in the guidance systems for use in autonomous mining machines is also presented. The new advances that several manufacturers are developing to address the integration of mining and continuous haulage systems are also investigated. That background is employed in devising a conceptual mining system for the underground mining of coal seams in the 14 to 28 inch range of thickness. This thesis proves that adapting new technologies and concepts from existing ones can lead to meaningful advances in the field of natural resources recovery. This system utilizes a newly designed panel layout that takes into account haulage, supplying, ventilation, equipment, and machine guidance. This system is proposed to show that new ways can be developed to take advantage of the reserves in the 14 to 28 inch range of thickness. This shows that new technology and design innovation can turn currently uneconomic resources, into economic reserves. This kind of innovation is what is needed to keep this region of Southwest Virginia economically viable.
This system is a huge step in the direction that thin-seam research needs to take. Most of the equipment suggested for this proposed system is already available.<br>Master of Science
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Suwarna, Nana. "Petrology of Jurassic coal, Hill River area, Perth Basin, Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/675.
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The Early Jurassic coal samples for the study were obtained from CRA Exploration Pty Ltd. (CRAE), drilled in the Gairdner and Mintaja Blocks, Gairdner Range of the Hill River Area, northern Perth Basin, Western Australia. The area is located approximately 280 km north of Perth. The coal measures subcrop in a half- graben bounded by the Lesueur-Peron Fault in the west, and the Warradarge Fault in the east. The coal occurs within the shallow sequence of the Cattamarra Member which is also described as the Cattamarra Coal Measures of the Cockleshell Gully Formation. Six sub-seams of seam G, namely G1 to G6, from the six drill cores, were examined for petrological and geochemical investigation. The coal predominantly comprises of banded, dull banded, and dull lithotypes, with minor bright banded, bright and fusainous types. Based on maceral analyses, the dominant maceral groups are vitrinite and inertinite, whilst the exinite and mineral matter are in minor contents. The vitrinite content has a range between 47.2% to 73.0%, and it is composed mainly of telocollinite and desmocollinite. The inertinite is dominated by semifusinite, fusinite, and inertodetrinite, and it has a range from 10.4% to 24.8%. The exinite group varies between 7.2% to 20.8% in content, and it is represented by sporinite, cutinite, alginite and resinite.The mineral matter dominated by clays and pyrite, ranges between 4.5% to 20.6%. The microlithotype analyses shows that the vitrite plus clarite content varies from 47.0% to 70.0%, intermediates between 8.0% to 26.0%, whilst inertite plus durite content is relatively low, varying from 6.55% to 14.0%. The maximum reflectance of vitrinite has a value between 0.47% and 0.53%, which represents rank at sub-bituminous level based on the Australian rank values and corresponding to the sub-bituminous A and B rank of the ASTM classification and to the metalignitous type of the Pareek classification. On the basis of carbon and hydrogen content, the coal is categorised as per-hydrous meta- to ortho-lignitous type. The trace elements As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Th, U, V, Y, Zn, and Zr, are spectrographically analysed in the coal ash. The B content in the coal supports the presence of marine influence during peat deposition in the basin. On the basis of lithotype, maceral, microlithotype, trace element distribution, pyrite and total sulphur in the coal, the depositional environment for coal and the coal measures, is interpreted as an upper to lower delta type within a regressive phase of marine transgression.
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King, Nelson Eng. "A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR MINE EVALUATIONS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275287.
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Davila, Gorki Brandt Gonzalez. "Estudo de flotação convencional em bancada do lodo da Carbonífera Criciúma." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/85053.
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A amostra utilizada para este estudo faz parte do material depositado na barragem de rejeitos da mina de carvão da “Carbonífera Criciúma”, localizada na região sul do país (Santa Catarina). Usualmente os finos de carvão junto com a parte mineral, provenientes do processo de beneficiamento são denominados de “lodo” e são descartados como rejeitos, depositados na bacia de decantação. A recuperação dos finos de carvão provenientes do lodo pode propiciar a obtenção de um concentrado que poderia ser aproveitado como combustível na geração de energia elétrica. Também pode contribuir como fator de diminuição do impacto ambiental, minimizando a formação da drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), gerada pelo conteúdo de enxofre contido no material em estudo, além de reduzir o espaço físico ocupado pela barragem de rejeito. Entre os métodos de beneficiamento de carvão, a flotação se destaca como um dos mais importantes para concentração desse lodo, em particular no tratamento de partículas finas. Para caracterizar o lodo, fez-se um estudo de análise granulométrica, que permite definir que estamos trabalhando com um material fino uma vez que 83,0% é menor que 0,710 mm. Concomitantemente realizaram-se análises elementares e análises imediatas, seguindo as normas Brasileiras. NBR 8293, NBR 8289, NBR 8290, NBR 8299. Os resultados mostraram que, a partir da alimentação com cerca de 63% de cinzas, foi possível obter concentrados com teores de cinzas de aproximadamente de 30%, com recuperações mássicas de cerca de 40%, demonstrando que é possível a recuperação da matéria orgânica, a partir do lodo por flotação convencional.<br>The sample used for this study is part of the material deposited in the tailings dam of the coal mine "Carbonífera Criciúma" located in the southern region (Santa Catarina). Usually the coal fines along with the mineral part, from the beneficiation process are called "sludge" and are discarded as waste, and deposited in the tailings pond. The recovery of coal fines can facilitate the obtainment of a concentrate that could be used as fuel in power generation. It can also contribute as a factor of environmental impact reduction by minimizing the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD), generated by the sulfur contained in the material under study, in addition to reducing the physical space occupied by the tailings dam. Among the methods coal beneficiation, flotation stands out as one of the most important concentration of the ore, particularly in the treatment of fine particles To characterize the material, we need to do a particle size analysis’s study, it will allows us to define that we are dealing with a 83,0% thin material, thinner than 0,710 mm. Simultaneously we will do elemental analyzes and spot analysis, following the Brazilian standard. NBR 8293, NBR 8289, NBR 8290, NBR 8299. The results showed that, from a supply with about 63% ash concentration, were obtained around 30% of ash and about 40% of carbonaceous mass recoveries. This demonstrate that it is possible to recover organic matter from the tailing by conventional flotation.
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Fountaine, ELise V. "Computer aided underground mine design and drafting package." Ohio : Ohio University, 1988. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182785891.
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Silva, Agenor Medrado da [UNESP]. "Estudo da utilização de biomassa em substituição parcial ao carvão mineral utilizado no processo de fabricação do ferro gusa em alto-forno." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106418.
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silva_am_dr_guara.pdf: 5117033 bytes, checksum: 08f0d4a636d759ed0ecac8bcba9c1f7d (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Esse trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a utilização da biomassa em substituição parcial ao carvão mineral utilizado no processo de fabricação do ferro gusa em altoforno, assim como, a sua influência na qualidade do coque. Este estudo foi desenvolvido em quatro fases, sendo elas: 1ª FASE: Foram utilizados nas misturas de carvão a sacarose, o melaço e o carvão da casca de coco em percentuais de 5% a 75%. Os resultados de qualidade das misturas e dos coques produzidos mostram uma forte influência da biomassa na qualidade para os níveis de participação acima de 5,0%, inviabilizando a mistura desses materiais no carvão. 2ª FASE: Foram utilizados nas misturas de carvão um segundo grupo de biomassas cujo percentual variou de 2% a 6%. Os resultados de qualidade tanto das misturas quanto dos coques produzidos em escala piloto foram aceitáveis para as misturas com 2,0% de participação das biomassas. 3ª FASE: Nessa fase foi feita a avaliação do efeito da biomassa na eficiência de queima das misturas de carvão injetadas em altos fornos. Os resultados indicaram um aumento da eficiência de queima para as misturas com maior teor de matéria volátil. 4ª FASE: Foi realizada a avaliação da qualidade do coque produzido em escala industrial utilizando as misturas dos carvões minerais com as biomassas com participação de 3%, 4% e 6%. Os resultados da qualidade dos coques obtidos em escala industrial ficaram compatíveis com os resultados obtidos em escala piloto. A substituição em até 2,0% do carvão mineral por carvão de biomassa não afetou a qualidade do coque produzido nas baterias, onde em uma empresa siderúrgica do porte da CSN é possível obter uma redução de consumo de carvão mineral em torno de 50 mil toneladas por ano e conseqüentemente uma redução no custo de fabricação do ferro-gusa no alto-forno.<br>This work has as purpose to study the use of biomass as partial replacement to the coal used during the process of pig iron manufactured in blast furnace. This study was developed in four phases, namely: 1st PHASE: The coal blend with sucrose, molasses, and the charcoal from coconut peel were elaborated and testes in percents from 5 to 75%. The results of quality from mixes and the coke produced show a strong influence of the biomass on the quality for the participation level higher than 5.0%, making infeasible the mix of these materials into the coal in elevate percents. 2nd PHASE: In the coal blend, a second group of biomasses was used, which percent varied from 2% to 6%; The quality results both of mixes and coke produced in pilot scale were acceptable for the addition level of 2,0%. 3rd PHASE: It was elaborated the evaluation of the biomass effect in the burn efficiency for the coal mixes injected in blast furnaces. The results indicated an efficiency increase of burn for the mixes with high content of volatile matter. 4th PHASE: The coke production was performed in industrial scale using coal blends with the biomasses with participation in up to 6.0%. The quality results of coke obtained in industrial scale were compatible with the results obtained in pilot scale. The replacement in up to 2.0% of the coal by biomass charcoal did not affect the coke quality produced on the batteries, where, in steel industry company with CSN’s size, it is possible to obtain by means of coal replacement by biomass charcoal a reduction of 50 thousand tons/year in the consumption of coal and therefore, a reduction on the manufacturing cost of pig iron in the blast furnace.
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Teixeira, Joelane Maria de Carvalho. "UtilizaÃÃo dos produtos da combustÃo do carvÃo mineral como aditivos na produÃÃo de argamassa para revestimento." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11115.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>A utilizaÃÃo de resÃduos como materiais alternativos tem se mostrado uma soluÃÃo satisfatÃria de acordo com vÃrias pesquisas realizadas. Os produtos da combustÃo do carvÃo mineral (PCCs) sÃo resÃduos que causam impacto ambiental, mas apresentam grande potencial de utilizaÃÃo no setor da construÃÃo civil na produÃÃo de argamassas e concretos. Apresentam elevado teor de sÃlica (SiO2), podendo ser utilizados como pozolanas. Esta pesquisa objetivou verificar a viabilidade da utilizaÃÃo dos produtos da combustÃo do carvÃo mineral em argamassas de assentamento e revestimento. As matÃrias-primas foram caracterizadas quanto aos aspectos fÃsicos, quÃmicos e para os PCCs tambÃm foi avaliada sua pozolanicidade. Foram confeccionadas argamassas de referÃncia e com adiÃÃo de PCCs nos teores de 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50% como substituto parcial do cimento. ApÃs tempos de cura de 7 e 28 dias, foram feitos teste de resistÃncia à traÃÃo na flexÃo e resistÃncia à compressÃo. AlÃm disso, as argamassas foram sujeitas a anÃlises de difraÃÃo de Raios â X, Microscopia EletrÃnica de Varredura, absorÃÃo de Ãgua, determinaÃÃo de Ãndice de vazios e massa especÃfica aparente. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se compatÃveis quando comparados com os dados da literatura, demonstrando ser viÃvel a aplicaÃÃo dos produtos da combustÃo do carvÃo mineral na indÃstria da construÃÃo civil.<br>The use of residues as alternative materials has proven successful according to several investigations. Coal combustion products (CCPs) is a residue that causes environmental impact, but it has a great potential for use in civil engineering construction in the production of mortars and concrete. It posesses a high content of silica (SiO2) and so it can be used as pozzolan. This research aimed to verify the viability of adding coal combustion products to mortars for bricklaying and covering. The raw materials were submitted to physical, and chemical characterization. CCPs were also rated according to their pozzolanicity. Reference mortars were prepared, as well as mortars containing 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% amounts of CCPs as a partial replacement for cement. After curing time of 7 and 28 days, prismatic samples were tested to determine their tensile strength in bending and their compression strength. Moreover, the mortars were subjected to X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and determination of water absorption, voids and apparent density. The results obtained were consistent with literature data, showing that application of coal combustion products in the construction industry is a viable alternative.
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Pettersson, Fredrik. "Mineral policies and the Ghanaian economy /." Luleå, 2002. http://epubl.luth.se/1404-5508/2002/070.
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