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Journal articles on the topic 'Mineral economics - Africa'
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1
Hekinian, R. "Mineral Economics of Africa." Ore Geology Reviews 5, no. 1-2 (December 1989): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(89)90004-8.
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Long, Keith R. "Mineral economics of Africa." International Journal of Mineral Processing 28, no. 1-2 (February 1990): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-7516(90)90036-x.
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Berman, Nicolas, Mathieu Couttenier, Dominic Rohner, and Mathias Thoenig. "This Mine is Mine! How Minerals Fuel Conflicts in Africa." American Economic Review 107, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 1564–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150774.
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We combine georeferenced data on mining extraction of 14 minerals with information on conflict events at spatial resolution of 0.5 o × 0.5 o for all of Africa between 1997 and 2010. Exploiting exogenous variations in world prices, we find a positive impact of mining on conflict at the local level. Quantitatively, our estimates suggest that the historical rise in mineral prices (commodity super-cycle) might explain up to one-fourth of the average level of violence across African countries over the period. We then document how a fighting group's control of a mining area contributes to escalation from local to global violence. Finally, we analyze the impact of corporate practices and transparency initiatives in the mining industry. (JEL C23, D74, L70, O13, Q34)
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Bokpin, Godfred Alufar, Lord Mensah, and Michael E. Asamoah. "Foreign direct investment and natural resources in Africa." Journal of Economic Studies 42, no. 4 (September 14, 2015): 608–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-01-2014-0023.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of natural resources on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa. Decomposing the measures of natural resource, in terms of contribution to GDP (oil rent (OR), mineral rent (MR) and forest rents (FRs)) and export drive (fuel exports (FE) and minerals export), with the objective of obtaining quantitative estimates of their relationship with FDI, we considered the effect of regional or trade blocks on the continent and control for trade openness, financial market development and infrastructure. Design/methodology/approach – Using annual panel data of 49 African countries over the period 1980-2011 and employing the system GMM estimation technique. Findings – The authors show that after allowing for effect of trade or regional block formation, natural resources in its composite form (ORs, MRs, forest rents (FRs), FEs and minerals export) influences FDI in Africa. Quantitatively, we demonstrate that though natural resources (compositely) influences FDI, the different measures of natural resource differ significantly in terms of their marginal contribution in attracting FDI to the continent especially to different trade blocks. The authors provide that in the presence of certain type of natural resources, trade openness or banking sector credit expansion or infrastructural development is less desirable whilst regional or trade blocks strongly moderate the effect of financial market development and infrastructural development on FDI flow on the continent. Originality/value – The authors employed a broad data set to provide evidence of the association between natural resources in its composite form and well as its various component and FDI to African after accounting for regional/trade blocks.
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Beydik, Oleksandr O., Sergii Yu Syrovets, Nataliia S. Koroma, and Mykola A. Molochko. "World mineral deposits in the table of periodic chemical elements." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 29, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112057.
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The distribution of mineral deposits and the distribution of chemical elements on the globe are characterized by heterogeneity. A wide range of publications of domestic and foreign specialists - geologists, geographers, geochemists, economists - were dedicated to mineral resources of the world, mineral deposits. During processing the material the comparative-geographical, cartographic (analysis of minerals maps, mineral resources in the context of continents and regions of the world, cartographic interpretation of Mendeleev periodical table), monographic (analysis of fundamental works of leading domestic and foreign geologists and resource scientists, geologists and geologists, and geologists and geologists) directories, multi-volume editions devoted to geology and mineral resources of individual countries and regions of the world) methods, systematic approach, and GIS technologies - all these were used for received data processing and systematization. Explored mineral deposits (current and potential) form on the planet both individual local deposits and geochemical zones – areas where economically valuable chemical elements and their compounds are concentrated, which are diverse in genesis, stocks, and possibilities of exploitation. The largest of the latter is the Appalachians in the US - the Western Hemisphere, the Highveld in South Africa, Khibiny and the Ural Mountains inRussia - the Eastern Hemisphere. The leading countries in which most geochemical resources are extracted from the subsoil are the United States (65% of the total elements of Mendeleev periodical table), Russia (48%), China (38%), Canada (38%), South Africa (30%), Australia, (27%), Kazakhstan (19%), India (14%), Mexico (13%). The ideas about the level of provision of mineral resources and minerals in individual countries and territories of the world were systematized. The Mendeleev periodical table and its mineral and raw content were presented as an objective factor in the international geographical distribution of labor. The illuminated issues are confirmed high density of interdisciplinary links (geology, geography, chemistry, geochemistry, ecology, economics, regional studies, zoning).
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Beydik, O. "INDIGENOUS MINERAL DEPOSITS IN THE TABLE D. I. MENDELEEV: WORLD DIMENSION." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 74 (2019): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2019.74.3.
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Geography of mineral deposits and the distribution of chemical elements on the globe are characterized by heterogeneity. Mineral resources of the world, mineral deposits are devoted to a large array of publications of domestic and foreign specialists – geologists, geographers, geochemists, economists. During the mastering of the material, comparative-geographical, cartographic (analysis of maps of mineral resources, mineral resources in the context of continents and regions of the world), monographic (fundamental works of leading domestic and foreign geologists and resource scientists, geological and mineral reference books and dictionaries, multi-volume editions, devoted to the geology and mineral resources of individual countries and regions of the world) methods, systematic approach, in the processing and systematization of data used modern no computer technology. The explored deposits of mineral raw materials (actual and potential) form on the planet as separate local deposits, as well as geochemical zones – areas where concentrated economically valuable chemical elements and their compounds (minerals and rocks) are diverse in genesis (origin), stocks, exploitation possibilities. The largest of them are Appalachians in the USA – Western Hemisphere, High Velt in South Africa, Hibiny and Ural in Russia – Eastern Hemisphere. Leading countries in the territory where most of the geochemical raw materials are mined from the bowels are the USA (65 % of the total number of elements of the table), Russia (48 %), China (38 %), Canada (38 %), South Africa (30 %), Australia (27 %), Kazakhstan (19 %), India (14 %), Mexico (13 %). Systematized representations about the level of provision of mineral raw materials and minerals of individual countries and territories of the world. D. I. Mendeleev’s table and its mineral raw materials are presented as an objective factor of the international geographical division of labour. The given data reveal an adequate level of provision of countries and territories with mineral resources. The highlighted problem has confirmed the high density of interdisciplinary connections (geography, geology, geochemistry, economics, regionalisms). The given data can be implemented in the latest programs of reformed education in Ukraine.
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Van Der Vyver, Johan. "The Protection and Promotion of a People’s Right to Mineral Resources in Africa: International and Municipal Perspectives." Law and Development Review 11, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 739–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2018-0036.
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Abstract Development programs in many African countries include the reallocation of land and the nationalization of mineral resources for the benefit of less privileged communities in those countries. Implementing these programs is, however, quite complicated. This paper pays special attention to the confiscation of the land of white farmers in Zimbabwe as part of a development program, and the rapid decline of the economy of that country in consequence of this program. It serves as a reminder that depriving landowners of their property rights is counterproductive and is therefore not a feasible development strategy. As far as the right to explore natural resources is concerned, the paper highlights the repeated resolutions of the United Nations proclaiming the “inalienable right of all states freely to dispose of their natural resources in accordance with their national interests” as an inherent aspect of sovereignty [e.g. G.A. Res. 626, 7 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 20), at 18, U.N. Doc. A/2361 (1952).], with occasional reminders that developing countries were in need of encouragement “in the proper use and exploitation of their natural wealth and resources” [e.g. E.S.C. Res. 1737, 54 U.N. ESCOR, Supp., No. 1 (1973).]. These resolutions were adopted in the context of the decolonization policy of the United Nations and were mainly aimed at denouncing the exploitation of the mineral resources of African countries by colonial powers [G.A. Res. 2288, 22 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 16), at 48, U.N. Doc. A/6716 (1967)., para 3]. The emphasis of international law relating to the natural resources over time also emphasized the right to self-determination of peoples. As early as 1958, the General Assembly, in a resolution through which the Commission on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources was established, stated that the “permanent sovereignty over natural wealth and resources” of states is “a basic constituent of the right to self-determination” [G.A. Res. 1314, 13 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 18), at 27, U.N. Doc. A/4090 (1958).]. The African Charter on Human and People’s Rights similarly provides “All peoples shall freely dispose of their wealth and natural resources. This right shall be exercised in the exclusive interest of the people. In no case shall a people be deprived of it” [Art 21(1)]. This provision featured prominently in several judgments of courts of law, such as the one of the South African Constitutional Court in the case of Bengwenyama Minerals (Pty) Ltd & Others v Gemorah Resources (Pty) Ltd & Others [2011] (3) BCLR 229 (CC) (3) BCLR 229 (CC) and of the African Court of Human and People’s Rights in the case of Social and Economic Rights Action Centre (SERAC) v Nigeria (2001) AHRLR 60 (ACHPR 2001), Communication 155/96, 15th Annual Report. AHRLR 60 (Social and Economic Rights Action Centre (SERAC) v Nigeria (2001) AHRLR 60 (ACHPR 2001), Communication 155/96, 15th Annual Report.) Communication 155/96. In view of these directives of international law, the paper will critically analyze the South African Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002, which deprived landowners of the ownership of unexplored minerals and petroleum products and proclaimed mineral and petroleum resources to be “the common heritage of all the people of South Africa” with the state as the custodian thereof.
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Ikpe, Eka. "The Enduring Relevance of the Developmental State Paradigm Across Space and Time: Lessons for Africa on Structural Transformation and Agriculture in Oil-Rich Contexts." Journal of Asian and African Studies 53, no. 5 (August 3, 2017): 764–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909617722375.
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Emerging economies have recently faced commodity price declines that reinforce the instability of natural resources as a basis for socio-economic transformation. This has re-energised arguments for industrialisation as necessary for such transitions. Drawing upon classical development economics theory, this paper offers a deployment of an enhanced developmental state paradigm (DSP) that highlights the roles of agriculture and mineral resources in the pursuit of industrial progress. This application of the DSP has its basis in narratives on Asian developmental states, with a focus on mineral resource endowment. Employed with reference to Africa’s key emerging economy and net petroleum exporter, Nigeria, the DSP shows how the state, influenced by significant milieus, has enabled linkages between oil and agriculture that can drive industrial transformation. The paper finds that linkages between oil and agriculture are well established; however, economic, social and political influences on the state have engendered agriculture’s limited onward contribution to structural change.
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Mainardi, Stefano. "Geological occurrence and economic feasibility in closing decisions by gold mines." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 2, no. 2 (June 30, 1999): 240–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v2i2.2576.
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With successful exploration of deposits often lagging behind mineral extraction, and the international price of gold showing no signs of recovery, mining companies are under pressure to reassess their strategies. The decision whether or not to close a mining activity is the outcome of a process of adapting expectations to a changing economic and geological environment. Part of the literature emphasizes the role of the mineral price and operating costs. However, the extent, pace and intertemporal allocation of metal recovery is in practice determined by a complex interaction of both these with other factors. Following a review of theoretical interpretations, and a reformulation of associated hypotheses, binary-response models are applied to a sample of gold mines in mainly three major southern hemisphere producers (Australia, South Africa and Chile).
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Laporte, Bertrand, and Céline de Quatrebarbes. "What do we know about the sharing of mineral resource rent in Africa?" Resources Policy 46 (December 2015): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2015.10.005.
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Dumett, Raymond. "Africa's Strategic Minerals during the Second World War." Journal of African History 26, no. 4 (October 1985): 381–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700028802.
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Unprecedented wartime demands by Britain and the U.S.A for strategic minerals from abroad, coupled with the loss of valuable sources of supply in Eastern Europe and South East Asia to the Axis, greatly enlarged the volume of production and the pace of economic change in the mineral-rich zones of Africa. But the sharpest upsurge in output, which helped rescue a number of African export economies from the slough of depression, coincided with British rearmament several years before the war broke out; and production in most instances reached a crest two or three years before the war ended. In one sense the mineral regions of Africa between 1937 and 1945 provided a supreme example of the old mercantilist credo that colonies existed primarily to buttress the economies of the metropole in time of war. From another perspective, the war strengthened the hold of powerful multinational corporations on African mineral development and accelerated the absorption of new mining areas and labour supplies into the world capitalist system. A wide range of African metallic and non-metallic ores played a vital – and in some cases an indispensable – role in the Allied victory in 1945. But for the African peoples and countries most directly involved, the wartime upsurge had an uneven impact. Wage increases were in no way commensurate with the increased workloads nor with the pay scales for European miners. Except in the Union of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia, where greater agricultural and industrial diversification was already in train, the expansion of the mining industries perpetuated enclave development. The reliance of the industrialized West on African strategic minerals during the war was a prelude to the even greater production boom and dependency of the Cold War period.
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Ericsson, Magnus, Olof Löf, and Anton Löf. "Chinese control over African and global mining—past, present and future." Mineral Economics 33, no. 1-2 (July 2020): 153–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13563-020-00233-4.
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Abstract Chinese companies are far from taking control over African or global mining. In 2018, they control less than 7% of the value of total African mine production. Chinese investments in African mining of non-fuel minerals between 1995 and 2018 have contributed to production growth but it has also increased Chinese control over African mineral and metal production. There is evidence pointing to a continued Chinese expansion in African minerals and metals but at a slower pace than in the past decade. Through a detailed analysis of every mine, fully or partially controlled by Chinese interest in Africa and all other parts of the world the paper also measures total Chinese control over global mine production to be around 3% of the total value.
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Asiedu, Michael, Ebenezer Nana Yeboah, and David Owusu Boakye. "Natural Resources and the Economic Growth of West Africa Economies." Applied Economics and Finance 8, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v8i2.5157.
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In this study, we employed the pooled mean group (PMG) regression to examine the effect of natural resources economic rent (coal rent, gas rent, oil rent, forest rent, minerals rent) and foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in West Africa for the period 1996 to 2017. We found strong evidence of a positive relationship between FDI, total natural resources (TNR), total natural gas (TNG), and economic growth in the long-run. However, the study recorded a negative relationship between mineral resources rent, oil rent and gas rent, and economic growth in the long run. The rent from coal also exhibited neutrality on economic growth. While all the short-run coefficients are not statistically significant, the error correction term (ECT) is significant and a negative value of -0.889, signifying cointegration at a 1% significance level. This also implies that the short-run estimates converge towards the long-run estimates to achieve equilibrium at the speed of 89% per annum. Our findings highlight the significance of FDI and total rent from natural resources in stimulating West African economies' growth in the industrialization drive and general welfare. In contrast, this study also highlights the need for policy direction to redesign and realign ownership in the oil and gas sector from multinational co-operations (MNCs) to the locals and the domestic economy to benefit directly from the prevailing environment.
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GURGU, Elena. "Foreword." Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1810.
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Shanta Devarajan, who is the Senior Director at the Development Economics – World Bank, said recently, in a forecasting about global economic growth at the beginning of 2018, that currently there is a set of optimistic projections for economic growth around the world. Ten years after the global financial crisis, every economic region – from the U.S. to Europe to Asia, Africa, and Latin America – is seeing an uptick in growth. One reason for the optimism is that economic growth was surprisingly better than anticipated in 2017. Almost every growth forecast at the beginning of the year was revised upward by the end of the year. Global growth, projected by the World Bank to be 2.7 % in January 2017, was estimated at 3 percent in December, with expectation to be at 3.1 percent in 2018. Furthermore, stock markets are booming. And the factors that caused growth to be subdued in the past – a slowdown in investment and trade and low commodity prices – are rebounding. Consequently, developing country growth is forecasted at a robust 4.5 percent in 2018, accelerating to 4.7 percent in the subsequent two years. This growth is not just driven by China, although the country’s economy is projected to grow at a robust 6.4 percent in 2018. Low-income countries’ growth will rise to 5.4 percent in 2018, accelerating to 5.6 percent in 2019-2020, as metal and mineral prices strengthen.
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Kosyanov, V. A. "African horizons of Russian science and education." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 6 (March 19, 2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2019-6-5-10.
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Based on the results of the first Russia—Africa Summit and Economic Forum, priority areas of economic cooperation, according to which concrete results can be achieved in the coming years, were identified. These are modern and high-tech mining and processing of minerals, geological exploration, energy (including renewable energy sources), infrastructure development (specifically the construction of railways and housing), agriculture, digital technology, medicine, science and education. Cooperation between Russian universities and African countries occupies a special place. Currently implemented by the Sergo Ordzhonikidze Russian State University for Geological Prospecting (MGRI), the scientific and educational initiative for the development of the mineral resource base of Uganda, presented in June 2019 to the country’s President Yoweri Museveni, is the basis for International cooperation between Russian universities in the East African region.
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Bеidуk, O. "SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS OF MINERALS IN THE TABLE D. I. MENDELEEV: NATIONAL DIMENSION." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 72 (2018): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2018.72.5.
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The distribution of chemical elements and deposits of minerals is heterogeneous on the Earth. This heterogeneity reflects the following chain of levels of mineral resource supply of countries and territories: very low → low → average → high → very high. Extreme links of this chain can be represented, for example, in the Republic of Korea (a very low level of mineral supply) and the South African Republic (very high level of mineral supply). Ukraine, according to various estimates, occupies the second (low) or third (middle) level in this rank. This publication serves as an objective basis for such assessments and aims as to demonstrate a certain raw material and energy independence of the quarry with respect to the provision of the most important minerals (this is demonstrated by the “mineral-raw” filling of the table by D. I. Mendeleev). The systemic representation of Ukraine’s provision of mineral resources in general and regions (Donbas, Crimea, etc.) or economic regions (in some cases, in oblasts) provides a table «Deposits of minerals in Ukraine in the context of economic regions in the periodic system of chemical elements (tables by D. I. Mendeleev)». The high level of provision of Ukraine’s territory with mineral resources in the context of economic-geographical regions has been confirmed. The periodic system of chemical elements (table by D. I. Mendeleev) is strengthened by data on the distribution of mineral raw materials and minerals in the context of economic-geographical regions of Ukraine. The highlighted problem has confirmed the high density of interdisciplinary connections (geography, geology, geochemistry, economics, regionalistics, zoning). The presented material reveals a decent level for developing strategies for socio-economic development of the regions, the given data can be implemented in the latest programs of reformed education of Ukraine.
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Gupta, Vijay. "Economic Crisis in Africa." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 41, no. 2 (April 1985): 236–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848504100205.
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Sub-Saharan Africa is facing deep economic crisis. A situation has reached where there is total stagnation with zero per cent growth rate and no hope of recovery. Hunger is hovering over vast areas of Africa threatening the lives of 150 million people and every day people are dying of starvation. It is said, that nature and international economic relations are both responsible for the crisis. The problems include drought and expanding desertification leading to scarcity of food and consequently rising foreign exchange expenditure on food purchase. There is shortage of inputs for the very few industries that exist. The burden of external debts is increasing every day and is reaching a stage when repayment would be impossible. According to a World Bank Report: “Of the 45 states in the sub-Saharan region, 24 have fewer than five million people. African economies are for the most part small in economic terms. These are open economies where foreign trade accounts for about a quarter of the GDP. They are specialized economies, most of them agricultural, dependent on the export of two or three primary commodities. Even in mineral exporting countries, the majority of the population (around 80 per cent) is engaged in agriculture with subsistence production. Only 20 per cent of the population is non-rural, and modern wage employment absorbs a very small proportion of the labour force—in most countries less than 10 per cent.”1 There is mass-poverty and regional inequality with under-developed structures. Agricultural growth per capita, a key indicator in Africa, has been showing negative rates of growth. In most African societies the patriarchal, tribal social structure still exists today side by side with the foreign companies (MNCs) holding key positions in the economy of a number of countries. Small-scale production by farmers, livestock breeders and handicraftsmen is still the largest sector of the African economy today. The low level of subsistence farming often with primitive tools and Implements prevails all over the continent. The small cash crop growers are ruthlessly exploited by foreign monopolies, local feudals and the tribal elite. Forced by an unbearable and miserable existence “peasants” abandon land temporarily and are forced to seek work in the cities, plantations or in mines. As the rate of industrial growth is very low, migration from the rural to the tertiary or industrial sector is minimal. Africa is underdeveloped, that is, Africa's economic potential is scantily developed. For instance, the African continent possesses two-fifths of the world's total hydroelectric potential—more than Europe and the two Americans put together but the present production is ridiculously small—25 billion kwh—that is equivalent to the consumption of a large European city. Similarly African mineral resources have been relatively little exploited and so far research on tropical soils is in the first stages, knowledge of water resources is minimal. African human resources have remained underutilized. Africa lags far behind in education leading to low capacity in technical and economic inventiveness. Between 1960 and 1979 the per capita income in a number of sub-Saharan countries showed increase while some others had a very low rate of growth and still others showed negative rates of growth. Since 1980 it appears that there has been a constant tendency of decline in the rate of growth in a large number of countries.2 Even the oil-producing countries are in trouble.
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Obraztsova, Margarita. "Economic relations between the United States and South Africa." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 2 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760015880-5.
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The article analyses the role of the South African mining sector in the development of long-term relations between the United States and South Africa. Largely with the help of American investments the South African mining industry was formed. Thereby America provided its firms with access to South Africa’s rich resource potential. The increasing dependence of the United States on those types of minerals that are of strategic importance for its defense industry makes relations with South Africa a priority. Therefore, US policy is primarily aimed at ensuring the access of American companies to the South African market.
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Nwapi, Chilenye. "Mineral Resource Policy Harmonisation in West Africa." Global Journal of Comparative Law 7, no. 1 (February 2, 2018): 134–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00701007.
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This article critiques the mineral resource policy harmonisation strategies adopted by supranational institutions in West Africa, focusing on local content/procurement and fiscal policy/taxation. Although minerals are sometimes defined to cover both mining and oil and gas, the article focuses on policies related to mining. It views West Africa’s mineral resource policy harmonisation strategies relating to local content and taxation as an attempt to standardise the rules and practices among individual States. Standardisation is particularly strong within the West African Economic and Monetary Union, which requires its member States to domesticate its harmonisation texts without modification. The article argues for a shift from enacting binding supranational rules governing substantive issues (such as the type of local content requirements to be adopted and the fixing of tax and royalty rates) towards rules that promote inter-State cooperation and sharing of information. This would give States sufficient latitude to tailor supranational initiatives to local needs.
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Ashraf, Hamid, and Frederick Cawood. "Mineral development for growth: the case for a new mineral policy framework for Pakistan." Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 8, no. 3 (October 2, 2017): 246–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstpm-11-2016-0033.
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Purpose The fundamental purpose of this research is to compare Pakistan’s mineral policy instrument with that of leading developing minerals-based economies and to highlight the gaps. Mineral resources development can act as an engine for country growth and have the potential to transform economies and societies. The extent to which such transformation takes place varies depending upon the method of their use. Design/methodology/approach This paper conducts a gap analysis between Pakistan and leading developing minerals-based economies to identify key policy gaps. Two basic principles were kept in mind with the choice of countries: first, only developing countries were considered and, second, at least two countries had to be Islamic. Eight developing countries Chile, Mexico, Brazil, Peru, India, South Africa, Kazakhstan and Turkey were selected. Findings The most important finding of the exercise is that Pakistan’s mineral sector is lacking an enabling institutional, fiscal and regulatory framework for the optimal development of its mineral resources. Practical implication Pakistan’s mineral resources have the potential to expand its economy and benefit its citizens. For this to happen, Pakistan must first establish what beneficiation is realistically expected from its mineral resources and, second, formulate a mineral policy based on leading practices to attract mining investment and aim for a sector contribution to gross domestic product of 5 per cent. Originality/value This paper presents original work on how Pakistan should formulate its mineral policy to extract maximum benefit from its mineral resources.
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Aksiuk, Leonid N., and Richard L. Sklar. "Recommendations: Mineral Resources and their Utilization, including their Effects on Economic Development." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 17, no. 1 (1988): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700500857.
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Several African countries with rich endowments of mineral resources and petroleum have, paradoxically, achieved less by way of economic development than other African states without such wealth. In the African mineral economies there is less diversification of production, less investment, higher foreign debt, greater unemployment, and weaker overall productive growth. The causes of this poor economic performance involve both external factors, such as declining prices of primary commodity products, and internal factors, such as rent-seeking activities of politically powerful groups which give their support to governmental leaders in return for access to wealth. Inevitably, the mineral industries, which depend on timely investments and good management, decline. As a result the governments then resort to heavy foreign borrowing.
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Amalu, Uche C. "Food Security: Sustainable Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 31, no. 3 (September 2002): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000002101294029.
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Falling world grain stocks, rising grain prices and the poor economic situation of Africa have, since 1995, made food security a major issue. Structural adjustment programmes, the crushing burden of debt, the collapse of commodity prices and mismanagement of national economies have rendered African people even poorer in terms of per capita income and quality of life than they were in the first decade after the attainment of independence. Yet Africa is rich in many ways — for example, in virgin land for agriculture and in mineral resources, including energy. It is rich above all in its people and their determined spirit to face all disasters, natural and man-made. In line with this spirit, Africa is moving ahead on a new consensus that food security through enhanced agricultural production is the continent's most fundamental development issue. Although the economic plans of successive African governments have stressed the goal of food self-sufficiency, the food sector has received little investment or political priority. Africa continues to rely on food aid and food imports, which consume a large part of its meagre export earnings. The increasingly limited capacity to purchase food abroad and the bitter experience of depending on emergency aid are honing a clear determination that Africa must marshal the resources to grow its own food and so release the creative energies of its people to contribute fully to their own development and well-being. Top priority should be given to food security during this process, as no country can consider itself free until it has the wherewithal to provide for the basic needs of its people.
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Fal’tsman, V. "Regulation of Anthropogenic Load of the Habitat." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 4 (2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-4-14-20.
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Received 14.10.2020. The statistical data of 180 countries show a serious lag of GDP per capita in the developing world as a result of high birth rate and population growth of these countries per 1000 habitants. As a result, in accordance with the UN forecasts, the global population may reach 11 billion by 2100 and achieve the permissible level of anthropogenic load. Using the S-curve the article analyzes the pace of approximation of the global population growth limit. Global changes such as climate change and the spread of the pandemic as well as the local events, e. g. unauthorized migration to Europe and the US, depletion of drinking water and mineral resources, continuous military conflicts in Africa, the revival of sea piracy prove that the permissible level of anthropogenic load will soon be achieved. The article proposes a new concept of stabilizing the global population by 2100. It is based on international birth and population growth control through increased external assistance to countries of the developing world. The “ladder” shows the correlation between the increase in population and GDP, using which developing countries can reach zero population growth. The article suggests principles for designing a roadmap to reach zero population growth by the end of the century. Implementing the zero population growth concept will require the transformation of the market economy from its focus on GDP growth and income to the economy of environmental safety.
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Martin, Guy. "Uranium: a Case-Study in Franco-African Relations." Journal of Modern African Studies 27, no. 4 (December 1989): 625–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00020474.
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France continues to wield considerable power and influence in Africa three decades after her former colonies achieved their independence. Based on a variety of socio-economic, political, and cultural interests, many of her actions in Africa are essentially neo-colonial in so far as they are designed to perpetuate the prevailing pattern of dominance.1 Yet, France also suffers from an almost excessive dependence on African sources for the supply of cheap minerals essential to her economy and national defence.
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Vogel, Christoph, and Josaphat Musamba. "Brokers of crisis: the everyday uncertainty of Eastern Congo's mineral négociants." Journal of Modern African Studies 55, no. 4 (November 23, 2017): 567–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x1700043x.
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ABSTRACTEastern Democratic Republic of the Congo's (DRC) artisanal mining sector is often linked to the violent conflicts that have beset Central Africa for over two decades. While many analyses emphasise its ‘criminal’ and ‘illegal’ nature, less attention has been paid to the ambiguity of this economy, most prominently incarnated by the intermediate mineral traders callednégociants. Focusing on their entrepreneurship, networks and everyday activities, this essay offers a more nuanced understanding of local mineral trade in the context of a ‘crisis economy’ framed by competing governable orders. It investigates the uncertainty along eastern DRC's mineral supply chains, that are undergoing major regulatory changes to curb the trade of so-called ‘conflict minerals’. Drawing from extensive fieldwork, this essay demonstrates how this uncertainty shapes the négociants’ role as brokers of socio-economic life in the provinces of North and South Kivu.
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Gamawa, Yusuf Ibrahim. "Turkey-Africa Relations: Opportunities and Challenges." Australian Finance & Banking Review 1, no. 1 (October 15, 2017): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/afbr.v1i1.74.
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The Continent of Africa had been of great importance to many Countries outside Africa, Since the begining of the slave trade when European slave merchants invaded Africa and estalished the trade in human beings, which forced the migration of millions of Africans to America and the West Indies. Since then, the Continent had faced a continued influx of people for different purposes even after the abolution of slavery. The main attraction to Africa, has been its human and rich mineral resources scattered across the continent, as well as its vast market for foreign goods.This paper examines the relations between the republic of Turkey and countries of the African Continent, especially in 1990’s and 2000’s when the republic of Turkey began to develop interest to have relation with African countries. There were so many reasons that motivated and ignited the interest of Turkey in Africa all of a sudden, and this paper tried to present such reasons and also show how the republic of Turkey tried to establish such relations, the manner in which Turkey went about realising this objective of having deep economic, political and social relation with countries of the African Continent. The paper also tried to look at relations between Ottoman Turkey and Africa, though as a background to the present relations.It tried also to see what challenges there are in this relations, in the future or now, and also tried as much as possible to look at some policy suggestions regarding this symbiotic relations between Turkey and African countries. The paper argues that Pan Africanism poses a challenge to relations between Turkey and Africa and offered some policy suggestions that will deepen integration between Turkey and African States.
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Bhana, N. "The effects of trade sanctions and disinvestment by foreign countries and its impact on the South African economy." South African Journal of Business Management 18, no. 3 (September 30, 1987): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v18i3.1008.
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In the event of total trade sanctions South Africa should have no difficulty in countering the ban on mineral exports, especially precious metals. Furthermore, earnings from precious metals are likely to increase in the short term followed by a gradual deterioration of these industries as cheaper substitutes are developed and producers from other countries make inroads into markets vacated by South African producers. In the manufacturing sector South Africa may benefit in the short term through import replacement and a drive towards self-sufficiency. However, in the long term factors such as scarcity of capital, technological obsolescence, disadvantages inherent in the lack of international co-operation and competition, and misallocation of resources would indicate that the cost of evading sanctions is too high. A disinvestment of portfolio investments is likely to cause a major decline in the prices of South African mining shares. A large scale disinvestment by multinational companies and foreign disinvestment of shares are likely to cause restructuring and increased economic concentration in the South African economy.
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Malhi, Yadvinder, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Rebecca A. Asare, Simon L. Lewis, and Philippe Mayaux. "African rainforests: past, present and future." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1625 (September 5, 2013): 20120312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0312.
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The rainforests are the great green heart of Africa, and present a unique combination of ecological, climatic and human interactions. In this synthesis paper, we review the past and present state processes of change in African rainforests, and explore the challenges and opportunities for maintaining a viable future for these biomes. We draw in particular on the insights and new analyses emerging from the Theme Issue on ‘African rainforests: past, present and future’ of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . A combination of features characterize the African rainforest biome, including a history of climate variation; forest expansion and retreat; a long history of human interaction with the biome; a relatively low plant species diversity but large tree biomass; a historically exceptionally high animal biomass that is now being severely hunted down; the dominance of selective logging; small-scale farming and bushmeat hunting as the major forms of direct human pressure; and, in Central Africa, the particular context of mineral- and oil-driven economies that have resulted in unusually low rates of deforestation and agricultural activity. We conclude by discussing how this combination of factors influences the prospects for African forests in the twenty-first century.
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Robinson, Susan. "South African Mineral Artist." Rocks & Minerals 77, no. 1 (February 2002): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2002.9926654.
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Leshoele, Moorosi. "Power Lies in the Barrel of a Gun: Diplomacy Without Strategic Military Capability Is Futile." African and Asian Studies 20, no. 1-2 (April 27, 2021): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341484.
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Abstract The United States of America invests heavily on their military capability and it is estimated that it spends, alone, approximately 40 per cent of what the whole world spends on military. Four of the other super powers that make up the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UN-SC) also spend a significant percentage of their national budgets on military. Chinweizu has for a long time argued that Africa needs a well-resourced African Standby Force (or the Black Africa League) that will protect the interests of the continent so as to prevent the history of Africans enslavement and colonialism repeating itself. This article seeks to analyse Africa’s investment on its military defense capability vis-à-vis the five permanent members of the UN-SC and North Korea, by critiquing two case studies of two of the continent’s economic giants – South Africa and Egypt. Realist and Sankofa perspectives are used as the prisms through which the article was researched. In line with Chinweizu’s observation, the article argues that without serious political will and dedication to building Africa’s nuclear weapons capability and ensuring that Africa is economically self-reliant, diplomatic engagements with the rest of the world as (un)equal partners will remain a pipe dream and the looting of Africa’s mineral wealth will continue unabated. It is clear that given the reality of the African Holocust if African countries fail to collectively defend themselves, Africa will continue to be a political football for the rest of the world.
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Jenkins, J. Craig, Katherine Meyer, Matthew Costello, and Hassan Aly. "International Rentierism in the Middle East Africa, 1971–2008." International Area Studies Review 14, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386591101400301.
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What is the trend in rentierism in the Middle East and North Africa? Defining a rentier state as one that extracts a significant share of its revenues from rents extracted from international transactions, we examine a range of such transactions that together constitute a third or more of the Middle East/North Africa economies. Outlining a rentierism index that is based on the share of GDP stemming from oil/mineral exports, foreign military and economic aid, worker remittances, and international tourism, we show that rentierism is growing and that 18 of the 22 Middle East/North Africa states depend for over a third of their GDP on these international transactions. Some depend on direct rents stemming from oil/mineral exports and foreign aid, while others rely increasingly on indirect rents from remittances and tourism. This split between direct and indirect rents has implications for the political stability of these states, because it creates states that are more or less able to maintain control in the face of popular resistance and insurgency.
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Farooq, Muhammad Sabil, Tongkai Yuan, Jiangang Zhu, and Nazia Feroze. "Kenya and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Implications for China-Africa Relations." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 04, no. 03 (January 2018): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740018500136.
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China remains Africa’s largest financier of infrastructure, and the Belt and Road Forum held in May 2017 estimated pledge of funds of about US$40 billion. Reportedly, projects worth much more than the pledged funds are in the planning or have been underway, making the “Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)” the biggest development initiative in history. China and Africa need each other in development, and the Asian giant continues to make inroads into Africa, home to minerals, oil, and other resources that help feed China’s phenomenal economic growth. This article intends to discuss the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR)” under the BRI and its socioeconomic and cultural impact on China-Africa relations, with an emphasis on China’s relationship with Kenya, a founding member of the East Africa community (EAC) that has enjoyed lasting friendship with China. It is concluded that despite the generally positive impact of Chinese economic presence in Africa over the past decades, both China and African countries have much to do to consolidate their mutually beneficial relationship and to achieve the MSR’s target of common prosperity in the long run.
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Gait, Robert I. "African Type-Minerals." Rocks & Minerals 77, no. 1 (February 2002): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2002.9926652.
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Mitrofanova, Irina B., and Vladimir L. Liozner. "The socio-economic situation in South Africa in the early 2000-ies." RUDN Journal of Economics 27, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-2-223-234.
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The article describes political changes, unstable economic development and the difficult social situation in the country after the fall of the apartheid regime. South Africa’s raw materials orientation in the international division of labor and the weak development of manufacturing industries due to the narrow domestic market and lack of investment are shown. The factors that reduce economic growth rates have been identified: low investment activity in the country, declining volumes of foreign investment, a backward structure of industrial production in which extractive industries dominate, rising unemployment, low levels of education, and health care. The characteristic of the catastrophic stratification of South African society, the position of the white minority is given. The place of the country in the international division of labor is shown. Considered the main sectors of the economy of South Africa, among them: industry, agriculture, financial sector and transport network. After the abolition of the apartheid regime, South Africa retained in its foreign trade an emphasis on the export of mineral raw materials, coal and metallurgy products. Today, South Africa faces a number of serious socio-economic problems, generated both by the legacy of apartheid and by the influence of modern factors, both internal and external, that directly affect the country's economy and mutually aggravate each other. Second, a low level of education is a major socio-economic problem in South Africa. It takes a countdown from the days of apartheid, when the broad masses of a non-full population were either completely illiterate or received an education of poor quality. Thirdly, a serious problem is the glaring level of social stratification and poverty, which has been preserved since the days of apartheid.
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Amolo, George, Nithaya Chetty, Ali Hassanali, Daniel Joubert, Richard Martin, and Sandro Scandolo. "Growing Materials Science in Africa – The Case of the African School for Electronic Structure Methods and Applications (ASESMA)." MRS Advances 3, no. 37 (2018): 2183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.185.
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AbstractMaterials science is arguably the most important discipline in the physical sciences that should be developed in Africa given its rich resources of minerals, energy and biological diversity. Developing materials science should therefore be an important goal for Africa with important opportunities for economic benefits and quality people development. There are already many successful materials science activities that are underway in Africa. This needs to gain wider international attention and should become contact points for international collaborations. The African School for Electronic Structure Methods and Applications (ASESMA)[1,2,3,4] is one such successful initiative that has been in existence for the past decade. ASESMA has shown that it is possible to build a network across sub-Saharan Africa with world-class research with a relatively low budget. The greatest asset is the commitment of the lecturers and mentors, the team-work of the local organisers and the idealism of the participants who rank amongst the brightest of young minds from Africa, many of whom come from impoverished backgrounds but still dare to reach for the stars.
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Tahir, Haroon Elrasheid, Abdalbasit A. Mariod, Gusta Mahunu, and Zou Xiaobo. "Chemical Composition, Nutritional Functions, and Antioxidant Activities of Honeys in Africa." Journal of Apicultural Science 63, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2019-0023.
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AbstractHoney production in Africa is considered an integral part of folk medicine and provides an opportunity for poor rural communities to increase their economic sustainability. In this review, we provide and discuss the data available on the positive nutritional value and health properties of honey harvested from Africa. Besides sugar, honey contains protein and amino acids, with proline which is about 50% of the total amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, some minerals (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, P, S), trace elements (Mn, Ni, Li, F, I, Cl, Sr, Co) and polyphenol compounds. The paper reviewed studies on the use of African honey with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-breast cancer, antidiabetic and antimycotic properties and also its positive effects on infertility (asthenozoospermia), febrile neutropenia and diabetic foot ulcers.
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Evdokimov, Aleksandr, and Benedict Pharoe. "Features of the mineral and chemical composition of the Northwest manganese ore occurrence in the Highveld region, South Africa." Journal of Mining Institute 248 (May 25, 2021): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2021.2.4.
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The Northwest manganese ore mineralisation is located at a relative distance from traditionally known manganese mining areas in a new manganese-bearing region (Highveld) in the Northwest Province, Republic of South Africa. The ore occurrence was studied on farms: Buchansvale 61 IQ, Weltevreden 517 JQ, Rhenosterhoek 343 JP and Kafferskraal 306 JP. The data obtained from studying the geology of the area pointed out to interests regarding the development criterias for search of similar ore mineralisations in the northwest region of South Africa. The ore occurs predominantly in the form of powdered manganese wad, manganese nodules and crusts, confined to the karstic structures of the upper section of the dolomites. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive link (SEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence were utilized to unveil the mineral and chemical composition of the ore samples. The present study therefore presents the results on both chemical and mineral composition of manganese ores, and their depth and longitudinal distribution. Karstic areas causing an increased local thickness of the ore body were identified. The geochemical and microspcopic study of the ores indicates their supergene nature. The main ore minerals includes cryptomelane, lithiophorite, purolusite, hollandite and romanechite associated with impurity components of Ba, Ce, Co, La, Cr, Zn and V.
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Krukowska, Monika. "Zróżnicowanie poziomu wzrostu gospodarczego w wybranych krajach Afryki Subsaharyjskiej." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 2 (November 29, 2011): 55–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2011.2.3.
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The purpose of the article is to analyse the economic growth of Sub-Saharan African countriesin the last decades, with special focus on the period 2000-2009. Economic development in Africa has been mostly positive in recent years with growth pace binge moderate and steady. However, significant differences exist between specific countries, stemming from abundance of mineral resources, location, size of the population or policy of central government. Countries which managed to introduce deep structural reforms, improve the investment climate, diversify output and exports as well as actively searched for new trading partners outperformed. Countries economy which is purely based on exports of crude oil reported also good economic performance,. However influx of investments there as well as general economic development is constrained by risk of the fiscal destabilization, which sudden plunge in commodity prices could originate. In our research we focused on the following growth indicators: GDP, savings rate, FDI, foreign trade and external aid.
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Cook, Robert B. "Welcome to the Minerals of Africa." Rocks & Minerals 77, no. 1 (February 2002): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2002.9926649.
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Jobodwana, Zingisile Ntozintle. "OIL IN THE GULF OF GUINEA STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA IN THE MATRIX OF OVERLAPPING MEMBERSHIP OF AFRICAN REGIONAL COMMUNITIES: AN IMPEDIMENT TO REGIONAL INTEGRATION?" Journal of Law, Society and Development 3, no. 1 (September 12, 2016): 6–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2520-9515/273.
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The Gulf of Guinea states (GOGs) discussed in this article comprise a diverse group of more than 20 African states bordering on the oil-rich Gulf of Guinea. They are former colonies of Belgium, France, Great Britain and Germany. These states are of strategic importance to the United States, the European Union, India and China because of their tremendous natural resources that include biodiversity, oil, gas and other strategic minerals. But to what extent are they also of strategic importance not only to South Africa but to SADC member states? After all, the GOGs boast of their sea routes being safer and more convenient for sea transport. Post-colonial independence finds these states still adopting a mixture of foreign legal systems side by side with indigenous laws and customs. The region is still underdeveloped, with poor physical infrastructure, weak government structures, an inefficient legal system, and internecine strife and other inter-state disputes exerting a debilitating influence. The NEPAD Plan of Action of 2001 looks to the regional economic communities (RECs) to become the leaders in regional economic co-operation and integration. Although the GOGs are characterised at present by overlapping membership of various communities, they have enjoyed some successes based on the newly found petroleum commodity which, wisely managed, can help to increase intra-African trade and produce a viable extensive African market buttressed by South Africa’s economic advances into the rest of Africa. In some of the regions in Africa RECs such as ECOWAS and SADC have been able to transform their economic and monetary co-operation efforts into a powerful driving force for economic policy co-ordination and integration, but a strong, credible, effective and efficient legal framework with sustainable supporting institutions is now needed. South Africa is well poised to assist with deepening the political and economic integration in the GOGs by intensifying foreign direct investment (FDI), capacity-building and training projects, and the transfer of skills and technology. But the RECs’ overlapping membership needs to be rationalised, the negative influences of the superpowers need to be resisted, and support is required to maintain peace and stability and ensure the security of the maritime regimes. A strong, independent supra-national body that is also able to supervise and monitor revenues from oil for the benefit of the region as a whole should be established.
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KSHETRI, NIR. "INSTITUTIONAL AND ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN AFRICA: AN OVERVIEW." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 16, no. 01 (March 2011): 9–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946711001756.
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Africa is arguably the richest continent in terms of minerals and natural resources. Prior research has also shown that Africa has an abundance of entrepreneurs who possess the ability to identify business opportunities and exploit them. However, the continent's entrepreneurial performance has been weak. Our goal in this paper is modest and is simply aimed at identifying and synthesizing the available evidence on economic and institutional factors affecting entrepreneurship in Africa. This paper also reviews various mechanisms by which foreign businesses are exploiting Africa for resources and market and examines Western response to the low level of entrepreneurial activities in Africa. Finally, this paper provides case studies of some successful entrepreneurial activities in the continent. The cases indicate that successful businesses do not necessarily need to depend on natural resources.
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Schmidt, Wolfram, Mike Otieno, Kolawole Olonade, Nonkululeko Radebe, Henri Van-Damme, Patience Tunji-Olayeni, Said Kenai, et al. "Innovation potentials for construction materials with specific focus on the challenges in Africa." RILEM Technical Letters 5 (October 5, 2020): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2020.112.
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Africa is urgently in need of adequate basic infrastructure and housing, and it is one of the continents where massive construction activities are on the rise. There is a vast variety of potentially viable resources for sustainable construction on the continents, and consequently, the continent can bring innovative, greener technologies based on local sources effectively into practice. However, unlike established concrete constituents from industrialised countries in the global North, most of the innovation potentials from the African continent have not yet been the focus of intensive fundamental and applied research. This clearly limits the implementation of more sustainable local technologies.
This paper presents a case for the need to first appreciate the rich diversity and versatility of the African continent which is often not realistically perceived and appreciated. It discusses specific innovation potentials and challenges for cementitious materials and concrete technology based on local materials derived from sources on the African continent. The unique African materials solutions are presented and discussed, from mineral binders over chemical admixtures and fibres to reinforcement and aggregates. Due to the pressing challenges faced by Africa, with regards to population growth and urbanisation, the focus is not only put on the technological (durability, robustness and safety) and environmental sustainability, but also strongly on socio-economic applicability, adaptability and scalability. This includes a review of alternative, traditional and vernacular construction technologies such as materials-saving structures that help reducing cementitious materials. Eventually, a strategic research roadmap is hypothesised that points out the most relevant potentials and research needs for quick implementation of more localised construction materials.
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Awolusi, Olawumi D., Josue Mbonigaba, and Christian K. Tipoy. "Mineral resources endowment and economic growth in Southern African countries." International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy 4, no. 1 (2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijdipe.2018.091418.
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Mbonigaba, Josue, Christian K. Tipoy, and Olawumi D. Awolusi. "Mineral resources endowment and economic growth in Southern African countries." International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy 4, no. 1 (2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijdipe.2018.10012382.
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Cairncross, Bruce. "Southern Lights: Fluorescent Minerals from Southern Africa." Rocks & Minerals 96, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2021.1827910.
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Scovil, Jeff. "What's New in African Minerals." Rocks & Minerals 77, no. 1 (February 2002): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2002.9926656.
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Urs, Andreea Bianca. "Überlegungen und Perspektiven zur neuen chinesischen Ordnung in der demokratischen Republik Kongo." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 66, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2021.1.04.
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"Nowadays, more than ever, China plays a major role in economic activities in Africa. China competes aggressively with the West for control of the continent's strategic mineral resources. The great red actor considers that the imposition of Western democratic values on Africa is one of the main causes of political instability and economic stagnation, which is why he has chosen to adopt a different attitude which is has proven to be prolific in the context of globalization. The cooperation of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) with China is currently considered by the Congolese people as a safety valve, an insurance against risks. Essentially, the DRC tops the list of China's strategic partners in Africa, and the DRC aims to attract China to help build infrastructure. This cooperation bears the signature of Joseph Kabila (president of the country from 2001 to 2018), his speech being a central point of this research. While the two countries boast of an exemplary model of win-win cooperation, this article aims to explore whether it is really a win-win collaboration or rather China is trying to invent a new order using a cosmetized neocolonialism. Keywords: Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, China, globalization, mineral ressources, neocoloniaslism, global order "
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Tsoku, Johannes Tshepiso, Nonofo Phukuntsi, and Lebotsa Daniel Metsileng. "Gold sales forecasting: The Box-Jenkins methodology." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 7, no. 1 (2017): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv7i1art7.
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The study employs the Box-Jenkins Methodology to forecast South African gold sales. For a resource economy like South Africa where metals and minerals account for a high proportion of GDP and export earnings, the decline in gold sales is very disturbing. Box-Jenkins time series technique was used to perform time series analysis of monthly gold sales for the period January 2000 to June 2013 with the following steps: model identification, model estimation, diagnostic checking and forecasting. Furthermore, the prediction accuracy is tested using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). From the analysis, a seasonal ARIMA(4,1,4)×(0,1,1)12 was found to be the “best fit model” with an MAPE value of 11% indicating that the model is fit to be used to predict or forecast future gold sales for South Africa. In addition, the forecast values show that there will be a decrease in the overall gold sales for the first six months of 2014. It is hoped that the study will help the public and private sectors to understand the gold sales or output scenario and later plan the gold mining activities in South Africa. Furthermore, it is hoped that this research paper has demonstrated the significance of Box-Jenkins technique for this area of research and that they will be applied in the future.
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Ball, T. K., M. J. Crow, N. Laffoley, D. Piper, and J. Ridgway. "Application of soil-gas geochemistry to mineral exploration in Africa." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 38, no. 1-2 (August 1990): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(90)90095-r.
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Holland, Martin. "The European Community and South Africa: Economic Reality or Political Rhetoric?" Political Studies 33, no. 3 (September 1985): 399–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1985.tb01152.x.
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This article examines the economic and political relationship between the European Community (EC) and the Republic of South Africa (RSA). From the economic perspective, the Community's objective of securing economic independence for the region, trends in EC–RSA trade and the arguments pertaining to mineral dependency are discussed. From the political perspective, Community statements on apartheid are compared with its foreign policy record. In particular, the Code of Conduct for European firms operating in the Republic is analysed within the framework of European Political Cooperation (EPC). The achievements, failures, future role and alternatives to the Code are considered and the limitations imposed by EPC in realizing a collective foreign policy are recognized.