Academic literature on the topic 'Mineral resources'

Ukraine is very rich in mineral resources. It contains iron and manganese ores, natural gas, salt, sulphur, graphite, flux limestone. Ukraine also has deposits of oil, bauxite as well as black coal. Mineral resources can be classified into three main groups: fuels, metals and nonmetals. Fuels include deposits of black and brown coal, natural gas and peat. The reserves of black coal are concentrated in two basins: the Donets and Lviv-Volynian Basins, deposits of brown coal are to be found in many places on the Right Bank. They form the large Dnieper Brown Coal Basin. The western regions of Ukraine contain small deposits of brown coal. Brown coal is used as local fuel for power stations, factories and plants, also in household heating.

Includes any ores or minerals that are being removed at or below the surface of the Earth, processed into a usable form, used, then burned for energy or placed in areas of disposal after use. Coal would typically begood example. Mineral resources are considered non-renewable because their production by earth forces on a geologic timescale cannot keep up with their consumption by humans on a human timescale. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33826

Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 73-76).<br>Natural resource endowments are no guarantee of socioeconomic development. Many developing countries are rich in natural resources (minerals, oil, gas, hydropower), and yet many of their citizens remain in poverty and their economies have failed to grow; the "paradox of plenty". Despite its natural resources (bauxite, iron ore, diamond, gold and hydropower), Guinea has been unsuccessful in marshaling and leveraging these resources to produce socioeconomic development. The critical challenge for Guinea, just like many resource-rich countries, is governance failures- decades of military rule, corruption and resource mismanagement after centuries of French colonial rule. This thesis uses secondary sources and data to argue that the resource curse as a phenomenon in resource-rich countries has limitations as it does not offer these countries a path for how their resources could be used to propel social and economic development. To overcome the so-called resource curse, this thesis argues that the key to unlocking economic and social development in mineral-rich Guinea, is investing its resource-generated revenue to develop the country's infrastructure services. Infrastructures such as roads, telecommunications, water, power, education and health facilities are the foundation for socioeconomic development. The new hope for Guinea rests in the fact that after more than fifty two years of military and authoritarian rule, the country transitioned to "democracy" for the first time in 2010. This coupled with the emergence of new global players such as China and other emerging countries, with their quests to secure stable natural resources to fuel their industries, comes a new window of opportunity for resource-rich countries such as Guinea to leverage and link its extractive industries to develop key infrastructure services. Guinea could leverage its bauxite and iron ore industries to transition to onsite transformation of these materials, whose transformation is energy-intensive. Guinea could then leverage the demand for power from the onsite transformation to develop its untapped hydropower generation capacity to supply both mines and the rest of the country. However, this will not happen without governance reforms in Guinea's extractive industries and mining code.<br>by Thierno Amadou Diallo.<br>M.C.P.

The intensity of use of a mineral is traditionally defined as the consumption (production plus net imports) of the mineral divided by gross national product. It has been proposed that this ratio of raw material input to gross economic output is a predictable function of per capita income and that the relationship is based on economic theory. Though the theory has never been clearly defined, the intensity of use method has been used to make long term forecasts. This dissertation formulates a theoretical model of the consumption of minerals and the resulting intensity of use which is used to test the validity of the traditional intensity of use measure and its forecasting ability. Previous justifications of the intensity of use hypothesis state that changes in technical efficiency, substitution rates among inputs, and demands are explained by per capita income, which, as it grows, produces a regular intensity of use pattern. The model developed in this research shows that the life of the goods in use, foreign trade of raw and final goods, prices, consumer preferences, technical innovations, as well as the above factors fully explain economic use, which is not simply a function of per capita income. The complete model is used to restate the traditional theory of intensity of use and to examine the sensitivity of traditional measures to changes in the explanatory variables which are commonly omitted. The full model demonstrates the parameters that must be examined when making a long term forecast. Regular intensity of use patterns are observed for many minerals in many nations. Setting aside the theoretical questions, the intensity of use method is often used to make long term projections based on these trends in intensity of use as well as the trends in population and gross national product. This dissertation examines the forecasting ability of the traditional intensity of use method and finds that it is not necessarily an improvement over naive consumption time trend forecasts. Furthermore, it is unstable for very long term projections.

Junior mining companies provide a vital feedstock to the mining sector, which in turn, feeds into the wider economy via manufacturing. The valuation models traditionally used in other sectors of the economy appear to be insufficient, in terms of scope and capacity to handle uncertainty, to provide a rational pricing of junior mining companies. The observation that junior mining firms are valued by some means suggests that either the junior mining markets are inefficient or, more likely, that these markets are able to provide insight, scope, and capacity to the methods of firm valuation. The process by which natural resource companies are valued on equity markets is poorly understood, especially for those companies at an early stage-of-development focussed upon exploration and the development of embryonic natural resources. Thus, the primary research question motivating this research is: How does the market value junior natural resource companies? While a number of studies have contributed to our understanding of market valuation within the junior natural resources sector, the extant research is often siloed in a focus on traditional value-relevant factors that neglects other factors that potentially have even greater value-relevance. A key contribution of this research is to identify, define and subsume potential value-relevant factors into a conceptual framework of junior mining firm valuation. Another key contribution of this research is its empirical analysis of the relevance of accounting information in 2,324 junior mining companies and an empirical event study into 1,526 seasoned equity offerings by junior mining companies. The findings support the value-relevance of commodity prices and reveal that natural resource companies tend to undertake seasoned equity offerings following persistent market outperformance. This research, by conjoining the extant literature with empirical analysis in a mixed methods approach, provides an integrated account of market valuation within the junior natural resource sector.<br>Doctor of Philosophy

Ore-forming processes are relatively well understood on Earth, but little is known about mineralization processes on Mars. By applying terrestrial analogs, using data collected from orbital and rover missions and evidence for hydrothermal activity from alteration assemblages, the types and locations of different ore-forming processes have been investigated with the aim of discovering concentrations of mineral resources on Mars. These resources are likely to be of critical importance for future manned missions to Mars, and insight gained towards mineralization on Mars may also advance our understanding of terrestrial deposits.