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Malchenko, R. "Ukrainian mineral resources." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45894.
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Ukraine is very rich in mineral resources. It contains iron and manganese ores, natural gas, salt, sulphur, graphite, flux limestone. Ukraine also has deposits of oil, bauxite as well as black coal. Mineral resources can be classified into three main groups: fuels, metals and nonmetals. Fuels include deposits of black and brown coal, natural gas and peat. The reserves of black coal are concentrated in two basins: the Donets and Lviv-Volynian Basins, deposits of brown coal are to be found in many places on the Right Bank. They form the large Dnieper Brown Coal Basin. The western regions of Ukraine contain small deposits of brown coal. Brown coal is used as local fuel for power stations, factories and plants, also in household heating.
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Semenenko, E. "Non-renewable mineral resources." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33826.
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Includes any ores or minerals that are being removed at or below the surface of the Earth, processed into a usable form, used, then burned for energy or placed in areas of disposal after use. Coal would typically begood example. Mineral resources are considered non-renewable because their production by earth forces on a geologic timescale cannot keep up with their consumption by humans on a human timescale.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33826
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Diallo, Thierno Amadou. "Beyond the resource curse : mineral resources and development in Guinea-Conakry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98930.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 73-76).<br>Natural resource endowments are no guarantee of socioeconomic development. Many developing countries are rich in natural resources (minerals, oil, gas, hydropower), and yet many of their citizens remain in poverty and their economies have failed to grow; the "paradox of plenty". Despite its natural resources (bauxite, iron ore, diamond, gold and hydropower), Guinea has been unsuccessful in marshaling and leveraging these resources to produce socioeconomic development. The critical challenge for Guinea, just like many resource-rich countries, is governance failures- decades of military rule, corruption and resource mismanagement after centuries of French colonial rule. This thesis uses secondary sources and data to argue that the resource curse as a phenomenon in resource-rich countries has limitations as it does not offer these countries a path for how their resources could be used to propel social and economic development. To overcome the so-called resource curse, this thesis argues that the key to unlocking economic and social development in mineral-rich Guinea, is investing its resource-generated revenue to develop the country's infrastructure services. Infrastructures such as roads, telecommunications, water, power, education and health facilities are the foundation for socioeconomic development. The new hope for Guinea rests in the fact that after more than fifty two years of military and authoritarian rule, the country transitioned to "democracy" for the first time in 2010. This coupled with the emergence of new global players such as China and other emerging countries, with their quests to secure stable natural resources to fuel their industries, comes a new window of opportunity for resource-rich countries such as Guinea to leverage and link its extractive industries to develop key infrastructure services. Guinea could leverage its bauxite and iron ore industries to transition to onsite transformation of these materials, whose transformation is energy-intensive. Guinea could then leverage the demand for power from the onsite transformation to develop its untapped hydropower generation capacity to supply both mines and the rest of the country. However, this will not happen without governance reforms in Guinea's extractive industries and mining code.<br>by Thierno Amadou Diallo.<br>M.C.P.
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Bak, Peter Robert Gustaaf. "Applied solid modelling in mineral resources engineering." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46658.
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ROBERTS, MARK CULMER. "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE INTENSITY OF USE METHOD OF MINERAL CONSUMPTION FORECASTING (MINERAL, ECONOMICS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187962.
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The intensity of use of a mineral is traditionally defined as the consumption (production plus net imports) of the mineral divided by gross national product. It has been proposed that this ratio of raw material input to gross economic output is a predictable function of per capita income and that the relationship is based on economic theory. Though the theory has never been clearly defined, the intensity of use method has been used to make long term forecasts. This dissertation formulates a theoretical model of the consumption of minerals and the resulting intensity of use which is used to test the validity of the traditional intensity of use measure and its forecasting ability. Previous justifications of the intensity of use hypothesis state that changes in technical efficiency, substitution rates among inputs, and demands are explained by per capita income, which, as it grows, produces a regular intensity of use pattern. The model developed in this research shows that the life of the goods in use, foreign trade of raw and final goods, prices, consumer preferences, technical innovations, as well as the above factors fully explain economic use, which is not simply a function of per capita income. The complete model is used to restate the traditional theory of intensity of use and to examine the sensitivity of traditional measures to changes in the explanatory variables which are commonly omitted. The full model demonstrates the parameters that must be examined when making a long term forecast. Regular intensity of use patterns are observed for many minerals in many nations. Setting aside the theoretical questions, the intensity of use method is often used to make long term projections based on these trends in intensity of use as well as the trends in population and gross national product. This dissertation examines the forecasting ability of the traditional intensity of use method and finds that it is not necessarily an improvement over naive consumption time trend forecasts. Furthermore, it is unstable for very long term projections.
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Iddon, Casey. "Market valuation of junior natural resources companies." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2015. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/96742.
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Junior mining companies provide a vital feedstock to the mining sector, which in turn, feeds into the wider economy via manufacturing. The valuation models traditionally used in other sectors of the economy appear to be insufficient, in terms of scope and capacity to handle uncertainty, to provide a rational pricing of junior mining companies. The observation that junior mining firms are valued by some means suggests that either the junior mining markets are inefficient or, more likely, that these markets are able to provide insight, scope, and capacity to the methods of firm valuation. The process by which natural resource companies are valued on equity markets is poorly understood, especially for those companies at an early stage-of-development focussed upon exploration and the development of embryonic natural resources. Thus, the primary research question motivating this research is: How does the market value junior natural resource companies? While a number of studies have contributed to our understanding of market valuation within the junior natural resources sector, the extant research is often siloed in a focus on traditional value-relevant factors that neglects other factors that potentially have even greater value-relevance. A key contribution of this research is to identify, define and subsume potential value-relevant factors into a conceptual framework of junior mining firm valuation. Another key contribution of this research is its empirical analysis of the relevance of accounting information in 2,324 junior mining companies and an empirical event study into 1,526 seasoned equity offerings by junior mining companies. The findings support the value-relevance of commodity prices and reveal that natural resource companies tend to undertake seasoned equity offerings following persistent market outperformance. This research, by conjoining the extant literature with empirical analysis in a mixed methods approach, provides an integrated account of market valuation within the junior natural resource sector.<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Crandall, Jake. "Potential mineral resources on Mars: Ore processes and mechanisms." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1677.
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Ore-forming processes are relatively well understood on Earth, but little is known about mineralization processes on Mars. By applying terrestrial analogs, using data collected from orbital and rover missions and evidence for hydrothermal activity from alteration assemblages, the types and locations of different ore-forming processes have been investigated with the aim of discovering concentrations of mineral resources on Mars. These resources are likely to be of critical importance for future manned missions to Mars, and insight gained towards mineralization on Mars may also advance our understanding of terrestrial deposits.
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Hatami, Hossein. "Pricing of domestically consumed oil in Iran." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08222009-040326/.
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Hopper, David Berian. "Integrating mineral resources and land-use planning in Nova Scotia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0015/MQ49369.pdf.
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Masuda, Nobuyuki. "Study on exploration and evaluation systems for mineral resources development." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148310.
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Kola, Trevor Tebogo. "Mineral Beneficiation : a continuing African paradox or a panacea for economic growth and skills development." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/71589.
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Africa is rich with plentiful mineral resources, yet it is a continent associated with underdevelopment, low economic growth and unskilled labour. Arguments abound that if developing countries added more value to their commodities locally, rather than exporting them to other countries in a raw and unprocessed format, their key economic indicators, such as employment and economic growth, would be enhanced. This study explored debates by scholars and policymakers, who either support or are against the position that mineral beneficiation is a panacea to Africa’s economic challenges. The study explored arguments by scholars and policymakers as to why African countries fail to pursue mineral beneficiation which has subsequently relegated their economies to the bottom end of economic development. The research explored how International Relations (IR) scholars in the past tried to define development. These debates on development were explored using the theoretical frameworks of modernisation and dependency. The study found that these debates, have highlighted the important role which mineral resources play in international relations. Diplomacy and foreign policy were found to be key aspects in the debates on mineral beneficiation in the continent.
The study employed a qualitative research approach to explore arguments by scholars and policymakers on whether the continent should beneficiate its mineral resources. Data was collected, analysed and categorised. The findings of the research were discussed based on the themes which emerged from the literature reviewed.
The study focused on whether by beneficiating minerals locally, the continent could realise sustainable economic growth for its citizens. The study explored whether debates by scholars, mining industry and government policymakers could dispel or support the argument that mineral beneficiation is a panacea for sustainable economic growth and skills development in the continent. The study found that debates on whether African governments should beneficiate their abundant mineral resources will continue to evolve and develop.
Key words: mineral resources; underdevelopment; economic growth; mineral beneficiation; comparative advantage; skills development; employment creation, diplomacy, resource diplomacy, upstream and downstream linkages.<br>Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2019.<br>University of Pretoria<br>Political Sciences<br>MA<br>Unrestricted
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Cai, Wenlong. "ZERO-ONE PROGRAMMING ANALYSIS OF MINE PRODUCTION SCHEDULING PROBLEMS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275401.
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Gottschalk, Ethan Jermome. "Resource Debate in Southwest Alaska: The Bristol Bay Fishery and the Pebble Mine." The University of Montana, 2010. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-01222010-112628/.
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Bristol Bay, in Southwest Alaska, is the largest sockeye salmon fishery in the world. After an almost total collapse of salmon numbers in the mid 1970s, the salmon have returned and average in the tens of millions every year. The salmon play a vital economic, cultural, and subsistence role in the lives of the people who call Bristol Bay home. At present there is a plan to develop a low-grade, but substantial, mineral deposit that consists primarily of copper, gold, and molybdenum. The estimated value of the minerals present is more than $500 billion. This plan is known as the Pebble Project, and could involve an open-pit mine, a large area of block caving, as well as the creation of huge tailings ponds north of Lake Iliamna. The proposed site of the mine straddles a drainage divide that affects two major watersheds that feed the Bristol Bay fishery. A resource debate is at hand which places the development of the mineral deposit at odds with the health of the fishery.
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Murphy, D. "Extraction of lithium from resources in south-west England." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378948.
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Gan, Yu. "Assessing the Impacts of Mineral and Hydrocarbon Resources Exploitation and Consumption." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1085.
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The exploitation of natural resources lays the foundation for the economic and social development, but also is the root cause of various environmental issues. The study aims to analyze the process of natural resource exploitation, to optimize the extraction and utilization processes, maximizing their economic and social values while reducing the accompanied negative environmental impacts. This dissertation focuses on the impacts of exploitation of mineral and hydrocarbon resources in emerging countries on global warming effect, economy and society. Chapter 2 of the dissertation analyzes the life cycle GHG emissions associated with iron ore mining and processing in China. With rapid economic development and nationwide urbanization, the iron ore demand grows while the ore grade declines significantly, leading to the increasing GHG emissions from iron ore production. Results of the research show that the mean life-cycle GHG emissions for Chinese iron ore production are 270 kg CO2e/tonne, with a 90% confidence interval of 210 to 380 kg CO2e/tonne. The two largest contributors to overall GHG emissions are agglomeration (60%) and ore processing (23%). Iron content (ore grade) varies from 15% to 60% and is the largest contributor (40%) to the uncertainty of the results. Chapter 3 explores the impact of China’s outsourcing of iron resources on the global warming effect. This chapter applies the same life cycle assessment framework of Chinese iron ore in Chapter 2 to Australian and Brazilian ore production, and compares the LCA results of Australian and Brazilian ore to Chinese iron ore. Results show that among the three iron ore sources, Australian iron ore is the optimal choice for reducing GHG emissions. The mean life cycle GHG emissions of Australian iron ore fines is 60% less than that of Chinese iron ore fines (42 kg CO2e/tonne versus 110 kg CO2e/tonne). There is no significant difference between the imported iron ores sourced from Brazil versus the China’s domestic supplied iron ores, but if Chinese ore grade falls below 20% in the future, Brazilian iron ores would be preferred. The largest source of GHG emissions for Australian and Brazilian iron ores comes from ocean shipping (accounts for 58% and 75% of the overall GHG emissions respectively). Chapter 4 studies the impacts of the exploitation of pre-salt natural gas in Brazil. Natural gas production and its associated downstream industries are currently underdeveloped in Brazil, while the on-going exploitation of deep-sea pre-salt reservoir would potentially change the current situation. This study analyzes the impacts of the increasing pre-salt gas production and potential natural gas use pathways in downstream industries. Results reveal that GHG emissions associated with pre-salt gas production vary according to the stage of reservoir exploitation. At the early stage, the estimate of GHG emissions is 5.4 (90%CI: 4.5~6.4) gCO2e/MJ, and the value becomes 7.1 (90% CI: 6.3~8.0) gCO2e/MJ for the intermediate stage. All six natural gas use pathways analyzed in the study emit less GHG on average than their current corresponding incumbent pathways. The mean GHG emissions reduction from natural gas use for power generation, nitrogen fertilizer production, methanol production, as the reducing agent for steel making, ethylene-based polymer production, heavy-duty vehicle fueling are estimated to be 0.83, 2.3, 0.38, 35, 2.6 and 0.078 million tonnes CO2 equivalent per year, respectively. The specific economic profits of the six pathways are affected by the prices of natural gas and traditional fuel. Under current fuel prices, the net annual profits for the six pathways are -270, 87, 92, 1700, 190 and -1500 million dollars, respectively. The job creation potential from the pathways of power generation, nitrogen fertilizer production, methanol production and as reducing agent for steel production are estimated to be 28, 17, 5 and 36 thousand, respectively.
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Pan, Guocheng. "Concepts and methods of multivariate information synthesis for mineral resources estimation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184946.
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This study introduces a new methodology referred to as geoinformation synthesis for multivariate evaluation of mineral resources and integration of diverse geoscience data. The most critical component is the development of the notion of intrinsic samples and the methods for their delineation. Intrinsic samples replace grid cells which are conventionally employed as the basic information reference. Grid cell sampling has imposed several serious limitations on the geoscience and genetic information that can be objectively related to mineral endowment. Methods based upon intrinsic samples moderate to a certain extent these problems and bring the critical genetic information into the geoscience information system which forms the basis for the quantitative evaluation of mineral resources. The second major component in this new methodology is the integration of factors describing exploration effects with other geodata and mineral endowment estimation; this combination effectively reduces the possibilities of biases in the estimates of mineral endowment and recoverable resources due to the incomplete knowledge on the control area and imperfect analogy with the study areas. The third component is the use in the qualitative models of synthesized geoinformation, which is considerably enhanced, instead of using directly the original measurements (geodata). Several multivariate techniques are proposed and employed for synthesis of diverse information and estimation of mineral endowment, including a priori weighted multivariate criterion, optimum discretization, coherency analysis, multidimensional scaling method (p(ijk), filtering analysis, and geochemical transportation models. These methods were developed, tested, and demonstrated on an actual case study of the epithermal gold-silver deposits in the Walker Lake quadrangle of Nevada and California using various data sets available for this region: geochemical, structural, gravity and magnetic, lithology, and alteration. Finally, the estimation of endowment in terms of epithermal gold-silver mineral occurrences is given for some selected intrinsic samples or information zones identified in the Walker Lake region.
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Amavilah, Voxi Heinrich 1958. "Resources, technology, and mineral trade in the economic growth of Namibia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282190.
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In traditional growth theory, the terms of trade are important growth factors. However, the new exported growth hypothesis suggests that shifting from resource to innovation rents via the free market trade mechanism accelerates growth. Given its revealed comparative advantages in natural resources, Namibia is attempting to apply World Bank, and UNIDO new growth criteria to stimulate economic growth. This research analyzes Namibia's data from 1968-1992, estimates the impacts and tests the significance of resources, technology, and mineral exports in economic growth. It assumes variable elasticity of substitution (VES) production technologies in which capital, labor, and land inputs can be disaggregated and hypotheses concerning scale, complementary and substitute inputs can be examined. A disaggregated examination of traded and nontraded sectors is employed over two sub-periods: 1968-1980, and 1981-1992. The analysis confirms the importance of mineral exports to the economy but finds no discernible sign of accelerated growth as a function of the shifting structure and the new growth criteria. The attempt to shift from resource rents in the early period to an industrial emphasis in the later period fails to accelerate Namibia's growth. Global constant returns to scale pre-1980, and diminishing returns to scale post-1980 obtain. The switch from complementary and flexible substitute inputs pre-1980 to rigid substitutes post-1980 suggests technical inefficiencies. The vent-for-surplus nature of the mineral subsector is supported; but attempts to industrialize via manufacturing are not vindicated, and the surplus arising pre-1980 dissapates post-1980, as evidenced by the low or negative factor productivities and technical change. The result is that neither the expected growth nor acceleration in technical change patterns are observed. Policies seem to have discouraged investment in the traded resource sectors such that structural changes expanded the low productivity nontraded service sectors. Namibia is a vent-for-surplus example in which resource rents do not sustain early economic growth, and attempts to shift to innovation rents fail to stimulate growth. Given the paucity of data, Namibia's case confirms that export surpluses from resources may be a necessary element, but not a sufficient condition, for sustainable growth.
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Chiari, Luca. "Climate Change and the Exhaustion of Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368287.
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The ongoing exhaustion of fossil fuels places a limit to the total amount of anthropogenic CO2 that will be emitted into the atmosphere and therefore constraints future global warming. Here we assess the implications of fossil fuels depletion on future changes of atmospheric CO2 concentration and global-mean temperature. We find that, despite the exhaustion of fossil fuels, future global warming will likely reach a dangerous level. Deliberate actions aiming at emissions reduction are needed to avoid dangerous climate change.
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Chiari, Luca. "Climate Change and the Exhaustion of Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2010. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/397/1/Tesi_PhD_Luca_Chiari_2010.pdf.
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The ongoing exhaustion of fossil fuels places a limit to the total amount of anthropogenic CO2 that will be emitted into the atmosphere and therefore constraints future global warming. Here we assess the implications of fossil fuels depletion on future changes of atmospheric CO2 concentration and global-mean temperature. We find that, despite the exhaustion of fossil fuels, future global warming will likely reach a dangerous level. Deliberate actions aiming at emissions reduction are needed to avoid dangerous climate change.
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Webber, R. C. W. "Determining the physical and economic impact of environmental design criteria for ultra-deep mines." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07242006-105847/.
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King, Nelson Eng. "A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR MINE EVALUATIONS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275287.
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Santos, Paulo Coelho Mesquita. "O Brasil nas Exposições Universais (1862 a 1911) : mineral , negocios e publicações." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287014.
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Orientador: Maria Margaret Lopes<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T04:25:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2009<br>Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como objetivo estudar o envio de minerais do Brasil para as Exposições Universais entre a Exposição de Londres em 1862 e a Exposição de Turim em 1911. A hipótese do trabalho é a de que a participação do Brasil nas Exposições Universais fez parte dos esforços para recuperar e incrementar a atividade mineral no Brasil. Com três fases distintas, a representação do Brasil nestes eventos sofreu mudanças significativas nos primeiros certames ocorridos no Império; nas Exposições ocorridas na transição do Brasil Império para o período Republicano; e, por fim, nas Exposições ocorridas entre 1901 e 1911. Destacaremos os trabalhos desempenhados pelos comissários das seções de minerais que representaram o Brasil, inicialmente realizado por indivíduos ligados ao regime Imperial e que em seguida passou a ser feito por engenheiros de minas da Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto. Outro aspecto a ser abordado são os diferentes tipos de catálogos com informações sobre os minerais organizados para as Exposições Universais e o trabalho que as revistas especializadas em mineração como a Revista Industrial de Minas Geraes e a Brazilian Engineering and Mining Review realizaram na preparação e cobertura do Brasil para estes eventos. Por fim destacaremos as redes que envolviam instituições de ensino, museus comerciais, sociedades de geografia e as publicações sobre o Brasil que figuraram nas Exposições Universais elaboradas por brasileiros ou estrangeiros.<br>Abstract: This dissertation studies the sending of mineral samples to the World's Fair between the London Fair in 1862 and the Turim Fair in 1911. Our hypothesis is that the participation at the World's was part of the efforts to recuperate and develop the mining sector in Brazil. With three different phases, the Brazilian participation at the World's Fair passed by expressive changes since the first participations during the Empire Gouvernement; at the Fairs that happened during the transition of the Empire to Republic; and finally at the Fairs between 1901 and 1911. We will emphasize the services developed by the Brazilian commissaries of mining sections that represented the Brazil, realized at the beginning by individuals with relations with Imperial Gouvernement. At the next World's Fair this job was developed by mining engineers of the Mining School of Ouro Preto. Other aspect to be approached are the different types of catalogues with informations about the samples of minerals organized to the World's Fair and the services of mining periodicals like Revista Industrial de Minas Geraes and Brazilian Engineering and Mining Review since the Brazilian preparation for this events. Finally, we will emphasize the networks that involved faculties and universities, commercial museums, geographical societies, and the publications about the Brazil elaborated by Brazilians or foreigner that figured at the World's Fair.<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra
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Fountaine, ELise V. "Computer aided underground mine design and drafting package." Ohio : Ohio University, 1988. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182785891.
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Stassen, Hettie. "Regte of minerale : 'n boedelbeplanningsanalise / H. Stassen." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4881.
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South Africa entered a new era on 1 May 2004 with the commencement of
the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002
(hereafter the MPRDA). Section 3 states that the mineral and petroleum
resources are the common heritage of all South Africans. Due to the fact
that a new era of mineral rights has been introduced, it is necessary to
investigate the effect of the new Act on the process of estate planning.
This study is focused to determine which of the rights found in the MPRDA
can be classified as assets in an estate, and which of these rights should be
discounted for in the process of estate planning that is focused on the
inheritance of assets. The study firstly deals with the mineral rights as
property in terms of section 25 of the Constitution. After a brief synopsis
has been given of the old order mineral rights, the focus falls on the nature
and transferability of the new order mineral rights and the implications that
the said rights have on the process of estate planning.<br>Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Pettersson, Fredrik. "Mineral policies and the Ghanaian economy /." Luleå, 2002. http://epubl.luth.se/1404-5508/2002/070.
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John, Kangeze Biteme. "Ore forming potential of the Atchiza Suite and Sustainable management of mineral deposits in Mozambique : "Petrology, geochemistry and sustainable management of mineral deposits"." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for geologi og bergteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-20380.
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Part 1- Abstract This research study presents detailed petrographic- and geochemical- analysis of 63 rock samples from the Atchiza Suite. The Suite is a layered mafic-ultramafic pluton located in the Tete Suite, of NW Mozambique. At present, the Atchiza comprises a group of three main types of rock that are classified based on their mineralogy, textures, geochemical composition. These are ultramafic cumulates (dunite and pyroxenites), mafic cumulates (medium-grained cumulate gabbro) and coarse-grained gabbro (non-cumulate gabbro). Compared to the rest of other rocks, coarse-grained gabbro shows high enrichment of Ti (0.64-3.46 wt% TiO2), Zr (5.9-296.1 5ppm), Sr (253.7-1268.4ppm) and V (224-952.3ppm), but relatively low depleted in compatible elements (Ni = 48.7-235.7ppm , Cr = below detection limit to 410.5ppm). Cumulate ultramafics are highly enriched in compatible elements (Ni up to 4636.2ppm, Cr up to 4721ppm). A high Mg# in ultramafic cumulates (0.59-0.86) suggests an Mg-rich primitive parental magma, whereas a low Mg# in coarse-grained gabbro (0.23-0.37) suggests a relatively high-differentiated magma. Cumulate gabbro shows Mg# ranging from 0.40-0.72, suggesting a moderately evolved magma source (derivative magma subsequent to fractionation of ultramafic cumulates). The Ni/Zr, Cr/Zr, Sr/Zr and Ti/Zr ratios are generally the lowest in coarse-grained gabbro when compared to cumulate rocks. The same applied; this suggests that coarse-grained gabbros were probably formed from a relatively high-differentiated magmatic liquid. In addition, the presence of an uninterrupted cryptic differentiation trend with these ratios implies that the Atchiza igneous lithologies were derived from one and the same parental melt. Apparently, Atchiza shows great variability of Fe2O3, SiO2 and SO3 during magmatic differentiation. There is significant decrease in Fe2O3, an increased SiO2 and SO3 contents in residual magma during progressive magma fractionation. It is true that all these geochemical changes will lower down the solubility of S in the system, thus providing a favourable condition for silicate-sulfide immiscibility. Theoretically, therefore, the Atchiza may have a potential to host Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide deposits. Part 2- Abstract Unlike water and forests, minerals are finite resources; they cannot be replaced back to their natural forms once they are depleted. For that reason, sustainable management of mineral resources is very important so that stakeholders in the extractive sector are guaranteed the same opportunities in sharing benefits. As part of this study, and with respect to Atchiza Suite, this section is discussing sustainable management of mineral deposits in Mozambique. Investment in Mozambican extractive industry should primarily be done with the main objective of poverty reduction for Mozambican citizens. Thus, the Mozambican Government needs to realize that proper management of mineral deposits will provide sufficient income for the country, enough to fund other development projects. Rather than being mismanaged, this massive collection of mineral revenues needs to be appropriately re-invested back to diversify other economic sectors. If this mineral revenue is managed wisely, the national annual budgets will be sufficiently supported. Most importantly, the country’s reliance on international loans and aids will be reduced significantly. Decision-making for development of the country’s mineral projects should not be central-governed; rather it should be transparent to the public and open for opinions and suggestions. As the main stakeholder in Mozambican extractive sector, local communities and civil societal groups should also be given opportunities to participate in decision-making, important for the development of mining projects. Mineral agreements for which the Mozambican State has been signing with multinational companies for development of the country’s mineral projects need to be published and be available publicly. In addition, negotiation of mining agreements must be transparent and involve all stakeholders. Investment and development of the country’s mineral projects must be performed through partnerships and Joint ventures between multinational mining companies, national-based companies and the Mozambican State. Development of mineral deposits must incorporate environmental sustainability. Despite its high mineral potential (e.g. Ni-Cu-PGE-Ti-V), Atchiza also is surrounded by a wide range of other natural resources. The Cahora Bassa Dam, which is located just adjacent to Atchiza Project, is the main source of clean energy not only for Mozambique domestic market, but also for the majority of Sub-Saharan countries. All of these natural resources require good practice of Environmental sustainability in mining activities.
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Asabere, Ralph Kingston. "Application of geographical information systems for mineral resources management in developing countries." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437057.
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Rossouw, Deon. "A technical risk evaluation of the Kantienpan volcanic hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposit and its financial viability." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08132008-094204/.
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Silva, Laudimira Luso da. "Os recursos minerais do Município de Caracaraí - RR." Universidade Federal de Roraima, 2011. http://www.bdtd.ufrr.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=114.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Os minerais estão presentes no cotidiano humano sob as mais variadas formas, seja no campo da metalurgia, da indústria química, da construção civil ou do cultivo da terra. De uma
maneira geral, constata-se que o caminho trilhado pelo desenvolvimento da humanidade foi e é alcançado mediante a busca e utilização de bens minerais. Dada a extensão territorial e a diversidade geológica encontrada no solo e subsolo, o Brasil apresenta como detentor de importante potencial minerário no cenário mundial. Nesse contexto, Roraima constitui-se
numa região que foi tradicionalmente voltada à exploração de bens minerais, sobretudo ouro e diamante. Principal porto fluvial do estado de Roraima, muito importante em passado recente,
o município de Caracaraí RR perdeu sua função axial com a construção da rodovia BR-174. O desenvolvimento de sua zona rural está baseado na pecuária, o núcleo urbano no comércio
e serviços e o setor minerário ainda incipiente. Este estudo enfoca um levantamento dos recursos minerais de importância econômica, inclusive os que estão em fase de exploração no
município, utilizando como meios auxiliares produtos de sensoriamento remoto e dados de campo. Foram pesquisados 19 pontos amostrais, sendo oito nas proximidades da BR-174 e 11
em bibliografias consultadas. Foram confeccionadas cartas imagens de ocorrências minerais, substâncias minerais e de mineração em atividade. Caracaraí possui áreas de potencial
mineral, tais como areia, seixo, argila, granito e laterita, com ocorrências de ouro. Outros minerais têm sido descobertos na forma de pequenos depósitos ainda pouco investigados,
porém as áreas destinadas às terras indígenas e conservação ambiental, conduzem à redução da exploração dos mesmos, além de criar barreiras impedindo os avanços no conhecimento
geológico e nas descobertas de novas ocorrências minerais no município.<br>The minerals are present in everyday human under the most varied forms, whether in the field of metallurgy, chemical industry, construction or farming. In general, it appears that the path followed by the development of humanity was and is achieved by seeking and use of mineral commodities. Given the territorial extension and geological diversity found in soil and
subsoil, Brazil has great potential as a holder of mining on the world stage. In this context, Roraima is in a region that has traditionally focused on the exploitation of minerals, especially
gold and diamonds. Main river port in the state of Roraima, very important in the recent past, the city of Caracaraí - RR lost its axial with the construction of highway BR-174. The development of their rural area is based on farming, the urban core in trade and services and the mining industry still in its infancy. This study focuses on a survey of economically important mineral resources, including those in the exploration stage in the city, using as auxiliary products of remote sensing and field data. We surveyed 19 sampling points, eight near the BR-174 and 11 in bibliography. Images were prepared letters of mineral occurrences, mineral and mining activity. Caracaraí has areas of mineral potential, such as sand, gravel, clay, granite and laterite, with gold occurrences. Other minerals have been discovered in the form of small deposits still poorly investigated, but the areas allocated to indigenous lands and conservation, leading to reduce the exploitation of them and create barriers impeding
progress in geological knowledge and discoveries of new mineral occurrences in the city.
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Seccatore, Jacopo. "Gestão sustentável de recursos e reservas para mineração a pequena escala." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-24042015-145743/.
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Um dos maiores desafios para a mineração no Novo Milênio é a integração da Pequena Mineração no sistema ativo e sustentável de exploração dos recursos minerais. A Pequena Mineração (PM) é uma atividade de mineração definida por baixas despesas e receitas de capital e baixa produtividade. A Mineração Artesanal (MA) é apenas um subconjunto de PM, caracterizada pela mecanização rudimentar, recuperação ineficiente, condições operacionais inseguras e exploração do trabalho. Essa tese pretende demonstrar as seguintes questões de pesquisa: 1) A PM pode ser sustentável? 2) Se sim, como pode ser avaliada? 3) Como a PM sustentável pode ser conseguida na prática? Ao longo da tese é mostrado como a PM pode ser sustentável só saindo da dimensão artesanal. Tal processo depende da sua própria capacidade para operar de forma eficiente. Quando a eficiência operacional é alcançada, a sustentabilidade vem como consequência. Através da eficiência operacional, uma operação de SSM sai da condição artesanal, torna-se sustentável e a sustentabilidade dos meios de subsistência e ambiente circundante é estritamente consequente. Esta tese aborda a questão da PM, de forma quantitativa e não qualitativa. Indicadores básicos são individualizados especificamente para medir as características peculiares de minas artesanais, que as diferenciam das minas industriais. O objetivo desses indicadores é a padronização da avaliação de mina artesanal em termos quantitativos, uma importante ferramenta de pesquisa que não era disponível até agora. A análise desses indicadores permite medir a sustentabilidade potencial de uma mina artesanal, bem como sua atualização ao longo da transformação em uma pequena unidade de mineração industrial. Propõe-se uma nova abordagem para a gestão dos recursos minerais e reservas especificamente para a mineração em pequena escala, a fim de atualizar as minas artesanais em pequenas minas industriais. A abordagem proposta para o cálculo dessa reserva contém dois conceitos principais: uma \"reserva mínima\" necessária para o início do projeto, e a \"replicação\" da operação. A metodologia proposta, aplicada a uma operação de mineração subterrânea de ouro real, mostrou que, no caso em análise, as reservas necessárias para viabilizar a operação de pequena escala são da ordem de grandeza de 1/1000 de que as necessárias para a mineração em grande escala. Este trabalho mostra como uma forma responsável e sustentável de PM é possível e viável, ajudando o desenvolvimento econômico da região onde atua, e criando externalidades positivas, como educação, capacitação, cultura da eficiência e consciência ambiental.<br>One of the biggest challenges for Mining in the New Millennium is the integration of small-scale mining in the active and sustainable system of exploitation of mineral resources. Small-Scale Mining (SSM) is a mining activity defined by low productivity low capital expenditure and revenues. Artisanal Mining (AM) is just a subset of SSM, characterized by rudimentary mechanization, inefficient recovery, unsafe working conditions and labor exploitation. This thesis intends to answer the following research questions: 1) Can SSM can be sustainable? 2) If so, how can it be evaluated as such? 3) How can sustainable SSM be put into practice? Along the thesis is shown how SSM can be sustainable only coming out of the artisanal dimension. Such a process depends on its own ability to operate efficiently. When operational efficiency is achieved, sustainability comes as a consequence. Through operational efficiency, an operation of SSM comes out of the artisanal condition, it becomes sustainable, and sustainability of surrounding livelihood and environment is strictly consequent. This thesis approaches the issue of SSM in a quantitative and not qualitative way. Basic indicators are individuated specifically to measure the peculiar characteristics of artisanal mines, which differentiate the latter from industrial mines. The purpose of these indicators is the standardization of artisanal mine evaluation on a quantitative basis, an important yet currently unavailable research tool. The analysis of such indicators enables the potential sustainability of an underground artisanal mine to be measured, as well as its upgrade over time towards classification as an industrial small-scale mining unit. It is proposed a new approach for the management of mineral resources and reserves specifically for small-scale mining, in order to upgrade artisanal mines into small-scale industrial mines. The proposed approach to calculate this reserve contains two main concepts: a minimum reserve required for the project start-up and replication to confirm the feasibility of continued operation. The proposed methodology, applied to an actual underground gold mining operation, proved that, in the case analyzed, the reserves required for the small-scale operation are in the order of magnitude of 1/1000 of that required for large-scale mining, when both businesses possess the same level of feasibility. This work shows how a responsible and sustainable form of SSM is possible, achievable and viable, helping the economical development of the area where it operates, and creating positive externalities such as education, capacity building, culture of efficiency and environmental awareness.
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Graybill, Elizabeth A. "Age, Origin and Mineral Resources of the Sams Creek/Wakefield Complex, Maryland Piedmont." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1337975457.
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STACCHIOTTI, Lucia. "Teaching Geosciences in school using the IBSE approach: Mineral Resources and Sustainable Development." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/428622.
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This project has the aim to promote the diffusion of Earth sciences in the Science teaching at Lower Secondary Schools in Italy (students between 11 and 14 years old). In particular, it focuses on stimulating
the students’ interest on Minerals and Georesources, proposing interdisciplinary activities through the IBSE approach.
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Van, der Schyff Elmarie. "The constitutionality of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 / Elmarie van der Schyff." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1663.
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The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002
(MPRDA} is premised on the principle that minerals are part of the
natural heritage of all South Africans. Section 3 of the MPRDA
articulates the core of the new mineral law dispensation. Through the
provisions of the said section, new concepts are introduced to the field of
mineral law previously governed by the South African common law
system of private ownership, based on Roman-Dutch principles.
The study focused on section 3 of the MPRDA and the consequences
ensuing from its implementation. Consequently, a historical overview of
the development of South African mineral law was followed by an
exposition of the development of the constitutional property concept. It
was concluded that mineral rights from the previous dispensation
constitute property protected by section 25 of the Constitution. It was
also found that the development encapsulated in the MPRDA in respect
of the ownership of the country's unsevered minerals, is indicative of the
decline of private property. It is substituted by a line of thought which
recognises that certain interests 'are held in common' by the nation.
This idea is also found in inter alia the National Water Act 36 of 1998
and the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998.
This led to the next section of the research where the concept of
custodial sovereignty as manifested in the Anglo-American public trust
doctrine was studied. It was apparent that the public trust doctrine is a
legal construct whereby ownership of certain assets vests in the state, to
be administered on behalf of the nation and generations yet to come.
The historical survey of the Roman concepts of res publicae and res
omnium communes indicated that although this doctrine is not part of
South Africa's common law heritage, principles underlying the doctrine
found application in South African law in respect of the seashore. The
conclusion was reached that the doctrine has indeed been incorporated
in South African mineral law by the MPRDA, constituting a new mineral
law regime in the country.
Due to the fact that a new mineral law dispensation was introduced,
mineral rights as they existed in the previous mineral law dispensation
were annihilated. It was, therefore, necessary to determine whether this
annihilation resulted in the expropriation of property. Consequently the
content of the concept 'expropriation' was studied in order to determine
whether the previously held mineral rights were expropriated. The study
indicated that expropriation entails the acquisition of property by the
state, but that ample room exists for the development of the concept of
constructive expropriation. Based on the information gained on the
concept of expropriation, the consequences ensuing from the MPRDA
for the holders of common law mineral rights and old order rights and the
impact of the MPRDA on ownership of landowners were analysed. It was
indicated that the extent of the deprivation brought about by the MPRDA
varies between expropriation and the regulation of mining activities. The
significance of section 3 of the MPRDA for the people of South Africa
was analysed and it was found that the newly introduced doctrine can be
applied to the advantage of the nation as a whole.
A separate section of the research entailed a limited comparative
analysis of Canadian mining law that focused on constitutional
jurisdiction over minerals in the Canadian mining regime and the taking
of property interests in minerals. It is proposed that the South African
expropriation concept should develop along the lines followed in
Canadian jurisprudence.
After considering the abovementioned aspects, the final conclusion of
the study is that the concepts introduced by and the consequences
emanating from the implementation of section 3 of the MPRDA are
constitutionally justifiable.<br>Thesis (LL.D (Indigenous Law)) -- North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Mwamba, Bright. "Water resources management in Zambia: a case of cumulative impacts associated with copper mining in the Upper Kafue Catchment, Copperbelt Province, Zambia." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33894.
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Water resources management is high on the agenda both locally and globally because of its important role in social, economic and environmental development. For example, as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, all United Nations Member States adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015 that covered thematic issues including water, energy, climate, oceans, urbanization, transport, science and technology. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) no.6, which targets universal access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030, is of particular interest in this study. The mining industry contributes to socio-economic development; however, it has also contributed to declining water quality in rivers and lakes in many regions globally. In this study, the status and governance of water resources within the Copperbelt province of Zambia over the period 2000 to 2020 was examined. The study investigated population and economic growth within the region and its correlation with changes in water quality and quantity. The research also focused on understanding the ways copper mining is affecting local water resources. The study also investigated challenges faced by regulators and institutions in the water sector, and considered how these challenges could be addressed. Secondary data was obtained from government institutions within Zambia such as National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASCO), Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA) and Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA), which are the key institutions in the water sector and the environment. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with the three key institutions in the water and pollution control sectors. The results showed that the total population in the Copperbelt province has increased by 20% since 2000 to a total of 1 972 317 in 2010. The population is projected to be 2 669 635 in 2020, representing about 27% increase from 2010. The rural population is projected to be 423 511 in 2020, representing about 11% increase from 2010 while the urban population will be 2 246 124 in 2020 representing about 29% increase from 2010. The majority of this growth has occurred in urban areas, which grew by about 30% from 2000 to a total of 1 595 456 in 2010. Rural population has increased by 8% since 2000 to a total of 376 861. The results also showed increased economic activities driven mainly by copper mining. Water abstraction has generally declined since 2000 mainly due to decrease in mining activities. In 2000, about 1 million m3 /day was abstracted in the Copperbelt province and about 600 000 m3 per day in 2005. The reduction in 2005 could be attributed to reduction in mining activities and institutional changes in the water sector. Water production and consumption from commercial utilities has generally been in decline from 2000 to 2017. This is also the case with water consumption per capita and water production per capita. For example, water consumption per capita per day in 2001 was 203 liters and reduced to 113 liters in 2017, representing a 44% reduction in consumption. The results showed that water consumption from 2004 to 2008 averaged 100 million m3 while the production averaged 160 million m3 per year. NWASCO attributed the general downward trend in water production and consumption in the province to maintenance and rehabilitation of water infrastructure, and investment in new infrastructure, thereby reducing the unaccounted-for water. The other reason could be that new housing developments prefer to use groundwater sources rather than utility water (supplied by water companies). The reduction could also be attributed to the cost of water and that consumers needed to adjust from the background where utility services such as water supply and sanitation were the sole responsibilities of the mines (ZCCM), prior to privatization. In terms of water supply and sanitation coverage, there has been an increased coverage since 2000. In 2001, the population that had access to water supply and sanitation was 81% and 46%, respectively. Therefore, roughly 50% of the population had no access to sanitation. However, in 2017 the population with access to water supply and sanitation was 91% and 75%, respectively. This represented only 25% of the population in serviced areas that had no access to sanitation. Between 2007 and 2008, the sanitation coverage had seen a reduction compared to the year 2006. This was due to institutional changes on the Copperbelt province, and the 2008 economic recession – the mine townships that were previously serviced by an asset holding after privatization of the mines were taken over by other utility companies. Consequently, the service delivery in the province initially dropped, but then started increasing again in 2009.
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Altamirano, Nelson. "Essays on mining countries : Dutch disease, development and copper markets /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9975891.
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Nguyen, Tien Hoang. "Development of transformation method of multispectral imagery into hyperspectral imagery for detailed identification of metal and geothermal resources-related minerals." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/227611.
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Lee, Ricky J. "Creating a practical legal framework for the commercial exploitation of mineral resources in outer space /." Murdoch Research Repository, 2009. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/1665.
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au, rjlee@rickylee com, and Ricky Jose Lee. "Creating a Practical Legal Framework for the Commercial Exploitation of Mineral Resources in Outer Space." Murdoch University, 2009. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20100512.84701.
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This thesis addresses the legal and policy issues relating to what may be the most exciting prospect in the history of the human civilisation: the commercial exploitation of natural resources in outer space. The thesis is based on the hypothesis that such ventures are inhibited not by physical, technological and economic factors, but by the inadequacies and uncertainties present in the current body of space law and policy. Consequently, a new international legal framework and a policy consensus are required to provide a legal environment favourable for such a valuable and necessary development.
To substantiate this hypothesis, the thesis begins by establishing the economic necessity and technical feasibility of space mining today, an estimate of the financial commitments required. This is followed by a risk analysis of a typical commercial mining venture in space, identifying the economic and legal risks. This leads to the recognition that the legal risks must be minimised to enable such enormous financial commitments to be made.
What then follows is a detailed analysis of the legal framework for such activities as well as identifying the inadequacies of space law for the commercial exploitation of celestial resources. This is achieved through a discussion of the general principles of international space law, particularly dealing with state responsibility and international liability, as well as some of the issues arising from space mining activities. Much detail is devoted to the analysis of the content of the common heritage of mankind doctrine in international law and the effect of international disagreement over its application to celestial bodies.
Having established the relevant legal issues, the thesis then turns to consider the past failures in reach similar agreements and the competing policy interests that have prevented the success of such agreements. It attempts to balance such interests in creating a legal and policy compromise that may be acceptable to a majority of the international community and provide some practical proposals on the structural, procedural, administrative and judicial aspects of creating and implementing a new legal framework.
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Verrax, Fanny. "Making sense of rare earth elements : an interdisciplinary approach to mineral resources' ethics and governance." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS007S.
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This interdisciplinary PhD dissertation aims to identify and address the ethical challenges posed by rare earth elements, as a non-renewable, ill-distributed, and valuable resource. The overall theoretical framework iwhich this study is conducted is the one of Post-Normal Science (PNS), in which stakes are high, facts are uncertain and values are in dispute, a description that fits perfectly rare earth elements. One of the flagship recommendations of PNS is the need to rethink the way technocratic decisions are made, so as to involve more people, and more lay-people, when addressing an issue that can potentially affect many. This PhD thesis took this challenge by trying to make sense of different voices that are not usually heard: future generations on one hand, concerned citizens and internet-users discussing governance issues of rare earths on the other hand. The first paper of this PhD thus proposes a philosophical analysis of the concept of future generations, of paramount importance when considering a non-renewable resource, and addresses the question: is there a moral specificity of environmental legacy towards future generations? I suggest that arguments supporting the idea of a moral specificity ultimately come down to three, that I have called the survival argument, the nature argument, and the science argument. I discard all three arguments and propose instead a present-oriented approach which, I contend, is philosophically sounder, and in practice more effective. The second paper relates the result of a participative website, “Sustainable Scenarios” that I created during the PhD to foster a public debate around different ideas of governance. The main finding of this paper is that it is highly problematic to foster public deliberation on environmental issues that are not previously known by the participants and which are not perceived as potentially affecting their personal life. The third paper analyzes over 5000 online comments relating to global trade of rare earths and a WTO dispute settlement case launched in March 2012. It concludes that for most internet-users, the WTO is not the right arena to discuss such an issue, partly because values conflicts are at stake. It suggests that they may be right in this respect and that if institutional renewal is needed in order to address contemporary challenges such as environmental issues, taking into account spontaneous critiques from citizens voicing their opinion on the Internet may be a good way to start if we want our global institutions to address more relevantly the issues we are facing. The overarching conclusion of the PhD dissertation is threefold: (i) It is not necessary to presuppose uniqueness or superiority of environmental threats, neither from a practical point of view in order to address them nor from a philosophical point of view to legitimate the very existence of environmental ethics. (ii) Even though a citizen-driven and innovative debate on environmental issues is highly relevant, such a debate seems to be able to take place only on issues that have been pre-identified by institutions, jeopardizing the innovative aspect of participation through problem definition. (iii) The institutional way of addressing trade disputes over mineral resources is not perceived as, and indeed does not seem adapted to, a protean case reflecting many a conflict between individuals and communities<br>Cette thèse de doctorat vise à identifier et analyser les problèmes éthiques posés par les terres rares, comme ressource non-renouvelable, mal répartie, et essentielle à notre modernité. Le cadre théorique global dans lequel cette étude est menée est celui de la science post-normale (PNS), dans lequel les enjeux sont élevés, les faits sont incertains et les valeurs en conflit, une description qui correspond parfaitement aux terres rares. L'une des recommandations phares de la PNS est la nécessité de repenser la façon dont les décisions technocratiques sont prises, de manière à impliquer davantage de personnes, au-delà des experts. Cette thèse s’est donnée comme objectif de relever ce défi en essayant de faire sens de voix qui ne sont pas habituellement entendues: les générations futures, d'une part, les internautes discutant de questions de gouvernance des terres rares, d'autre part. Le premier article de cette thèse propose ainsi une analyse philosophique du concept de générations futures, d'une importance capitale quand l'on considère une ressource non renouvelable, et tente de répondre à la question: y a-t-il une spécificité morale de l'héritage environnemental envers les générations futures? Les arguments qui soutiennent l'idée d'une spécificité morale peuvent se ramener à trois grandes familles d’arguments, que j'ai appelées l'argument de la survie, l'argument de la nature et l'argument de la science. Je montre les limites de ces trois arguments et propose à la place une approche axée sur le présent, qui est philosophiquement plus robuste, et dans la pratique plus efficace. Le second article fait état des résultats d'un site web participatif, « Sustainable Scenarios » créé au cours de ce travail de thèse afin d’offrir un espace de discussion autour de différents scénarios de gouvernance. La principale conclusion de cette étude est qu'il est très difficile d’engager le public sur des questions environnementales qui ne sont pas déjà connues par les participants et qui ne sont pas perçues comme susceptibles d'affecter leur vie quotidienne. Le troisième article analyse plus de 5000 commentaires en ligne ayant trait au commerce mondial des terres rares et à un cas de règlement des différends de l'OMC lancé en Mars 2012. Il conclut que, pour la plupart des internautes, l'OMC n'est pas le bon endroit pour discuter une telle question, en partie parce que des conflits de valeurs sont en jeu. Il suggère qu'ils peuvent avoir raison à cet égard et que, si le renouvellement institutionnel est nécessaire pour faire face aux défis contemporains tels que les questions environnementales, tenir compte des critiques spontanées de citoyens exprimant leur opinion sur Internet peut être une bonne façon de commencer si l'on veut que nos institutions globales puissent faire face de manière plus pertinente aux problèmes auxquels nous sommes confrontés. Les principales conclusions de ce travail sont donc : (i) qu’il n’est pas nécessaire de présupposer une unicité ou une supériorité des menaces environnementales ni d’un point de vue pratique pour les combattre ni d’un point de vue philosophique pour légitimer l’existence d’une éthique environnementale. (ii) qu’alors même qu’un débat citoyen et novateur sur les enjeux environnementaux est extrêmement pertinent, un tel débat ne semble pouvoir avoir lieu qu’à propos de questions pré-identifiées par les institutions, rendant l’aspect innovant de la participation critique. (iii) qu’un règlement de différends sur la question de l’extraction et du commerce des ressources minérales via la solution institutionnelle d’un organisme international n’est pas perçu comme, et en effet ne semble pas, adapté à un cas protéiforme qui reflète de nombreux conflits de valeurs entre individus et communautés
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Lee, Ricky. "Creating a Practical Legal Framework for the Commercial Exploitation of Mineral Resources in Outer Space." Thesis, Lee, Ricky (2009) Creating a Practical Legal Framework for the Commercial Exploitation of Mineral Resources in Outer Space. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2009. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/1665/.
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This thesis addresses the legal and policy issues relating to what may be the most exciting prospect in the history of the human civilisation: the commercial exploitation of natural resources in outer space. The thesis is based on the hypothesis that such ventures are inhibited not by physical, technological and economic factors, but by the inadequacies and uncertainties present in the current body of space law and policy. Consequently, a new international legal framework and a policy consensus are required to provide a legal environment favourable for such a valuable and necessary development.
To substantiate this hypothesis, the thesis begins by establishing the economic necessity and technical feasibility of space mining today, an estimate of the financial commitments required. This is followed by a risk analysis of a typical commercial mining venture in space, identifying the economic and legal risks. This leads to the recognition that the legal risks must be minimised to enable such enormous financial commitments to be made.
What then follows is a detailed analysis of the legal framework for such activities as well as identifying the inadequacies of space law for the commercial exploitation of celestial resources. This is achieved through a discussion of the general principles of international space law, particularly dealing with state responsibility and international liability, as well as some of the issues arising from space mining activities. Much detail is devoted to the analysis of the content of the “common heritage of mankind” doctrine in international law and the effect of international disagreement over its application to celestial bodies.
Having established the relevant legal issues, the thesis then turns to consider the past failures in reach similar agreements and the competing policy interests that have prevented the success of such agreements. It attempts to balance such interests in creating a legal and policy compromise that may be acceptable to a majority of the international community and provide some practical proposals on the structural, procedural, administrative and judicial aspects of creating and implementing a new legal framework.
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Lee, Ricky. "Creating a Practical Legal Framework for the Commercial Exploitation of Mineral Resources in Outer Space." Lee, Ricky (2009) Creating a Practical Legal Framework for the Commercial Exploitation of Mineral Resources in Outer Space. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2009. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/1665/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis addresses the legal and policy issues relating to what may be the most exciting prospect in the history of the human civilisation: the commercial exploitation of natural resources in outer space. The thesis is based on the hypothesis that such ventures are inhibited not by physical, technological and economic factors, but by the inadequacies and uncertainties present in the current body of space law and policy. Consequently, a new international legal framework and a policy consensus are required to provide a legal environment favourable for such a valuable and necessary development.
To substantiate this hypothesis, the thesis begins by establishing the economic necessity and technical feasibility of space mining today, an estimate of the financial commitments required. This is followed by a risk analysis of a typical commercial mining venture in space, identifying the economic and legal risks. This leads to the recognition that the legal risks must be minimised to enable such enormous financial commitments to be made.
What then follows is a detailed analysis of the legal framework for such activities as well as identifying the inadequacies of space law for the commercial exploitation of celestial resources. This is achieved through a discussion of the general principles of international space law, particularly dealing with state responsibility and international liability, as well as some of the issues arising from space mining activities. Much detail is devoted to the analysis of the content of the “common heritage of mankind” doctrine in international law and the effect of international disagreement over its application to celestial bodies.
Having established the relevant legal issues, the thesis then turns to consider the past failures in reach similar agreements and the competing policy interests that have prevented the success of such agreements. It attempts to balance such interests in creating a legal and policy compromise that may be acceptable to a majority of the international community and provide some practical proposals on the structural, procedural, administrative and judicial aspects of creating and implementing a new legal framework.
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Heniro, Joshua. "Mandatory accounting compliance by Australian mineral resources firms: the affect of auditor independence and specialisation." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/830.
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The two objectives of this thesis are to investigate the magnitude of compliance with AASB 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources and AASB 136 Impairment of Assets; and to examine the influence of audit quality on the compliance levels utilising data from 305 Australian mineral resources public listed firms. Consistent with agency theory auditor independence and audit specialisation are considered pivotal determinants of the magnitude of a disclosure compliance index that comprises 62 mandatory disclosure items.Findings reveal there is 76% compliance rate with both AASB 6 and AASB136 by Australian mineral resource listed firms. The average fees paid to the incumbent auditors for non-audit services is AUD $74,183. The ratio of non-audit fees to total fees earned by Australian accounting firms is 26% whilst 53% of the firms engage the services of a specialist auditor.OLS regression analysis reveals a statistically significant negative association between the ratio of non-audit fees to total fees and level of compliance. This suggests that in the Australian mineral resources sector context, large non-audit fees paid to the incumbent auditors seem to influence the auditor‘s independence. Yet, this thesis does not find any evidence that firms that employ services from a specialist auditor result in a higher level of compliance. Additional sensitivity analyses indicate that the results are generally robust across alternative measures.These findings have important implication for accounting bodies, regulators, investors and other interested parties. Based on the findings, regulators could either: (1) do nothing, and allow the market to assess the risk imposed of the non-disclosure made by firms and take necessary action to reflect on the firms‘ market share prices (though such a option is unlikely given tenets of regulation theory); (2) enforce and penalize any non-compliance with the mandatory disclosures via tougher regulations; or (3) indirectly improve the level of compliance by means of auditor independence. The results show auditor independence (i.e., non-audit fees) is significantly associated with magnitude of compliance; regulators could regulate these non-audit services to boost the magnitude of compliance.
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Brasil, Eric Universo Rodrigues. "O novo código de mineração no Brasil: uma análise econômica da compensação financeira sobre a exploração dos recursos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-01042016-093643/.
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Em junho de 2013, o Governo Federal enviou ao Congresso Nacional uma proposta para o novo marco regulatória da mineração. No entanto, críticos dessa proposta alegam que, caso o aumento dos royalties da mineração pretendido pelo Governo não ocorra no bojo de uma reforma tributária mais ampla, a nova carga tributária pode inflar demasiadamente o custo de extração de alguns minérios no Brasil, prejudicando sua inserção no mercado internacional e, consequentemente, desestimulando investimentos produtivos no país. Neste sentido, o objetivo desta tese é realizar uma análise econômica sobre a compensação financeira pela exploração dos recursos minerais no âmbito do novo Código de Mineração. Através de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável, foram simulados os potenciais impactos do aumento na carga tributária incidente sobre a indústria de mineração, considerando seus efeitos sobre a economia nacional e sobre os principais estados brasileiros produtores de minério. Os resultados encontrados apontam que, apesar da queda no investimento e na produção da indústria mineral, o aumento dos gastos públicos regionais deve aquecer as economias locais, gerando renda e elevação de preços. Entretanto, o modelo adotado na simulação não considera que mudanças na base de cálculo da CFEM podem mudar o comportamento dos mineradores e que os novos recursos da compensação podem alterar a política fiscal dos governos contemplados. Para avaliar a primeira possibilidade, foram analisados modelos teóricos que indicam que o novo arcabouço regulatório está caminhando no sentido contrário da neutralidade do arranjo tributário, o que, a princípio, não é desejável. No entanto, tendo em vista que a assimetria de informação entre investidor privado e regulador também gera perdas ao poder público, sugere-se um arranjo alternativo para a CFEM, onde ela é composta por um componente fixo e um componente ad valorem, sendo que os valores pagos em cada modalidade pelo minerador devem ser definidos no leilão que atribuirá às jazidas minerais aos investidores interessados. Por fim, foram avaliados os impactos da CFEM na política fiscal dos municípios contemplados vis-à-vis o comportamento dos municípios não contemplados. Para isso, foram estimados diversos modelos econométricos elaboradas com base em um propensity score weighting espacial. São testados os efeitos da CFEM sobre o esforço fiscal dos municípios, sobre a contratação de empregados no setor público e sobre os gastos públicos correntes das prefeituras. Os resultados encontrados apontam que, em geral, as rendas da CFEM: (i) diminuem o esforço de arrecadação próprio dos municípios; (ii) aumentam a contratação de pessoal no setor público; e (iii) provocam uma expansão dos gastos públicos correntes significativamente maior do que aquela resultante de aumentos da renda per capita dos contribuintes, o chamado efeito flypaper. Com base nestes resultados, é sugerida a adoção de um Fundo de Recursos Soberanos para a administração federal dos recursos da CFEM, sendo que os estados e municípios beneficiados seriam cotistas do fundo, mas resgatariam os recursos sob algumas regras pré-definidas<br>In June 2013, the Brazilian Government sent to the Congress a proposal for the new regulatory framework of the mining sector, which includes an increase in royalties paid by mining companies. Critics of this proposal argue that this increase does not occur under a broader tax reform. Therefore, the new tax can rise the extraction cost of some minerals in Brazil, hampering the integration of companies into the international market and hence discouraging productive investment in the country. The aim of this thesis is to conduct an economic analysis of the financial compensation for the exploitation of mineral resources (CFEM) under the new Mining Code. Through a general equilibrium model, it simulated the potential impact of the increased royalties on the mining industry, considering their effects on the national economy as well as on the main Brazilian mining states. Results show that despite the falling investment and production on the mining industry, the rise of regional public spending should boost local economies, generating income and higher prices. However, the model adopted in the simulation does not take into account that changes in the CFEM\'s calculation basis can affect the behavior of miners and that the new revenues can change the fiscal policy of benefiting governments. In order to assess the first possibility, theoretical models were analyzed, whose results indicate that the new Mining Code is moving away from a neutral taxation arrangement, which is not desirable. However, since the information asymmetry between investor and regulator also generates losses to the government, it is suggested a new alternative, which consists in a two-component CFEM: a fixed one and a variable one. The proportions of each component should be set by auctions in order to allocate mineral rights to interested investors. With the purpose of considering the second hypothesis, the impacts of CFEM on the fiscal policy of the municipalities were analyzed. In order to do so, several econometric models based on a spatial propensity score weighting are estimated. The effects of CFEM on the tax effort of the municipalities, on the hiring of employees by the public sector and on the current public spending of municipalities are tested. Results show that, in general, CFEM rents: (i) decrease the effort of municipalities; (ii) increase the hiring in the public sector; and (iii) cause an expansion of current public spending significantly higher than that resulting from increases in income per capita (flypaper effect). Based on these results, it is suggested the adoption of a Sovereign Resources Fund for federal administration of CFEM. States and municipalities should be shareholders of the fund, but some predefined rules to rescue resources should be observed
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Lau, Ian Christopher. "Regolith-landform and mineralogical mapping of the White Dam Prospect, eastern Olary Domain, South Australia, using integrated remote sensing and spectral techniques." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37972.
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The research contained within this thesis was directed at examining the spectral properties of regolith-dominated terrains using airborne and proximal hyperspectral instruments. The focus of the investigation was to identify the mineralogy of the regolith and determine if surficial materials were indicative of the underlying bedrock in the regolithdominated terrain of the eastern Olary Domain, South Australia. The research area was constrained to a 250 km2 area around the Cu-Au mineralisation of the White Dam Prosect. Integrated remote sensing, using airborne hyperspectral datasets (HyMap), Landsat imagery and gamma-ray spectroscopy data, was performed to map regolith-landforms and extract information on surficial materials. Detailed calibration of the HyMap dataset, using a modified model-based/empirical line calibration technique, was required prior to information extraction. The White Dam area was able to be divided into: alluvial regolith-dominated; in situ regolith-dominated; and bedrock-dominated terrains, based on mineralogical interpretations of the regolith, using the remotely sensed hyperspectral data. Alluvial regions were characterised by large abundances of vegetation and soils with a hematite-rich mineralogy. Highly weathered areas of in situ material were discriminated by the presence of goethite and kaolinite of various crystallinities, whereas the bedrock-dominated regions displayed white mica-/muscovite-rich mineralogy. Areas flanking bedrock exposures commonly consisted of shallow muscovite-rich soils containing regolith carbonate accumulations. Traditional mineral mapping processes were performed on the HyMap data and were able to extract endmembers of regolith and other surficial materials. The Mixture Tuned Matched Filter un-mixing process was successful at classifying regolith materials and minerals. Spectral indices performed on masked data were effective at identifying the key regolith mineralogical features of the HyMap imagery and proved less time consuming than un-mixing processes. Processed HyMap imagery was able to identify weathering halos, highlighted in mineralogical changes, around bedrock exposures. Proximal spectral measurements and XRD analyses of samples collected from the White Dam Prospect were used to create detailed mineralogical dispersion maps of the surface and costean sections. Regolith materials of the logged sections were found to correlate with the spectrally-derived mineral dispersion profiles. The HyLogger drill core scanning instrument was used to examine the mineralogy of the fresh bedrock, which contrasted with the weathering-derived near-surface regolith materials. The overall outcomes of the thesis showed that hyperspectral techniques were useful for charactering the mineralogy of surficial materials and mapping regolith-landforms.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2004.
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Yu, Zhanjing. "A study of building response and damage due to mining-induced ground movements." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07112007-092849/.
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Herath, Dulana Nilupul. "Fire impacts on restored shrublands following mining for heavy minerals near Eneabba, southwestern Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/556.
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Following mineral-sand mining in the northern sandplains near Eneabba, southwestern Australia, rehabilitation managers have the difficult task of restoring shrubland communities of exceptional plant species richness. Management aims to restore a fully functional and self-sustaining shrubland community with similar vegetation and resilience properties to that of the surrounding natural vegetation. This thesis examines the performance of the restoration program by Iluka Resources Ltd. (and their predecessors) by comparing current vegetation properties and their response to fires on previously mined land versus the surrounding natural shrubland. As biomass accumulates post-restoration, fires will return as a natural disturbance factor and, as a result, a desirable measure of restoration success might include the ability of the postmined lands to recover from disturbance. Pre-burnt plant species diversity, composition, structure and key functional attributes in four mined sites rehabilitated 8 (R8) to 24 (R24) years ago were compared with those of surrounding natural areas classified on the basis of substrate type (low and high sand dunes, shallow sand swales, sand over laterite and sand over limestone). The rehabilitated sites (except R8) had more species (about 140) than natural sites (about 100) with 12–37% species in common with natural sites. Floristic composition was most similar to the local swales and dunes (physically closest).Two strong colonizers, the fire-killed Acacia blakelyi and the fire-tolerant Melaleuca leuropoma, were universally present. Plant densities were about a quarter to half those of natural sites. Fire-resprouters were under-represented. Growth-form distributions were most similar to those of the dunes, with some woody shrubs up to 2.5 m tall present. Greater iron levels and soil hardness (penetrability) were the only soil factors consistently greater in rehabilitated sites. Following experimental fires at the same study sites, species richness fell by 22–41% in rehabilitated sites but increased by 4–29% in natural sites. Species present before fire were reduced by 40–56% in rehabilitated sites and 4–12% in natural sites. Only 42–66% of resprouting species recovered in rehabilitated sites, whereas 96–100% recovered in natural sites. Nonsprouting species recruitment was also lower in rehabilitated (18–57%) than natural (67–85%) sites. Seedling mortality over the first summer after fire was higher in rehabilitated sites (59-86% death of individuals) than in natural sites (14-60%). PCoA ordination showed that fire altered the floristic composition of rehabilitated sites much more than it did in natural sites, mostly attributable to the loss of the extant resprouter species. It was found that the smaller lignotuber size (source of dormant buds) recorded in rehabilitated (vs. natural) resprouters was responsible for their higher post-fire mortality. For equivalent crown size in ten common lignotuberous shrub species, lignotuber circumferences were, on average, 50% smaller at rehabilitated sites.As a result, overall persistence in these species was much lower in rehabilitated (mean of 52% alive, range of 11–93%) versus natural sites (mean of 96%, range of 79–100%), but improved with time since restoration for five of the ten selected species. Apart from differences in the age of the plants (natural sites having much older plants recruited after previous fires), the lower soil penetrability at rehabilitated sites may have restricted lignotuber development. A tradeoff favoring a higher crown volume to lignotuber size ratio was also apparent in nine of the ten species with greater crown volumes (by 37%) and smaller lignotubers (by 36%) in rehabilitated sites. Demographic attributes for six selected woody species were compared between rehabilitated and natural sites (~3-30 years since disturbance) to investigate growth patterns and optimum fire-return intervals. At matched years since restoration or last fire, nonsprouter species in rehabilitated sites grew larger (1.1 to 4.7 times) and produced/stored more viable seeds per plant (1.1 to 10.9 times). Despite older aged individuals in natural sites at matched years since restoration vs. last fire, restored resprouters were larger (1.1 to 3.6 times) and produced/stored more viable seeds (1.1 to 6.9 times). Although greater growth and fecundity rates were recorded in rehabilitated sites, the estimated optimum fire-return interval based on maximum seed production was similar in rehabilitated and natural sites for five out of six species.However, mean fire intervals typical of surrounding natural vegetation near the Eneabba area (13 years over the last 40 years) may not be suitable for rehabilitated minesites at Eneabba, whereby longer initial fire intervals (20–30 years) would better ensure persistence of resprouter individuals via the seedling recruitment strategy and resprouting strategy. Iv My study indicated that the returned vegetation can at present be classified as “rehabilitated” or “partially restored” but not “completely restored” since the original plant diversity, composition, structure, and resilience properties to fire have not yet been achieved. It may not be possible/realistic to achieve complete restoration since mining is such a destructive disturbance type that some complex ecological attributes may take centuries to develop. I discuss six key factors as important in improving the overall restoration success at Eneabba: 1) restoration of a deeper topsoil and looser subsoil profile; 2) collection of appropriate amounts of only local provenance species, mulch and topsoil; 3) control of highly competitive species; 4) management of fertilizer additions; 5) reseeding and replanting in subsequent years after the initial restoration treatments, including after initial fires; and 6) delaying the introduction of management fires until the restored vegetation develops sufficient fire-resilience properties.
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Ackerman, Benjamin R. "Regolith geochemical exploration in the Girilambone District of New South Wales." Access electronically, 2005. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20051027.095334/index.html.
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Carter, E. J. "Flow of power law fluids with application to oil drilling." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/458.
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The thesis is concerned with a theoretical study of the flow behaviour of inelastic power law fluids in two different types of flow situation. These are: 1. The creeping motion of a sphere moving through an expanse of liquid. 2. The combined steady and oscillatory flow of a liquid through a straight tube of circular cross section. The first part of the work is devoted to the prediction of the drag correction factor for a sphere falling slowly through a bounded inelastic power law fluid. The analysis is carried out for the case when the outer spherical boundary has a finite or infinite radius. A perturbation technique is used to produce the resulting equations for a slightly power law fluid which are solved using the finite element method. An asymptotic expansion is used to provide an analytical far field solution for the infinite outer sphere case. The second part considers the combined steady and oscillatory flow of an inelastic power law liquid in a tube. The analysis is carried. out for the case when both the steady flow rate and the oscillatory flow rate are known. An expression for the pressure gradient reduction in the tube is then derived. The resulting partial differential equation is solved by finite difference techniques. An analytical solution for the pressure gradient is also obtained using a perturbation analysis for the case when the fluid inertial effects are small.
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Wilson, Michael George Carey. "A preliminary appraisal of the mineral potential of Venda based on a reconnaissance geochemical soil sampling survey and literature review." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005606.
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A reconnaissance soil sampling survey was carried out over Venda by Cycad (Pty) Ltd and the samples were analysed for 36 elements using XRF techniques, by Anglo American Research Laboratories in Johanuesburg. The data resulting from this survey forms the basis for the present interpretive study. Initially the sample positions were co-ordinated, then the geological, soil and sample types were allocated to each point. Twelve lithological groupings were chosen which incorporated most of the available data, retained significant geological characteristics and consisted of statistically significant sample populations. Statistical manipulation was undertaken for each of the lithological groups. Using a final population of 5768 samples, means were determined and anomalous values were identified using a threshold of mean plus two standard deviations. Due to time and budgetary constraints, 24 of the 36 elements were chosen for statisical manipulation and fourteen of these, with particular economic significance, were chosen for plotting, wherever significant numbers of anomalies were present. The element overlays were plotted so as to coincide with 18 of the 25, 1:50 000 topographic sheets covering Venda , the remaining 7 having inadequate sample coverage to yield meaningful contours. In this way a total of 175 element overlay sheets were plotted, each showing contoured element levels, with selected anomalous values. The treatment of the vast body of information made available by the Cycad sampling programme has thus been selective and has continually been aimed at highlighting and concentrating attention on the areas of greatest indicated mineralization potential, rather than on specific anomalies. In this regard it is felt that the present study has been successful, in spite of limited sample coverage in some areas. Combining the results of this study with a modern tectonically-based appraisal of mineralization potential and a knowledge of the local geology and previously known mineralization gleaned from an extensive literature review, the following types of mineralization are considered to have the highest potential in Venda: i) Nickel-copper-platinum mineralization as well as magnesite, in the olivine dolerite sills which intrude the base of the Karoo Sequence in Northern Venda. ii) Coal in the basal Karoo Sequence sediments in a broad zone from Jazz 715 MS in the west, and along the Klein Tshipise fault from Amonda 159 MT to the Mutale Copper Fields then east of these to the Kruger National Park. Where intrusives invade these lower Karoo sed iments the potential exists for amorphous graphite. iii) Hydrothermal copper and possibly gold and silver concentrations, in Nzhelele and Sibasa Formation rocks, particularly those associated with faults known to have been active in post-Soutpansberg times. iv) Sediment-hosted massive sulphide deposits (Cu-Pb -Zn) close to basin margin faults, near intersections with cross cutting faults that have resulted in localized basin formation. These are most likely in the Soutpansberg sediments. v) Martle, flake-graphite and late stage skarn mineralization (including lead, zinc, gold and tungsten), in calcareous rocks of the Gumbu Formation.
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Lavoie, Sébastien. "Géologie de la mine East-Sullivan, Abitibi-Est, Val-d'or, Québec /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2003. http://theses.uqac.ca.
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