Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Minéralisation du carbone du sol'
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Keraval, Benoît. "Les métabolismes oxydatifs extracellulaires : une nouvelle vision des processus de minéralisation du carbone organique du sol." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22740/document.
Full textFontaine, Sébastien. "Rôle des composés énergétiques sur la minéralisation des matières organiques du sol : Conceptualisation, modélisation expérimentales et conséquences." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INAP0052.
Full textBekayo, N. Derla. "Effet des alternances dessiccation-réhumidification des sols sur la minéralisation du carbone et de l’azote des sols : importance et origine du surcroît de minéralisation." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10195.
Full textGuenet, Bertrand. "Interactions entre les entrées de matières organiques fraîches et la minéralisation des matières organiques des sols." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066445.
Full textNiknahad, ghar makher Hamid. "Minéralisation du soufre associée à la décomposition des matières organiques dans les sols et relations avec les dynamiques du carbone et de l'azote." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004764.
Full textValé, Mathieu. "Quantification et prédiction de la minéralisation nette de l'azote du sol in situ, sous divers pédoclimats et systèmes de culture français." Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000301/.
Full textYemadje, Pierrot Lionel. "Influence des cycles humectation-dessiccation sur la minéralisation du carbone : cas de la zone cotonnière du Nord Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS209/document.
Full textSoil as a major storage component for terrestrial ecosystem’s organic carbon plays an important role in regulating climate and agricultural production. Any variation of carbon fluxes between the atmosphere and the terrestrial ecosystem can have a significant impact on the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere but also the decrease in soil organic matter and thus accelarate soil fertility degradation. In northern Cameroon, the transition period between long dry periods with a wet season is characterized by very irregular rainfall that can last several weeks. These wetting-drying cycles can accentuate the mineralization of soil organic carbon and nutrient cycling. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of wet-dry cycles on carbon mineralization in a sudano-sahelian context. From methodological stand field measurements require to study the soil respiration variation over 24 hours after a wet period. This methodological test has shown that soil respiration has a quadratic curve during the day, becoming almost linear during the night. The temperature and soil moisture have explained together the variation over 24 hours (at least 73% ; p< 0.001). These observations have been used to propose a method for estimating the mean daytime and nighttime soil respiration after wetting the soil. Indeed the method proposed in this study has the advantage of being based on a small number of measurements and is, therefore, easier to implement to monitor 24-h soil respiration after the first rains following a long dry period. A first experiment has shown that the wetting of the soil and mulching increased soil carbon mineralization. However, wetting-drying cycles on soil did not increase the cumulative mineralization of soil carbon more than keeping the soil continuously moist. Indeed, in northern Cameroon, the rapid mineralization of crop residues makes it difficult to increase soil carbon stocks by mulching. In a second laboratory experiment, the wetting-drying cycles did not increase organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization from soils added with straw. However, carbon dioxide emissions increased on straw amended soils compared to soils without straw. This addition of the labeled straw increased mineralization of soil organic matter (priming effect). The mineralization of the straw also decreased with the wetting-drying cycles, thus the amount of straw remaining on soils was 102 µg C g-1 soil on re-wetted soils compared to 48 µg C g-1 soil for those with constant moisture. The lack of response for C and N mineralization during wetting-drying cycles may be linked to a decrease of microbial activity during dry periods and the lack of a steady increase in the carbon mineralization rate with subsequent wetting-drying cycles
Juarez, Sabrina. "Régulations biotiques et abiotiques de la décomposition des matières organiques des sols." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01049725.
Full textVian, Jean-François. "Comparaison de différentes techniques de travail du sol en agriculture biologique : effet de la structure et de la localisation des résidus sur les microorganismes du sol et leurs activités de minéralisation du carbone et de l'azote." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005158.
Full textNiknahad, Ghar Makher Hamid. "Minéralisation du soufre associée à la décomposition des matières organiques dans les sols et relations avec les dynamiques du carbone et de l'azote." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGPT0051.
Full textOorts, Katrien. "Effet de travail du sol sur les stocks et flux de C et N dans un sol limoneux de grandes cultures du bassin Parisien." Phd thesis, Institut national agronomique paris-grignon - INA P-G, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011985.
Full textSallih, Zaher. "Relations entre activité rhizosphérique et décomposition de la matière organique des sols au niveau de la biomasse microbienne et de la minéralisation du carbone et de l'azote." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20138.
Full textPerveen, Nazia. "Intégration de l'écologie microbienne dans les modèles biogéochimiques : conséquences pour les prévisions du stockage du Carbone et la fertilité des sols." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066340.
Full textIntegration of the priming effect* (PE) in ecosystem models is crucial to better predict the consequences of global change on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and its feedbacks on climate. Over the last decade, many attempts have been made to model PE in soil. However, some basic knowledge to model the PE is lacking such as the relationship between decomposition rate of soil organic matter (SOM) and microbial biomass (MB). Moreover, the PE has never been inserted in a plant-soil model to analyze its role on plant-soil interactions. The main objectives of this thesis were to 1) integrate the activity, biomass and diversity of soil microorganisms in models of ecosystem C and nitrogen (N) dynamics in order to simulate the PE, and 2) determine the consequence of this integration for ecosystem functioning and response to global change. These objectives were achieved thanks to the combination of diverse approaches such as modeling, experimentation and statistical. In a lab experiment, I show that the rate of SOM decomposition increases 1) linearly with MB, and 2) with a saturating effect with SOM content. The linear response of SOM decomposition to MB is explained by the very limited microbial colonization of SOM reserves. However, the positive effect of SOM content on decomposition rate indicates that the local availability of SOM may be limiting for microbial mineralization. The observed co-limitation of SOM decomposition was accurately modeled with the Michaelis-Menten equation. Finally, incorporating this equation in a simple model of soil C dynamics explained how carbon often continuously accumulates in undisturbed soils whereas it reaches steady state in cultivated soils. Moreover, I present the first parameterized PE embedding plant-soil model (SYMPHONY) which provides realistic predictions on forage production, soil C storage and N leaching for a permanent grassland. SYMPHONY also shows that plant persistence depends on a fine adjustment of microbial mineralization of SOM to plant nutrient uptake. This fine adjustment was modeled by considering the destruction of SOM through PE and the interactions between two microbial functional groups: SOM-decomposers and SOM-builders. Moreover, consistent with recent observations, SYMPHONY explains how elevated CO2 induce modification of soil microbial communities leading to an intensification of SOM mineralization and a decrease in the soil C stock
Iqbal, Akhtar. "Effets de la nature et décomposition des mulchs de résidus végétaux sur les services assurés par les sols en agriculture de conservation : Étude expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMS001.
Full textIn conservation agriculture (CA), crop residues mulches are associated to reduction or suppression of soil tillage and are an intrinsic component of CA. The objective of this work was to understand the effects of nature and decomposition of crop residue mulches on the provisioning and regulating services of agrosystems provided by soils under temperate (France) and tropical (Madagascar and Brazil) conditions. Experimental studies were realized to get decomposition parameters for a large range of residue quality representative of the agrosystems studied and to test and improve a MULCH model. Then we used PASTIS_MULCH model which simulates the C and N biotransformations and solutes transport in soils during mulch decomposition.For a range of plant-stem residues tested, the maximal water retention varied greatly and was only explained by the physical features of the residue. With a series of decomposition incubations, we proposed a single set of biological parameters for CANTIS decomposition module, simulating a large range of crop residue quality. Experimental study in soil columns showed that maize+dolichos mulch decomposed faster than wheat+alfalfa mulch. Frequent and light rain enhanced mulch decomposition compared to infrequent and heavy rain and this was due to the mulch remaining wetter with frequent rain.The simulations of scenarios with PASTIS showed that rain and evaporation conditions ranked crop residues decomposition when placed as mulches while the residue chemical characteristics ranked crop residues decomposition when incorporated. None of the situations studied would be defined as suitable in all pedo-climatic and agricultural conditions
Hellequin, Eve. "Effets des biostimulants sur le fonctionnement biologique de sols d’agrosystèmes : réponses des communautés microbiennes et dynamique de minéralisation du carbone organique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B029.
Full textModern agriculture is undergoing important changes toward agroecological practices that rely on biodiversity and ecological processes. In agrosystems, the organic matter is the key of the soil fertility and an important reserve of carbon. Organic fertilization by crop residues is therefore an agricultural practice that improve the organic matter content in soil. Soil microorganisms have an important role in the organic carbon (orgC) dynamic because they are key players of its mineralization and are involved in the nutrients recycling. Thus, the use of agricultural biostimulant (BS) intended to enhance this microbial function is proposed as an alternative solution to improve indirectly plant growth while reducing chemical inputs. This thesis aimed to i) identify the effect of soil biostimulant on heterotrophic microbial communities, the orgC mineralization and the nutrient releases, ii) evaluate its genericity by testing different experimental conditions and iii) identify the environmental filters that control both the microbial communities and the mineralization function. We showed that the orgC dynamic was different according to contrasted physico-chemical and biological characteristics of different soils. We showed that plants can also influence the orgC dynamic by returning litter to the soil and through its root effect on the bacterial and fungal communities. Unlike plants, the amount of orgC provided by the two tested BS was negligible. However, we evaluated the effect of one BS as at least similar or even higher than those of plant on active bacterial and fungal abundances, richness and diversity. Among the two BS tested we showed that one enhanced the orgC mineralization by recruiting indigenous soil bacterial and fungal decomposers and that the other did not affect the orgC mineralization but activated indigenous soil plant-growth-promoting bacteria as well as soil bacterial and fungal decomposers. Furthermore, our study call for new normative methodological and systemic approach by monitoring simultaneously several descriptors for advancing our knowledge on BS action on microbial soil functioning
Gauthier, Anthony. "Production et devenir des matières organiques dissoutes dans les hydrosystèmes faiblement anthropisés." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450229.
Full textThothong, Warinya. "Source, storage and mineralization of organic matter in a tropical water reservoir (Thailand) : relationship with soil erosion on the watershed." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066231.
Full textBelhadj, Brahim Ali. "Influence des constituants alumineux et ferriques non cristallins sur les cycles du carbone et de l'azote dans les sols montagnards acides." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376027521.
Full textVersini, Antoine. "Effet de la manipulation des litières aériennes sur les cycles du C et de N dans les sols en plantation d'Eucalyptus au Congo." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0240/document.
Full textIn the last decades, fast-growing plantations have emerged as an important option to supply a growing share of the increasing demand for woody forest products and as an alternative to reduce the pressure on tropical rainforests. A major stake is nowadays to ensure the sustainability of these plantations often established on poor soils with large amounts of biomass exported every 6-7 years. Aboveground litters may play a crucial role on the mineral and the organic soil fertility which drive short- and long-term productivity in these tropical ecosystems. The main objective of our study was to identify the mechanisms involved in the Eucalyptus growth response to aboveground litter removal or addition over the two first years after planting. Apart from measurements of tree growth, the dynamic of nitrogen (N) mineralization in decomposing harvest residues has been studied in several experiments. Nutrient fluxes in soil solutions were compared to nutrient stocks initially contained in ecosystem compartments and to nutrient content within trees at age two years. A complete recovery budget of 15N brought within residues at the harvest was made at the stand scale. The long-term impact of aboveground litter manipulations on soil OM stocks was also assessed. Standard soil analyses (C&N) as well as a complete partitioning of soil CO2 efflux were carried out. The qualitative and quantitative dynamics of dissolved OM received special attention. The results show that the rapid release of potassium and the more progressive release of N contained in aboveground litter largely explain tree growth differences observed among OM management treatments. Eucalyptus tree considerably benefit from the nutrient released throughout litter decomposition since losses by deep drainage were very low as a consequence of soil depth and of the very fast development of roots both in the deep soil layers and in the organic layer. Our study also highlighted the large contribution of the topsoil OM (0-15 cm) for the production of nitrate and dissolved OM in gravitational soil solutions. The use of 15N labelling demonstrated that N is initially retained within the organic layer probably by microbial immobilization; transferred in simultaneous and balanced ways between organic residues components (leaves, barks and branches); and finally transported in particulate OM toward the mineral topsoil layer by gravitational water, supplying thus the soil OM pool on which the soil fertility relies. The retention of aboveground litter contributed to maintain soil OM stocks after the clear-cutting while its removal led to an initial decrease in soil OM stocks at the beginning of the rotation, which seemed to be balanced thereafter by litterfall inputs. The addition of litter led to an increase in dissolved OM fluxes in the first 15 centimeters of the soil profile which remained insignificant in comparison with soil OM stocks and exhibited low interactions with soil OM. Despite the rapid recovery of the soil OM pool, some nutrients might limit the productivity of these plantations after several rotations, as a result of repeated biomass exportation. Consequently, the retention of organic residues at the harvest should be optimized and the exportation of woody biomass must be compensated by fertiliser addition, burning of organic residues must be prohibited and wild fires prevented
Drozdova, Olga. "Minéralisation des colloïdes du sol par les bactéries hétérotrophes aérobies du sol." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30244.
Full textMultidisciplinary approach for the study of the biogeochemical cycles of the main elements in soils and waters controlled by the activity of microorganisms (by uptake/release of cells or in the process of degradation of dissolved organic matter) was used in the thesis. The innovation of this work is to study the effect of microbial activity (soil typical aerobic bacteria Pseudomonas) on the biogeochemical cycles of elements due to take place geochemical, physical, chemical and microbiological processes. The simultaneous study of the biogeochemical cycles of elements and parameters of biological activity will allow us to predict the response of natural systems to climate change and human-induced disturbance (organic or metallic contamination). Field studies were accompanied by detailed laboratory studies of the reaction mechanisms. The thesis considers to the study of physical and chemical processes using of experimental modeling of the degradation of organic matter in soil extracts and to the study of the quantitative relation between the degradation of organic matter by heterotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas and cycles elements
Musadji, Neil-Yohan. "Structure et dynamique du carbone mobile dans le sol." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT2329/document.
Full textOrganic matter (OM) content influences soil physical and chemical properties and its microbial activity. OM, particulate or dissolved, plays a key role on climate changes. Exogenous organic matter amendments are used to tackle the various problems associated with the decrease in soil carbon content. Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), involved in main mechanisms of preservation and / or degradation of organic matter is however only scarcely taken into account in the study of such amendments. The main objective of this study was to better characterize the DOM present in the surface horizons of a soil. The percolating waters collected from 2006 amended plots (150 t/ha of green waste and bio-waste compost) and reference plots are characterized by global and molecular techniques (fluorescence spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, themochemolysis, GC/MS). Size and polarity of DOM molecules change depending on seasons and depths. These analyses reveal exogenous organic carbon sequestration. DOM study is thus part of the quality soil indexes
Horswill, Micha. "Minéralisation du carbone dans une halde à résidus miniers ultramafiques : une approche pétrophysique et géophysique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30789.
Full textAbril, Gwenaël. "Dynamique du carbone dans les estuaires européens : processus de minéralisation et transfert continent-ocean-atmosphère." Bordeaux 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR10577.
Full textThe transfer of carbon between the continent, the ocean and the atmosphere is investigated in ten European estuaries. A major fraction of the organic carbon (COrga) transported by rivers is mineralised in estuaries. This mineralisation affects in majority the particulate fraction and depends on the origin (fresh water phytoplankton, anthropogenic loads and soils) and the lability of this COrga and the residence time of particles. Mineralisation processes are investigated in two macrotidal estuaries. Ln the Gironde (France) because of fluid mud settling and resuspension cycles at tidal and neap-spring time scales, particulate material experiences oxic/anoxic oscillations. Particulate organic matter is mineralised alternatively by aerobic respiration, denitrification and metal-oxides reduction. Ln the fluid mud, a carbonate dissolution significantly reduces the quantity of CO₂ produced by the respiration and denitrification produces nitrous oxide. Ln the hypoxic and highly polluted area of the Scheldt (Belgium, the Netherlands), ammonification, nitrification and denitrification processes modify the equilibrium between the chemical species of dissolved inorganic carbon by producing and consuming protons. The CO₂ fluxes from the water to the atmosphere measured in the ten studied sites allow an estimation of the total European estuarine emission of 30-60. 10⁶ tC. Year⁻¹, corresponding to 5-10% of the anthropogenic emissions from the continent. Because of a physical ventilation of CO₂ carried by rivers, the estuarine·emission exceeds the mineralisation of COrga. From one estuary to the other, the origin of the total CO₂ atmospheric flux (heterotrophic activity, nitrification, carbonate dissolution and physical ventilation) appear to be very different, according to the characteristics of the hydrological basin and the residence time
Haderlein, Andreas. "Potentiel de minéralisation des hydrocarbures aliphatiques et aromatiques polycycliques pendant le compostage d'un sol contaminé." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0020/NQ53534.pdf.
Full textJussy, Jean-Hugues. "Minéralisation de l'azote, nitrification et prélèvement radiculaire dans différents écosystèmes forestiers sur sol acide : effet de l'essence, du stade de développement du peuplement et de l'usage ancien des sols." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10293.
Full textKersanté, Anne. "Rôle régulateur de la macrofaune lombricienne dans la dynamique de l'herbicide atrazine en sol cultivé tempéré." Rennes 1, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007435.
Full textAlix, Isabelle. "Formation et caractérisation du carbure de silicium à l'interface carbone/silice : influence du substrat carbone." Mulhouse, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MULH0590.
Full textNocentini, Caterina. "Analyse qualitative de la matière organique du sol et du charbon en pinèdes méditerranéennes incendiée en Toscane, Italie centrale : étude de la minéralisation du charbon." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066089.
Full textPoirier, Vincent. "Séquestration du carbone dans un sol agricole du Québec : influence du travail du sol et de la fertilisation des cultures." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24793/24793.pdf.
Full textMenieux, Jean-Jacques. "Exploration de réponses métaboliques des andosols soumis à des durées brèves d'incubation." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112040.
Full textAndosols proceed from volcanic ashes. Their originality lies in the presence of allophane, a clay which is amorphous to X-rays and with a net positive charge. This mineral colloïd, through its very strong retention power towards anions and its hydratation capacity, regulates the energy flux in this type of soil very efficiently. The energetical anions are thus removed from the microbial catabolism. The same holds true with enzymes, and among them, the dehydrogenases adsorbed by the colloïd complex. An input of mineral P releases these two groups of substances. Research has been done on samples from la Réunion and the great Comoro Islands. These investigations have been essentially oriented in three directions: water-exchange capacity of andosols as 1inked to the relations between C mineralization and the physical ambiental conditions, the effect of a Pm input on dehydrogenase activity. The exploration covers short incubation periods from 1h to 5d. This first phase, little explored, proves that there are original metabolic rearrangements and not simply a chronological prefiguration of the results obtained on longer terms: 5 to 35d. For that purpose, original incubation chambers have been constructed. The results thus obtained yielded a coherent whole which demonstrated the complexity of equilibria around the allophane and which allows us to express recommendations related to agricultural practice towards an improved development of these soils
Wertz, Sophie. "Impact d'une érosion de la diversité microbienne du sol sur le fonctionnement et la stabilité des communautés hétérotrophes, dénitrifiantes et nitrifiantes." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10092.
Full textAndrianarisoa, Kasaina Sitraka. "Minéralisation de l'azote et nitrification dans les écosystèmes forestiers : Effet du type de sol et de l'essence forestière." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10007/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to identify the main indicators of N availability in forest soils and thereafter to determine mechanisms by which tree species control soil N mineralization and nitrification. Various indicators of N availability were compared within 50 beech forests covering a large range of soil types in northeastern France. Thereafter, the effect of six tree species was studied in an acidic cambisol hyperdystric at the experimental site of Breuil (Morvan, France). Potential net N mineralization was negatively correlated with soil pH and positively with microbial C/N ratio. Percent nitrification was strongly correlated with the combination of soil pH and soil C/N or with the combination of Ellenberg’s indices of N availability or Ecoplant C/N and Ellenberg’s indices of acidity (R) based on the vegetation community composition. At the Breuil experimental site, the percent nitrification was high in beech, Corsican pine and Douglas fir plantations whereas it was very low in the Nordmann fir and the spruce plantations and the native forest stands (an old coppice with standard dominated by beech and oak). The exchange of soil cores between stands showed that under the « High nitrifying stands », root colonization was low and percent nitrification was quickly stimulated (<16 months). In « Low nitrifying stands », root colonization was very quick but percent nitrification decreased slowly (>28 months). Percent nitrification was quickly stimulated by clear felling of the native forest. Our results converge toward a strong influence of roots on the nitrogen cycle in forest ecosystems but it needs further efforts to identify the mechanism
Vieublé, Gonod Laure. "Variabilité spatiale de la minéralisation de substrats carbonés (2,4-D, leucine, lysine) dans la matrice solide du sol." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10207.
Full textCathalot, Cécile. "Devenir et impact des apports fluviaux sur les marges continentales : importance biogéochimique et environnementale du recyclage dans les sédiments du prodelta du Rhône." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066378.
Full textThe main purpose of this work was to study the biogeochemical fate of the Rhône River particulate organic matter, and investigate the mechanisms involved in the carbon cycle of its delta. In situ microsensors measurements allowed us to perform high resolution oxygen profiles in the sediment and estimate thus the sediment recycling. It appears that the seasonal variability of the Rhône River inputs, both in quality and in quantity, impacts the benthic mineralization activity in the Rhône River delta. Nevertheless, the influence of these pulsed inputs is limited in time: deltaic sediments are a stable centre of organic carbon degradation. More than just a major mineralization area, isotopic analyses (14C and δ13C) showed that the prodelta also acts as a massive burial centre for organic particulate matter of the Rhône River. Using a stationary diagenetic numerical model, we were able to quantify these burial and degradation terms, and highlighted the importance of anoxic mineralization processes. Moreover, an important pool of suspended matter particles feeding the prodelta and originating from the adjacent continental shelf was identified: terrigeneous and marine particles, already degraded and that have encountered many deposition/resuspension cycles, dilute the riverine particles and decrease thus the lability of the material reaching the sea floor. Finally, respiration measurements in the water column underlined the impact of hydrological variations of the Rhône River that change distinctly the carbon export terms from the delta towards the continental margin
Favre, Nathalie. "Captage enzymatique du dioxyde de carbone." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840947.
Full textPersoneni, Emmanuelle. "Dynamique du carbone et de l'azote lors de la décomposition in situ de litières racinaires de graminées prairiales." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066263.
Full textReydellet, Itto. "Effet de la rhizosphère du maïs sur la minéralisation brute de l'azote dans un sol ferrugineux tropical (Burkina Faso)." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL083N.
Full textTete, Kwami Emmanuel. "Dynamique intra-annuelle de la minéralisation du carbone organique dans les sols minéraux hydromorphes et à l’échelle du versant agricole." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARD075.
Full textGlobal warming is expected to affect soil water regime and their impact on soil organic matter dynamics. Hydromorphic minerals soils characterized by the alternation of water saturation and non-saturation conditions are the places of specific biogeochemical processes, regimes of carbon supply and they play an important role in carbon sequestration. However, very few studies have addressed the dynamics of organic carbon (C) mineralization in these soils and the role of water regime. The general objective of the thesis is to characterize the effects of hydromorphic soil water regime on the dynamics of C mineralization to the intra-annual scale and in an agricultural context. The studied site is an agricultural hillslope which is one of the sites of Environment research Observatory (ORE AgrHys) located in the Kerrolland locality (Naizin, France). It presents a juxtaposition of poorly-drained hydromorphic area and well-drained area, with different soil water regimes. The effects of the durations of saturation and transient saturation conditions (alternation of saturation and non-saturation conditions), characteristics of hydromorphic minerals soils, on C dynamics (dynamics of mineralization rate, dynamics of CO2 emissions, organic and inorganic dissolved dynamics and coupled nitrogen dynamics) were evaluated through incubation experiments. Furthermore, in-situ measurements of soil CO2 effluxes during one year, were performed in order to characterize the effects of soil drainage and hydromorphic gradient on the spatio-temporal variability of C mineralization across the studied hillslope. In incubation conditions, C mineralization in saturation conditions was two times lower than non-saturation conditions. In saturations conditions, C mineralization dynamics was unaffected by the durations of saturation, contrary to the dynamics of C mineralization during desaturation. Saturation conditions favored production and accumulation of labile organic compounds whose rapid mineralization during desaturation resulted in flush of CO2 emissions. Therefore, more the duration of previous saturation conditions is long more the C mineralization rate during desaturation is high. Transient saturation conditions resulted in an increase in the total amount of C mineralized, that reached the same orders of magnitude than that of soils maintained in non-saturation conditions. In-situ, depending on the season, well-drained soil CO2 effluxes were two to five times higher than that of hydromorphic minerals soils. At annual-scale, the soil water regime of hydromorphic minerals soils induced 37 to 41% reduction in CO2–C emissions compared with well-drained soils. This study contributes to understand the role of soil water regime in the dynamics of C mineralization in hydromorphic minerals soils. These results may be used to identify the role of hydromorphic soils
Gamouh, Ahmed. "Effets comparés et interactifs des pesticides et des facteurs physiques sur la minéralisation de divers substrats carbonés dans le sol." Perpignan, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PERP0314.
Full textBlouin, Manuel. "Réponses écophysiologiques du riz à la présence de vers de terre dans sa rhizosphère." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066479.
Full textSulce, Sulejman. "Étude du potentiel de minéralisation et du devenir des fertilisants azotes minéraux dans les sols cultivés de la région de Myzeqe (Albanie)." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL111N.
Full textGobé, Valérie. "Matière organique complexe du sol ; structure et rôle dans les processus d'humification du carbone xénobiotique." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2316.
Full textAnaclet, Pauline. "Nouveaux bitumes en poudre obtenus par couplage de la chimie sol-gel et de l'émulsification." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0007.
Full textBitumen, the heaviest fraction of crude oil plays the role of aggregate binder in road manufacturing. This complex material is very difficult to handle and transport due to its very high viscosity at room temperature. The aim of this PhD thesis was to elaborate a new class of material, bitumen powder, by coupling emulsion science and sol-gel chemistry. Indeed organo-mineral capsules made of a bitumen core anda silica shell have been synthesized from two types of emulsions: Pickering emulsions and "classical" emulsions i.e. surfactant-stabilized emulsions and using two silica precursors: the TEOS molecular initiator and sodium silicate solution. This new bitumen is easy to handle, can be stored in drastic pressure and temperature conditions while releasing the bitumen core under combination of heat and mechanical stirring to ensure aggregate coating. In addition a bitumen-water interface study has been performed in order to propose some hypotheses to explain the observed fragile stability of bitumen emulsions
Naisse, Christophe. "Potentiel de séquestration de carbone des biochars et hydrochars, et impact après plusieurs siècles sur le fonctionnement du sol." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066518/document.
Full textBiochars and hydrochars production can form amendments enriched in aromatic carbon, potentially recalcitrant against microbial degradation, while massively producing renewable energy. These amendments are aimed to increase soil organic matter (SOM) quantity, and soil fertility. However, due to the diversity of their feedstock and production processes, misunderstandings exist on the potential of these materials to store C in soil at short and long term. In addition, methods to rapidly evaluate the long-term stability of these materials remain to be developed, in order to allow users to determine the quality of these new amendments. This work was consisted for assessing the stability of biochar and hydrochars, biologically by soil incubations, and chemically by oxidation with acid dichromate. The biochar showed a high level of biological and chemical stability, allowing to storage a large amount of carbon throughout the century. In opposite, the hydrochars might not allow sequestering massively carbon beyond the decade, due to its lower biological and chemical stability. The hydrochars induced a positive priming effect (stimulation) while biochar induced a negative priming effect (protection). Physical weathering of both materials led to an increase of stability and a decrease of the priming effect, highlighting the importance of environmental factors in evaluation of strategies for sequestering carbon. Charcoal kiln soils were used as a model for long-term study of the input of biochar in soil after several centuries. Their analysis showed that the contribution of biochar sustainably improves the physicochemical properties of the soil, such as clay content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and soluble carbon. However, after several centuries of biochar amendment, microbial communities showed no specific adaptation to the degradation of a new biochar input. In this soil model, the input of plant residues resulted in a negative priming effect. Thus, the contribution of biochar in generating specific conditions, allows the maintenance of microbial communities with the ability to switch of substrates, for a new source of substrates more easily degradable. Further works are needed to assess the stability of biochar in soil-plant system
Razakamanarivo, Ramarson Herintsitohaina. "Potentialités de stockage du carbone dans le système plante-sol des plantations d'eucalyptus des hautes terres malgaches." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0028.
Full textHerfurth, Damien. "Impact des pratiques de gestion sur le stockage du Carbone dans le sol des écosystèmes prairiaux." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22589/document.
Full textThe fast increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, due to human activities is consider as the main cause of actual climate change. Terrestrial ecosystem are considered as a huge "sink" of C and may contribute to decrease greenhouse gases. Permanent grasslands cover 40% of land and their soil may contribute to sequester C (GIEC 2001). However, the processes involved and their regulations remain to be specified. The aim of the thesis was to analyze the effect of grazing management on soil C storage. This analysis was made from data acquired on two long term permanent grassland sites (SOERE ACBB) and by studying C fluxes between the different agroecosystem compartments under different grazing intensities for i) estimating our capacity to measure soil C storage after 10 years of grazing treatments by comparing two methods (soil inventories vs net carbon storage measurements), ii) to provide knowledge on the mechanisms and regulations affecting the dynamics of soil C sequestration. Comparing results of both methods, measurements indicated a net C sequestration in soil, with an average sequestration rate of 2.21 t C ha-1 yr-1 and 2.29 t C ha-1 year-1 and no significant difference between treatment but a tendency to a higher sequestration with more intensive management. Each method provides access to different information. The approach with flux towers allows a better understanding of the role and interactions between climate and practices on C fluxes in grasslands. Soil inventories showed carbon is store in deeper soil layers. While plant communities have evolved as a result of differentiated grazing treatments, measurements show no changes in total C stocks and particulate organic matter. Analysis of C fluxes after 7 years of differentiate grazing treatments, showed that treatments with low or zero grazing intensity led to a reduction of carbon fluxes between the compartments of the continuum of degradation, while carbon stocks in roots and POM were not affected by treatments. A complementary study conducted to estimate root production indicates that the response of roots (stocks and production) and stocks of particulate organic matter may be partly decoupled from the response of the aerial vegetation compartment. This study indicates that a more integrative approach on ecosystem functioning is necessary to increase our ability to predict the impact of management practices on C storage in grassland
Maillard, Émilie. "Évaluation des changements quantitatifs et qualitatifs du stock de carbone du sol après l’application d’effluents d'élevage." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25374.
Full textFor both agronomic and environmental purposes, it is important to quantify the response of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks to animal manure application. The objectives of this PhD thesis were : 1/ To quantify the response of SOC stocks to manure application from a large worldwide pool of individual studies, and to assess the impact of explanatory factors such as climate, soil properties, land use and manure characteristics; 2/ To determine the influence of tillage and cropping systems on the response of SOC stocks to the application of liquid dairy manure (LDM); 3/ To determine the impact of LDM on SOC stocks in the whole soil and specific physical fractions corresponding to different levels of protection. The meta-analysis (chapter 1) suggests that overall, at the global scale, animal manure application results in significantly larger SOC stocks compared to mineral fertilization or unamended control. The magnitude of SOC stock response to manure application depends mainly on the cumulative manure-C input. Climate also influenced the SOC stock response but its effect could not be decoupled from that of manure-C input. At a local scale, 15 and 21 years of LDM application resulted in significantly higher SOC stocks compared to an unamended control (chapter 3) or mineral fertilization (chapters 2 and 3). For both sites, the LDM effect was limited to the topsoil (down to 20- or 30-cm). In Normandin (QC), the magnitude of the SOC stock response to LDM was dependent on crop sequence, with a much greater effect of LDM application in SOC stocks in the perennial-based rotation than in the cereal monoculture (chapter 2). In Agassiz (BC), the magnitude of the SOC stock response was dependent on manure C input and this response seemed to be smaller with the combined application of LDM and mineral fertilization (chapter 3). In addition, LDM application favoured the incorporation of C in relatively protected fractions of organic matter.
Gras, Antoine. "Séquestration du CO₂ associée aux phénomènes de minéralisation passive du carbone dans les résidus miniers du Projet Dumont Nickel (Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Québec, Canada)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30265.
Full textThe implication of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in climate change is now widely accepted and solutions are emerging in order to limit the accumulation of CO2. Carbon mineralization, which allows the sequestration of CO2 through carbonate precipitation, stable minerals over geological time scales, is one of the options considered. Among the proposed carbon mineralization pathways, passive carbon mineralization in ultramafic mining residues can potentially lead to developing carbon-neutral mines. However, the impacts on leachate water quality and evolution of sequestration capacity in natural conditions, on medium and large scales, are still poorly documented. RNC Minerals plans to mine a nickel deposit located in the northwestern part of Quebec. The operation at the Dumont Nickel Project (DNP) would produce approximately 1.7 Gt of ultramafic mining residues. Several factors which influence the carbon sequestration capacity of the DNP residues have been studied in the laboratory, at variable CO2 concentrations. In this study, the processes of passive carbon mineralization in the DNP mining residues are described and the atmospheric CO2 sequestration capacity is estimated, at the experimental cell scale, under natural conditions. In order to study the impacts of meteoric weathering of the DNP residues, two experimental cells were built and instrumented. The first cell EC-1, contains the ultramafic waste rock, and the second EC-2, was filled with milling residues (Tailings). The hydrogeological properties and surface area of the residues contained in the two cells are different whereas the mineralogy is similar. The main minerals in the residues are chrysotile, lizardite, brucite, chlorite and magnetite. Between 2011 and 2015, changes in CO2 concentrations, mineralogy, and chemical composition of leachate waters were recorded. Monitoring of CO2 concentrations showed a decrease in CO2 concentration from the surface (~ 390 ppmv) to the bottom of the cells (~ 100 ppmv). At the same time, the carbon content in the weathered residues increased and the mineralogical analyses revealed precipitation of several magnesium carbonates such as hydromagnesite. These observations indicate that passive mineral carbonation of the mining residues is occurring within the experimental cells, for which three potential sources of CO2 can be identified : (1) the atmosphere, (2) the CO2(g) produced from organic matter oxydation, and (3) CO2(g) produced from carbonate dissolution. The isotopic compositions of CO2(g) and newly formed carbonates were measured. Using these isotopic compositions it was possible to demonstrate that dissolution of CO2(g) in interstitial water limits the sequestration capacity and that atmospheric CO2 is the main source of the CO2 sequestered. Despite the differences between the two experimental cells the same processes control CO2 sequestration. A conceptual model of the carbon mineralization reactions, including evolution of the isotopic compositions, is proposed. The leachate water sampled at the bottom of the experimental cells, between May and November since 2011, is characterized by an alkaline pH (~9.5), a high alkalinity (~90 to ~750 mg/L CaCO3) and a high concentration of magnesium (~50 at ~750 mg/L). This composition is consistent with weathering of ultramafic rocks in a system open to CO2. Since 2012, the chemical composition of the leachate water was evolved seasonnaly. These seasonal variations are explained by: (1) recharge and temeprature variations over the year and (2) increased carbonate precipitation between May and July. The seasonal decrease of alkalinity and magnesium concentrations, caused by increased carbonate precipitation, induces undersaturation of carbonate minerals. Therefore carbonate precipitation self-limits carbon sequestration through a negative feed-back loop. Since 2011, an estimated 13 kg of atmospheric CO2 was sequestered in the milling residues from EC-2, which corresponds to a mean rate of 1,4 (+/- 0.3) kgCO2/tonne/year. Using this mean rate, during the mining operation the milling residues will sequester about 21 kt of atmospheric CO2 each year, which will represents one quarter of the 127,700 tonnes of CO2 emitted. Using MIN3P, a numerical model which allow to simulate multi-component and multiphase reactive transport in unsaturated porous media, the carbon mineralization reactions were simulated in 1D at the center of cell EC-2. The data collected during the 4 years of monitoring were used to calibrate the numerical model. However, none of the simulations allowed to reproduce the evolution of the leachate water geochemistry and the CO2 concentrations observed in the experimental cell. Several simplifications of the conceptual model could explain the differences with the observed data.
Maillard, Émilie. "Impacts à moyen terme (20 ans) de traitements sylvicoles intensifs sur la séquestration et la stabilité du carbone du sol." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20734.
Full textFontaine, Florian. "Composites à matrice carbone-oxyde et carbone-nitrure : thermodynamique de l'élaboration et son impact sur les propriétés physico-chimiques, thermiques et mécaniques des composites." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14217/document.
Full textCarbon/carbon composites exhibit excellent mechanical and thermal properties at high temperature that make them espe-cially suitable for ablation or friction pieces. Their sensitivity toward oxidation above 400°C has lead to the will of doping them with refractory ceramics that are nonoxidizable or with a high oxidation temperature. The sol-gel process allowed to introduce 1 % in volume of titanium or aluminum oxide or nitride in the matrix. Nitrides are obtained by carbothermal nitridation of the oxide films. Two types of sols were used: the “standard” ones and those with extra sucrose. Sucrose is added to prevent pyrocarbon consumption during the nitridation. Furthermore, it was shown that it has an impact on the nitridation rate. Charged composites are then densified by Chemical Vapor Infiltration, which induces phases transforma-tions that were predicted by thermodynamics: titanium nitride films are partially carburized (formation of titanium carbonitride) and titanium dioxide films are reduced (formation of titanium oxycarbide). Aluminum-based films are more stable and don’t undergo any transformation. Thermal diffusivity of the as-synthesized composites is not much modified by the addition of these ceramics while the tensile and compressive strength are slightly increased. By the way, composites are hardened. Their oxidation kinetics is slowed down. Aluminum-rich composites exhibit a weight loss divided by two compared to the C/C reference. All those properties are directly, or not, linked to the composition of the sols, in particular to their sucrose content. Indeed, it was shown that sucrose-containing sols rather jellify on the surface of the composite, thus preventing the diffusion of precursor gases to the heart of the pieces. The final porosity is then modified. The porosity has an important impact on the compressive strength, thermal diffusivity and oxidation kinetics of the synthesized composites