Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Minéralisation du carbone organique des sols'
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Keraval, Benoît. "Les métabolismes oxydatifs extracellulaires : une nouvelle vision des processus de minéralisation du carbone organique du sol." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22740/document.
Full textSallih, Zaher. "Relations entre activité rhizosphérique et décomposition de la matière organique des sols au niveau de la biomasse microbienne et de la minéralisation du carbone et de l'azote." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20138.
Full textTete, Kwami Emmanuel. "Dynamique intra-annuelle de la minéralisation du carbone organique dans les sols minéraux hydromorphes et à l’échelle du versant agricole." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARD075.
Full textGlobal warming is expected to affect soil water regime and their impact on soil organic matter dynamics. Hydromorphic minerals soils characterized by the alternation of water saturation and non-saturation conditions are the places of specific biogeochemical processes, regimes of carbon supply and they play an important role in carbon sequestration. However, very few studies have addressed the dynamics of organic carbon (C) mineralization in these soils and the role of water regime. The general objective of the thesis is to characterize the effects of hydromorphic soil water regime on the dynamics of C mineralization to the intra-annual scale and in an agricultural context. The studied site is an agricultural hillslope which is one of the sites of Environment research Observatory (ORE AgrHys) located in the Kerrolland locality (Naizin, France). It presents a juxtaposition of poorly-drained hydromorphic area and well-drained area, with different soil water regimes. The effects of the durations of saturation and transient saturation conditions (alternation of saturation and non-saturation conditions), characteristics of hydromorphic minerals soils, on C dynamics (dynamics of mineralization rate, dynamics of CO2 emissions, organic and inorganic dissolved dynamics and coupled nitrogen dynamics) were evaluated through incubation experiments. Furthermore, in-situ measurements of soil CO2 effluxes during one year, were performed in order to characterize the effects of soil drainage and hydromorphic gradient on the spatio-temporal variability of C mineralization across the studied hillslope. In incubation conditions, C mineralization in saturation conditions was two times lower than non-saturation conditions. In saturations conditions, C mineralization dynamics was unaffected by the durations of saturation, contrary to the dynamics of C mineralization during desaturation. Saturation conditions favored production and accumulation of labile organic compounds whose rapid mineralization during desaturation resulted in flush of CO2 emissions. Therefore, more the duration of previous saturation conditions is long more the C mineralization rate during desaturation is high. Transient saturation conditions resulted in an increase in the total amount of C mineralized, that reached the same orders of magnitude than that of soils maintained in non-saturation conditions. In-situ, depending on the season, well-drained soil CO2 effluxes were two to five times higher than that of hydromorphic minerals soils. At annual-scale, the soil water regime of hydromorphic minerals soils induced 37 to 41% reduction in CO2–C emissions compared with well-drained soils. This study contributes to understand the role of soil water regime in the dynamics of C mineralization in hydromorphic minerals soils. These results may be used to identify the role of hydromorphic soils
Hellequin, Eve. "Effets des biostimulants sur le fonctionnement biologique de sols d’agrosystèmes : réponses des communautés microbiennes et dynamique de minéralisation du carbone organique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B029.
Full textModern agriculture is undergoing important changes toward agroecological practices that rely on biodiversity and ecological processes. In agrosystems, the organic matter is the key of the soil fertility and an important reserve of carbon. Organic fertilization by crop residues is therefore an agricultural practice that improve the organic matter content in soil. Soil microorganisms have an important role in the organic carbon (orgC) dynamic because they are key players of its mineralization and are involved in the nutrients recycling. Thus, the use of agricultural biostimulant (BS) intended to enhance this microbial function is proposed as an alternative solution to improve indirectly plant growth while reducing chemical inputs. This thesis aimed to i) identify the effect of soil biostimulant on heterotrophic microbial communities, the orgC mineralization and the nutrient releases, ii) evaluate its genericity by testing different experimental conditions and iii) identify the environmental filters that control both the microbial communities and the mineralization function. We showed that the orgC dynamic was different according to contrasted physico-chemical and biological characteristics of different soils. We showed that plants can also influence the orgC dynamic by returning litter to the soil and through its root effect on the bacterial and fungal communities. Unlike plants, the amount of orgC provided by the two tested BS was negligible. However, we evaluated the effect of one BS as at least similar or even higher than those of plant on active bacterial and fungal abundances, richness and diversity. Among the two BS tested we showed that one enhanced the orgC mineralization by recruiting indigenous soil bacterial and fungal decomposers and that the other did not affect the orgC mineralization but activated indigenous soil plant-growth-promoting bacteria as well as soil bacterial and fungal decomposers. Furthermore, our study call for new normative methodological and systemic approach by monitoring simultaneously several descriptors for advancing our knowledge on BS action on microbial soil functioning
Guenet, Bertrand. "Interactions entre les entrées de matières organiques fraîches et la minéralisation des matières organiques des sols." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066445.
Full textFontaine, Sébastien. "Rôle des composés énergétiques sur la minéralisation des matières organiques du sol : Conceptualisation, modélisation expérimentales et conséquences." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INAP0052.
Full textYemadje, Pierrot Lionel. "Influence des cycles humectation-dessiccation sur la minéralisation du carbone : cas de la zone cotonnière du Nord Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS209/document.
Full textSoil as a major storage component for terrestrial ecosystem’s organic carbon plays an important role in regulating climate and agricultural production. Any variation of carbon fluxes between the atmosphere and the terrestrial ecosystem can have a significant impact on the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere but also the decrease in soil organic matter and thus accelarate soil fertility degradation. In northern Cameroon, the transition period between long dry periods with a wet season is characterized by very irregular rainfall that can last several weeks. These wetting-drying cycles can accentuate the mineralization of soil organic carbon and nutrient cycling. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of wet-dry cycles on carbon mineralization in a sudano-sahelian context. From methodological stand field measurements require to study the soil respiration variation over 24 hours after a wet period. This methodological test has shown that soil respiration has a quadratic curve during the day, becoming almost linear during the night. The temperature and soil moisture have explained together the variation over 24 hours (at least 73% ; p< 0.001). These observations have been used to propose a method for estimating the mean daytime and nighttime soil respiration after wetting the soil. Indeed the method proposed in this study has the advantage of being based on a small number of measurements and is, therefore, easier to implement to monitor 24-h soil respiration after the first rains following a long dry period. A first experiment has shown that the wetting of the soil and mulching increased soil carbon mineralization. However, wetting-drying cycles on soil did not increase the cumulative mineralization of soil carbon more than keeping the soil continuously moist. Indeed, in northern Cameroon, the rapid mineralization of crop residues makes it difficult to increase soil carbon stocks by mulching. In a second laboratory experiment, the wetting-drying cycles did not increase organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization from soils added with straw. However, carbon dioxide emissions increased on straw amended soils compared to soils without straw. This addition of the labeled straw increased mineralization of soil organic matter (priming effect). The mineralization of the straw also decreased with the wetting-drying cycles, thus the amount of straw remaining on soils was 102 µg C g-1 soil on re-wetted soils compared to 48 µg C g-1 soil for those with constant moisture. The lack of response for C and N mineralization during wetting-drying cycles may be linked to a decrease of microbial activity during dry periods and the lack of a steady increase in the carbon mineralization rate with subsequent wetting-drying cycles
Juarez, Sabrina. "Régulations biotiques et abiotiques de la décomposition des matières organiques des sols." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01049725.
Full textNiknahad, Ghar Makher Hamid. "Minéralisation du soufre associée à la décomposition des matières organiques dans les sols et relations avec les dynamiques du carbone et de l'azote." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGPT0051.
Full textGauthier, Anthony. "Production et devenir des matières organiques dissoutes dans les hydrosystèmes faiblement anthropisés." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450229.
Full textPerveen, Nazia. "Intégration de l'écologie microbienne dans les modèles biogéochimiques : conséquences pour les prévisions du stockage du Carbone et la fertilité des sols." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066340.
Full textIntegration of the priming effect* (PE) in ecosystem models is crucial to better predict the consequences of global change on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and its feedbacks on climate. Over the last decade, many attempts have been made to model PE in soil. However, some basic knowledge to model the PE is lacking such as the relationship between decomposition rate of soil organic matter (SOM) and microbial biomass (MB). Moreover, the PE has never been inserted in a plant-soil model to analyze its role on plant-soil interactions. The main objectives of this thesis were to 1) integrate the activity, biomass and diversity of soil microorganisms in models of ecosystem C and nitrogen (N) dynamics in order to simulate the PE, and 2) determine the consequence of this integration for ecosystem functioning and response to global change. These objectives were achieved thanks to the combination of diverse approaches such as modeling, experimentation and statistical. In a lab experiment, I show that the rate of SOM decomposition increases 1) linearly with MB, and 2) with a saturating effect with SOM content. The linear response of SOM decomposition to MB is explained by the very limited microbial colonization of SOM reserves. However, the positive effect of SOM content on decomposition rate indicates that the local availability of SOM may be limiting for microbial mineralization. The observed co-limitation of SOM decomposition was accurately modeled with the Michaelis-Menten equation. Finally, incorporating this equation in a simple model of soil C dynamics explained how carbon often continuously accumulates in undisturbed soils whereas it reaches steady state in cultivated soils. Moreover, I present the first parameterized PE embedding plant-soil model (SYMPHONY) which provides realistic predictions on forage production, soil C storage and N leaching for a permanent grassland. SYMPHONY also shows that plant persistence depends on a fine adjustment of microbial mineralization of SOM to plant nutrient uptake. This fine adjustment was modeled by considering the destruction of SOM through PE and the interactions between two microbial functional groups: SOM-decomposers and SOM-builders. Moreover, consistent with recent observations, SYMPHONY explains how elevated CO2 induce modification of soil microbial communities leading to an intensification of SOM mineralization and a decrease in the soil C stock
Niknahad, ghar makher Hamid. "Minéralisation du soufre associée à la décomposition des matières organiques dans les sols et relations avec les dynamiques du carbone et de l'azote." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004764.
Full textVersini, Antoine. "Effet de la manipulation des litières aériennes sur les cycles du C et de N dans les sols en plantation d'Eucalyptus au Congo." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0240/document.
Full textIn the last decades, fast-growing plantations have emerged as an important option to supply a growing share of the increasing demand for woody forest products and as an alternative to reduce the pressure on tropical rainforests. A major stake is nowadays to ensure the sustainability of these plantations often established on poor soils with large amounts of biomass exported every 6-7 years. Aboveground litters may play a crucial role on the mineral and the organic soil fertility which drive short- and long-term productivity in these tropical ecosystems. The main objective of our study was to identify the mechanisms involved in the Eucalyptus growth response to aboveground litter removal or addition over the two first years after planting. Apart from measurements of tree growth, the dynamic of nitrogen (N) mineralization in decomposing harvest residues has been studied in several experiments. Nutrient fluxes in soil solutions were compared to nutrient stocks initially contained in ecosystem compartments and to nutrient content within trees at age two years. A complete recovery budget of 15N brought within residues at the harvest was made at the stand scale. The long-term impact of aboveground litter manipulations on soil OM stocks was also assessed. Standard soil analyses (C&N) as well as a complete partitioning of soil CO2 efflux were carried out. The qualitative and quantitative dynamics of dissolved OM received special attention. The results show that the rapid release of potassium and the more progressive release of N contained in aboveground litter largely explain tree growth differences observed among OM management treatments. Eucalyptus tree considerably benefit from the nutrient released throughout litter decomposition since losses by deep drainage were very low as a consequence of soil depth and of the very fast development of roots both in the deep soil layers and in the organic layer. Our study also highlighted the large contribution of the topsoil OM (0-15 cm) for the production of nitrate and dissolved OM in gravitational soil solutions. The use of 15N labelling demonstrated that N is initially retained within the organic layer probably by microbial immobilization; transferred in simultaneous and balanced ways between organic residues components (leaves, barks and branches); and finally transported in particulate OM toward the mineral topsoil layer by gravitational water, supplying thus the soil OM pool on which the soil fertility relies. The retention of aboveground litter contributed to maintain soil OM stocks after the clear-cutting while its removal led to an initial decrease in soil OM stocks at the beginning of the rotation, which seemed to be balanced thereafter by litterfall inputs. The addition of litter led to an increase in dissolved OM fluxes in the first 15 centimeters of the soil profile which remained insignificant in comparison with soil OM stocks and exhibited low interactions with soil OM. Despite the rapid recovery of the soil OM pool, some nutrients might limit the productivity of these plantations after several rotations, as a result of repeated biomass exportation. Consequently, the retention of organic residues at the harvest should be optimized and the exportation of woody biomass must be compensated by fertiliser addition, burning of organic residues must be prohibited and wild fires prevented
Belhadj, Brahim Ali. "Influence des constituants alumineux et ferriques non cristallins sur les cycles du carbone et de l'azote dans les sols montagnards acides." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376027521.
Full textOorts, Katrien. "Effet de travail du sol sur les stocks et flux de C et N dans un sol limoneux de grandes cultures du bassin Parisien." Phd thesis, Institut national agronomique paris-grignon - INA P-G, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011985.
Full textDrozdova, Olga. "Minéralisation des colloïdes du sol par les bactéries hétérotrophes aérobies du sol." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30244.
Full textMultidisciplinary approach for the study of the biogeochemical cycles of the main elements in soils and waters controlled by the activity of microorganisms (by uptake/release of cells or in the process of degradation of dissolved organic matter) was used in the thesis. The innovation of this work is to study the effect of microbial activity (soil typical aerobic bacteria Pseudomonas) on the biogeochemical cycles of elements due to take place geochemical, physical, chemical and microbiological processes. The simultaneous study of the biogeochemical cycles of elements and parameters of biological activity will allow us to predict the response of natural systems to climate change and human-induced disturbance (organic or metallic contamination). Field studies were accompanied by detailed laboratory studies of the reaction mechanisms. The thesis considers to the study of physical and chemical processes using of experimental modeling of the degradation of organic matter in soil extracts and to the study of the quantitative relation between the degradation of organic matter by heterotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas and cycles elements
Bekayo, N. Derla. "Effet des alternances dessiccation-réhumidification des sols sur la minéralisation du carbone et de l’azote des sols : importance et origine du surcroît de minéralisation." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10195.
Full textFollain, Stéphane. "Effet du réseau bocager sur l'organisation des sols. Redistributions des sols et stockage en carbone organique." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130432.
Full textLes objectifs de ce travail étaient de comprendre et de quantifier à l'échelle d'un paysage bocager, l'effet du système talus/haie sur l'organisation des sols et sur les stocks de carbone organique associés, ainsi que de décrire la dynamique des processus spatiaux qui ont conduit aux organisations observées.
Pour y parvenir, la démarche adoptée a combiné trois approches complémentaires. Tout d'abord, nous avons conduit une étude de terrain dans un paysage bocager historiquement documenté et offrant des conditions topo-paysagères contrastées avec pour but une caractérisation spatiale de l'effet du réseau bocager qui prenne en compte l'action de l'homme et la nature tridimensionnelle de la couverture pédologique à l'échelle du paysage.
Ensuite, nous avons couplé des approches de datation relative (analyse de documents historiques et géométrie des horizons) et absolue (carbone-14, césium-137), complémentaires des approches spatiales, pour dater les sols et analyser la dynamique des processus à l'origine des modifications de leur
organisation spatiale.
Cette prise en compte de la dimension temporelle était nécessaire pour améliorer notre compréhension des processus de redistribution en sol et nous permettre d'engager une modélisation spatiale et temporelle simulant des évolutions du paysage bocager en fonction de différents scénarii d'occupation des sols.
Follain, Stéphane. "Effet du réseau bocager sur l'organisation des sols : redistributions des sols et stockage en carbone organique /." Rennes : Éd. de Géosciences Rennes, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401902122.
Full textContient aussi un texte en anglais. Bibliogr. p. 217-228. Résumé en français et en anglais.
Follain, Stéphane. "Effet du résesau bocager sur l'organisation des sols. : Redistributions des sols et stockage en carbone organique." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NSARD046.
Full textThe effect of hedgerow network on soil organisation at landscape scale is still unclear as most studies have been done in 2D focusing on situations with hedges perpendicular to the steepest slope. Therefore extrapolation at the whole landscape induces a wrong estimation of the hedgerow network effect at the landscape scale. Aims of this study were to understand and quantify at landscape scale, the effect of the hedgerwo network on soil organisation and on asociated soil organic carbon stocks and to desribe the dynamic of spatial processes responsible for these organisations. The adopted strategy has combined three complementary approaches. First a field study was carried out in an hedgerow network landscape historically documented, having contrated topographical and landscape situations. This in order to obtain a spatial caracterisation of hedgerow networks which take into account human activities and three dimensional nature of the pedological covre at landscape scale. We combined relative dating approaches (analysis of historical documents and of soil geometry) and absolute dating technique (14-carbon, 137-Caesium), complementary to the spatial approaches. These techniques allowed us to date the organo-mineral horizons of the soil cover and to analyse the dynamic of processes responsible for modifications of the soil spatial organisation
Dion, Pierre-Paul, and Pierre-Paul Dion. "Minéralisation et prélèvement direct de l'azote organique dans les cultures légumières biologiques en serre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37893.
Full textDevant la complexité du cycle de l’azote (N) et la variété de ses formes disponibles dans le sol, la planification de la fertilisation de cet élément repose sur des calculs et considérations complexes. La fertilisation biologique a de particulier que l’N est apporté sous forme organique, alors que les plantes le prélèvent principalement sous forme minérale. La disponibilité de l’N repose donc sur une minéralisation efficace des amendements. Cette situation peut mener des producteurs à surfertiliser, entraînant des pertes financières et d’N dans l’environnement. Parvenir à une meilleure synchronisation de la minéralisation de l’N avec les besoins de la plante est donc crucial pour le développement de la serriculture biologique, où les besoins en azote des cultures sont de loin plus élevés qu’au champ. De plus, la capacité de certaines plantes à prélever directement l’N sous forme organique est souvent considérée négligeable en agriculture, mais pourrait être plus importante qu’on ne le croit, contribuant ainsi substantiellement au bilan d’N de la plante. Les objectifs généraux de ma thèse étaient de : (1) évaluer les taux de minéralisation de fertilisants biologiques couramment utilisés en culture légumière sous serre au Québec ; (2) étudier l’impact de différentes sources fertilisantes sur la biodiversité des bactéries du sol ; (3) étudier la capacité du concombre à prélever l’N directement sous forme organique ; et (4) développer et valider un outil de gestion de la fertilisation biologique azotée. Une expérience d’incubation de cinq fertilisants biologiques d’usage commun en serriculture biologique a été menée. La minéralisation de l’N a plafonné dans un sol minéral et un substrat tourbeux à, respectivement, 41 et 63 % de l’N appliqué pour le fumier de poule granulé, 56-93 % pour la farine de sang, 54-81 % pour la farine de plume, 34-43 % pour la farine de luzerne et 57-73 % pour la farine de crevette. Dans un sol minéral, la biodiversité bactérienne alpha (indice Shannon) a été augmentée par l’apport de farine de luzerne, alors que dans un substrat organique à base de tourbe, ce sont la farine de crevette et le fumier de poule granulé qui l’ont le plus augmentée. En se basant sur ces résultats, le modèle NLOS a été adapté à la serriculture biologique pour produire le nouveau modèle NLOS-OG. Cet outil a été validé en serres expérimentales et commerciales et a permis une prédiction satisfaisante de la disponibilité d’N minéral pour une culture en sol minéral, ainsi que de la minéralisation cumulative de fertilisants appliqués dans un sol ou un substrat tourbeux. Par contre, de la recherche spécifique à la dynamique de l’eau dans les cultures biologiques en contenants sera nécessaire afin de prédire adéquatement la disponibilité de l’azote dans ce système. Une interface web est disponible pour les agronomes et producteurs (https://exchange.iseesystems. com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/). Le contenu en C et N solubles du substrat biologique d’une culture de concombre en serre biologique a été positivement corrélé au contenu en C et N organiques de la sève du xylème et aux solides solubles du fruit, suggérant un prélèvement et un transfert de C et N organiques vers les parties aériennes et les fruits. Dans une seconde expérience, en milieu contrôlé, de jeunes plants de concombre ont été exposés à une solution d’alanine enrichie en 13C et 15N. En combinant l’utilisation de molécules marquées à une position spécifique (Position-specific labelling) et l’analyse isotopique spécifique au composé (Compound-specific isotopic analysis), nous avons développé une approche innovatrice permettant de suivre le métabolisme de l’assimilation de l’N issu d’un acide aminé prélevé par les racines. Nous avons ainsi démontré que les racines peuvent prélever et assimiler l’N sous forme organique, surtout en situation de rareté de l’N. Elles ont toutefois une nette préférence pour les formes inorganiques (nitrate et ammonium). Les contributions scientifiques découlant de cette étude doctorale sont : (1) une meilleure connaissance de la minéralisation des fertilisants biologiques azotés ; (2) l’intégration de ces taux de minéralisation dans un outil de gestion de l’N applicable en serriculture biologique; et (3) une meilleure compréhension du prélèvement et de l’assimilation de l’azote organique par des plants de concombre. Ces connaissances permettront une meilleure planification de la fertilisation à base de matière organique, et par conséquent un accroissement de la durabilité de la serriculture biologique.
Because of the complexity of the nitrogen (N) cycle and the diversity of its molecule forms in the soil, N fertilization management is based on complex calculations and considerations. For organic farming, N is provided via organic amendments and biological fixation. However, lack of precise tools that predict the N mineralization rate of N sources leads some producers to over-fertilize, resulting in the buildup of salinity, N leaching and possible loss of profits. Consequently, better knowledge of N availability following organic fertilization, to improve synchronization of N supply with crop N demand, is crucial to advance sustainable organic horticulture. In addition, the capacity of plants to take up N directly as organic molecules is seldom considered in agriculture and could be higher than previously thought, contributing significantly to the plant’s N budget. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) evaluate the mineralization rates from organic fertilizers commonly used in greenhouse vegetable horticulture in Quebec; (2) study the impact of different fertilizer sources on soil bacterial diversity; (3) study the capacity of cucumber plants to take up and assimilate N directly as organic molecules; and (4) develop and validate a N management tool for organic fertilization. An incubation experiment with five organic fertilizers commonly used in organic greenhouse horticulture was performed. Nitrogen mineralization plateaued for a mineral soil and a peat substrate at respectively 41 and 63% of applied N for pelleted poultry manure, 56-93% for blood meal, 54-81% for feather meal, 34-53% for alfalfa meal, and 57-73% for shrimp meal. Organic fertilizers supported markedly contrasted bacterial communities, closely linked to soil biochemical properties, especially mineral N, pH and soluble C. Alfalfa meal promoted the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index) in the mineral soil, whereas shrimp meal and pelleted poultry manure increased it in the peat-based growing medium. Based on those results, we adapted the NLOS model to organic greenhouse horticulture and developed the new model NLOS-OG. This tool was validated in commercial and experimental greenhouses. It yielded a satisfying prediction of mineral N availability in a greenhouse crop grown in native mineral soil, and for the cumulative mineralization of fertilizers applied in a soil or organic substrate. However, further research should focus on water dynamics in containerized organic crops in order to achieve a precise prediction of N availability in that cropping system. A free web interface for NLOS-OG is now available for agronomists and growers (https://exchange. iseesystems.com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/).In a greenhouse experiment, the C and N content of soil solution was positively linked to the xylem sap C and N content of mature cucumber plants and appeared to contribute to the accumulation of soluble solids in cucumber fruits, suggesting uptake and transfer of soil soluble organic N and C to the shoot and fruits. In a second experiment, in a growth chamber, young cucumber plants were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labelled alanine. By combining two methods, i.e., the use of Position-specific labelling (PSL) of alanine and Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of free amino acids, we developed a novel approach allowing the study of the mechanism of the assimilatory metabolism of an amino acid taken up by the roots. We demonstrated that their roots can take up and assimilate N as organic molecules, although they showed a preference for inorganic N forms (nitrate and ammonium). The scientific contributions from this doctoral study are: (1) a better knowledge of the nitrogen release from nitrogen organic fertilizers; (2) the integration of mineralization rates into a N management tool adapted to organic greenhouse horticulture; and (3) a better understanding of the uptake and assimilation of organic N by cucumber plants. This knowledge will contribute to a better planning of N fertilization based on organic matter, thus increasing the sustainability of organic greenhouse horticulture.
Because of the complexity of the nitrogen (N) cycle and the diversity of its molecule forms in the soil, N fertilization management is based on complex calculations and considerations. For organic farming, N is provided via organic amendments and biological fixation. However, lack of precise tools that predict the N mineralization rate of N sources leads some producers to over-fertilize, resulting in the buildup of salinity, N leaching and possible loss of profits. Consequently, better knowledge of N availability following organic fertilization, to improve synchronization of N supply with crop N demand, is crucial to advance sustainable organic horticulture. In addition, the capacity of plants to take up N directly as organic molecules is seldom considered in agriculture and could be higher than previously thought, contributing significantly to the plant’s N budget. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) evaluate the mineralization rates from organic fertilizers commonly used in greenhouse vegetable horticulture in Quebec; (2) study the impact of different fertilizer sources on soil bacterial diversity; (3) study the capacity of cucumber plants to take up and assimilate N directly as organic molecules; and (4) develop and validate a N management tool for organic fertilization. An incubation experiment with five organic fertilizers commonly used in organic greenhouse horticulture was performed. Nitrogen mineralization plateaued for a mineral soil and a peat substrate at respectively 41 and 63% of applied N for pelleted poultry manure, 56-93% for blood meal, 54-81% for feather meal, 34-53% for alfalfa meal, and 57-73% for shrimp meal. Organic fertilizers supported markedly contrasted bacterial communities, closely linked to soil biochemical properties, especially mineral N, pH and soluble C. Alfalfa meal promoted the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index) in the mineral soil, whereas shrimp meal and pelleted poultry manure increased it in the peat-based growing medium. Based on those results, we adapted the NLOS model to organic greenhouse horticulture and developed the new model NLOS-OG. This tool was validated in commercial and experimental greenhouses. It yielded a satisfying prediction of mineral N availability in a greenhouse crop grown in native mineral soil, and for the cumulative mineralization of fertilizers applied in a soil or organic substrate. However, further research should focus on water dynamics in containerized organic crops in order to achieve a precise prediction of N availability in that cropping system. A free web interface for NLOS-OG is now available for agronomists and growers (https://exchange. iseesystems.com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/).In a greenhouse experiment, the C and N content of soil solution was positively linked to the xylem sap C and N content of mature cucumber plants and appeared to contribute to the accumulation of soluble solids in cucumber fruits, suggesting uptake and transfer of soil soluble organic N and C to the shoot and fruits. In a second experiment, in a growth chamber, young cucumber plants were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labelled alanine. By combining two methods, i.e., the use of Position-specific labelling (PSL) of alanine and Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of free amino acids, we developed a novel approach allowing the study of the mechanism of the assimilatory metabolism of an amino acid taken up by the roots. We demonstrated that their roots can take up and assimilate N as organic molecules, although they showed a preference for inorganic N forms (nitrate and ammonium). The scientific contributions from this doctoral study are: (1) a better knowledge of the nitrogen release from nitrogen organic fertilizers; (2) the integration of mineralization rates into a N management tool adapted to organic greenhouse horticulture; and (3) a better understanding of the uptake and assimilation of organic N by cucumber plants. This knowledge will contribute to a better planning of N fertilization based on organic matter, thus increasing the sustainability of organic greenhouse horticulture.
Cambou, Aurélie. "Evaluation du stock et de la stabilité du carbone organique dans les sols urbains." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARD086/document.
Full textSoils are the largest terrestrial pool oforganic carbon and thus play a key role in mitigatingclimate change. The urban soils account for 3% of theworld’s territory and urbanization is currently theprimary cause of land use change. The increase ofartificial areas have led to a growing interest in theurban soil ability to store organic carbon. This workaimed to understand the contribution of urban soils tothe global organic carbon stock and to propose astandardized method for its monitoring. The researchalso focused on studying the stability of organic carbonin urban soils and modeling its dynamics. A databasewas built using data available at the French territorylevel as well as using additional measurements acquired in three French cities.The organic carbon stock in urban open soils aresimilar between cities, and equivalent, or even higherin depth, than that of surrounding forest soils. Thestock in open soils is particularly dependent upon themanagement methods of the urban green spaces,and on the specific site history. Thus, open urban soilsare characterized by a high proportion of labileorganic matter at 0-44 cm depth. Conversely, sealedsoils have very low carbon stocks. They arecharacterized by a high proportion of stable organicmatter whose evolution (storage or mineralization)depends on the dormant state of the microbialcommunities. A conceptual model of carbon dynamicsfor these two soil types has been developed. Finally,recommendations for optimizing carbon monitoringand urban soil management have been proposed
Rogeon, Hervé. "Influence de la gestion des sols sur la structure et la dynamique du carbone organique." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Rogeon-Herve/2010-Rogeon-Herve-These.pdf.
Full textCarbon dioxide sequestration in plant and carbon storage in soil and biomass could be considered as a complementary solution against the increase in concentration of gases responsible for climate change. The aim of this work is to understand the mechanisms of organic matter stabilization in the deepest horizons of soils. The influence of landuse, minerals and amendment with organic matter (compost) on the carbon dynamic has been studied. Four soils representing different landuses (grassland, forest and arable soil) were characterized. The organic matter decreases in amount with depth and becomes more refractory. The relatively high amount of organic matter in deep horizons is probably related to the strong presence of clays and to the low biological activity. The different vegetations seem to influence strongly the quantity of soil organic carbon while affecting slightly its quality. Indeed, the structural study of organic matter shows weak differences whereas the amount of carbon and lipids are more important in arable soil. The study of organomineral associations revealed that the bacterial contribution is more important in fine fractions. Amendment with organic matter of an arable soil affects the biological activity and improves its structural stability. The distribution of the different forms of organic matter has been modified and the presence of molecules originating from the compost in lipids and humic substances show an incorporation of exogenous carbon
Doupoux, Cédric. "Caractérisation et modélisation de la dynamique des stocks de matière organique profonde des sols amazoniens." Thesis, Toulon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUL0003/document.
Full textRecent results have shown that equatorial podzols store large amounts of carbon in their deep Bh horizons. This leads to two main questions: (1) how and at what kinetics these soils were formed, (2) how climate change could induce atmospheric carbon production that could impact the global climate system.In this context, we have developed a model that allows to constrain carbon fluxes both by the observed C stocks and their 14C age. In a sufficiently simplified situation, we have established a formal relationship between the C stock evolution and its 14C age. Applied to Amazonian podzols, our model has brought new and unexpected results. It has been shown that the surface horizons of the most hydromorphic podzolized areas are the largest contributors of MOD transferred to the hydrographic network then to the sea. It is observed that the formation of Bh is only possible by considering two compartments, fast and slow. The estimate of their formation time (low estimate) allowed to differentiate between relatively young podzols (formation time 15 – 25 ky) developed on relatively recent Holocene sediments and old podzols (formation 180 – 290 ky) developed on older sediments. The carbon accumulation rate in the studied podzols ranges from 0.54 to 3.17 gC m-2 y-1, which corresponds to a carbon sequestration around 3 1011 gC an-1, which is significant at the geological scales.Column percolation experiments allowed us to show the reactivity of the Bh material and the presence, despite very high C/N ratios (63 on average), of a significant bacterial activity which modifies the nature of the MOD which percolates through it. This MOD has the capacity to transport Al and Fe in the form of complex organometallic complexes capable of migrating through very kaolinitic materials. These results contribute to the understanding of the transfers of pedologically formed MOD in the deep aquifers.Under the hypothesis of the appearance of a climate with contrasting seasons, we have been able to show that a 90-day period without rain after the disappearance of the perched water-table would not allow to reach the point of entry of air by drying of superficial horizons. Nevertheless, assuming an air entry, the extrapolation of the experimentally measured mineralization rates under oxic conditions results in a production of atmospheric C around 2.0 1014 g of CO2 per year, which may involve a positive feedback from the global climate system
Gobé, Valérie. "Matière organique complexe du sol ; structure et rôle dans les processus d'humification du carbone xénobiotique." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2316.
Full textPersoneni, Emmanuelle. "Dynamique du carbone et de l'azote lors de la décomposition in situ de litières racinaires de graminées prairiales." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066263.
Full textTiruta-Barna, Ligia. "Thermodynamique des mélanges compose organique - solvant supercritique : application a la décontamination des sols pollués." Lyon, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAL0109.
Full textCarbon dioxide super critical extraction is applied to the remediation of soils contaminated by organic compounds. We have studied three aspects of the extraction process: 1) The calculation of solubility of organic compounds in super critical fluids. W e proposed a thermodynamic model which is based on the relations existing between the Helmholtz energy of pure components and the excess Helmholtz energy in a mixing process at constant packing fraction. The components may intervene in the equation of state of the mixture with varied equations of state. This model was applied to solid-fluid and liquid-fluid equilibria. A group contribution method was developed for hydrocarbon-carbon dioxide mixtures. 2) The adsorption equilibrium of biphenyl in soil in the presence of super critical carbon dioxide was studied experimentally and represented with the Bragg Williams lattice model. The adapted model allows adsorption calculation for a given set of temperature-pressure-fluid composition 3) For the kinetic study of the extraction, we used a soil artificially contaminated with biphenyl. In the soil, the pollutant is distributed between a precipitated phase and an adsorbed phase. Thus, the extraction model contains a dissolution kinetic term and a desorption kinetic term. The model parameters (the dissolution rate coefficient, the overall mass transfer coefficient between soil particles and the fluid and the fraction of precipitated biphenyl from the total quantity in soil) was estimated by fitting with experimental extraction data
Bortoluzzi, Edson Campanhola. "Nature des constituants, propriétés chimiques et physiques des sols : modélisation des charges superficielles dans des sols sableux au Sud du Brésil." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INAP0003.
Full textJolivet, Claudy. "Le carbone organique des sols des Landes de Gascogne : variabilité spatiale et effets des pratiques sylvicoles et agricoles." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS064.
Full textLavaud, Aurélien. "Extraction et caractérisation de la matière organique soluble des horizons profonds d'un sol arable." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Lavaud-Aurelien/2010-Lavaud-Aurelien-These.pdf.
Full textThe increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration due to the combustion of the fossil resources and deforestation is the major environmental problems today. To store carbon and thus to decrease the concentration of CO2 emitted by human activity in the atmosphere, it would be necessary to be able to operate the carbon sinks located in the continental biosphere. The largest carbon surface reservoir of the continental biosphere is the soil, which stores 1500 Mt carbon. The potential of French soil to store carbon is currently being evaluated for the plowed horizon, i. E the first 30 cm. However, recent studies showed that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored in horizons B and C. The precise role of soluble organic carbon or DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) in the stabilization and / or destabilization of carbon deep horizons is indispensable to adapt the methods of land management and cropping systems to increase the stock of carbon in soils. Despite abundant literature, studies on DOC are mainly limited to soils of forest ecosystems and especially in laboratory scale. The results were never confirmed on the ground. The overall objective of this thesis is to better define the proportion of soluble organic matter of different horizons of arable soil and indicate their main structural features. This work takes into account the importance of the mode of cultural practice and the impact of prolonged drought particularly in deep horizons. Different analytical techniques (spectrofluorimetry, chromatography size exclusion, pyrolysis GC / MS, 13C NMR) were used on waters collected at the lysimeter plates and porous candles but also HPO, TPH and HPI extracts, for characterizing the OM of deep horizons, while being based on existing work on surface water. The work showed that the OM of the deep horizons was characterized by low aromaticity, a lower molecular weight and by the presence of compound lignins types and terpenoids
Phan, Ha Hai An. "Transfert d’eau et de matière sur un petit bassin versant agricole du Nord Vietnam : suivis à l’échelle pluriannuelle et à l’échelle de la crue." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066718.
Full textQuilici, Laeticia. "Le carbone organique dans les mâchefers d'incinération d'ordures ménagères : extraction, structures et rôle sur l'environnement." Toulon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOUL0010.
Full textLn France, about 50 % of municipal solid wastes are incinerated (with or without energy recuperation). The main solid residue from incineration process is bottom ash. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash storage or valorisation poses an ecological and economic problem for industrials and local communities. This study is about characterisation of organic fraction present in MSWI bottom ash as well as its influence in short and long term behaviour of bottom ash. Differentia] Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is applied to speciation and evaluation of carbon in MSWI residues. This innovative recognition approach highlights and quantifies different types of carboned materials in bottom ash: Labile Organic Carbon (LOG) and Refractory Carbon (RC). Characterisation and dosage of organic compounds (paraffins, carboxylic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are realised with various extraction (traditional extraction (Soxhlet) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)) and identification (Gas Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MSD)) methods. This fine characterisation of organic matter has permitted to evaluate the short and long term available and mobilisable organic reservoir, and also the complexation possibility of some metals with carboxylic acids generously present in bottom ash. Moreover, any ecotoxicity tests performed on studied residues gets a new approach of bottom ash characterisation. A direct correlation with bottom ash physico-chemical parameters (usually studied) and its biotests responses is not possible. In opposite, a relation with carboxylic acids content and ecotoxic indice bottom ash is highlight
Payandi-Rolland, Dahédrey. "Biogéochimie du carbone organique dans les eaux de tourbières à pergélisols : une approche expérimentale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30266.
Full textThe anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere are held responsible for the current global warming experienced by the Earth. Given the amplified effect of warming in the northern regions, the main objective of this thesis is to assess the factors that could influence the organic matter (OM) degradation within a carbon-rich permafrost peatland. For this purpose, we studied the effect of biological and geochemical parameters, which are directly or indirectly influenced by climate change, on the degradation of OM. Field studies and experiments were carried out in discontinuous permafrost areas of Eastern Siberia and Sweden, along with laboratory experiments using substrates from these regions and from peatlands of NE Europe. Experiments were conducted as a function of temperature, bacterial biomass, OM origins, water bodies heterogeneity, vegetation type, freezing and thawing cycles, anoxic conditions and soil depths. The originality of this work consists in the combination of various (bio)geochemical analyses using both fieldwork and laboratory approaches linking the different systems controlling OM degradation in the natural environment (mainly microbiology and geochemistry). After an introduction dealing with possible positive feedback of OM degradation in northern peatlands on climate warming, the first chapter is dedicated to a general context giving an insight of the OM in the arctic region under climate change challenges and presenting all the techniques, analyses and methods employed for this thesis. The second chapter describes the three studied sites and the general fieldwork, which involved the study of OM behaviour during diel cycles. The third chapter tackles the origin of OM and the water bodies heterogeneity effect on the biodegradation of OM. The fourth chapter investigates the impact of freeze-thaw cycles of peatland water bodies on OM degradation during transitional periods, such as early spring and late autumn. Finally, the last chapter reports the result of aerobic and anaerobic experiments. The aerobic experiment tests the effect of temperature and heterotrophic bacteria on biodegradation, while the anaerobic experiment deals with the potential production of greenhouse gases from a soil profile collected in a peatland. The main results of this thesis highlight that i) during the night, small thermokarst lakes release up to three times more CO2 compared to day-time, and big lakes become a source of CO2 rather than a sink; ii) along a hydrological continuum, from supra-permafrost water to rivers through thermokarst lakes, the degradation rate of OM decreases and the biodegradability of waters increases; iii) recurrent freeze-thaw cycles during early spring and late autumn do not influence the degradation of carbon but favor the OM-metals complexes in neutral pH waters of large lakes and rivers; iv) temperatures during these transitional periods (4 °C) exhibit the same effect on biodegradation than the summer temperatures (25 °C); and v) when frozen peat thaws, it does not release a significantly different amount of CH4 and CO2 from biodegradation processes compared to the active layer. The studies carried out in this work bring an overview of the various direct and/or indirect effects of climate change on the OM transformation by biotic and abiotic factors in a discontinuous permafrost area. Furthermore, the study of carbon behaviour in wetlands soils and waters, as well as CO2 and CH4 emissions, may help to determine the influence of climate change on the interactions of biodegraded carbon from pedo- and hydrosphere with the atmosphere
Fujisaki, Kenji. "Devenir des stocks de carbone organique des sols après déforestation et mise en culture : une analyse diachronique en contexte amazonien." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0036/document.
Full textSoil organic carbon is a key component of soil quality, and represents a large part of the terrestrial carbon stock, sensitive to human perturbations including land-use change. In Amazonia, deforestation induces greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions due to vegetation burning, but SOC stocks also change, which can induce GHG emissions. We show that these changes are misunderstood at the biome scale, because of the chronosequence approach that induces uncertainties, and because of the lack of management data of the agrosystems established after deforestation. We studied here an agronomic trial with a diachronic approach in French Guiana, deforested with a fire-free method that returned large amount of forest organic matter. Three agrosystems were set up: a grassland and two annual crop systems (maize/soybean) with and without soil tillage. We aimed to measure the fate of forest carbon and of SOC in the agrosystems. SOC stocks fluctuations were assessed up to 5 years after deforestation in the layer 0-30 cm, and a comparison forest-agroecosystems in the layer 0-100 cm was done at 5 years. Decomposition of woody debris buried in the soil after deforestation was assessed by mass loss approach and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. SOC distribution in granulometric fractions was measured 4 years after deforestation. δ13C methods were used in the grassland soil to distinguish the carbon derived from forest or grassland. We found that carbon inputs from deforestation increased SOC stocks, but only at short-term because woody debris decomposition was fast and did not induce a mid-term SOC storage. Five years after deforestation SOC stocks in grassland are similar to the forest, thanks to carbon inputs from root activity. In the annual crops SOC stocks decrease of about 18 %, and no difference is found according to the soil tillage. The decay of forest soil carbon, which affected the whole granulometric fractions of SOC, is thus offset in grassland but not in annual crops. RothC model could be validated in our study, but slightly overestimated SOC stocks in annual crops. Replaced in the Amazonian context, our results showed that the SOC decrease here was lower than other studies across humid tropics. This can probably be explained by the optimal management of the agrosystems, and the short time lapse studied
Cardinael, Rémi. "Stockage de carbone et dynamique des matières organiques des sols en agroforesterie sous climat méditerranéen et tempéré." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLA003/document.
Full textAgroforestry is a land use type where trees are associated with crops and/or animals within the same field. This agroecosystem could help mitigating climate change, and also contribute to its adaptation. The goal of this thesis was to evaluate the potential of soil organic carbon storage under agroforestry systems. This study was performped at the oldest experimental site in France, a trial supervised by INRA since 1995, but also at farmers' fields. Soil organic carbon stocks were compared between agroforestry and agricultural plots, down to 2 m soil depth. All organic inputs to the soil were quantified (tree roots, leaf litter, crop roots and residues). The stability of additionnal stored carbon was caracterised with soil organic matter fractionation, and soil incubations. A model of soil organic carbon dynamic was described in order to better undrestand this dynamic in agroforestry, especially in deep soil layers. This study revealed the interest and the potential of agroforestry systems in increasing soil organic carbon stocks, with accumulation rates of 0.09 to 0.46 t C ha -1 yr -1. It also reveals the role of tree rows in this storage, and the importance of carbon inputs from root mortality. However, it raises concerns about the stability of this storage
Soto, Gerardo. "Statut organique des sols en milieu aride : étude de la région de Coquimbo (Chili)." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00444588.
Full textPeltre, Clément. "Potentialité de stockage de carbone dans les sols par apport de matières organiques exogènes." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00602825.
Full textL'étude de la composition chimique de la fraction dite soluble du fractionnement biochimique Van Soest a révélé que la nature chimique de cette fraction de MO change lors du traitement par compostage des MOEs: elle est très riche en polysaccharides en début de compostage et s'enrichit en MO riche en composés azotés stabilisés au cours du compostage.
Le potentiel d'utilisation de la spectroscopie proche infra-rouge (SPIR) pour caractériser les MOEs et leur devenir dans le sol a été étudié. Des prédictions satisfaisantes ont été obtenues pour les teneurs en C et N des MOEs ainsi que pour les fractions biochimiques Van Soest des MOEs. L'indicateur de stabilité de la MO (ISMO), estimateur de la fraction résiduelle de la MO des MOEs à long terme dans les sols, a été prédit de manière satisfaisante.
La potentialité de stockage de C à long terme dans un sol soumis à des apports répétés de MOEs a été étudiée en utilisant des résultats de 4 essais au champ de moyenne et longue durées. les apports répétés de MOEs ont entrainé des augmentations significatives des stocks de C dans les sols qui ont pu être reproduites de façon satisfaisante avec le modèle RothC qui a été ainsi paramétrés pour pouvoir simuler des apports de MOEs de types divers.
L'étude des changements dans la composition de la MOS suite à ces apports répétés de MOEs dans l'essai Qualiagro a révélé une modification préférentielle de la fraction de MOS particulaire de taille > 50 µm, en particulier par un enrichissement en lignine. La composition de la fraction de taille 0-50 µm est également modifiée mais dans une moindre mesure et de façon moins directement liée à la composition des MOEs apportées.
Valé, Mathieu. "Quantification et prédiction de la minéralisation nette de l'azote du sol in situ, sous divers pédoclimats et systèmes de culture français." Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000301/.
Full textLefèvre, Romain. "Matière organique stable du sol : dynamique et mécanismes de (dé)stabilisation." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066261/document.
Full textTo understand the fate of stable soil organic carbon (SOC) in a warmer world is a major challenge to be able to predict future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. To do so, it is of prime importance to understand what the stable SOC is exactly and how its mineralization rate is modulated by temperature. This thesis proposed to study (1) the temperature sensitivity of stable SOC mineralization; (2) the response of soil microbial communities to temperature and (3) to establish a link between SOC decomposability and its age. Soil samples from four long term bare fallow experiments were used for work. We incubated soils sampled at the beggining of each experiment and after several decades of bare fallow at different temperatures for 427 days and we regularly monitored soil respiration. At the end of the incubation, soil microbial communities were assessed using pyrosequencing techniques. Finally, we determined the age of soil organic carbon by radiocarbon dating in soil samples from the chrono-sequence located at Versailles, France. The results obtained brought evidence for a general relationship between the mineralization rate of soil organic carbon and its temperature sensitivity. We also found that microbial communities linked to stable organic carbon are more diverse but also more sensitive to a temperature increase. Some bacterial phyla were particularly impacted by the temperature increase and the organic resource rarefaction. Finally, this thesis highlighted the difficulties met with the radiocarbon dating technique
Paul, Alexia. "Dynamique couplée de l’hydrogène et du carbone organiques des sols : approches par isotopes stables pour la prévision du devenir du 3H, 2H, 13C et 14C." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0068/document.
Full textRadiocarbon (14C) and tritium (3H) are naturally released into the environment but also through nuclear activities. The releases are expected to persist for the next decades, it is important to predict their fate and their residence time in soils. The objective of this thesis is to propose a quantitative prediction and a simple modeling of the fate of 14C and 3H in soil organic matter (SOM). The originality of this work is twofold: first, we hypothesize that the incorporation and fate of NEH atoms in the soil are coupled to the carbon dynamics. Second, we chose to trace carbon and hydrogen by natural or artificial 13C and 2H tracing.Through natural in situ 13C tracing, we quantified the carbon recently incorporated by vegetation in few decades. Deep horizons contain a large part of this carbon (typically 20 to 30%). We adapted the RothC model to the deep soil C dynamics. This allowed us to predict that 10% of C will persist for several centuries in the deeper layers. The labelling experiments showed that the microbial activity is driving the incorporation of hydrogen from water into SOM, and allowed us to establish the CH stoichiometry of biotransformations. These experiments were a mean to propose a model of the coupled C and H dynamics of the SOM in the short and medium term (decades). The results of this thesis contribute as well to the improvement of the interpretation of natural abundances in 13C and 2H stable isotopes. A meta-analysis of the correlations between the 13C and 14C concentrations of global soils has demonstrated that the 13C enrichment of deep organic matter can be fully explained by the 13C/12C ratio of the vegetation from which they are derived
Naisse, Christophe. "Potentiel de séquestration de carbone des biochars et hydrochars, et impact après plusieurs siècles sur le fonctionnement du sol." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066518/document.
Full textBiochars and hydrochars production can form amendments enriched in aromatic carbon, potentially recalcitrant against microbial degradation, while massively producing renewable energy. These amendments are aimed to increase soil organic matter (SOM) quantity, and soil fertility. However, due to the diversity of their feedstock and production processes, misunderstandings exist on the potential of these materials to store C in soil at short and long term. In addition, methods to rapidly evaluate the long-term stability of these materials remain to be developed, in order to allow users to determine the quality of these new amendments. This work was consisted for assessing the stability of biochar and hydrochars, biologically by soil incubations, and chemically by oxidation with acid dichromate. The biochar showed a high level of biological and chemical stability, allowing to storage a large amount of carbon throughout the century. In opposite, the hydrochars might not allow sequestering massively carbon beyond the decade, due to its lower biological and chemical stability. The hydrochars induced a positive priming effect (stimulation) while biochar induced a negative priming effect (protection). Physical weathering of both materials led to an increase of stability and a decrease of the priming effect, highlighting the importance of environmental factors in evaluation of strategies for sequestering carbon. Charcoal kiln soils were used as a model for long-term study of the input of biochar in soil after several centuries. Their analysis showed that the contribution of biochar sustainably improves the physicochemical properties of the soil, such as clay content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and soluble carbon. However, after several centuries of biochar amendment, microbial communities showed no specific adaptation to the degradation of a new biochar input. In this soil model, the input of plant residues resulted in a negative priming effect. Thus, the contribution of biochar in generating specific conditions, allows the maintenance of microbial communities with the ability to switch of substrates, for a new source of substrates more easily degradable. Further works are needed to assess the stability of biochar in soil-plant system
Machinet, Gaylord Erwan. "Utilisation de la variabilité génétique du maïs pour évaluer le rôle de la qualité chimique des racines sur le processus de décomposition dans les sols." Reims, 2009. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00001012.pdf.
Full textSince several years, plant roots aroused a new interest due to the environmental concern of their C input and storage in soils after decomposition subsequent to plant death or harvest. To better understand the role of the chemical quality of roots on their decomposition in soils and associated C dynamics, sixteen maize roots of hybrids and of brown-midrib mutants were used. These genotypes were earlier characterized by variations in the cell wall quality of above ground organs with respect to forage digestibility. The variations of root chemical quality were observed mainly on the cell wall polymers content and composition (polysaccharides and lignin). They translated into large differences in the kinetics of C mineralization during decomposition. The characterization of initial cell wall quality of the 16 roots together with the detailed study of the changes in cell wall quality during decomposition for 4 contrasted genotypes evidenced the role of soluble C on the short term, lignin fraction of the longer term, and the role of the organization of the cell walls in decomposition. .
Venkatapen, Corinne. "Étude des déterminants géographiques et spatialisation des stocks de carbone des sols de la Martinique." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0513/document.
Full textSoils elements stocks, and particularly those of carbon, are in constant evolution under natural factors effect (climate, vegetation, clays content, etc) and anthropic factors effect (soils uses, etc). Our objective is thus, (i) to better understand the relations between soil, farming system and stored carbon quantity, (ii) to study the consequences of soils uses changes and of soils managements changes on organic matter shapes in soil and (iii) to specify organic matter role on soil properties physics.Representative agri-pedological situations of the three great mineralogical models of tropical soils (allophonic soils (not crystallized clays), 1:1 clay soils and 2:1 clay soils) and presenting agricultural systems of various levels of intensification (intensive monocultures intended for export, slightly intensified farming systems, etc) were thus selected in the soils of Martinique. In addition, to limit the effects of their former uses, we generally chose to the minimum 3 years old farming situations.The analysis of the various lands carbon stocks reveals different behaviors: in allophonic soils, a correlation exists between carbon content (or organic stock) and texture (or fine elements content), as well for not cultivated as for cultivated situations. Variations ranges (reduction) of carbon stocks observed under various management soils systems effect, also depends on texture: in sandy soils, carbon sequestration potentiality is low or null, on the other hand, carbon storage potentialities are higher in clay soils.The estimation of total carbon stocks on the scale of Martinique, for one meter of depth and for and average situation between the use soils charts of 1969/70 and 1979/80, rises to 11,859 Mt of C calculated for 95,8% of the surface.Soil organic matter distribution varies with soil texture: in sandy soils, with low contents of organic matter, organics matters are mainly associated with the sandy fractions; in clay soils, richer in organic matters, 50 to 60% of the organic matters are associated with the argillaceous fraction. In the same way, the organic matter dynamics also depends on soil texture: in sandy soils, organic stocks variations are primarily due to carbon loss or accumulation of the sandy fraction; in clay soils, the argillaceous fraction takes part in a dominating way in organic stocks variations of these soils at the time of their setting in culture or meadow; the sand-clay soils have an intermediate behavior between these two poles.Structural stability varies with mineralogy. Andosols (or ALL) present a high degree of aggregation and stability, due to the presence of allophones and their particular association with the organics compounds. In crystallized clay soils, aggregation stability is higher in 1:1 clay soils (or LAC); the lowest values are generally observed in the lands on 2:1 clay soils (or HAC). Moreover, culture setting generally results in aggregation stability reduction.Cultures intensification (frequent ploughings, low organic matter restitutions to the soil, etc) accentuates aggregation stability loss caused by culture setting, particularly in lands on 2:1 clay soils (or HAC)
Hedde, Mickaël. "Etude de la relation entre la diversité des macro-invertébrés et la dynamique de la matière organique des sols limoneux de Haute-Normandie." Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUES043.
Full textTwo hypothesis were tested in loamy soils located in Haute-Normandie (France) : firstly (H1) macro-detritivore diversity and soil OM are influenced by agricultural and silvicultural managements and secondly (H2) macro-detritivore assemblages influence soil OM dynamics. Relationships were investigated at stand scale and in laboratory microcosms. In forest soils, no relationship between macro-detritivore diversity and C stocks appeared from these empirical results, it arose that macro-detritivore diversity and some holorganic fractions are linked. Results from experimental manipulations show that macro-detritivore effects on beech leaf biodegradation can be split into distinct effects groups. Furthermore, functional diversity, assessed through morphological dissimilarity, rather than species diversity better explains assemblage performances. In agricultural soils, no link clearly appears between these parameters. Regarding laboratory experiments results, eathworm effects on C-CO2 release and soil aggregate OM content and stability depend on species identity and initial soil OM. Furthermore, in low OM soil, increasing species diversity stabilizes C mineralisation and but led to an increase of both aggregate OM content and stability. In conclusion, field results show that macro-detritivore species diversity is driven by soil occupancy rather by system dynamics, thus refuting (H1) hypothesis. Furthermore, soil C stock do not vary during forest rotation while it increase with pasture age, refuting and validating the (H1) hypothesis, respectively. On the other hand, microcosm experiments show that macro-detritivores diversity influences soil OM dynamics, validating (H2) hypothesis
Chen, SongChao. "Cartographie à haute résolution de propriétés du sol à l’échelle de la France métropolitaine : application au carbone organique du sol et à ses potentiels additionnels de séquestration et de stockage." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSARD088.
Full textThis thesis is a contribution to Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) at broad scale, with applications on the French mainland territory. In Chapter 1, I discussed the main drivers for the rise and development of DSM and gave a brief history about DSM. In Chapter 2, I made a general review about broad-scale DSM by reviewing 160 selected articles from 2003 to mid-2019. I synthetized and discussed the main achievements and challenges for the DSM community. Then I decided to focus on soil organic carbon (SOC) because of its main importance for ecosystem services and global carbon cycle. In Chapter 3, I showed how to improve a national SOC map by merging various SOC maps and provided inputs on how to take advantage of global predictions in ‘data-poor’ countries using a low cost and efficient sampling strategy. Then in Chapters 4 and 5, I focused onthe validity domain of pedotransfer functions used for bulk density predictions and on developing a novel approach to deal with soil thickness prediction over France. I also proposed efficient sampling strategies to improve the accuracy of their predictions. I moved from DSM to Digital Soil Assessment (DSA), exemplified by SOC sequestration potential in Chapter 6 and SOC storage potentials in Chapter 7. They contribute to improving some aspects related to DSM and GlobalSoilMap. In Chapter 8, I finished this thesis by discussing the most important findings of my work and relating them to main challenges of Pedometrics. I outlined the inputs that my work provided to reaching these challenges and highlighted the remaining issues to be solved in
Jaffrezic, Anne. "Géochimie des éléments métalliques, des nitrates et du carbone organique dissous dans les eaux et les sols hydromorphes : agriculture intensive et qualité des eaux dans les zones humides en Bretagne /." Rennes : Géosciences Rennes, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36176164s.
Full textForest-Drolet, Julie. "Répartition du carbone et de l’azote des fractions de la matière organique du sol sous différents types de rotations, de travail de sol et de sources fertilisantes dans le nord du Québec : effets à long terme." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66701.
Full textCauwet, Gustave. "Dynamique de la matière organique dans les milieux marin et polyhalins : son rôle dans les processus géochimiques aux interfaces." Perpignan, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PERP1066.
Full textAITA, CELSO. "Couplage des cycles du carbone et de l'azote dans les sols cultives : etude, au champ, des processus de decomposition apres apport de matiere organique fraiche." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066731.
Full textMoni, Christophe. "Stabilisation physique et physico-chimique de la matière organique dans les horizons profonds du sol." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066196.
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