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Academic literature on the topic 'Minéralogie – Montagne Pelée (Martinique ; volcan)'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Minéralogie – Montagne Pelée (Martinique ; volcan)"
Fichaut, Michèle. "Magmatologie de la Montagne Pelée, Martinique." Brest, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BRES2013.
Full textLalubie, Guillaume. "Les Cours d'eau du Massif de la Montagne Pelée : Une approche multiscalaire pour appréhender les risques hydro-volcano-géomorphologiques." Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGUY0422.
Full textThe hydro-volcano-geomorphological risks refer to all fluvial risks on an active volcano. They result from many complex interactions between the components: hydrologic, volcanologic and geomorphologic. In addition to the commonly recognised risks associated with these three components (flash floods, eruptive phenomenon, landslides), there are many others destructive hazards. The study of the hydrologic network on the massif of Mount Pelée, from a naturalist approach at different spatio-temporal scales, enable to establish a typology of stream and to understand the process that affects the morphodynamic comportment of the hydrologic basin. These torrents are characterised by some major crisis during eruption, but also at periods of volcanic rest. This study, conducted with a constant research for an application in the domain of risk prevention, proposes many strategies to apprehend the hazards on the massif of Mount Pelée : - During eruption (volcanic survey, eruptive lahar and morphodynamic readjustment prevention); - Between eruptions (stream deviation, no-eruptive lahar, and excessive morphogenic flood on genesis network). This approach to the structural methodology could be applied on all major volcanic edifices (strato- and cumulovolcano) and could probably permit to discover some new physical processes, as in this work
Martel, Caroline. "Conditions pré-éruptives et dégazage des magmas andesitiques de la Montagne Pelée (Martinique) : étude pétrologique et expérimentale." Orléans, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ORLE2045.
Full textRuzié, Lorraine. "Contraintes apportées par les gaz rares sur les processus de dégazage des magmas en contexte explosif." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BLOB0015.
Full textNoble gases are used to study magma degassing processes during explosive eruptions. They are trace elements and ideal tracers of physical processes since chemically inert. We essentially focused on the passive degassing of magma in quiescent volcanic periods and on the active degassing of magma during explosive eruptions. The passive degassing was investigated by measuring helium concentration and isotopic ratios in thermal springs and fumaroles in La Soufrière volcano (Guadeloupe, F. W. I. ). By combining our study with carbon data, we are now able to understand the behaviour of the hydrothermal system. Then, 3He fluxes in both fumaroles and springs have been estimated and related to 3He content in the magma chamber. In order to maintain the 3He flux measured at the surface, we conclude that the magma chamber must be regularly fed by fresh magma batches. Using our new results and data from literature, we propose that the historical activity of la Soufrière volcano can be explained by both abnormal energy inputs from new magma batches in the chamber and cycles of clogging of the hydrothermal system. We propose a new scenario for the origin of the 1976-1977 crisis whereby a fresh batch of magma could have been emplaced possibly between 1959 and 1962 in the magma chamber. The resulting heat flux is not stored in the different aquifers but preferentially evacuated through fractures reactivated or created during the 1956 phreatic eruption. Only when the self-sealing of the hydrothermal system is sufficiently developed, can pressure and temperature within the aquifers rapidly increase to trigger a crisis. To assess active magma degassing processes during Plinian eruptions, noble gas abundances and isotopic ratios have been determined in preserved vesicles of pumices. All samples are characterized by a systematic enrichment in neon over argon and an isotopically fractioned 38Ar/36Ar ratio associated with the fractionation factor of 84Kr. These features do not depend on geological setting, or on pumice age, or eruption intensity. However, they are similar for pumices from the same eruption. We propose here a model of kinetic magma degassing before fragmentation. The model explains measurements and shows the rapidity of the magma degassing process in the conduit (few minutes). Then, we analysed samples coming from the last three Plinian eruptions of Montagne Pelée volcano (F. W. I. ). Thanks to this new study, we confirmed the use of noble gas patterns to identify to which eruption an outcrop can be associated. We also demonstrate that the elemental and isotopic fractionations of noble gases in pumices are the result of two different degassing times. For the last Plinian eruption, we are also able to evaluate the efficiency of the fragmentation, separating coarse fragmentation and fine fragmentation
Michaud-Dubuy, Audrey. "Dynamique des éruptions pliniennes : réévaluation de l'aléa volcanique en Martinique." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7019.
Full textVolcanic plumes produced by explosive eruptions represent a major threat in areas located near volcanoes. Physical models have been developed over the past forty years with an aim of better understanding these eruptions and assessing associated hazards. To test these models, we need robust and detailed field data from past and historical eruptions at active volcanoes. In this PhD work, we revisit the Plinian eruptive history of the Mount Pelée volcano in Martinique (Lesser Antilles) for the last 24,000 years. Our results combining new extensive field studies and carbon-dating measurements allow us to establish a new chronology of past eruptions, consistent with volcanic deposits identified in a deep-sea sediment core. We then reconstruct the dynamical evolution of the newly discovered eruptions of Bellefontaine (13,516 years cal BP), Balisier (14,072 cal BP), Carbet (18,711 cal BP) and Étoile (21,450 cal BP), whose great interest stems from their unusual southward dispersal axis encompassing areas that are considered to be safe in current hazard maps. The strong similarities observed between all documented Plinian eruptions of Mount Pelée volcano allow us to draw an accurate picture of the Plinian eruptive scenario most likely to occur in the future. This scenario may include a column collapse and the production of deadly pyroclastic density currents; we thus upgrade a 1D physical model of volcanic plume in order to improve its predictions. We first study the impact of the total grain-size distribution on the transition from a stable Plinian plume to a collapsing fountain. The effect of wind is then taken into account using laboratory experiments simulating turbulent jets rising in a windy environment. This new theoretical model, validated by laboratory experiments, is consistent with field data from several major historical Plinian eruptions. We then study the southward dispersal axis of the Bellefontaine and Balisier eruptions using a 2D physical model, in order to better understand this unusual dispersion towards Fort-de-France, capital of Martinique. Our results allow identifying peculiar atmospheric circulations associated to a modification of the subtropical jet-stream path, thus producing northerly winds over Martinique and spreading tephra towards the most populated areas of the island. This integrated approach, combining field studies, theoretical predictions and laboratory experiments, allows us to build a new volcanic hazard map for Martinique by taking into account for the first time the Plinian eruptions of the Mount Pelée volcano of the last 24,000 years, together with monthly variability of atmospheric winds