Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Minerals in nutrition'

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kentucky, 2006.<br>Title from document title page (viewed on August 22, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains: x, 99 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-98).

The ability of wheat bran and oat hulls to bind copper and zinc using a new chromatographic technique was investigated and compared to a centrifugation method. Also investigated was the bioavailability of copper which had been exogenously bound to wheat bran then fed to mice and rats. Wheat bran bound 6 mg Cu/g fiber when pH was raised to 7. Less binding occurred at lower pHs. Seven mg of zinc bound to wheat bran at pH 5 while only a trace bound at pH less than 2. Oat hulls bound 3 mg Cu/g fiber at pH 5, and less than 1 mg of zinc bound per g of oat hull at pH 6. Binding for both fibers depended on the level of mineral added to the fiber slurry during incubation. But only wheat bran binding capacity was influenced by pH. The two methods used did not compare favorably, in all cases, to the amount of mineral bound to fiber. Copper when bound to wheat bran, was utilized in both species, with differences occurring between species was noted. Rats fed the copper bound diet compared favorably with rats fed the copper-adequate diet as determined by body weight, weight gain, heart weight, liver copper concentration and heart copper concentration. Mice, on the other hand showed similar liver and heart concentrations of copper for mice fed either the copper-bound diet or the copper-adequate diets. The in vitro results showed that binding of copper or zinc to wheat bran occurred at a pH similar to the intestinal pH and wheat bran binds more copper and zinc than oat hulls. Oat hulls may prove to be a better dietary fiber source for those people who need to increase their dietary fiber, because oat hulls do not appear to bind copper or zinc and would not likely impair their absorption. Although wheat bran had a high binding capacity for copper, this binding did not significantly inhibit copper absorption as determined in animal studies suggesting that fiber-mineral binding (at least for copper bound to wheat bran) does not cause mineral deficiency symptoms as claimed by many researchers.

Mineral binding capacity of rice bran, oat hull, soy bran, wheat bran, peanut, apple, tomato, and barley fiber were investigated. Defatted fibers were analyzed for ash, protein, acid detergent fiber, and lignin. The fibers were washed with 1% HCl and Acid washed samples were studied for their mineral binding ability. The minerals tested were zinc, copper, and magnesium. Analysis of acid washed samples showed that most of the original minerals had been stripped from the fiber. In most of the fibers studied, the order of binding was copper > zinc > magnesium. Among the eight fibers studied, oat hull and apple fiber had the lowest consistent binding capacity for the three minerals investigated. This in vitro binding study has been run to duplicate intestinal condition of pH 6.8.

Orientador: Leonardo Susumu Takahashi<br>Resumo: Os microminerais possuem papéis importantes no metabolismo animal, participam de funções fisiológicas, crescimento, desenvolvimento e saúde em peixes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a suplementação da dieta com microminerais orgânicos no desempenho produtivo e qualidade do filé de juvenis de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus). Foram formuladas 3 dietas práticas isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas com três níveis de inclusão (0,0; 1,0 e 1,5%) de um blend de microminerais orgânicos composto por: ferro, zinco, manganês, cobre, selênio e cromo. Foram realizados dois experimentos distintos, um com alimentação durante período pré-abate (7 dias) e outro, durante período longo de alimentação (30 dias). Em cada um dos experimentos, foram utilizados 120 juvenis em fase de terminação com peso médio de 360,6 g, distribuídos aleatoriamente em 12 caixas de 1000 L em um sistema de circulação fechado. Foram avaliados parâmetros da qualidade do filé no período pré-abate (7 dias): potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), rendimento de filé, cor, perdas de peso cozimento (cooking loss), perdas de peso por descongelamento (drip loss) e capacidade de retenção de água (CRA). As análises no após período de 30 dias de alimentação, foram as mesmas do período pré-abate com adição de: parâmetros de desempenho produtivo (ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e taxa de crescimento específico), textura do filé, oxidação lipídica (TBARS), concentração de bases voláteis totais (BVT), concentração de nitrogênio não protéico ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Microminerals play important roles in animal metabolism participate in physiological functions, growth, development and health in fish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary supplementation with organic microminerals in the productive performance and quality of the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juvenile fillet. A 120 juveniles were used in the finishing phase with an average weight of 360.6 g, randomly distributed in 12 boxes of 1000 L in a closed circulation system. 3 practical isoproteic and isoenergetic diets were formulated with three levels of inclusion (0.0, 1.0 and 1.5%) of a blend of organic minerals composed of: iron, zinc, manganese, copper, selenium and chromium.Two different experiments were carried out, one with feeding during the pre-slaughter period (7 days) and the other, during a long feeding period (30 days). In each of the experiments, 120 juveniles were used in the finishing phase with an average weight of 360.6 g, randomly distributed in 12 boxes of 1000 L in a closed circulation system. Parameters of fillet quality in the pre-slaughter period (7 days) were evaluated: hydrogen potential (pH), fillet yield, color, cooking loss, weight loss by defrosting (drip loss) and retention capacity of water (CRA). The analyzes in the period after 30 days of feeding were the same as in the pre-slaughter period with the addition of: production performance parameters (weight gain, feed conversion and specific growth rate), fillet texture, lipid oxidation (... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

Orientadores: Antonio Fernando Ribeiro, José Roberto Negrão Nogueira<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T09:12:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hortencio_TaisDaieneRusso_D.pdf: 2122387 bytes, checksum: 6b337a8713273a2fcc11dbc17230038f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015<br>Resumo: Introdução O desenvolvimento da nutrição parenteral (NP) na década de 1960 e sua subsequente utilização na prática clínica tem tido um enorme impacto sobre os pacientes com numerosas doenças para as quais a nutrição foi impossível por outra via. Mas, esta nova tecnologia tem riscos associados, incluindo o desenvolvimento de distúrbios metabólicos, superalimentação e complicações infecciosas. Método Foram realizados dois estudos. O primeiro estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, em uma coorte histórica de pacientes pediátricos no Brasil que receberam NP individualizada e exclusiva, a prevalência de hipofosfatemia, hipocalemia e hipomagnesemia em até 48 horas antes do início da infusão de NP (P1), do 1° ao 4° dia (P2); 5° ao 7° dia (P3) e, investigar se a infusão de caloria e proteína e também a desnutrição foram relacionadas com esses distúrbios. O segundo estudo foi feito no Canadá. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo e multicêntrico, avaliando pacientes sob nutrição parenteral domiciliar (NPD), prospectivamente inseridos no Home Parenteral Nutrition Registry (HPN Registry) nos períodos: 2005-2008 ou 2011-2014. Mudanças na demografia, indicações para NPD, prescrição, avaliação nutricional, acesso vascular e número de infecção de cateter por 1000 dias de cateter foram avaliados. Resultados A desnutrição esteve presente em 32,8% dos 119 pacientes avaliados no primeiro estudo, 66,4% estavam em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTI Ped), 13,5% morreram. O período de maior prevalência de distúrbios minerais foi o P1 54 (45,3%), no P2 = 35 (31,8%), no P3 = 4 (3,57%). Hipocalemia esteve relacionada à desnutrição OR 2,79 (95% CI 1,09-7,14) p = 0,045. Nos primeiros sete dias, foram infundidas calorias inferior à quantidade recomendada pelas recomendações atuais em até 84,9% dos pacientes e proteína adequada em até 75,7%. Proteína infundida acima da recomendação nos primeiros quatro dias foi relacionada com hypomagnesaemia OR: 5,66 (IC 95% 1,24 - 25,79) p = 0,033. No estudo canadense, comparando os períodos 2011-2014 com 2005-2008, as indicações para a NPD mudaram significativamente com o aumento da proporção de pacientes com câncer (37,9% versus 16,7%) e diminuição da síndrome do intestino curto (32% versus 65,5%). A taxa de infecção de cateter diminuiu de 1,58 para 0,97 por 1.000 dias de cateter; o uso de cateter tunelizado diminuiu de 64,3% para 38,0% e a proporção de cateteres centrais de inserção periférica (PICC) aumentou de 21,6% para 52,9%. Além disso, houve uma redução no número e dias de internações relacionadas à NPD, e mudanças na prescrição de energia, proteína e oligoelementos. Conclusão Hipofosfatemia, hipocalemia e hipomagnesemia foram eventos frequentes, sendo a individualização ferramenta primordial para gerenciá-los. Pacientes desnutridos tiveram maior chance de desenvolver hipocalemia e os que receberam proteína acima da recomendação tiveram mais chances de desenvolver hipomagnesemia. Os resultados sugerem uma mudança no perfil demográfico e acesso venoso no Canadá, com melhora na infecção de cateter, hospitalizações relacionadas à NPD, e prescrições<br>Abstract: Introduction: The development of parenteral nutrition (PN) in the 1960s and its subsequent use in clinical practice has had a huge impact on patients with numerous diseases for which nutrition was impossible by other route. But, this new technology has associated risks, including the development of metabolic disorders, overfeeding, and infectious complications. Methods We conducted two studies The first study aims to evaluate in a historical cohort of pediatric patients, the prevalence of hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia and hypomagnesaemia until 48th hours before beginning PN infusion (P1), from 1st¿4th day (P2); 5th¿7th day (P3) of PN infusion and, investigate if malnutrition, calories, and proteins infusion were correlated to these disorders. In Canada, a retrospective study evaluating patients who were prospectively entered in the registry either in 2005¿2008 or in 2011¿2014 was done. Changes in patient demography, indications for Home Parenteral Nutricion (HPN), regimen, nutritional assessment, vascular access, and number of line sepsis per 1000 catheter days were evaluated. Results Malnutrition was present 32.8% of 119 patients participants from the first study, 66.4% were in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), 13.5% died. The P1 was the period of highest prevalence mineral disorders 54 (45.3%), P2 had 35 (31.8%) and, P3=4 (3.57%). Hypokalemia events were related to malnutrition OR 2.79 (95% CI 1.09-7.14) p = 0.045. In the first seven days, infused calories were below the amount recommended by current guidelines in up to 84.9% of patients and protein infused was adequate in up to 75.7%. Protein infused above recommendation was related to hypomagnesaemia OR: 5,66 (95% CI 1,24 ¿ 25,79) p=0,033. In 2011¿2014 compared with 2005¿2008, indications for HPN changed significantly with an increased proportion of patients with cancer (37.9% versus 16.7%) and decreased short bowel syndrome (32% versus 65.5%). The line sepsis rate decreased from 1.58 to 0.97 per 1,000 catheter days; tunnelled catheters decreased as the most frequently chosen vascular access method from 64.3% to 38.0% and the proportion of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) increased from 21.6% to 52.9%. In addition, there was a reduction in number, and days of hospitalizations related to HPN, and changes in the prescription of energy, proteins, and trace elements were noted. Conclusion Hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia were frequent events, being individualization primary tool to manage them. Malnourished patients were more likely to develop hypokalemia, and patients receiving protein above the recommendation were more likely to develop hypomagnesemia. Results suggest a shift in patient demography and line access in Canada, with improvement in line sepsis, hospitalizations and HPN prescriptions<br>Doutorado<br>Saude da Criança e do Adolescente<br>Doutora em Ciências

O estudo avaliou o efeito do treinamento no estado de nutrição em magnésio, ferro, zinco e cobre em atletas de paio aquático feminino pertencentes à Seleção Brasileira, considerando as concentrações de magnésio eritrocitário (Mg2+Er) e sérico (Mg2+S); zinco eritrocitário (Zn2+Er) e sérico (Zn2+S); a atividade da superóxido dismutase (CulZn-SOD) e a concentração de cobre sérico (CU2+S); hemoglobina (Hb), ferritina sérica (FER) e porcentagem de saturação da transferrina (%ST) em períodos pré-competitivo, de destreino e de manutenção. Foi também avaliada a ingestão desses minerais, considerando as novas DRls, que foi associada aos parâmetros bioquímicos do pré-competitivo e comparada a um grupo de controles. Em atletas houve consumo de Mg2+ com maior probabilidade de inadequação e a concentração do Mg2+S mostrou tendência a valores menores, comparadas às controles. O consumo dietético de Zn2+ foi maior para as atletas (p<O,05), entretanto, a sua concentração média de Zn2+Er foi menor (p<O,05). O consumo de ferro não foi diferente entre os dois grupos estudados, porém, o estado nutricional (EN) em ferro foi significantemente maior em atletas. Ambos os grupos apresentaram estado de nutrição em cobre adequado. A atividade da CuIZn-SOD foi maior para atletas (p<O,05) e o CU2+S, sem diferença entre os grupos, foi o parâmetro que melhor associou-se à ingestão dietética. O treinamento pré-competitivo alterou significantemente o estado de nutrição em cobre e em ferro (p<O,05). Possivelmente, o treinamento intenso promoveu redistribuição comparti mental de Zn2+ a partir do eritrócito. O estado de nutrição em Mg2+ não foi alterado pelo treinamento, porém, mecanismos fisiológicos de homeostase podem ter ocorrido, sem evitar, entretanto, o aparecimento de cãimbras após o treinamento intenso. No destreino houve recuperação do Zn2+Er.<br>The study evaluated the effect of training on the magnesium, iron, zinc, and copper nutritional status, in female water polo athletes of the Brazilian national team, considering the concentrations of ErMg2+ and SMg2+; ErZn2+ and SZn2+; Cu/Zn-SOD activity and SCu2+; Hb, FER and %TS in pre-competitive, detraining, and maintenance periods. The intakes of these minerals were also evaluated, considering the new DRIs, which were associated to the biochemical parameters of the pre-competitive, and compared to a control group. Athletes presented a magnesium intake with greater probability of not being adequate and the SMg2+ concentration showed a tendency to lower values, compared to controls. The dietary Zn2+ intake was greater for athletes (p<0.05); however, their mean ErZn2+ concentration was lower (p<0.05). The iron intake was not different between the two studied groups; however, the iron nutrition status was significantly better in athletes. Both groups presented adequate copper nutritional status. The Cu/Zn-SOD activity was greater for athletes (p<0.05) and the SCu2+, with no difference between groups, was the parameter, which was better associated to the dietary intake. The pre-competitive training altered copper and iron nutritional status significantly (p<0.05). Possibly, the intense training promoted the compartmental redistribution of Zn2+ as from the erythrocyte. The training did not alter the Mg2+ nutritional status; however, homeostatic physiologic mechanisms may have occurred, nevertheless not avoiding the occurrence of cramps after intense training. ErZn2+ was recovered in the detraining.

The effect of three sources of protein: soy, dairy, and meat protein, and two levels of calcium on zinc, iron, copper, calcium, and magnesium retention in young adult men was determined in a 30-day metabolic balance study. The study was divided into a twenty-day baseline period, a thirty day controlled feeding period from which all the balance data was collected, and a twenty day follow-up period. During the controlled feeding period, twenty-four subjects were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatment groups which differed in respect to protein source. The dairy treatment group was fed a diet in which 70% of the dietary protein was derived from dairy products; the soy treatment group was fed a diet in which 67% of the dietary protein was derived from soy products; and the meat treatment group was given a diet in which 70% of the dietary protein was provided by animal meat products. To test the effect of calcium level on mineral retention, the controlled feeding period was divided into two periods: Period I, in which the subjects consumed moderate levels of calcium (mean= 1206.77 + 193.29 mg/day) and Period II, in which the subjects consumed high levels of calcium (mean 2134.51 + 164.63 mg/day).<br>Master of Science

Submitted by Carolina Seno Nascimento (carolina.seno@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-04-19T00:58:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Carolina_Seno_Nascimento.pdf: 928031 bytes, checksum: 6fefd80272ed55e13cf22f4f5276310c (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-04-19T11:38:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_cs_me_jabo.pdf: 928031 bytes, checksum: 6fefd80272ed55e13cf22f4f5276310c (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T11:38:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_cs_me_jabo.pdf: 928031 bytes, checksum: 6fefd80272ed55e13cf22f4f5276310c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>O selênio (Se) é um micronutriente essencial aos seres humanos e animais, entretanto verifica-se frequentemente alimentos pobres neste micronutriente, fato este, explicado principalmente pelo seu baixo teor nos solos. Uma dieta deficiente neste mineral resulta na maior suscetibilidade a uma série de doenças, dentre elas câncer, hipertireoidismo e doenças cardíacas. Nesse contexto, a biofortificação de alimentos é uma alternativa promissora para a inserção do Se na alimentação humana. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses de Se no crescimento, produção e biofortificação da rúcula. Plantas de rúcula foram cultivadas em ambiente protegido no sistema hidropônico. Foram avaliadas sete concentrações de Se (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 µmol L-1), utilizando-se o selenato de sódio como fonte de Se. O número de folhas, área foliar, altura, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, massa seca da raiz e produtividade foram influenciados pelas concentrações de Se. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos entre as concentrações 20 a 29 µmol L-1 de Se. Os teores de enxofre (S) e potássio (K) aumentaram linearmente com incremento no fornecimento de Se. Constatou-se a biofortificação agronômica da rúcula, pois o aumento da concentração de Se na solução nutritiva resultou em aumento no teor deste elemento na planta. Os tratamentos com o fornecimento de Se na solução nutritiva proporcionaram rúculas com teores que variaram de 598,96 a 1437,56 µg kg-1 de Se, em relação às plantas cultivadas em solução nutritiva sem Se que apresentaram 167,84 µg kg-1 de Se.<br>Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals. However, food often presents low content of this micronutrient, which is resulted mainly due to the low content of Se in the soil. The insufficient consumption of this mineral can increase the susceptibility to several diseases, including cancer, hyperthyroidism and heart disease. In this context, the biofortification of food is a promising alternative for Se insertion into the human diet. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Se doses on the growth, production, and biofortification of rocket plants. Rocket plants were grown in a protected environment in the hydroponic system. Seven concentrations of Se (0,10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 μmol L-1) were evaluated. Sodium selenate was used as a source of Se. The number of leaves, leaf area, height, fresh and dry shoot mass, root dry mass and productivity were influenced by the concentrations of Se. The best results were obtained between the concentrations 20 to 29 μmol L-1 of Se. With the supply of Se was possibly observed a linear increase in the sulfur (S) and potassium (K) contents. Agronomic biofortification of rocket plants was verified since the increase of the Se concentration in the nutritive solution resulted in an increase in the content of this element in the plant. Treatments with the supply of Se in the nutrient solution provided rocket plants ranging from 598.96 to 1437.56 μg kg-1 of Se, in relation to plants grown in nutrient solution without Se that presented 167,84 μg kg-1 Se.

Durant molts anys, l'ús farmacològic dels oligoelements com el Zn i Cu va generar efectes positius en la indústria porcina, a l'estimular el creixement i controlar les disbiosi intestinals, especialment en els garrins recent deslletats. No obstant això, la seva excreció excessiva a l'entorn ha exercit pressió sobre la nutrició animal per trobar estratègies alternatives en el subministrament d'aquests oligoelements. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és explorar els efectes de la reducció de les dosis de minerals traça a través de diferents fonts minerals sobre el creixement i eficiència alimentària animal, així com també en els nivells d'excreció fecal i taxes de resistència als antimicrobians, sota condicions comercials. La reducció dels nivells de suplementació de Zn i Cu a través de fonts altament disponibles pot representar una estratègia alternativa per reduir els riscos de contaminació ambiental. Per tant, en els capítols III i V, es van executar dos experiments per avaluar els efectes de reduir les dosis de Cu i Zn en el pinso de porcs deslletats i en creixement, respectivament. Els resultats van mostrar que la reducció dels nivells de Cu (15 mg / kg) durant sis setmanes perjudica el creixement dels garrins deslletats, amb al menys 1 kg de pes corporal, fins i tot en presència de l'enzim fitasa i particularment usant la font de sulfat. Mentre que la reducció de Zn (20 mg / kg) i Cu (15 mg / kg) a dosis nutricionals en dietes de porcs d'engreix, amb enzim fitasa, no afecta el rendiment ni la composició de la canal, però sí que redueix l'excreció fecal de minerals, principalment amb la font de hidroxicloruro. Estimular el consum d'hora d'aliment després de l'deslletament és de gran interès per a la indústria porcina. En el capítol IV, es van dur a terme dos experiments per estudiar la preferència dels garrins per les dosis i fonts de Cu. Quan els garrins poden triar entre dietes amb nivells nutricionals (15 mg/kg) o nivells raonablement alts de Cu (150 mg/kg), aquests prefereixen les dietes amb nivells alts, probablement per restaurar l'homeòstasi de l'Cu, i com a efecte positiu de la retroalimentació neuroendocrina de l'Cu sobre el consum de pinso. Pel que fa a les fonts de Cu, els porcs van preferir consumir dietes suplementades amb font de hidroxicloruro en lloc de sulfat, possiblement a causa del seu sabor menys amarg com a conseqüència de les seves característiques de solubilitat. La gestació de ventrades hiperprolífiques (> 30 porcs / truja / any) genera una pressió significativa sobre el rendiment de la truja i la ventrada. En el capítol VI es va avaluar l'efecte de la substitució parcial de fonts inorgàniques per formes orgàniques, així com una reducció addicional d'aquestes dosis minerals, sobre l'acompliment reproductiu de les truges i la programació fetal de les ventrades. Es va detectar per primera vegada que la suplementació materna amb una combinació de minerals orgànics i inorgànics millora l'expressió de diversos gens funcionals involucrats en immunitat (TGF-&#946;1, HSPB1), barrera (ZO1, MUC2, CLDN15), antioxidant (GPX2, SOD2) , i funció digestiva (CCK, IGF1R), especialment en els garrins més petits de la ventrada. En conjunt, la reducció dels nivells de Zn i Cu en les dietes porcines, principalment a través de la font de hidroxicloruro, disminueix l'excreció fecal total i probablement la pressió antimicrobiana sobre els bacteris; no obstant això, el rendiment i l'estat fisiològic dels garrins deslletats es veu seriosament perjudicat. La nutrició materna amb un suplement parcial de minerals orgànics és una meritòria estratègia per compensar els desavantatges fisiològiques de les ventrades hiperprolífiques, especialment en els garrins més petits.<br>"Durante muchos años, el uso farmacológico de los oligoelementos como el Zn y Cu generó efectos positivos en la industria porcina, al estimular el crecimiento y controlar las disbiosis intestinales, especialmente en los lechones recién destetados. Sin embargo, su excreción excesiva al medio ambiente ha ejercido presión sobre la nutrición animal para encontrar estrategias alternativas en el suministro de estos oligoelementos. El objetivo de esta tesis es explorar los efectos de la reducción de las dosis de minerales traza a través de diferentes fuentes minerales sobre el crecimiento y eficiencia alimentaria animal, así como también en los niveles de excreción fecal y tasas de resistencia a los antimicrobianos, bajo condiciones comerciales. La reducción de los niveles de suplementación de Zn y Cu a través de fuentes altamente disponibles puede representar una estrategia alternativa para reducir los riesgos de contaminación ambiental. Por lo tanto, en los Capítulos III y V, se ejecutaron dos experimentos para evaluar los efectos de reducir las dosis de Cu y Zn en el pienso de cerdos destetados y en crecimiento, respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron que la reducción de los niveles de Cu (15 mg/kg) durante seis semanas perjudica el crecimiento de los lechones destetados, con al menos 1 kg de peso corporal, incluso en presencia de la enzima fitasa y particularmente usando la fuente de sulfato. Mientras que la reducción de Zn (20 mg/kg) y Cu (15 mg/kg) a dosis nutricionales en dietas de cerdos de engorde, con enzima fitasa, no afecta el rendimiento ni la composición de la canal, pero sí reduce la excreción fecal de minerales, principalmente con la fuente de hidroxicloruro. Estimular el consumo temprano de alimento después del destete es de gran interés para la industria porcina. En el Capítulo IV, se llevaron a cabo dos experimentos para estudiar la preferencia de los lechones por las dosis y fuentes de Cu. Cuando los lechones pueden elegir entre dietas con niveles nutricionales (15 mg/kg) o niveles razonablemente altos de Cu (150 mg/kg), estos prefieren las dietas con niveles altos, probablemente para restaurar la homeostasis del Cu, y como efecto positivo de la retroalimentación neuroendocrina del Cu sobre el consumo de pienso. En cuanto a las fuentes de Cu, los cerdos prefirieron consumir dietas suplementadas con fuente de hidroxicloruro en lugar de sulfato, posiblemente debido a su sabor menos amargo como consecuencia de sus características de solubilidad. La gestación de camadas hiperprolificas (> 30 cerdos/cerda/año) genera una presión significativa sobre el rendimiento de la cerda y la camada. En el Capítulo VI se evaluó el efecto de la sustitución parcial de fuentes inorgánicas por formas orgánicas, así como una reducción adicional de estas dosis minerales, sobre el desempeño reproductivo de las cerdas y la programación fetal de las camadas. Se detectó por primera vez que la suplementación materna con una combinación de minerales orgánicos e inorgánicos mejora la expresión de varios genes funcionales involucrados en inmunidad (TGF-&#946;1, HSPB1), barrera (ZO1, MUC2, CLDN15), antioxidante (GPX2, SOD2), y función digestiva (CCK, IGF1R), especialmente en los lechones más pequeños de la camada. En conjunto, la reducción de los niveles de Zn y Cu en las dietas porcinas, principalmente a través de la fuente de hidroxicloruro, disminuye la excreción fecal total y probablemente la presión antimicrobiana sobre las bacterias; no obstante, el rendimiento y el estado fisiológico de los lechones destetados se ve seriamente perjudicado. La nutrición materna con un suplemento parcial de minerales orgánicos es una meritoria estrategia para compensar las desventajas fisiológicas de las camadas hiperprolificas, especialmente en los lechones más pequeños.<br>For many years, the pharmacological use of trace elements such as Zn and Cu generated positive effects in the pig industry, by stimulating pig growth and controlling intestinal dysbiosis, especially in weaned piglets. However, their excessive excretion into the environment has put pressure on swine nutrition to find alternative strategies in the supply of trace minerals. The objective of this dissertation is to explore the effects of reducing trace mineral doses through different sources on animal growth and feed efficiency, as well as on fecal excretion levels and antimicrobial resistance rates, under commercial conditions. Reducing the levels of commercial Zn and Cu supplementation through highly available sources may represent an alternative strategy to reduce the risks of environmental contamination. Therefore, in Chapters III and V, two experiments were performed to evaluate reduced levels of Cu and Zn in weaned and growing pigs, respectively. The results showed that reducing Cu levels (15 mg/kg) on post-weaning diets for six weeks impairs the growth of pigs, with at least 1 kg of body weight, even in the presence of the phytase enzyme and particularly with a sulfate source. While the reduction of Zn (20 mg/kg) and Cu (15 mg/kg) at nutritional doses in grower diets, with phytase enzyme, does not affect the performance or the composition of the carcass, but it does reduce the mineral fecal excretion. Stimulating early feed consumption after weaning is of great interest to the swine industry. In Chapter IV, two experiments were conducted to study the pig preference for Cu doses and sources. When pigs are given a choice between nutritional levels (15 mg/kg) or reasonably high levels of Cu (150 mg/kg), they prefer the latter, probably to restore Cu homeostasis, and as a positive effect of the neuroendocrine feedback of Cu on feed consumption. Regarding Cu sources, pigs preferred to consume diets supplemented with hydroxychloride source instead of sulfate, probably due to the less bitter taste attributed to its chemical solubility differences. The gestation of hyperprolific litters (>30 pigs/sow/year) generates tremendous pressure on sow and litter performance. In Chapter VI the effect of partial substitution of inorganic sources by organic forms, as well as an additional reduction of dietary TM, on reproductive performance and fetal programming of the offspring was evaluated. It was detected for the first time that the supplementation of mothers with a combination of organic and inorganic minerals improves the neonatal expression of several functional genes involved in immune (TGF-&#946;1, HSPB1), barrier (ZO1, MUC2, CLDN15), antioxidant (GPX2, SOD2), and digestive (CCK, IGF1R) function, especially in the smallest piglets of the litter. Taken together, reducing dietary levels of Zn and Cu, mostly through hydroxychloride source, decreases total fecal excretion and probably pressure on bacteria to develop antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, although performance and physiological state of weaned piglets are seriously affected. Maternal nutrition with a partial supplement of organic minerals is a valuable strategy to counteract the physiological disadvantages on hyperprolific litters, especially in the smallest pigs.<br>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Producció Animal

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of feeding lasalocid and monensin upon mineral status of ruminants, changes in digestive and renal physiology which bring about altered mineral status, and the effects of dietary K upon the actions of ionophores. Two 84-d grazing trials were conducted with steers fed no ionophore, 200 mg lasalocid, or 150 mg monensin. Monensin tended to increase gain of steers, but lasalocid had no effect. Feeding supplemental lasalocid and monensin altered Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Fe and Zn status of grazing steers, but effects were not consistent. Twenty-four crossbred steers were individually fed in a 147-d finishing trial to study a possible K x monensin interaction. Steers were fed diets ad libitum containing .4% or 2.3% K, with or without 23 ppm monensin, dry basis. Feeding monensin with low K increased serum Na, Mg, inorganic P, Cu and Zn, but monensin fed with high K had no effect or decreased these serum minerals. Fifteen wethers, fitted with abomasal and ileal cannulae, were fed a basal diet alone or supplemented with 23 ppm lasalocid or monensin; Apparent absorption of Mg, K and Fe increased when ionophores were fed. Magnesium flow through the small and large intestines was decreased by lasalocid and monensin. Effects of lasalocid and monensin differed for metabolism, digestive tract flow and (or) partial absorption of Ca, P, Cu, Fe and Zn. Twelve ewe lambs were used in a renal clearance experiment. Lambs were fed a basal diet with no ionophore, 23 ppm lasalocid, or 23 ppm monensin, dry basis. Ionophores were fed starting on d 1 of the experimental period. Serial collections of blood and urine were made during d 1 and d 5 of the experimental period. Monensin reduced urine flow rate at d 1 and d 5. Feeding monensin lowered serum clearance and urinary excretion rates of Na and K at d 5. Serum clearance and urinary excretion rates of Ca were lower in sheep fed ionophores at d 1. Feeding monensin decreased serum clearance and urinary excretion rates of Cu at d 1. At d 5, urinary excretion rates of Zn were greater when lasalocid was fed, and lower when monensin was fed, compared to feeding no ionophore. These studies indicate that dietary lasalocid and monensin can alter mineral status of ruminants, although their effects may differ. The effects of ionophores may be dependent upon dietary K levels.<br>Ph. D.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element and its deficiency is known to compromise a wide range of functions, including vascular function and immune function. The hypothesis of the thesis was that suboptimal Zn status would induce changes in the vascular system, thus raising the potential risk of developing atherosclerosis. After 2 wk, aorta was taken from male adult rats fed by either acute Zn deficient (AZD, <1mg Zn/kg), Zn adequate Pair fed of AZD (PF, 35mg Zn/kg), or Zn adequate control (ZA, 35mg Zn/kg, fed ad libitum) diet. It was found most genes which were significantly regulated between AZD and PF aorta belong to cytoskeleton remodelling. Plasma from the same rats was used to incubate primary VSMC in vitro. Dramatic changes of gene expression in pathways associated with immune function. While AZD plasma induced marked changes in VSMC gene expression in vitro, no significant change was found by depleting Zn from PF plasma. Therefore it is possible that a Zn deficiency induced humoral factor was responsible for influencing VSMC gene expression. By semi-purifying plasma using gel filtration and molecular filtration, it was confirmed that the humoral factor has a molecular weight of around 2kDa and is thought to be a peptide hormone, which could serve as a potential biomarker of Zn status. Splenocytes and whole blood were taken from rats and used to measure cytokine secretion before and after either LPS or ConA treatment. Different concentrations of several cytokines, such as IL2, IL6, TNFα and IFNγ were found from different Zn status. Overall the thesis emphasises the participation of Zn in several aspects of the vascular system, such as regulating cytokine production and maintaining vascular structure. It provides important evidence of the role that Zn plays in the development of atherosclerosis.

X-ray flourescence (XRF) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) measurements for manganese, iron, copper, and zinc were compared for 96 samples of 21 foods from different sources. Correlation coefficients were 0.94 for manganese, 0.99 for iron, 0.93 for copper, and 0.91 for zinc for XRF vs. AAS determinations. Similiar comparisons were performed on 228 samples of fast foods purchased in Utah retail outlets. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.91 for copper to 0.97 for iron and zinc. Comparisons of values generated by XRF for manganese, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, arsenic, and aluminum to values certified by the National Bureau of Standards indicated no significant differences by student's t tests. The simultaneous multielement capabilities of XRF allowed for an extensive screening study for high levels of toxic minerals in the fast foods. Levels of selenium, arsenic, and aluminum in fast foods were determined by XRF. Inductively coupled plasma was used to screen for high cadmium levels since cadmium detection limits by XRF were too high to be of value.

Two metabolism trials were conducted with 15 wethers surgically equipped with duodenal and ileal cannulas to study the absorption of P and certain other minerals from swine waste and broiler litter. The effect of source and level of P on rumen cellulytic bacterial populations was also determined. Animals were fed a low P basal diet until serum inorganic P averaged 5.5 mg/dl, then randomly assigned to the following diets: low P basal alone, or supplemented with swine waste, broiler litter, dicalcium phosphate, or soybean meal. Trials consisted of a 7-d preliminary period, a 7-d collection of urine and feces and a 6-d sampling of duodenal and ileal digesta, and feces. Animals fed the waste diets tended to absorb more P than those fed the conventional supplements. Calculated by difference, sheep absorbed more P from swine waste and broiler litter than from dicalcium phosphate and soybean meal (P< .1). Less Ca was absorbed from the waste diets than from the conventionally supplemented diets (P< .05). Expressed as g/d, there was no difference in Mg absorption between waste and conventional diets. Sheep fed waste tended to digest more dry matter and a higher percentage of ADF in the large intestine. Lignin was primarily digested in the large intestine of all sheep. More cellulytic bacteria were isolated from the rumen of sheep fed the supplemented diets (P< .05). Both P intake and P recycling appear to be important influences on cellulytic bacteria in the rumen. Both broiler litter and swine waste appear to be good sources of P and Mg for ruminants.<br>Ph. D.

Foram utilizadas 8 vacas Holandesas em lactação, distribuídas em um quadrado latino (4x4), replicado, conduzidos durante o verão, por um período de 72 dias. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar quatro níveis de dietas catiônicas, sobre a IMS, produção, composição e propriedades físico-químicas do leite, pH urinário, temperatura corporal e parâmetros ácido-base do sangue, em vacas após o pico de lactação. Para a manipulação do BCAD, foram adicionadas diferentes concentrações de bicarbonato de sódio nas dietas, obtendo-se os seguintes tratamentos: +150, +250, +400 e +500mEq/kg MS. A temperatura corporal das vacas não foi afetada pelo balanço cátion-aniônico da dieta. O bicarbonato, o pH, o CO2 total e a pCO2 do sangue aumentaram linearmente com o aumento do BCAD. A concentração de cálcio no sangue apresentou resposta quadrática, com maior valor para o menor BCAD. As concentrações de sódio e potássio do sangue não foram modificadas significativamente pelo BCAD e a concentração de cloro diminuiu linearmente com o aumento do BCAD. O aumento do BCAD resultou em aumento da ingestão de matéria seca e produção de leite. Não houve diferença significativa para as variáveis: porcentagem de gordura, densidade e índice crioscópico, do leite. O pH do leite aumentou linearmente e a acidez apresentou resposta cúbica, com o aumento do BCAD. Conclui-se que a manipulação do BCAD afeta o equilíbrio ácido-base das vacas, mesmo dentro de variação positiva. Devido ao aumento da IMS e da produção de leite, verificou-se efeito benéfico do uso de dietas catiônicas, para vacas após o pico de lactação.<br>Eight lactating Holsteins cows were distributed in 4 x 4 replicated Latin square, during the summer, for a period of 72 days. The objective of this research was to study the effect of four cationic diets levels, on the dry matter intake, milk production, composition, and physico-chemical parameters, urinary pH, body temperature and blood acid-base parameters, in cows, after the lactation peak. For DCAB manipulation were added different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate in the diets and the following treatments were obtainned: +150, +250, +400 e +500mEq/kg DM. The cows body temperature was not affected by dietary cation-anion balance. Blood bicarbonate, pH, total CO2 and pCO2 increased linearly with the increase of dietary CAB. Calcium concentration in the blood decreased quadratically with dietary CAB increased. Sodium and potassium concentration in the blood were not modified significantly with the DCAB and concentration of chloride decreased linearly with increase of DCAB. Increasing BCAD resulted in higher DM intake and milk yield. The diets did not affect milk fat percentage, density and crioscopic index. Milk pH increased linearly and acidity decreased cubically with the increase of dietary CAB. It was concluded that DCAB manipulation affected the acid-base status of cows, even inside of positive variation. Due to the increase of DM intake and milk yield, it was verified a beneficial effect of the cationic diets for cows after the lactation peak.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:47:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana_Alice_Losch.pdf: 863097 bytes, checksum: e596d4957cda8547589a21bbe3bb0f9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-19<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the apparent digestibility of diets containing different levels of phosphorus for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). The first experiment aimed to evaluate the apparent digestibility of diets containing different phosphorus levels for pacus, through the decantation method. A total of 60 pacus were used, averaging 151,57±6,43 g in weight, allotted in 6 180-L tanks, with Modified Guelph System, in an experimental design entirely randomized. The fish were fed isonitrogenous, isoenergetic and isocalcium diets, containing 27% of crude protein, 1,50% of calcium and 3000 kcal of DE/kg, with levels of 0,6 and 1,2% of total phosphorus. The fecal samples were taken every 30 minutes in order to decrease the loss of nutrients through leaching. We observed significant differences in treatments. There is a reduction in diets digestibility, with values of 80,06 and 60,55%, decrease in phosphorus apparent digestibility, with values of 86,08 and 72,80% and, consequently, observed a increase residual phosphorus for fish fed with 0,6 and 1,2% of phosphorus, respectively. Therefore, the greater total phosphorus digestibility and consequently lower total phosphorus excretion in feces obtained by the decantation method was observed at diet containing 0,6% of total phosphorus for pacus. The second experiment aimed evaluate the apparent digestibility of rations containing different phosphorus levels for pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus), through intestinal dissection method. A total of 320 pacus were used, averaging 768,5±36,34 g in weight, allotted in four 5-m3 cages. The fish were fed isonitrogenous, isoenergetic and isocalcium diets, containing 27% of crude protein, 1,50% of calcium and 3000 kcal of DE/kg, with levels of 0,6; 0,8; 1,0 and 1,2% of total phosphorus. The fecal samples were performed by opening the fish side for removal of feces present in the rectum, and the fish sent for analysis of whole body chemical composition. We observed significant differences (P<0,01) between treatments for apparent digestibility coefficient of the diet, apparent digestibility of phosphorus, available phosphorus and residual phosphorus. There is a linear decrease in apparent digestibility of the diet and apparent digestibility of phosphorus with increase phosphorus levels in the diet, the highest values being observed for the diet with 0,6% of total phosphorus, while for available phosphorus and residual phosphorus there was a linear increase with inclusion levels of total phosphorus in the feed. There were no significant differences for wholly body chemical composition of pacu. Therefore, most phosphorus digestibility of the diet, obtained by intestinal dissection method, was observed in diet containing 0,6% of total phosphorus for pacu and the different phosphorus levels had no effect in whole body of pacus<br>Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de rações contendo diferentes níveis de fósforo para pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus). O primeiro experimento foi conduzido visando avaliar a digestibilidade de rações contendo 0,6% e 1,2% de fósforo total, através do método de decantação. Foram utilizados 60 pacus com peso médio de 151,57±6,43 g, distribuídos em seis cubas com capacidade de 180 litros, com sistema do tipo Guelph modificado, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com rações isoprotéicas (27%), isoenergéticas (3000 kcal/kg) e isocálcicas (1,50%), com níveis de 0,6 e 1,2% de fósforo total. As coletas de fezes foram realizadas a cada 30 minutos, visando diminuir a perdas por lixiviação dos nutrientes. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entres os tratamentos. Observa-se uma redução na digestibilidade do fósforo das dietas, com valores de 80,06% para os peixes alimentados com 0,6% de fósforo total e de 60,55% para os peixes alimentados com 1,2%. Observa-se também redução para a digestibilidade aparente do fósforo, com valores de 86,08 e 72,80% e consequentemente observa-se um aumento do fósforo residual para os peixes alimentados com 0,6 e 1,2% de fósforo total, respectivamente. Portanto, a maior digestibilidade do fósforo total e consequentemente menor excreção de fósforo nas fezes, obtida através do método de decantação, foi observada na dieta contendo 0,6% de fósforo total para pacus. O segundo experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de rações contendo diferentes níveis de fósforo para pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus), através do método de dissecação intestinal e a composição centesimal da carcaça destes peixes. Foram utilizados 320 pacus com peso médio de 768,5±36,34 g, distribuídos em quatro tanques-rede com capacidade de 5m³. Os peixes foram alimentados com rações isoprotéicas, isoenergéticas e isocálcicas, contendo 27% de proteína bruta, 1,50% de cálcio, e 3000 kcal de ED/kg, com níveis de 0,6; 0,8; 1,0 e 1,2% de fósforo total. As coletas de fezes foram realizadas, por abertura lateral nos peixes, para retirada das fezes presente no reto, em seguida os peixes foram encaminhados para análise de composição centesimal da carcaça. Foram observadas diferenças significativas (P<0,01) entres os tratamentos para o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da dieta, digestibilidade aparente do fósforo, fósforo disponível e fósforo residual. Observa-se uma diminuição linear para digestibilidade aparente da dieta, digestibilidade aparente do fósforo com o aumento dos níveis de inclusão de fósforo na ração, sendo os maiores valores observados para a dieta com 0,6% de fósforo total na ração, enquanto que para o fósforo disponível e fósforo residual houve um aumento linear, com aumento da inclusão de níveis de fósforo total na ração. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para a composição centesimal da carcaça dos pacus. Portanto, a maior digestibilidade do fósforo total da dieta, obtida através do método de dissecação, foi observada na dieta contendo 0,6% de fósforo total para pacu e os diferentes níveis de fósforo não influenciaram na composição química da carcaça de pacus

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 293030 bytes, checksum: ddff1d4b8185a45439d30e256b1b9d55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-28<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>This work had the objective to evaluate the biodisponibility of phosphorus and levels of available phosphorus (AP) for initial pigs phase. They were realized two experiments. In the experiment 1, were utilized 140 pigs, 70 castrates males and 70 females, with initial weight of 14.92 ± 0.61 kg, distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with seven treatments, five repetitions and four animal per experimental unit. The treatments were constituted for basal diet without phosphate supplemented and other six diets obtained for basal diet supplemented with bicalcium phosphate (BP), bicalcium phosphate with 20 % for phosphorus (BP20) and monoamonium phosphate (MAP) with two levels of phosphorus (0.221 and 0.406%) each one. On experiment 2, were used 100 commercial pigs, being 50 castrate males and 50 females, with initial weight of 15.03 ± 0.33 kg, distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with five treatments, five repetitions and four animal per experimental unit. The treatments were constituted in a five levels for AP (0.106; 0.221; 0.310; 0406 and 0.493%), whose first levels were constituted from a basal diet, without phosphate supplementation, and others four obtained with phosphate supplementation in a diet basal with (AP). In experiment 1, it is concluded that BP20 was 13.48; 1.35 and 8.59 % more biodisponible for variable daily weight gain, phosphorus in bone and calcium in bones respectively. For MAP it was 8.65 and 728 % for variables daily weight gain and calcium in the bones respectively. The results obtained with BP were considered 100 % disponible. In the Experiment 2, the levels of AP have influenced the feed daily intake, which increased in a linear form. The daily weight gain increased and feed conversion reduced in a quadratic form due the levels of AP of the ration, until the estimated levels, respectively, of 0.450 and 0.390 % for AP. There was no effect on the AP levels of the rations over the bone resistance. The treatments also influenced in a quadratic form the contents of calcium and phosphorus in the bone, which increased, respectively, until the estimated levels of 0.388 and 0.369 % for AP. There was no effect on the AP levels of the rations aver the bone ashes content. It is concluded that the levels of AP that propitiate the better results in a swine for 15 to the 30 kg are from 0.450 for daily weight gain; 0.390 to feed conversion; 0.388 for calcium in the bone and 0,369 to phosphorus in the bone.<br>Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar a biodisponibilidade de fósforo e níveis de fósforo disponível (PD) em rações para suínos na fase inicial. Para tanto, foram realizados dois experimentos. No experimento 1, foram utilizados 140 leitões, 70 machos e 70 fêmeas, com peso inicial de 14,92 ± 0,61 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com sete tratamentos, cinco repetições e quatro animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração basal, sem suplementação de fosfato, e outras seis rações obtidas pela suplementação da ração basal com fosfato bicálcico (FB), fosfato bicálcico com 20% de fósforo (FB20) e o fosfato monoamônio (FMA) com dois níveis de fósforo disponível (0,221 e 0,406% PD) cada. No experimento 2, foram utilizados 100 leitões híbridos comerciais, sendo 50 machos castrados e 50 fêmeas, com peso inicial de 15,03 ± 0,33 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos, cinco repetições e quatro animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em cinco níveis de PD (0,106; 0,221; 0,310; 0,406 e 0,493%), cujo primeiro nível foi constituído de uma ração basal, sem suplementação de fosfato, e outras quatro obtidas pela suplementação da ração basal com FB. No Experimento 1, conclui-se que o FB20 foi 13,48; 1,35 e 8,59% mais biodisponível para as variáveis ganho de peso diário (GPD), fósforo no osso (PO) e cálcio no osso (CaO). Para o FMA foi 8,65 e 7,28% para as variáveis GPD e CaO, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos com o FB foram considerados 100% disponível. No experimento 2, observou-se que os níveis de PD influenciaram o consumo de ração diário (CRD), que aumentou de forma linear. O ganho de peso diário (GPD) aumentou e a conversão alimentar (CA) reduziu de forma quadrática em razão dos níveis de PD da ração, até os níveis estimados, respectivamente, de 0,450 e 0,390% de PD. Não houve efeito dos níveis de PD das rações sobre a resistência óssea (RO). Os tratamentos também influenciaram de forma quadrática os teores de cálcio no osso (CaO) e fósforo no osso (PO), que aumentaram, respectivamente, até os níveis estimados de 0,388 e 0,369% de PD. Não houve efeito dos níveis de PD das rações sobre o teor de cinza óssea (CO). Conclui-se que os níveis de PD para suínos dos 15 aos 30 kg são de 0,450 para GPD; 0,390 para CA; 0,388 para CaO e 0,369 para PO.

Master of Science<br>Department of Animal Sciences and Industry<br>K C Olson<br>Our objective was to evaluate the effects of pre- and post-partum bolus injections of a trace mineral solution on beef cow reproductive performance, body weight (BW) change, and body condition score (BCS) change and on performance of suckling calves. Mature beef cows (n = 460; initial BW = 497 ± 89 kg, initial BCS = 5.4 ± 0.74) were stratified by BCS, parity, and predicted calving date and assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) subcutaneous trace mineral (TM) injection containing 15 mg/mL Cu, 5 mg/mL Se, 10 mg/mL Mn, and 60 mg/mL Zn or 2) subcutaneous injection of physiological saline (SA). Injections were administered to cows (1 mL / 90 kg BW) 105 days before the first projected calving date and again 30 days before fixed-time AI. Calves received the same treatment as their dams and were injected (1 mL / 45 kg BW) at birth and again at 71 ± 21 days of age. Cows grazed native pastures for the duration of the study; trace mineral supplements and white salt were available to all cattle ad libitum before and during the study. Ovulation was synchronized using a 5-d CO-Synch + CIDR protocol and cows were inseminated 60 to 64 hours after CIDR removal. Cows were exposed to fertile bulls for natural-service breeding 10 days after AI for 35 to 50 days. Conception to AI and final pregnancy rate were assessed 36 days after AI with ultrasound and 120 days after AI via rectal palpation. Change in BW and BCS from initiation of the study to calving and from AI to weaning did not differ (P ≥ 0.15) between TM and SA cows. Conversely, TM cows had greater (P = 0.04) BCS increase than SA cows between calving and AI. Calf BW at birth, ADG, and age-adjusted weaning BW did not differ (P ≥ 0.36) between treatments. Proportion of cows with estrus cycles 17 and 8 days before ovulation synchronization was similar (P ≥ 0.51) between treatments. Conception to AI was greater (P = 0.05) for cows receiving TM (60.2%) than for cows receiving SA (51.2%); however, overall pregnancy did not differ (P = 0.24) between treatments and averaged 92%. Under the conditions of our study, pre- and post-partum TM injections improved conception to fixed-time AI by beef cows.

U radu je ispitivan efekat dodatka čiste melase i voda/povrda (jabuke, &scaron;ljive, mrkva i crveni kupus), prethodno osmotski dehidriranih u melasi &scaron;ederne repe, na kvalitet hleba. Ispitivane su sledede grupe suplemenata u dve doze: čista melasa (5 i 10%, računato na bra&scaron;no), sveži (u obliku komadida osmotski dehidriranog voda/povrda, 10 i 30%, računato na bra&scaron;no) spra&scaron;eni (osu&scaron;eno i samleveno osmotski dehidrirano vode/povrde, 5 i 10%, računato na bra&scaron;no).Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da su ispitivani dodaci uticali na značajno pobolj&scaron;anje mineralnog sastava hleba. Najznačajni je povedanje u odnosu na kontrolni je zabeleženo u sadržaju kalijuma: za niže doze dodataka, najvede povedanje se kretalo u opsegu 89.1% (hleb sa melasom)-94.1% (hleb sa &scaron;ljivom u prahu) dok su za vi&scaron;e doze dodataka zabeležena slededa maksimalna povedanja:157.5% (hleb sa kupusom u prahu) i 167.5% (hleb sa melasom). Hlebovi sa dodacima su takođe imali značajno vi&scaron;e sadržaje magnezijuma i kalcijuma u odnosu na kontrolni hleb. Najvi&scaron;i sadržaji Mg i Ca su određeni u hlebovima sa dodatkom vi&scaron;e doze kupusa u prahu (58 i 100%, respektivno). Hlebovi sa dodacima su pokazivali značajno vi&scaron;i antioksidacioni potencijal, pri čemu su najvi&scaron;i potencijali zabeleženi u hlebu sa dodatkom &scaron;ljive u prahu, 62.5-81.6% za 5 i 10% dodatak, respektivno.Dodaci na bazi melase su uticali na promenu fizičkih, teksturnih i senzorskih svojstava hleba u pravcu smanjenja specifične zapremine, povedanja čvrstode sredine i potamnjivanja boje. Međutim, pri nižim dozama dodataka, ove promene su bile manje izražene. Hlebovi sa dodatkom jabuke i &scaron;ljive su ocenjeni kao najbolji po ukusu.<br>Osmotical dehydration in sugar beet molasses as hypertonic medium was used to treat apples, plums, carrots and red cabbage. Following the treatment, the fruits/vegetables were dried and ground. The study was aimed at determining the quality parameters of bread supplemented with the following ingredients: The freshly treated fruits/vegetables (at 10% and 30% level, flour basis), The powders derived from them (at 5% and 10% level flour basis), Sugar beet molasses (at 5% and 10% level flour basis).The results showed that these ingredients significantly improved the mineral content of breads. The most marked was the increase in K content: for lower supplementation level, 89.1% (bread withmolasses)-94.1% (bread with plum, powder). For higher supplementation level, the rise in K content was 157.5% (bread with cabbage, powder) and 167, 5% (bread with molasses). Contents of Mg and Ca were also significantly increased as compared to the control. The highest increase in Mg and Ca was obtained by supplementation with cabbage at higher applied dose (around 58% and 100%, respectively). Moreover, the supplemented breads showed significantly higher antioxidant potentials with the highest increase measured in the breads made with plum (62.5-81.6% for 5 and 10% levels, respectively). The molasses-based ingredients influenced the physical, textural and sensory properties of bread by lowering the specific volume, increasing the crumb firmness and changing the color and flavor. However, the lower supplementation levels had relatively mild effect on these properties. The breads made with apples and plums were scored highest for flavor.

The coal industry of Mpumalanga Province is faced with the problem of developing cost effective ways of using large volumes of calcium and magnesium sulphate enriched waste waters. Use of the waste waters for agricultural production may contribute as a stabilising factor with regard to yields in this high potential agricultural area. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of such waste waters on yield and to compare crop response to calcium and magnesium sulphate salinity at different nutrient levels. Two separate glasshouse experiments were conducted. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. SST 825) was grown in calcium and magnesium sulphate salinised nutrient solutions (Ca:Mg 2: 1) with differential levels of NO3, NH4, P and K. A soil pot experiment was subsequently conducted with maize (Zea mays, cv. PAN 6256), three gypsum and magnesium sulphate salinity levels and a 6 x 2 x 3 factorial combination of N, P and K. Calcium and magnesium sulphate salinity decreased the biomass production of both crops. This was mainly due to interactions of Mg with the uptake of essential nutrients in wheat and a Mg toxicity andlor Ca deficiency induced by high levels of Mg andlor SO4 in maize. The application of NO3, NH4, and K at rates different from the level considered beneficial for non-saline conditions improved wheat growth under sulphate saline conditions. Strongly inhibitory salinity levels controlled the maize yield of the highest salinity treatment regardless of the level of fertiliser application. A beneficial effect of higher NH4 supply was observed in both experiments. This can be ascribed to the antagonistic effect that NH4 exerted on Mg concentrations in plants (both experiments) and SO4 (soil pot experiment) and/or to a higher N-utilization efficiency where N was supplied as NH4 compared to NO3. Differential application levels of P had no effect on the yield of wheat. Phosphorus concentrations in maize were marginal to low, even at extremely high soil Bray I-P levels. This was probably caused by the precipitation of P as insoluble calcium phosphate complexes in the soil andlor between the free space of the cortex cells of plant roots. These results could also indicate that the Bray I extraction method does not give a true reflection of plant available P in sulphate saline soil. Further experimentation is needed to verify these results under field conditions and determine the optimal rate, method and timing of especially NH4 and PO4 fertilisers when irrigating crops with these calcium and magnesium sulphate enriched waste waters.<br>Dissertation (MSc (Plant Production and Soil Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007.<br>Plant Production and Soil Science<br>unrestricted

Orientador: Marcelo Alexandre Prado<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T09:10:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Torrezan_MarinaAlvarez_M.pdf: 599247 bytes, checksum: 94d08561b45519ee935426b1a68419e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008<br>Resumo: O mel é um dos alimentos mais antigos conhecido pelo ser humano, sendo que suas propriedades terapêuticas já eram descritas desde a antiguidade. É produzido por meio de abelhas melíferas a partir do néctar das flores ou outras secreções das plantas, o qual é transformado, combinado com enzimas salivares, armazenado e amadurecido nos favos das colméias. Os elementos minerais essenciais são divididos entre macroelementos (cálcio, fósforo, potássio, sódio, cloro, magnésio, enxofre) e microelementos (ferro, cobre, zinco, cobalto, manganês, iodo, flúor, selênio, cromo, silício), de acordo com as quantidades, maiores ou menores em que são encontrados no organismo humano. Quimicamente, trata-se de uma matriz complexa, composta por água, glicose, frutose, sacarose, cinzas, ácidos, grãos de pólen, partículas de cera, proteínas, pigmentos, álcoois, aminoácidos, dextrinas, enzimas, compostos voláteis, vitaminas e minerais. A composição depende da origem e da constituição do néctar, sendo que a concentração de minerais normalmente varia de 0,1 a 1,0%. É um desafio analítico determinar metais em alimentos ricos em açúcar, devido à interferência da matriz. A técnica mais comum de espectrometria de absorção atômica é a com atomização por chama, a qual foi utilizada neste trabalho. Quando há amostra, o vapor atômico absorve parte da radiação ressonante emitida pela fonte, que é demonstrado pelo enfraquecimento da cor do feixe que passa pela chama. Tal processo está relacionado com a concentração do analito a ser determinado. Trata-se de uma técnica analítica notável por sua seletividade, velocidade, baixo custo operacional, simplicidade e estabilidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar valores de cálcio, cobre, ferro, magnésio, manganês, potássio, sódio e zinco. Os valores encontrados variaram de 1,91- 4,52 mg/g, <0,35-1,04 mg/g, 1,00-3,66 mg/g, traços de magnésio (<0,1 mg/g), 0,24-4,65 mg/g, 1,58-55,9 mg/g, 1,01-20,02 mg/g, e <0,18-3,17 mg/g, respectivamente. Também foram determinados parâmetros de otimização da metodologia e os resultados encontrados de minerais foram comparados com os valores de Ingestão Diária Recomendada (IDR)<br>Abstract: Honey is one of the oldest known food for mankind, and that its therapeutic properties were already described since antiquity. It is produced by honey bees from the nectar of flowers or other secretions plant, which is turned, combined with salivates enzymes, stored and mature honeycombs in the hives. The elements essential minerals are divided between macro (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfur) and microelements (iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, manganese, iodine, fluorine, selenium, chromium, silicon), according to the quantities, more or less where they are found in the human body. Chemically, it is a complex matrix, composed of water, glucose, fructose, sucrose, ash, acids, grains of pollen, particles of wax, proteins, pigments, alcohols, amino acids, dextrin, enzymes, volatile compounds, vitamins and minerals. The composition depends on the origin and composition of nectar, and the concentration of minerals typically ranges from 0.1 to 1.0%. It is an analytical challenge to determine metals in foods high in sugar, due to the interference of the matrix. The most common technique of atomic absorption spectrometry is to spray a flame, which was used in this work. When there are sample, the atomic vapors absorbs part of resonant radiation emitted by the source, which is demonstrated by the weakening of the color of the beam that passes through the flame. This process is related to the concentration of the analyte to be determined. This is a notable analytical technique for its selectivity, speed, low operational cost, simplicity and stability. This study aimed to determine values of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium and zinc. The amounts found ranged from 1,91-4,52 mg / g <0,35-1,04 mg / g, 1,00-3,66 mg / g, traces of magnesium (<0.1 mg / g), 0,24-4,65 mg / g 1,58-55,9 mg / g 1,01-20,02 mg / g, and <0,18-3,17 mg / g, respectively. They also were certain parameters to optimize the methodology and results of minerals were compared with the values of Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do uso de dietas com diferentes balanço cátion-aniônico dietético (BCAD) na produção e na qualidade do leite de búfala, nas características fermentativas através da técnica de produção de gás in vitro, além de traçar perfil nutricional de búfalas em lactação em propriedades de bubalinocultura da região central do Estado de São Paulo. Dessa forma, a tese está apresentada na forma de 11 capítulos, sendo que os capítulos 1, 2 e 11 descrevem a introdução, revisão de literatura e considerações finais, respectivamente. Os demais descrevem diferentes experimentos realizados sob a temática geral de 2012 a 2014. O capítulo 3 contém a avaliação de quatro dietas catiônicas com alto BCAD (+362, +370, +379 e +390 mEq/kg/MS) formuladas conforme rendimento do queijo muçarela para 350 búfalas, divididas em dois grupos (búfalas com menos e acima de 100 dias de lactação no início do experimento) durante período experimental de 120 dias. Dez tratamentos foram designados adotando-se diferentes formas de sistema de alimentação durante todo o experimento. A covarivavel idade não influenciou na produção e qualidade do leite das búfalas, exceto na contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e condutividade elétrica nas búfalas &le;100 dias de lactação. Houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para a produção de leite diária em ambos os grupos de búfalas. Somente a lactose apresentou diferenças entre os tratamentos em búfalas no início da lactação. A forma do sistema de alimentação com alteração das dietas contendo diferentes BCAD a cada 30 dias não produz efeitos na produção e qualidade do leite em búfalas no estágio inicial da lactação, porém aumenta a produção de leite em búfalas acima de 100 dias de lactação. No capítulo 4 a produção diária e a qualidade do leite foram avaliadas em 297 búfalas, divididas em dois grupos, um com menos de 100 e outro de 100 a 220 dias de lactação recebendo duas dietas catiônicas com baixo BCAD: D121 (+121 mEq/kg/MS) e D164 (+164 mEq/kg/MS) em dois sistema de alimentação, definindo quatro tratamentos. O BCAD influenciou na produção de leite das búfalas, entretanto, o menor BCAD produziu melhoria na produção de leite. O BCAD mais elevado promoveu aumentos nos teores de proteína, sólidos totais (ST), extrato seco desengordurado (ESD) e CCS nas búfalas de 100 a 200 dias de lactação. No capítulo 5 quatro dietas aniônicas com BCAD de -61, -67, -73 e -100 mEq/kg/MS foram avaliadas em 259 búfalas, divididas em dois grupos, com 100 a 200 dias e acima de 200 dias de lactação. O BCAD negativo não interferiu na produção de leite diária e na qualidade do leite das búfalas, porém, influenciou no teor de gordura e lactose do leite em ambos os grupos de lactação e ainda nos teores de proteína, sólidos totais e CSS nas búfalas acima de 200 dias de lactação. No capítulo 6, foram avaliados três níveis crescentes de BCAD de +40, +120 e +190 mEq/kg/MS na produção, qualidade e minerais no leite de búfalas, não observando alterações significantes na produção, qualidade e minerais no leite de búfala, exceto na condutividade elétrica, acidez titulável e nos teores de Na e Cl. No capítulo 7 realizou-se a caracterização da produção, qualidade e minerais do leite na curva de lactação de búfalas em dietas catiônicas com baixo BCAD. Os dados mostraram que a curva da lactação iniciou-se ascendente, com pico no 2°. e 3°. mês e posterior declínio com maior produção de leite nos primeiros 90 dias da lactação (40%). As búfalas paridas no segundo semestre apresentaram média diária de produção de leite ao longo da lactação superior que as paridas no primeiro semestre com a qualidade do leite semelhante em ambas os grupos. Os teores de gordura, proteína, ST e ESD ao longo da lactação aumentaram no leite e depois se mantiveram constantes, enquanto que a lactose diminuiu e a CCS não se alterou ao longo do experimento. Os níveis de macrominerais no leite de búfala foram constantes durante a lactação, exceto o cloro que sofreu queda. O Ca e o K apresentaram-se em maior concentração. No capítulo 8 é descrita a caracterização da produção acumulada e diária do leite de búfala na curva de lactação em função da duração da lactação, número da lactação e faixa etária dos animais, recebendo dieta com BCAD médio de +83 mEq/kg/MS. A curva da lactação em búfalas caracterizou-se pelo crescimento da produção de leite até os primeiros 90 dias, seguida de um declínio gradativo até o final da lactação, não existindo influência da duração da lactação, número da lactação e da faixa etária dos animais. Foram identificadas quatro fases com diferentes níveis de queda mensal de produção em relação ao mês anterior (aumento; leve, médio e forte declínios). Búfalas mais velhas acima de 11 anos de idade apresentam declínio mais acentuado que búfalas mais jovens. No início da lactação até 90 dias, búfalas com maior número de lactações e faixa etária produziram mais leite que as mais jovens. No capítulo 9 compararam-se dietas com BCAD de +110, +220 e +440 mEq/kg/MS na cinética de fermentação ruminal, por meio de parâmetros da produção de gases totais e metano, degradabilidade da matéria seca e orgânica e produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e nitrogênio amoniacal em 24 e 96 horas de inoculação, com a técnica de produção de gases in vitro, usando inóculo de conteúdo ruminal de bubalinos. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos em qualquer variável avaliada. As ausências de efeitos sugerem ações outras do BCAD sobre o metabolismo animal do que sobre o metabolismo ruminal na produção de efeitos sobre o desempenho produtivo dos animais. Concluindo esses estudos, o capítulo 10 descreve a avaliação do sistema de exploração de leite de búfalas de quatro propriedades rurais, compreendendo um total de 794 búfalas, com caracterização da composição de 11 tipos de dietas e composição químico-bromatológica de ingredientes das dietas utilizadas. As búfalas apresentaram ingestão de matéria seca média diária de 17,8 kg por animal (2,6% do peso vivo e 91 g MS/kg0,75) e produção de leite média de 8,1 kg/animal/dia com conversão alimentar de 2,2 kg de MS por kg de leite produzido/animal/dia.<br>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding diets with different dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) in the production and quality of buffalo milk, in the fermentation characteristics by in vitro gas production technique, and in addition to showing nutritional profile lactating buffalo on farms located in the central region of São Paulo state, Brazil. Thus, this thesis is presented in the form of eleven sections, where the Chapters 1, 2 and 11 describe the introduction, literature review, and final considerations, respectively. The others describe different experiments performed under the general theme from 2012 to 2014. The Chapter 3 contains the evaluation of four cationic diets with high DCAD (+362, +370, +379 and +390 mEq / kg / MS) formulated as mozzarella cheese yield basis in 350 buffaloes, divided into two groups (buffaloes less and above 100 days of lactation at beginning of the experiment) during the experimental period of 120 days. Ten treatments were assigned adopting different ways feeding system throughout the experiment. The covariate age did not influence the production and quality of milk, except in somatic cell counting (SCC) and electrical conductivity in buffaloes &le;100 days of lactation. Significant differences were observed between treatments for daily milk production in both groups buffaloes. Only lactose has differed between treatments in buffaloes in early lactation. The feeding system with changing diets containing different DCAD every 30 days has no effect on production and quality of milk in buffalo in the early stage of lactation, but it increases milk production in buffalo over 100 days of lactation. In chapter 4, the daily production and milk quality were evaluated in 297 buffaloes, divided into two groups, one with less than 100 and another 100-220 days of lactation receiving two cationic diets with low DCAD: D121 (+121 mEq / kg / DM) and D164 (+164 meq / Kg / MS) to two feeding systems, defining four treatments. DCAD has influenced the milk production of buffaloes. Lower DCAD has produced higher milk production. The highest DCAD has promoted increases in protein, total solids (TS), solid no fat (SNF) and SCC in buffaloes with 100-200 days of lactation. In Chapter 5, four anionic diets with DCAD of -61, -67, -73 and -100 mEq / kg / DM were evaluated in 259 buffaloes, divided into two groups: between 100 - 200 days and over 200 days of lactation. The negative DCAD has not interfered in daily milk production and milk quality in buffaloes, however, has influenced the fat and lactose contents of milk in buffalo in both groups of lactation and also in protein levels, and total solid and SCC of buffalo over 200 days of lactation. In Chapter 6, were evaluated three increasing levels of DCAD: +40, +120 and +190 mEq / kg / DM in production, quality and minerals in buffalo milk. No significant differences were observed in production, quality and minerals in buffalo milk except in electrical conductivity, acidity and levels of Na and Cl. In Chapter 7, the characterization of production, quality and minerals of milk along the lactation curve were evaluated in buffaloes on cationic diets with low DCAD. The data showed that the lactation curve started rising, peaking on the 2nd. and 3rd. month and subsequent decline with higher milk production in the first 90 days of lactation (40%). The calved buffaloes in the second half of the year had higher average daily milk production along the lactation than that calved in the first half with the quality of milk similar in both groups. The fat, protein, TS and SNF increased in milk throughout the lactation and, then remained constant, while lactose decreased and the SCC did not change. The buffalo milk macrominerals have maintained the same levels along lactation, except chlorine that dropped. Ca and K showed up in higher concentration. In Chapter 8 describes the characterization of accumulated and daily production of buffalo milk during lactation curve as a function of lactation period, number of lactation and age of the animals fed diet with medium DCAD of +83 mEq/kg/DM. The lactation curve in buffaloes characterized by the growth of milk production until the first 90 days, followed by a gradual decline until the end of lactation, with no influence of lactation period, lactation number and age of the animals. Four phases have been identified with different monthly decline levels of production compared to the previous month (increase; slight, medium and, strong declines). Older buffaloes above 11 years of age had steeper decline than younger buffaloes. In early lactation up to 90 days, buffaloes with more lactations and age have produced more milk than younger. In Chapter 9, three diets of DCAD +110, +220 and +440 mEq/kg DM were evaluated by ruminal fermentation kinetics, involving total production and methane gases, degradability of dry matter and organic matter and fatty acids of short chain and ammonia nitrogen productions in 24 and 96 hours of inoculation, by using in vitro gas production technique with inoculum of rumen contents of buffalo. No differences were observed between treatments. No observed effects suggest other actions of DCAD on animal metabolism than on ruminal metabolism in producing productive performance of the animals. Completing these studies, Chapter 10 describes the evaluation of buffalo milk operating system of four rural properties, comprising a total of 794 buffaloes, with characterization of the composition of 11 types of diets and chemical composition of the diet ingredients used. The buffaloes had dry matter intake daily average of 17.8 kg per animal (2.6% of body weight and 91 g DM / kg0.75) and average milk production of 8.1 kg / animal / day with feed conversion 2.2 kg of dry matter per kg of produced milk / animal / day.

Concentrations of trace minerals within the body are known to impact reproductive processes. Thus, the current study analyzed the effects of using an injectable trace mineral supplement containing selenium, zinc, copper, and manganese during a superovulation protocol on embryo outcomes in donor beef cows and further effects on pregnancy rate in recipient females. We hypothesized that an injectable trace mineral (TM) supplement provided to cows fed to meet known nutrient requirements would increase TM status and influence superovulation, embryo characteristics, and enhance pregnancy rates. Our findings indicate that the injectable TM increased concentration of Se within the liver. However, superovulatory response, embryo production, quality grade, and developmental stage were not influenced by TM status. In addition, embryo treatment did not influence pregnancy rate, gestation length, or calf body weight.

O experimento foi conduzido na FZEA/USP, com objetivo de comparar a utilização de fontes orgânicas de enxofre com a flor de enxofre na dieta de bovinos, com base no ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, concentração de enxofre e cobre no sangue, fígado e rim, e características da carcaça (experimento I), além de parâmetros ruminais (experimento II). No experimento I, 32 novilhos Nelore foram confinados e receberam ração total pelo sistema ?calan gate?, sendo divididos nos tratamentos: controle; flor de enxofre; metionina e carboquelatado. A cada 28 dias foram pesados, e foram colhidas amostras de sangue para posterior análise. Após 84 dias, foram abatidos e foram colhidas amostras de fígado e rim. No experimento II, oito novilhos foram canulados e divididos nos mesmos tratamentos já descritos. Durante cinco dias foi amostrado líquido ruminal para contagem de protozoários e análise de pH. Também foram incubados saquinhos de náilon para determinação da degradabilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibras em detergente neutro e ácido das dietas. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar no período total de confinamento, porém, o carboquelatado proporcionou ganho de peso 11% maior que a flor de enxofre nos primeiros 28 dias de confinamento. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre as fontes para concentração de enxofre e cobre no sangue, porém, no fígado, as fontes orgânicas proporcionaram as menores concentrações de enxofre e a metionina, as menores concentrações de cobre. Não houve efeito das fontes estudadas na concentração de enxofre e cobre no rim, no rendimento de carcaça a na maciez da carne, bem como na degradabilidade e no pH ruminal. Entretanto, o carboquelatado aumentou a quantidade total de protozoários ciliados, sendo uma alternativa interessante para suplementação de bovinos no inicio do período de confinamento.<br>This research was carried out at FZEA/USP to compare the utilization of organic sulphur sources to elemental sulphur in bovines? diet, through analyses of weight gain, feed conversion, liver and kidney sulphur and copper concentrations and carcass characteristics (experiment I), and ruminal parameters (experiment II). During experiment I, 32 Nellore steers were confined and were fed a total ration through ?calan gate? system. They were divided into the treatments: control; elemental sulphur; methionine and carboquelated. Each 28 days, they were weighted and blood samples were taken to posterior analysis. After 84 days, they were slaughtered and samples of liver and kidney were taken. During experiment II, eight steers were cannuladed and divided into the same described treatments. During five days, ruminal liquid was sampled to protozoa count and pH determination. Also, nylon bags were incubated to determinate the degradability of dietary dry matter, crude protein and acid and neutral detergent fiber. Treatments did not affect weight gain and feed conversion during whole feedlot period, however, carboquelated provided weight gain 11% higher than the elemental sulphur during the first 28 days of feedlot. There were no differences of sulphursources on sulphur and copper blood concentrations, however, in the liver, the organic sources provided lower sulphur concentrations and methionine provided lower copper concentration. The studied sources did not affect kidney sulphur and copper concentration, carcass yield, shear force, ruminal degradability and pH. However, carboquelated increased total amount of ciliate protozoa, and it is an interesting alternative to supplement bovines during the beginning of a feedlot period.

Tyrimo tikslas. Ištirti ir įvertinti padidintos biologinės vertės maisto produktų (mineralinio vandens „Tichė“ ir rūgpienio, praturtinto konjuguota linolo rūgštimi ir probiotinėmis kultūromis) įtaką 2007/ 2008 m.m. besimokiusių Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakulteto II-o kurso Medicinos studijų programos studentų kai kuriems kraujo laboratoriniams rodikliams. Metodai. Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikų LDC buvo atlikti kraujo laboratoriniai tyrimai. Siekiant įvertinti vartotų padidintos biologinės vertės maisto produktų galimą poveikį organizmo virškinimo sistemos funkcijoms, buvo sudarytos anketos. Siekiant įvertinti, ar papildomai vartotas maistas turėjo įtakos kraujo biocheminiams rodikliams, buvo atlikti studentų faktinės mitybos tyrimai pagal standartinę 24 valandų apklausos metodiką. Duomenų suvedimui ir analizei panaudotos MICROSOFT EXCEL 2003, SPSS 12,0 programos. Rezultatai ir išvados. Asmenų, kurie vartojo mineralinį vandenį „Tichė“, jonizuoto Ca koncentracija kraujo plazmoje patikimai padidėjo, o kontrolinio bandinio metu, kai buvo vartojamas vien tik šaltinio vanduo, tiek jonizuoto Ca, tiek ir bendra Ca koncentracijos patikimai mažėjo. Tirtieji Medicinos fakulteto studentai pakankamai gerai žino, kiek reikėtų suvartoti geriamo vandens per parą ir supranta jo reikšmę organizmo fiziologinėms funkcijoms. Didžiausia dalis respondentų (net 67,9 proc.) gėrimui vartojo vandentiekio vandenį, tačiau, jeigu vandenį pirko parduotuvėse, 81,8 proc... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Purpose of the analysis. To investigate and to evaluate the influence of food products with increased biological value (“Tichė” mineral water and sour milk enriched with conjugated linoleic acid and probiotic cultures) on some laboratory blood test results of students who have attended the second year of Medicine studies at the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University in 2007/ 2008. Methods. Laboratory blood examinations were performed in the LDC of Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos. In order to evaluate the possible effect of food products with increased biological value on digestive functions of the organism, questionnaires were distributed. In order to find out whether the additionally consumed food had any influence on biochemical blood indicators, actual student nutrition analyses based on standard 24-hour survey methodology were performed. Programs used for data processing and analysis were MICROSOFT EXCEL 2003, and SPSS 12 0. Results and conclusions. The ionized Ca concentration in the blood plasma of persons that were using “Tichė” mineral water increased reliably, while both ionized Ca and overall Ca concentrations were decreasing during a control test when only spring water was used. The examined medical students were sufficiently aware of the daily water amount that should be consumed and understand its significance to the physiological functions of the body. The majority of respondents (67.9 percent) were drinking tap water; however, if the water... [to full text]

Early cortical injury has been attributed to the consequential effects of various factors, such as alcohol, drug addiction, smoking, and inadequate nutrient intakes during periods of pregnancy and lactation, or delivery of infants by forceps, and premature deliveries. These are only a few examples of circumstances, or "injury", that may result in disorders ranging from mild learning difficulties to aggressive behaviour. Injury to the cortex during the early years of development has been know to result in poor behavioural outcome into adulthood. Presently, the most common form of treatment includes a pharmacological agent, which may be accompanied with behavioral modification therapies supported by families. As an alternative form of therapy towards the treatment of early cortical injury, choline and a vitamin and mineral supplement (EM Power+) were used to determine the possibilities of nutrition intervention in an animal model. The injuries were incurred by aspiration lesion at days three, (Exp.1) and four, (Exp.2) and lesions were localized to the midline medial frontal cortex in some rats, while a different group of rats received lesions in the posterior parietal cortex. The pre-and postnatal choline treated animals showed favorable results for the medial frontal lesions, and the postnatal vitamin supplement treated animals showed favorable results for treatment in both medial frontal and posterior parietal lesions. All animals were tested in adulthood indicating that nutrition intervention is very beneficial for alleviating some of the functional deficits commonly seen from early cortical injury.<br>xiv, 191 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1753652 bytes, checksum: 23724be0973af46287264619b5b0e719 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-10<br>This is a data survey from the main commercial mineral supplements for dairy and beef cattle currently available in the Brazilian market. 307 products have been listed, from eight of the leading companies operating in Brazil. The products have been listed in six categories: ready-to-use for beef cattle ; ready-to-use for dairy cattle ; units to produce beef cattle concentrate ; units to produce dairy cattle concentrate ; premix , which must be added to NaCl; and protein salts n order to evaluate their minerals, vitamins, ionophores, yeast, urea and crude protein composition, and compare the mineral levels with the Brazilian legislation (IN12, 2004). The ready to use products do not fulfill the legal specifications for phosphorus level in all products. The same happens in some "premix" products in 1:1 dilution with NaCl, when indicated for dairy cattle. This mineral level is 64.9 % higher in products to produce dairy cattle concentrate , when compared with the same kind of products for beef cattle. The P average for protein salts category is 28.5 g/kg and in order to meet the legal specifications, the ingestion must be considered. When it comes to micro minerals the premix category does not comply with the specifications in Cu , Mn , Zn and Se in 1:1 dilution for dairy cattle. The ready to use category meets all minerals specifications for dairy cattle but it does not for beef cattle, only part of the mineral range. Dairy cattle products to produce concentrate have higher viimicrominerals levels than those used for beef cattle, and the protein salts have lower levels compensated by higher ingestion. The legislation does not detail all animal categories. This fact is associated with some other factors as the large territory and massive herd make the Brazilian market gather around the conditions to group an extensive range of products. Therefore, the current legislation itself is not able to mold products for each mineral supplements situation that can occur in all Brazilian production systems.<br>Foi realizado um levantamento de dados dos principais suplementos minerais voltados para a bovinocultura leiteira e de corte disponíveis atualmente no mercado brasileiro. Foram listados 307 produtos, de oito das principais empresas desse segmento no Brasil. Os produtos foram elencados em seis categorias: produtos prontos para utilização para gado de corte ; produtos prontos para utilização em gado leiteiro ; núcleos para fabricação de concentrado para gado de corte , núcleos para fabricação de concentrados para gado leiteiro; premix ou produtos a serem misturados ao NaCl; e proteinados. Objetivou-se agrupar as composições de minerais, vitaminas, ionóforos, levedura, ureia e proteína bruta, bem como comparar os níveis minerais dos produtos com a legislação pertinente (IN 12, 2004). Os níveis de P não atendem às especificações da legislação em todos os produtos prontos para uso. Na categoria premix , a diluição em 1:1 com o NaCl não atende à totalidade dos produtos quando a indicação é para bovinos leiteiros. Para os núcleos de fabricação de concentrado, os níveis desse mineral são 64,9% mais altos nos produtos destinados à pecuária leiteira do que nos produtos para corte. Nos proteinados, a média do P ficou em 28,5 g/kg, e seu atendimento às especificações do MAPA depende do consumo. Os teores de microminerais na categoria premix não atendem às especificações para os microminerais Cu, Mn, Zn e Se em diluição de 1:1 para bovinos de leite. Nos produtos prontos para uso em bovinos leiteiros, os níveis mínimos de micros atendem às vespecificações do MAPA; já nos produtos para bovinos de corte, esses níveis não são atendidos em todos os micros. Os núcleos para rações também possuem médias mais altas nos produtos para leite, em comparação aos de corte, e os proteinados possuem médias baixas fato compensado por maiores consumos. Observou-se que a legislação não discorre detalhadamente sobre todas as categorias de animais e que outros fatores, como grande extensão territorial e rebanho massivo, criaram situações para que o mercado brasileiro reunisse uma gama muito extensa de produtos. Assim, a legislação atual, por si só, não é capaz de moldar os produtos destinados à mineralização bovina para atender a todas as situações que ocorrem nos diversos sistemas de produção brasileiros.

São poucas as investigações do estado nutricional de escolares, especialmente aqueles na faixa etária entre 9 e 12 anos que especifiquem o estágio de maturação sexual e que sejam norteados por parâmetros bioquímicos de avaliação de estado nutricional relativo a minerais, especialmente em relação ao zinco. ° presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o estado nutricional relativo ao zinco de escolares neste estágio de vida, de duas redes de ensino, pública e particular, de São João da Boa Vista/ SP, em três momentos ao longo de um ano (T1, T2 e T3), com intervalos de 4 meses. Para a avaliação antropométrica foram utilizados o IMC e a porcentagem de gordura corporal, esta última por meio da aferição de dobras cutâneas. A ingestão dietética foi analisada por programa de computador a partir de um recordatório de 24h e dois registros alimentares, e sua adequação foi avaliada pelas DRls(IOM, 2000). As concentrações de zinco plasmática, urinária e eritrocitária foram determinadas por espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica (comprimento de onda = 213,9 nm). Dos escolares avaliados, 19% estavam com o IMC&#8804;P15, sendo predominantemente do sexo feminino e da rede particular, 53% estavam com IMC=P15>P50<P85, e 28% estavam com o IMC&#8805;85, sendo predominantemente do sexo masculino e da rede pública. No T1(n=102), 12% dos escolares de ambos os sexos estavam inadequados para zinco plasmático; 32% e 37% com dieta deficiente em zinco e 81 % e 86% com deficiência de zinco eritrocitário, respectivamente para o sexo feminino e masculino. No T2 (n=92), 24% e 20% estavam inadequados para zinco plasmático, 45% e 38% com dieta deficiente em zinco, 65% e 56% com baixa excreção urinária, e 71 % e 63% com deficiência de zinco eritrocitário, respectivamente para o sexo feminino e masculino. No T3 (n=81), 39% e 4% estavam inadequados para zinco plasmático, 47% e 27% com dieta deficiente em zinco, 53% e 48% com baixa excreção urinária, e 63% e 44% com deficiência de zinco eritrocitário, respectivamente para o sexo feminino e masculino. Os resultados indicam inadequação do estado nutricional em relação ao zinco, com baixa ingestão e reservas reduzidas do mineral nos estoques teciduais, representando risco para esta população que se encontra em fase de intenso crescimento e proliferação celular.<br>Investigations on the nutritional status of schoolchildren are rare, especially those ones for children between 9 and 12 years old which indicate their pubertal maturation, and are directed by biochemical parameters of nutritional status in relation to minerais, mainly zinco The objective of the present study was the evaluation of the nutritional status of zinc at schoolchildren aged between 9 and 12 year old at public and private schools in São João da Boa Vista, SP (Brazil) considering three different times along one year (T1 , T2 e T3), with 4 months interval each. The anthropometric evaluation was done by body mass index (BMI) and the percentage of total body fat, this one by skinfold measurements. A software analyzed diet information based on one 24h recall and 2-d food records, and its adequacy was evaluated by DRls (10M, 2000). Zinc nutritional status was evaluated by zinc determination in plasma, erythrocyte, and 24h urine, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Iambda = 213.9 nm). Out of the schoolchildren evaluated 19% presented BMI&#8804;P15, being the majority female attending private schools, 53% showed BMI=P15>P50<P85, and 28% with IMC&#8805;85, being the majority males attending public schools. At T1 (n=102), 12% of the children of both sexes was inadequate in terms of plasmatic zinc; 32% and 37% deficient in dietetic zinc and 81 % and 86% deficient in erythrocytic zinc, for female and males respectively. At T2 (n=92), 24% and 20% were inadequate for plasmatic zinc, 45% and 38% deficient in dietetic zinc, 65% and 56% presenting low 24h urine zinc, and 71 % and 63% deficient in erythrocytic zinc, for female and males respectively. At T3 (n=81), 39% and 4% were inadequate in plasmatic zinc, 47% and 27% deficient in dietetic zinc, 53% and 48% presenting low 24h urine zinc, and 63% and 44% deficient in erythrocytic zinc, for female and males respectively. The results indicate inadequacy of the nutritional status in relation to zinc with low intake and reduced reserves of the mineral at the tissue stocks, meaning risk for that population at an intense growth and cellular proliferation.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 840074 bytes, checksum: f585a1e0847e000c0f9ccf71f306abb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-22<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>This work was developed in order to evaluate the feed intake, digestibility and performance of crossbred cattle fed in confinement at different frequencies with diets containing different levels of calcium and phosphorus; determine the nutritional requirements of energy, protein and macro minerals; and evaluate the effects on consumption estimates when reducing the number of samples of leftovers for laboratory analyses by grouping these samples in the total period of the confinement. For that were used 32 1&#8260;2 crossbred Gir x Holstein barrows, with mean 377.46 ± 49.4 kg of initial body weight. Initially, four animals were slaughtered and used as a reference to estimate the initial empty body weight (EBW) of the remaining animals in the experiment. 24 animals were used in a completely randomized factorial 2x3x2 design with two concentrate diet levels (30 and 60%), three frequency (full diet fed in the morning, at 8:00 am; roughage provided in its entirety in the morning and concentrate divided into twice, at 8:00 and at 16:00 hours; and feeding roughage and concentrate divided into two equal portions per day) and diets with or without inorganic sources of calcium and phosphorus. The four other animals were fed daily at maintenance level (1.1% body weight on dry matter). The roughage used was crushed sugar cane. At the end of 84 days all animals were slaughtered and samples from the carcasses and not carcass constituents were taken to determinate composition. Chapter 1: The dry matter (DM) and nutrients were not affected (P> 0.05) by feeding frequencies but were higher (P <0.05) for diets with 60% of concentrate. Supplementation with dicalcium phosphate affected only the consumption of phosphorus that was higher for supplemented diets. There was no effect of feeding frequency, supplementation with dicalcium phosphate or their interactions (P> 0.05) on the digestibility of diets constituents. Higher levels of concentrate provided higher average of daily gains and income from hot and cold carcass. In Chapter 2: The net (NEm) and metabolizable energy (MEm) requirements for maintenance were obtained by relating heat production (CP) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI) while the energy requirements for weight gain (NEg ) and net protein requirements for weight gain were obtained as a function of EBW and empty body weight gain (EBWG). The daily requirements of metabolizable and net energy for maintenance were 86.48 and 126.15 kcal / PCVZ 0.75 respectively. The requirements for net energy gain can be obtained by the equation: NEg = 0.0568 ± 0.0025 × × PCVZ0,75 GPCVZ1,095. The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance and gain are 64 and 29.68%, respectively. The metabolizable protein requirement for maintenance is 4.14 g / BW 0.75. The net protein requirements for weight gain can be obtained through the equation PLg = 236.36 ± 30.06 × EBW - 19.84 ± 6.14 × ER. Third chapter: The relationship between the consumption of each mineral and it retention was expressed as a linear equation, and the intercept considered the requirement for maintenance of the mineral. Using the samples of the carcass and no carcass were determined the proportion of each mineral, determining the body content for each mineral expressed as a function of EBW. No variations in daily fecal and urinary excretions of phosphorus according to the supplementation with dicalcium phosphate were found. The absence of dicalcium phosphate supplementation in cattle diets in the finishing phase implies lower retention of calcium and phosphorus in the carcass. The absorption coefficients were 83.34, 77.21, 82.57, 40.27 and 92.25% for calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and potassium, respectively. The net daily maintenance requirements are 28.18, 10.31, 50.11, 25.86, and 91.67 mg / EBW for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium, respectively. Net requirements for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium for weight gain can be calculated respectively by the equations: Ca = × EBW (EBW-51.77 × 0.3023); P = EBWG × (30.87 × EBW-3459); EBW = mg × (0.865 × EBW-0.2133); In EBW = × (6.517 × EBW-0.3483); EBW = K × (4.06 × EBW-0.1875). It is concluded that the intake, digestibility of nutrients and performance were not affected by the feeding frequencies adopted or by the levels of calcium and phosphorus added, but were improved with increasing level of concentrate. About the sampling of leftovers, it is recommended to make a single composite sample for 84 days of confinement. The values and equations obtained for the requirements of crossbred Holstein × Zebu differs from that obtained by Br- Corte (2010), emphasizing that the number of animals with similar characteristics like those used are a small part of the database of this system.<br>O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com os objetivos de avaliar o consumo, a digestibilidade e o desempenho de bovinos mestiços em confinamento alimentados em diferentes frequências de alimentação com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de cálcio e fósforo; determinar suas exigências nutricionais de energia, proteína e macrominerais; e avaliar o efeito da redução do número de amostras destinadas às análises laboratoriais de sobras pelo agrupamento dessas amostras no período total do confinamento, sobre as estimativas de consumo. Foram utilizados 32 animais mestiços 1&#8260;2 Zebu x Holandês, machos, castrados, com peso corporal médio inicial de 377,46±49,4 kg. Inicialmente, quatro animais foram abatidos e tomados como referência para estimar o peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) inicial dos animais remanescentes no experimento. 24 animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x3x2, com dois níveis de concentrado (30 e 60%), três frequências de alimentação (alimentação completa fornecida pela manhã, às 8:00 horas; volumoso fornecido em sua totalidade pela manhã e concentrado dividido em duas vezes, às 8:00 e às 16:00 horas; e alimentação volumosa e concentrada dividida em duas porções iguais ao dia) e dietas contendo ou não fontes inorgânicas de cálcio e fósforo. Os outros quatro animais foram alimentados diariamente ao nível de mantença, (1,1% do peso corporal em matéria seca). O volumoso foi a cana de açúcar triturada. Ao final de 84 dias, todos os animais foram abatidos, e a partir das amostras de carcaça e dos constituintes não carcaça foi determinada a composição corporal. No capítulo 1: Os consumos de matéria seca (MS) e dos nutrientes não foram afetados (P>0,05) pelas frequências de alimentação, mas foram superiores (P<0,05) para as dietas com 60% de concentrado. A suplementação com fosfato bicálcico afetou apenas o consumo de fósforo, superior para as dietas suplementadas. Não houve efeito da frequência de alimentação, nem da suplementação com fosfato bicálcico ou das suas interações (P>0,05) sobre as digestibilidades dos constituintes das dietas. Maiores níveis de concentrado proporcionaram maiores ganhos médios diários e rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria. No capitulo 2: As exigências de energia líquida (ELm) e metabolizável para mantença (EMm) foram obtidas relacionando a produção de calor (PC) e o consumo de energia metabolizável (CEM), enquanto as exigências de energia para ganho de peso (ELg) e as exigências líquidas de proteína para ganho foram obtidas em função do PCVZ e do ganho de peso de corpo vazio (GPCVZ). As exigências diárias de energia líquida e metabolizável para mantença foram de 86,48 e 126,15 kcal/PCVZ 0,75, respectivamente. As exigências de energia líquida para ganho podem ser obtidas pela equação: ELg = 0,0568±0,0025 × PCVZ0,75 × GPCVZ1,095. As eficiências de uso da energia metabolizável para mantença e para ganho são de 64 e 29,68%, respectivamente. As exigências de proteína metabolizável para mantença é de 4,14 g/PC0,75. As exigências liquidas de proteína para ganho de peso podem ser obtidas através da equação PLg = 236,36±30,06 × GPCVZ 19,84±6,14 × ER.. No terceiro capítulo: A relação entre o consumo de cada mineral e sua retenção foi expressa a partir de uma equação linear, sendo o intercepto considerado a exigência de mantença do mineral. Nas amostras de carcaça e não carcaça foram determinados a proporção de cada mineral, determinando- se assim o conteúdo corporal para cada um dos minerais, expressos em função do PCVZ. Não foram encontradas variações nas excreções fecal e urinária diárias de fósforo em função da suplementação com fosfato bicálcico. A ausência suplementação de fosfato bicálcico em dietas para bovinos em fase de terminação implica em menor retenção de cálcio e fósforo na carcaça. Os coeficientes de absorção foram de 83,34, 77,21, 82,57, 40,27 e 92,25% para cálcio, fósforo, magnésio sódio e potássio, respectivamente. As exigências líquidas diárias de mantença são de 28,18, 10,31, 50,11, 25,86, e 91,67 mg/PCVZ para cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, sódio e potássio, respectivamente. As exigências líquidas de cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, sódio e potássio para ganho de peso podem ser calculadas respectivamente pelas equações: Ca = GPCVZ × (51,77 × PCVZ-0,3023) ; P = GPCVZ × (30,87 × PCVZ-3459); Mg = GPCVZ × (0,865 × PCVZ-0,2133) ; Na = GPCVZ × (6,517 × PCVZ-0,3483); K = GPCVZ × (4,06 × PCVZ-0,1875). Conclui-se que o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e o desempenho não foram afetados pelas frequências de alimentação adotadas nem pelos níveis de cálcio e fósforo, contudo foram melhorados com o aumento do nível de concentrado. Quanto à amostragem de sobras, recomenda-se fazer uma única amostra composta para 84 dias de confinamento. Os valores e equações obtidos para as exigências de animais mestiços Holandês × Gir diferem das obtidas pelo Br-Corte (2010), ressaltando- se que o número de animais com características semelhantes aos utilizados constituem pequena parte do banco de dados desse sistema.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Dissertação (Mestrado)<br>IPEN/D<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

This study was conducted in the old arable land located in Lushington communal area in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The objectives of the study were to assess the effect of legume introduction on biomass yield, forage and soil mineral levels of the arable lands planted to four leguminous pastures in four seasons. Planting was done in March and October 2008 in Lushington. All legumes were subjected to grow under rain fed conditions. Trifolium vesiculosum (arrowleaf clover), Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza), Trifolium repens (white clover) and Lotus corniculatus (birdsfoot trefoil) are the four forage legume species that were sampled for the purposes of this study. The four legume species persisted out of the fourteen species that were initially tested for adaptability and persistence in the environmental conditions of Lushington communal area. The legumes, grasses and soils from these legume plots were sampled to determine the effect of legume introduction on the forage yield, mineral contents of the companion grasses and soils over four seasons. Plant and soil samples were collected once in spring (November) 2013, summer (February), autumn (March) and winter (May) 2014 for biomass production, macro and micronutrients determination. Results indicated that legume inclusion and season affected (P < 0.05) the total dry matter (TDM) yield production. Plots with Lespedeza cuneata had the highest TDM (1843 kg/ha) and control plots had the least dry matter production (1091 kg/ha). Summer season provided the highest (P < 0.05) TDM compared to the other seasons. Both legume and grass quality was also affected (P < 0.05) by legume inclusion in different seasons. Accordingly, grasses harvested from Trifolium repens plot showed higher CP level (10.90 percent) than those harvested from other plots whereas the lowest grass CP content (6.90 percent) was measured in the control treatment. L. cuneate had the highest (P < 0.05) CP level (11.00 percent) and T. repens had the least CP (6.63 percent) level. Grasses harvested in autumn had the highest (P < 0.05) CP level (12.50 percent) and those harvested in winter had the least CP level (4.60 percent). Similarly, all legume pastures harvested in spring had superior (P < 0.05) CP (10.80 percent) levels and those harvested in winter had the least CP (3.50 percent) level. Legume inclusion had an effect (P < 0.05) on both grass and legume macro nutrient contents. Trifolium repens plot had the highest grass K (1.07 percent), Ca (1.50 percent) and Mg (1.83 percent), whereas there were lower K (0.12 percent), Ca (1.25 percent) and Mg (1.08 percent) contents in grasses harvested from the control and T. vesiculosum plots, respectively. In legumes, macro nutrient concentrations: K (0.68 percent), Ca (1.75 percent) were superior in the T. vesiculosum plot in comparison to other plots. Season also affected (P < 0.05) both grass and legume macro nutrient content. There was higher K (0.90 percent), Ca (1.30 percent) and Mg (0.94 percent) content in grasses harvested in autumn whereas there were lower levels in winter harvests. In legumes, superior K (0.74 percent) and Mg (1.87 percent) content were attained during spring while the least were measured in winter (0.07 percent) and autumn (0.75 percent), respectively. Likewise, both legume inclusion and season had an significant effect (P < 0.05) on the forages micronutrient levels. During spring, there was superior soil P content (36.28 mg/kg) while during autumn; there was less P (22.58 mg/kg) content. The highest SOC level (1.49 percent) was measured in the T. repens plot whereas the lowest SOC (1.15 percent) was attained in the control plot. The results of this study showed that grass legume mixtures produced forages with high nutrient content and herbage yield. Legume planting in the old arable lands has a potential to improve soil quality parameters such as soil P and SOC content.

Submitted by Verena Pereira (verenagoncalves@uefs.br) on 2018-07-17T21:59:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final_ Danillo Olegario.pdf: 8604713 bytes, checksum: 2e0a9905d4de264fbbd3a8997c3babb3 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T21:59:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final_ Danillo Olegario.pdf: 8604713 bytes, checksum: 2e0a9905d4de264fbbd3a8997c3babb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-16<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES<br>The goals of this work were to compare and evaluate statistical methods of analysis of adaptability and stability for total protein, minerals and grain yield in cowpea lines, as well as retention of these nutrients after cooking to enable recommendation and registration of new cultivars for the Brazilian semiarid. Forty-four genotypes, distributed in two experiments of different population densities, were evaluated in seven environments, in the states of Bahia, Cear?, Pernambuco and Piau?. Initially, a comparison was made of ten statistical methods of adaptability and stability using only the production data. Spearman correlation coefficients were estimated between the methods. For the assessments of adaptability and stability of the genotypes the methods of Eberhart and Russell, Lin and Binns and the Model of main additive effects and multiplicative interaction - AMMI were applied. To evaluate the effect of cooking, 24 genotypes were used, including ten lines, five commercial cultivars and nine landraces maintained by farmers. The seed protein content was quantified through the Kjeldahl method. and the minerals by the AOAC standard procedure. The statistical analyzes for the experimental designs were performed in the SAS by the GLM procedure. The AMMI method is most suitable due to the graphical arrangement of both the genotypes and the environments and high correlation with others evaluated methods. The use of highly correlated methods is not recommended, as in the cases of Plaisted and Peterson and Wricke and the methods of Annicchiarico and Lin and Binnsthat show strong association and produce similar genotypic classifications. The use of one of them incombination with that of Eberhart and Russell or AMMI can add information to the stability analysis. Statistically significant differences in the genotype as well as in the genotype?environment interaction for minerals, proteins and grain yield were observed in all the assays. The lines presenting the highest protein contents showed the lowest grain yields, and it indicated the prominent ?phenotypic cost? of protein in overall cowpea seed production. The methods by Eberhart and Russell, Lin and Binns and AMMI showed similar results for selection of superior genotypes. For the protein content, the lines C3Q, C3M, C2S and C1J presented grain yields equal to or greater than the general mean of the experiments and average of 27% of protein. For iron and zinc contents, the line C4I and T16_2R presented grain yield equal to or greater than the general mean of the experiments, with mean values of Fe and Zn 15% higher than the values of the evaluated cultivars. For the potassium and calcium contents, the C4I and C3O strains showed grain yield equal to or greater than the general average, with K and Ca means higher than the values of the cultivars evaluated. All the lines mentioned above presented broad adaptability and good stability in the series of evaluated environments showing great potential to be released as new cultivars for the Brazilian semiarid. Cooking had a reduced effect on protein, potassium, calcium, iron and zinc contents in the cowpea beans. The CPCR3F6L17 obtained high grain yield and high levels of protein, potassium, iron and zinc, after cooking, being promising for the region studied<br>Os objetivos deste trabalho foram comparar e avaliar m?todos estat?sticos de an?lise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade para o teor de prote?nas totais, minerais e produ??o de gr?os em linhagens de feij?o-caupi, bem como a reten??o desses nutrientes ap?s a coc??o, para possibilitar a recomenda??o e registro de novos cultivares para o semi?rido brasileiro. Quarenta e quatro gen?tipos, distribu?dos em dois experimentos de diferentes densidades populacionais, foram avaliados em sete ambientes, nos estados da Bahia, Cear?, Pernambuco e Piau?. Inicialmente, foi realizado acompara??o de dez m?todos estat?sticos de adaptabilidade e estabilidade utilizando apenas dados de produ??o. Coeficientes de correla??o Spearman foram estimados entre os m?todos. Para as avalia??es de adaptabilidade e estabilidade dos gen?tipos aplicou-se os m?todos de Eberhart e Russell, Lin e Binns e o Modelo de efeitos aditivos principais e intera??o multiplicativa - AMMI. Para avaliar o efeito da coc??o, foram utilizados 24 gen?tipos, sendo dez linhagens, cinco cultivares comerciais e nove variedades mantidas por agricultores.A quantifica??o de prote?na total foi realizada pelo m?todo de Kjeldhal, e os minerais pelo procedimento padr?o da AOAC. As an?lises estat?sticas para os delineamentos experimentais foram efetuadas no SAS pelo procedimento GLM. O m?todo AMMI ? o mais indicado devido a disposi??o gr?fica e alta correla??o com os demais m?todos. A utiliza??o de m?todos que apresentam elevada correla??o, como os m?todos Plaisted e Peterson e Wricke, Annicchiarico e Lin e Binns, que mostram forte associa??o, e produzem classifica??es genot?picas similares, n?o ? recomendado. O uso de um deles em combina??o com o de Eberhart e Russell ou AMMI pode agregar informa??o ? an?lise de estabilidade. Foram observadas diferen?as estat?sticas significativas dos quadrados m?dios de tratamentos, dos ambientes e das intera??es ambientes x tratamentos para minerais, prote?nas e produ??o de gr?os. As linhagens que apresentaram os maiores teores de prote?na e minerais apresentaram produ??es de gr?os abaixo da m?dia geral, nos dois experimentos. Os m?todos de Eberhart e Russell, Lin e Binns e o AMMI apresentam resultados semelhantes quanto a sele??o de gen?tipos superiores. Para o teor de prote?na, As linhagens C3Q, C3M, C2S e C1J apresentaram produ??es de gr?os igual ou superior a m?dia geral dos experimentos e m?dia de 27% de prote?na. Para os teores de ferro e zinco, a linhagem C4I e T16_2R apresentou produ??o de gr?os igual ou superior a m?dia geral dos experimentos, com valores m?dios de Fe e Zn, 15% superiores aos valores dos cultivares avaliados. Para os teores de pot?ssio e c?lcio, as linhagens C4I e C3O mostraram rendimento de gr?os igual ou maior do que a m?dia geral, com m?dia de K e Ca mais elevadas do que os valores dos cultivares avaliados. Todas as linhagens citadas anteriormente apresentaram ampla adaptabilidade e boa estabilidade na s?rie de ambientes avaliados mostrando grande potencial para serem lan?ados como novos cultivares para o semi?rido brasileiro. A coc??o teve efeito reduzido nos teores de prote?na, pot?ssio, c?lcio, ferro e zinco, nos gr?os de feij?o-caupi. A linhagem CPCR3F6L17 obteve alta produtividade de gr?os e elevados teores de prote?na, pot?ssio, ferro e zinco, ap?s a coc??o, mostrando-se promissora para a regi?o estudada

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:38:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 05638.pdf: 9017666 bytes, checksum: a521e38538bd83fbcc075bc45dfa1ba3 (MD5)<br>Tese (Doutoramento)<br>IPEN/T<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Aspects of the mineral nutrition of plants in in vitro cultures were studied in Delphinium 'Princess Caroline' and Hosta 'Fladspen Blue', two species with contrasting growth habits. Initially methods for accurately measuring mineral concentrations within gelled culture media using atomic absorption spectrophotometry were developed and verified. The effects of light, EDTA, phosphate and agar concentration on mineral availability were studied. Substantial quantities of mineral impurities are introduced by the inclusion of agar and sucrose in culture media and significant precipitation was shown to occur within culture media and to be mediated by the absolute phosphate concentration of the medium. The chelating agent EDTA was most beneficial to growth when used in an equimolar ratio with iron. Rates of mineral diffusion in agar-gelled media were measured for a range of gel strengths. It was shown that the diffusion of phosphate was inhibited more than that of other minerals and also that the restriction of diffusion was dependant on the concentration of agar used. The common antagonistic interaction between potassium and magnesium was found not to occur in Murashige and Skoog medium, possibly because of the different structure of an agar-gelled medium compared with that of a typical soil. Plant growth and the associated depletion of medium mineral reserves were studied over extended culture periods and showed a rapid depletion of phosphate from the culture medium, a low rate of iron uptake in both species and low tissue phosphate concentrations. Medium pH was significantly affected by the plants and a possible link between medium pH and the relative uptake of nitrate and ammonium was investigated. The rapid initial pH changes in Delphinium cultures were shown not to be the result of differential nitrate and ammonium uptake rates though pH shifts in the culture medium were reflective of the relative supply and uptake of ammonium and nitrate in Hosta cultures. The growth of Delphinium plants was affected by the nitrogen source in the culture medium though Hosta plant growth was unaffected. The role of the gaseous environment within the culture vessels was investigated with a view to determine the effect of the high humidity in culture vessels. Using culture vessels with filter-paper covered apertures the gaseous composition and humidity, along with plant growth and mineral uptake, were measured. Gas exchange was significantly increased by the use of the aperture vessels, however humidity was not strongly affected. Plant growth and mineral uptake were largely unaffected by increased gas exchange though ex vitro survival was improved. An investigation of the kinetics of phosphate uptake showed that uptake was strongly linked to the medium concentration though 28day old Delphinium plants did exhibit high affinity phosphate uptake. In addition 7day old plants of both species exhibited more rapid uptake of phosphate than either older or younger plants. This was thought to be because of higher stress at the start and end of subculture periods reducing uptake in 2 and 28day old plants. The possibility of phosphate and iron as growth limiting factors is discussed in the context of a model detailing the major factors involved in the mineral nutrition of plants in vitro.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maiza.pdf: 418262 bytes, checksum: def50a68e6b9cd3076fdcccbf779fb64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-14<br>Endosperm hardness is an essential attribute for producers and industries that using corn as a raw material. Kernel texture alterations, however, hamper the commercial use of Quality Protein Maize (QPM). In this experiment, industrial yield was compared in kernel degerming and endosperm splitting and the nutritional value of a QPM variety and common corn genotypes. One QPM variety and three commercial corn hybrids cultived in Goiás were studied. The QPM and the common corn hybrids were processed using the dry degerming method and the resulting yield was expressed as the ratio of the weight of the fractions obtained to the initial weight of the whole corn. The chemical composition and the amino acid profile of QPM, common corn and common corn germ were determined and an experiment with recently weaned Wistar rats was carried out. Four 7 %-protein and one nonprotein diet were prepared. Protein utilization was estimated using the DCF (Dietary Conversion Factor), NPR (Net Protein Ratio), True Digestibility, and the PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility- Corrected Amino Acid Score). In comparison with common corn, QPM presented lower endosperm yield, higher germ and fine fractions (< 0.5 mm) yield, and the same yield for hominy in endosperm splitting. QPM presented similar levels of proteins, lipids and ash, and higher levels of lysine, dietary fiber and iron in the germ in relation to common corn hybrids. NPR values for QPM diets and corn germ diets were similar, lower than the reference and above the NPR values of common corn. The DCF of the QPM diet was higher than that of the casein diet, but it was the same as that of common corn germ and lower than the value obtained for common corn. QPM and common corn germ presented a protein value (NPR) that was 72 % of the value for casein, while that of common corn was 60 % of the casein value. QPM and the germ fraction of common corn are good quality protein sources when compared to common corn protein, and they present a satisfactory yield for use in the food industry as raw materials which add nutritional value to the products generated<br>A dureza do endosperma do milho é atributo essencial para produtores e indústrias que utilizam este cereal como matéria-prima. Porém, os milhos de alta qualidade protéica (QPM) apresentam alterações na textura do grão, dificultando seu uso comercial. Este trabalho investigou o rendimento industrial, na degerminação do grão e no fracionamento do endosperma, e o valor nutricional, de uma variedade de milho QPM em relação a genótipos de milho comum comercializados em Goiás. Foi estudada uma variedade de milho QPM e três híbridos comerciais de milho comum, cultivados em Goiás. O milho QPM e os híbridos de milho comum foram processados utilizando método de degerminação a seco, e o rendimento resultante foi dado pela relação entre o peso das frações obtidas e o peso inicial do milho inteiro. Foi determinada a composição química e o perfil de aminoácidos do milho QPM, milho comum e do gérmen de milho comum, e realizado um experimento com ratos Wistar, recém-desmamados. Foram elaborados quatro dietas com 7 % de proteína e uma aprotéica. Estimou-se a utilização protéica mediante os índices: NPR (Net Protein Ratio), FCA (Fator de Conversão Alimentar), Digestibilidade Verdadeira, e PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score). Em comparação ao milho comum, o milho QPM apresentou menor rendimento de endosperma, maior rendimento de gérmen e de frações finas (< 0,5 mm), e mesmo rendimento de canjica no fracionamento do endosperma. O milho QPM apresentou teores similares de proteínas, lipídios e cinzas, e maiores teores de fibra alimentar, de lisina, e de zinco e ferro (gérmen) em relação aos híbridos de milho comum. Os valores de NPR para as dietas com milho QPM e gérmen de milho comum foram semelhantes entre si, inferiores ao padrão, e superiores ao milho comum. A dieta QPM apresentou FCA maior que a dieta de caseína, porém foi menor que o milho comum, e igual ao gérmen de milho comum. O milho QPM e o gérmen de milho comum apresentaram valor protéico (em relação à caseína) de 72 %, enquanto que o milho comum apresentou valor de 60 %. O milho QPM e a fração gérmen de milho comum são fontes de proteína de melhor qualidade quando comparados ao milho comum e apresentam rendimento satisfatório para serem usados na indústria de alimentos como matérias-primas que agregam valor nutricional aos produtos gerados

The initial study herein assessed mineral digestibility in situations when reducedamounts of inorganic and organic (proteinates) trace minerals (TM) were fed in finishingpigs, and their long-term effects on body mineral status. The second study was aslaughter-investigation that tested the impact of lean growth potential on phosphorusbody accretion from 30 to 110 kg.Organic TM exhibited neither improvement in digestibility nor in total retention;fecal excretion responded quantitatively to mineral intake independently of the source.Contents of copper in kidney and zinc in liver were higher for pigs fed the organic form.Phosphorus content was linearly related to live weight, empty body weight, andnitrogen content. Phosphorus accretion was very similar for both genetic backgrounds,with gilts retaining more mineral (Pandlt;0.05) than barrows. A N/P deposition ratio of 5.14was determined for pigs of both genders and genetic backgrounds to further predictphosphorus requirements based on protein accretion.Reduction of TM waste from growing-finishing pigs may be best addressed bylimiting their dietary inclusion rather than by using organic forms. Data from the secondstudy may be useful for an accurate estimation of phosphorus requirements, whichaccounts for variations in lean accretion rate.

O estudo tem como objetivo propor método de avaliação de efeito econômico do manejo dos dejetos com a utilização de diferentes estratégias nutricionais de suínos em crescimento e terminação. Especificamente, procura-se: i) Calcular as margens de comercialização para as diferentes estratégias nutricionais; ii)Avaliar o efeito econômico das diferentes estratégias nutricionais na excreção e aproveitamento de nutrientes pelos animais; iii) Valorar o consumo de água dos animais; iv) Valorar os dejetos gerados pelos suínos em relação ao seu potencial uso como fertilizante orgânico; v) Avaliar o impacto de cada estratégia nutricional sobre o custo do armazenamento (esterqueira) e uso dos dejetos, e sobre o seu tratamento por biodigestor e posterior utilização; vi) Avaliar a viabilidade econômica dos diferentes sistemas nutricionais e posterior utilização dos dejetos como fertilizante orgânico após tratamento por biodigestor e esterqueira. Os tratamentos a partir dos quais os dados foram obtidos são: T1: Dieta com nível alto de proteína bruta e suplementação mínima de aminoácidos (Dieta Controle); T2: T1 com redução do nível de proteína bruta, mediante a suplementação de lisina, metionina, treonina e triptofano industriais, considerando o conceito de proteína ideal; T3: T1 com a inclusão de 0, 010 (%/kg de dieta) fitase e redução dos teores de cálcio e fósforo da dieta; T4: T1 com a suplementação de 40% de minerais orgânicos (Cu, Zn e Mn) e 50% de minerais inorgânicos; T5: T1 combinando os tratamentos descritos anteriormente. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o pacote computacional SAS, com nível de significância de 5%. As características de desempenho zootécnico, peso médio, consumo médio de ração, ganho médio de peso e conversão alimentar e as margens de comercialização não apresentaram diferenças significativas nos diferentes tratamentos e períodos. Os tratamentos T4 e T5 apresentaram melhor eficiência na utilização de nutriente e menor excreção dos nutrientes.Os tratamentos T5 e T4 apresentaram menor consumo e menor custo na valoração da água. A valoração dos dejetos foi favorável ao T1 com maior quantidade de NPK. Os tratamentos ambientalmente mais eficientes apresentaram menores custos na construção da esterqueira e biodigestor em ambos os materiais, PVC e PEAD; os mesmos tratamentos apresentaram menor potencial fertilizante; o caminhão com tanque de 15t apresentou menores custos no transporte e distribuição dos dejetos. Em todos os cenários avaliados dos diferentes sistemas nutricionais e posterior utilização dos dejetos como fertilizante orgânico após tratamento por biodigestor e esterqueira foram viáveis economicamente com payback de um ano. Os métodos ambientais propostos se mostraram válidos, pois foram capazes de identificar que dietas com maior aporte tecnológico apresentaram vantagens frente à dieta controle, entretanto economicamente o T1 apresentou maior quantidade na produção e consequente valoração de NPK.<br>The study aims to propose economic effect evaluation method of manure management with the use of different nutritional strategies of growing and finishing pigs. Specifically, the objectives were: i) To calculate marketing margins for the different nutritional strategies; ii) To evaluate the economic effect of different nutritional strategies on excretion and utilization of nutrients by the animals; iii) Valuing water consumption of animals; iv) Valuing the waste generated by the pigs in relation to its potential use as organic fertilizer; v) Valuing the impact of each nutritional strategy on storage cost (composting) and use of waste products, and about their treatment by bio-digester and later use; and vi) Valuing the economic viability of the different nutritional systems and subsequent use of manure as organic fertilizer after treatment by bio-digester and composting. The treatments from which data were collected were: T1: diet with high level of crude protein and minimum supplementation of amino acids (Control Diet); T2: Diet T1 with a reduction in the level of crude protein by supplementation of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan, assuring the industrial ideal protein of all essential amino acids; T3: T1 with the inclusion of 0.010 phytase (%/kg diet) and reduction of the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the diet; T4: T1 with 40% supplementation of organic minerals (Cu, Zn and Mn) and 50% of inorganic minerals; T5: T1 combining the treatments described previously. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS computing package, with a significance level of 5%. The performance characteristics, average weight, average consumption of rations, average gain of weight and feed conversion and marketing margins showed no significant differences in the treatments and periods. The treatments T4 and T5 showed better efficiency in nutrient utilization and lower nutrient excretion. The T5 and T4 treatments showed lower consumption and lower cost at valuation of water. The valuation of the manure was favorable to T1 with largest amount of NPK. Environmentally efficient treatments showed lower costs in building the composting and biodigester in both materials, PVC and PEAD; the same treatments showed lower potential fertilizer; the tank truck 15 m3 presented lower costs in transportation and distribution of manure. In all scenarios evaluated the different nutritional systems and subsequent use of manure as organic fertilizer after treatment by bio-digester and composting were economically viable with payback of one year. Environmental methods proposed were valid, because they were able to identify that diets with higher technological contribution presented advantages the control diet, however economically the T1 was more quantity in production and consequent valuation of NPK.

Ericaceous plants grow preferentially on soils with a low pH, and generally perform poorly in areas with high pH calcareous soils. The reasons for the calcifuge behaviour of species of one genus, Erica, was studied in a calcareous rendzina collected from the South Downs, with a view to identifying physiological characteristics which could be used to select for improved lime-tolerance in the Ericaceae. Varieties of E. carnea and E. x darleyensis were shown to be relatively resistant to chalk-soil compared with varieties of E. vagans. In soil-based screening experiments, E. vagans 'Lyonesse' and 'Mrs D. F. Maxwell' rapidly developed severe foliar chlorosis, or lime-induced chlorosis, and their growth in soil was depressed by up to 7-fold compared with plants in an acid (pH 4) peat compost. E. carnea and E. x darleyensis varieties were resistant to chlorosis and remained green in chalk soil. The addition of nutrients (NPK and trace elements) increased the growth of the lime-resistant varieties in both peat and chalk soil. In nutrient solution, the source of nitrogen (nitrate or ammonium ions) had little effect on the growth of either lime-resistant or lime-sensitive varieties, although some varieties performed better when a component of the N was in the form of N03'. In an Fe-free nutrient solution, 1 mM NaHCO3 markedly reduced the root and shoot growth of both lime-tolerant and sensitive varieties. The clear differences between lime-resistant and lime-sensitive varieties found in soil experiments were not apparent with NaHCO3 in solution culture indicating that low concentrations of bicarbonate in nutrient solution may not be an appropriate method of screening for improved lime-tolerance in Erica. Bicarbonate and high pH in nutrient solution depressed the uptake of the radioisotopes 59Fe and 86Rb in both lime-resistant and lime-sensitive cultivars. Iron deficiency, induced by withholding Fe in nutrient solution, resulted in an elevated rate of root Fe(III)EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) reduction compared with Fesufficient plants. The maximum induced Fe(III)EDTA reduction rate (Vn,. ) of limeresistant cultivars (0.96-0.107 pmol. g"' FWT. h'') was lower than that of lime-sensitive varieties (0.125-0.404 tmol. g' FWT. h-1), suggesting that roots of lime-sensitive varieties have a greater capacity for Fe absorption than lime-tolerant varieties. Spraying or watering with Fe chelate (FeEDDHA - ethylenediamine di(ohydroxyphenylacetic acid)) remedied chlorosis in the lime-sensitive varieties and increased leaf chlorophyll by up to six fold and whole plant biomass by up to two fold. Chlorosis was associated with a reduced concentration of o-phenanthroline-extractable ('active') Fe, and a high concentration of total Fe, compared with green tissue. It is concluded that in chalk soil, lime-induced chlorosis, caused by the immobilisation of Fe in the shoot and a reduction in 'physiologically active' Fe in the leaf tissue, characterises lime-sensitive heather varieties. Resistance to chalk soil in Erica appears not to be related to root physiology. Rather the ability to transport and distribute Fe within the shoot under calcareous conditions is a major factor contributing to limeresistance in heathers.

Cucumber plants in the vegetative phase of growth received deficient, sufficient, or toxic treatment of manganese (Mn) during a 15-day period beginning 43 days after germination. Deficiency and toxicity of manganese both supressed accumulation of fresh and dry weight. Stem length, number of leaves, and number of seconday meristems per plant were not significantly different among Mn treatments. Manganese-deficient plants accumulated less manganese and nitrogen but more copper and iron, and about the same amount of zinc, phosphorus, and potassium as the Mn-sufficient plants. Manganese toxicity caused cucumber plants to accumulate less copper, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but more manganese, and about the same amounts of iron and zinc as the Mn-sufficient plants.