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1
Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró, and Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): A250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3a250820.
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The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.
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Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró, and Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): P250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3p250820.
Full textAbstract:
The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.
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Wang, Wei Zhi, and Chun Guang Yang. "Comprehensive Utilization and Resources of Gold Mining Tailings." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 1438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.1438.
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The gold mine discharges tailings massively every day,which results in gold and useful metal draining,simultaneously brings the enormous harm to the environment The approach to comprehensive utilization of tailings of gold mines, including recycle of usable mineral and direct use of ore tailings,is analyzed in the paper, laying a foundation for continuous development of gold mines，comprehensive utilization of resource，and protection of environment.
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Meng, Xian Fu. "Discussion on Geological and Geochemical Methods for Prospecting at Surrounding of Crisis Mines." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.246.
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As the supply situation of the mineral resources is gradually worse, the subject of resources crisis mines is becoming a hot topic at domestic related research fields. Prospecting potentiality of crisis mines is an enormous. But how to find new deposits in deep and surrounding of crisis mines by using the data of geology, deposits exploration and adopting resonable prediction manner is a very urgent problem which confronts with mining industry. Author analyze the regional metallogenic geological setting, predicate and evaluate surrounding favorable region by similarity analogy principle and research data of geochemistry which obtain from mining. This may provide theoretical guidance and scientific basis to other crises mines deep and surrounding resources exploration.
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Nguyen, Ngoc Minh, and Duc Thang Pham. "Tendencies of Mining Technology Development in Relation to Deep Mines." Mining science and technology 4, no. 1 (April 27, 2019): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2019-1-16-22.
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Mineral demand rapidly increases; as a result, underground mining activities gradually dig into the earth’s crust to deeper levels. For instance, the depth of coal mines has reached 1500 m, whereas the depth of mines for nonferrous metals has already achieved around 4500 m. Deep mining faces a number of technical and environmental challenges, first of all, great rock mass stresses, high temperature and long winding distance. The traditional technologies are hardly capable to provide the development and extraction efficiency and safety. That is why the need in developing and implementation of new modern mining technologies arose. In roadheading, TBM (tunnelboring machine) method is gradually introduced. A TBM combines the functions of rock breaking, support installation, mucking and conveying rock. In mining industry, smart mining based on mechanized and automated mining methods is successfully implemented at coal mines. Besides, a technical concept of fluidized mining for deepseated mineral resources (6000 m and more) was proposed. This paper presents the review of the current global status of deep mining and highlights some of the newest technological achievements in roadheading and the mineral extraction processes.
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Tran, Hieu Quang, Nam Xuan Bui, Hoang Nguyen, Tuan Anh Nguyen, and Long Quoc Nguyen. "Applicable posssibility of advanced technologies and equipment in surface mines of Vietnam." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 5 (October 10, 2020): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.ktlt2020.02.
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Vietnam has abundant and diversified mineral resources with more than 5, 000 mines of 60 discovered and exploited minerals. Besides of surface coal mines mainly located in Quang Ninh, the types of minerals being exploited by surface mining method consist of metal ores (iron, titanium, manganese, gold, zinc, copper, antimony) and non - metallic ores, and construction materials (stone, sand, gravel, etc.). In the paper, authors researched and proposed the advanced technologies and equipment based on Industry 4.0, that can apply effectively for surface mines in Vietnam in order to ensure safety and enhance surface mining effect.
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Sermet, Edyta, and Marek Nieć. "Not Mining Sterilization of Explored Mineral Resources. The Example of Native Sulfur Deposits in Poland Case History." Resources 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10040030.
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The sterilization of mineral resources makes considerable amounts inaccessible for future use and may be a barrier to the free supply of commodities. During the exploitation of mineral deposits, some parts of their resources become sterilized as inaccessible because of natural hazards or unfavorable economic conditions. Not mining land use and the social opposition against mining is the purpose of sterilization of considerable demonstrated mineral resources of deposits not yet engaged in exploitation. The native sulfur deposits in Poland are a good example of such “not mining” sterilization, which makes a considerable part of known resources inaccessible. On the northern border of the Carpathian Foredeep within the Miocene gypsum formation, the systematic exploration had demonstrated about 1 billion tons of sulfur resources located in the deposits of varied dimensions. The sulfur opencast mining and underground melting (the modified Frasch method) flourished from 1958 up to 1993. The increasing sulfur supply, recoverable from hydrocarbons, caused the closing down of sulfur mines, leaving a place with considerable untouched resources. About 67% of sulfur resources left by closed mines and of other explored but not exploited deposits are sterilized by the advancement of settlements, industrial plants, road construction, and by social opposition against mining.
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Zhou, Xue Lian. "Development and Utilization of Circular Economy and Urban Mining - Chengdu City Based Renewable Resource Industry Survey." Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (June 2015): 644–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.644.
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Along with the process of economic growth and urbanization, China has entered a peak period of electronic appliances and automotive industry products obsolescence. On one hand, municipal waste disposal is increasing and causing environmental pollution and damage; on the other hand, native mineral resources’ exhaustion has increased year by year along with exploitation difficulty and mineral resources import growth. Meanwhile, urban industrial scrap, aka "urban mines", does contain abundant of renewable resources, such as copper, iron, and aluminum. Therefore, based on the theory of circular economy, the exploitation of these "urban mines" is the key strategic industry of China’s "12th five-year plan". This paper is based on the survey of Chengdu city regeneration resources industry situation. We analyzed the current status of regeneration resources recycling industry in Chengdu city, finding problems such as the number of existing garbage collection stations inadequate for renewable resources, and processing technology out of date. Generally speaking, the renewable resources industry in Chengdu is under developed.
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Ruberti, Marcello, and Stefania Massari. "Are the World-Leading Primary Silver Mines Exhausting?" Sustainability 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 2619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082619.
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Silver is one of the rarest metals in nature and certainly among the most used ones, not only as precious good for financial investments but also for many industrial critical applications. Because it would be very difficult to analyze the situation regarding the future global availability of silver as a commodity in general, due to the necessity of a large amount of data which are hardly available, we have focused only on the mining production of primary silver. In particular, the study regards the activities of a sample consisting of twelve of the world top fifteen leading primary silver mines, which represent the 54% of the worldwide primary silver production and 16% of the global silver mining production. We have investigated the related exploitation state and trends of these twelve sites by elaborating their last ten-years statistics on silver production, ore grades, resources and reserves. The findings of this study, in short, are that the cumulative average silver ore grades, both in extracted mineral, resources and reserves, of the above selected mines, have decreased and also that the new mining fields (Dukat, San Bartolomé, Pirquitas, Saucito) have lower silver content indexes than the older ones.
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CLARY, RENEE M. "THE ROYAL SCHOOL OF MINES: HENRY DE LA BECHE’S CONVERGENCE OF PROFESSIONALIZATION AND PUBLIC ADVOCACY." Earth Sciences History 39, no. 2 (November 12, 2020): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-39.2.291.
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ABSTRACT Several European countries instituted mining schools in the late 1700s, including France, Germany, Hungary, and Russia. However, since England’s mining industry was privatized with little government involvement, Great Britain was decades behind with the creation of a school of mines. In 1835, Henry De la Beche (1796–1855) became the first director of the Ordnance Geological Survey, precursor to the British Geological Survey. De la Beche used this position to advance geology’s professionalization, which would include the establishment of an applied geology museum, mining records storehouse, and a school of mines. The Museum of Economic Geology, displaying the country’s mineral resources and geology, was De la Beche’s first success. Founded in 1835, it opened to the public in 1841. The Mining Records Office opened in 1840 as a repository for plans of working and abandoned mines. An early public advocate for workers’ safety, De la Beche lobbied for government inspections of collieries, immediate reporting of mining accidents, and proper plans of mines. The School of Mines was De la Beche’s third accomplishment in geology’s professionalization. As an outgrowth of the museum, it was formally opened in 1851 along with the larger Museum of Practical Geology, the Museum of Economic Geology’s successor. De la Beche’s intent for the School of Mines—instruction as a combination of science and practice—seems modern in its approach. In 1843, funding was allocated for lectures on the practical applications of geology, but these were not implemented until the School of Mines opened in 1851. In his effort to educate everyone—from miner to mine owner—De la Beche transcended social boundaries and supported open, public lectures. As a result, some considered him a class traitor. De la Beche used his position to advocate for advancement of the mining industry to include miner safety and public education. Therefore, while the Royal School of Mines emerged later than many of its European counterparts, it was part of a systematic professionalization of geology, coupled with education and a public advocacy for mining participants.
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Lamparska, Marzena. "The issues of drainage of discussed mines in the Katowice conurbation, Poland." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/environ-2015-0003.
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Abstract The Katowice conurbation is situated in the Upper-Silesian Coal Basin, in a region which had high rate of water inflow in the pre-mining period. In order to make deposits of mineral resources accessible, it was, and still is, necessary provide mines with a draining system, which now reaches as deep as 1200 m. The area of the depression sink which was thus created is about 1200 km2. Currently, all metal ore mines within the conurbation, as well as part of coal mines, have been closed down, but water which flows into them is still pumped out due to the legal obligation to protect neighbouring operating mines. After the operation and drainage of mines cease, water coming to abandoned excavations will begin restoring static reserves in the orogen, which, depending on hydrological conditions, will take between several and a few dozen years. As the level of underground water rises, the process of subsidence of old shallow mining excavations will intensify, and many depressions may appear in highly urbanized areas. In areas of mining subsidence, the underground water-table will be close to the surface, causing flooding of basements and building foundations, and the deepest subsidence basins will probably be completely flooded. Current location of operating mines on the northern and southern sides of the conurbation with the central belt of drained excavations is unfavourable for its sustainable development. A solution, which would make it possible for the conurbation to grow, would be to close down and flood the mines on the northern side as soon as their mining concessions expire, which will be in early 2020s. Then, the area would regain its original stability within a decade and all kinds of construction activities could be carried out there. That, however, requires authorities of municipalities to object to the extension of concessions for mines, which may be impossible to obtain due to fears of social discontent resulting from miners - residents of those municipalities - being made redundant.
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Kapageridis, I., A. Apostolikas, S. Pappas, and I. Zevgolis. "Use of mine planning software for the evaluation of resources and reserves of a sedimentary nickel deposit." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 4 (September 5, 2013): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11021.
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The use of mine planning software in the evaluation of deposits and estimation of mineral resources and reserves has become widespread and is considered a prerequisite for the reporting of reserves according to international reporting standards and codes. The main principles of operation and application of these codes are transparency of reported material, the relevance of reported information (materiality) and the competence of people involved in producing the reports. The application of specialised mine planning software described in this paper currently takes place at operational mines of sedimentary nickel deposits in Central Evia, Greece. It involves all stages of processing of exploration data including entry, analysis, processing and modelling of data, geostatistical estimation of quantities and qualities of mineral resources and mineral reserves, and the design, optimisation and scheduling of mining operations.
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BIAŁECKA, Katarzyna, and Jan PRAŻAK. "STATIONARY MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF an AQUIFER AS A BASIC TOOL FOR MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN THE CONCENTRATED OPENCAST MINING INDUSTRY IN THE HOLY CROSS MOUNTAINS." Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 471 (October 1, 2018): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.4735.
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Opencast mining industry very often extracts mineral resources below the groundwater table. Dewatering of excavations affects exploitable groundwater resources. It causes only temporal changes, but if they last several tens of years, local population is forced to modernize existing or even build new groundwater intakes. Mines discharge water into rivers, and local residents have problems with water supply. The municipality has the right not to agree for dewatering, but then it limits the activities of the mining industry. Therefore, it is very important to recognize not only the mining excavations affected by water inflow, but also the scope of hydrodynamic changes and their impact on groundwater intake facilities. The basic computational tool for prediction the effects of extraction of mineral resources below the water table should be a properly constructed mathematical model of a dewatered aquifer. The model should be stationary and should be used to prepare further forecasts for the assessment of damage caused by mining operations, depending on the progress in the exploitation of minerals. This will allow anticipating actions to cover possible losses in water supply to people, agriculture and the local industry. The authors present this problem and the attempts of such operations, based on the examples from the Gałęzice–Bolechowice–Borków and Łagów regions in the Holy Cross Mountains where numerous opencast mines of the Devonian limestones and dolomites are located.
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Gajera, Nikunj B., Arun Kumar Roy Mahato, and V. Vijay Kumar. "Status, Distribution, and Diversity of Birds in Mining Environment of Kachchh, Gujarat." International Journal of Biodiversity 2013 (April 17, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/471618.
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Opencast mining is one of the major reasons for the destruction of natural habitats for many wildlife including birds. The Kachchh region belongs to the arid part of India and is one of the rich areas of mineral resources in the country. In the recent time and after the 2001 earthquake, mining and other developmental activities are increased, and as a result, the natural habitats of birds are disturbed and fragmented. So, this study was conducted to assess the impact of mining and associated activities on the diversity and distribution of birds. Birds were studied by surveying 180 transects along 9 zones around three selected major mines, and each zone is made in every 2 km radius from the mine. Based on the record, it was found that the density and diversity of birds are highest in zone 5 and lowest in zone 1 and zone 2, respectively. The result indicates that the diversity and abundance of birds were less in zones which are located close to the mines in comparison to the zones far from the mines. In conclusion, mining and its associated activities have some impacts on the diversity and distribution of birds in Kachchh region in India.
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Rudko, H. I., and Ye Yakovlev. "Post-mining of the Ukraine’s mining regions as a new direction for the environmentally safe use of mineral resources." Мінеральні ресурси України, no. 3 (November 12, 2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31996/mru.2020.3.37-44.
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The growth of market requirements for socio-economic and environmental parameters of mineral resources in most developed (“old”) mining areas (MA) of Ukraine has led to the closure of mines and quarries, including by the method of “wet conservation” (autorehabilitation uncontrolled flooding). This process is most actively developing in the MA of the Donbas, including in areas affected by armed conflict.
In most developed EU countries, the decommissioning of coal mines (Ruhr, Lorraine, Wales), which have large depths (up to 1,0–1,5 km) and area (thousand sq. km) of minefields, is a research and production complex of post-mining (PM), which is based on scientific and technical measures to prevent dangerous changes in the geological environment (GE) - subsidence of the earth’s surface, flooding of lands, release of explosive and toxic gases, limiting the leakage of polluted water. In addition, the PM provides for the transformation of part of the mine workings into a hydraulic filtration system of mine water retention at a depth of 250–350 m in order to prevent the flow of pollutants into freshwater horizons and river network, preservation of regional aquicludes, degassing of mining space. In general, the set of PM measures is aimed at maintaining the balance and protective potential of the GE as a mineral and landscape base of the biosphere.
In this regard, the article compares the protective potential of the GE of the Chornobyl accident zone and the Donbas region, as well as performs an expert assessment of the environmental protection potential of the PM in the leading MA of Ukraine.
It is shown that a new model of mineral resourses use, structure of geological exploration works, scientific substantiation of maximum allowable changes of GE at closing of “old” and formation of new MA, improvement of environmental monitoring based on GIS technologies and remote sensing of the Earth are needed.
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Rafeeian, Nima, and Mohammad Taji. "Strategy Planning For the Mining Industry in Semnan Province (Iran) Using A Combined SWOT-AHP Approach." International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering 3, no. 2 (June 24, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijare.2017.3.2.09.
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Abstract— In today's world, the type of investment, prioritization and scheduling the extraction of mineral resources due to the constraints of resources, technologies and human resources, etc. strongly requires a strategic planning appropriated in this area. In terms of quantity and quality, the resources and mines in Semnan province would be seen among the richest mineral resources in Iran. However, due to a scarcity of compiled strategic planning in the mining industry, this prominent province plays a small role in the country's economic developments. In this regard, the exploration and evaluation of the strategic factors and a formulation of strategies seems to be vital. In this study, the analysis and formulation of the demanding strategy have been done by applying the strategic management approach SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats). Then the resulting strategies have been prioritized by using a hierarchical multi-criteria decision analysis called AHP (Analytic Hierarchical Process). Three strategies: creation of industrial clusters in the field of handicraft production with raw materials of mud, clay and gypsum panels (S3), joint mineral investments with the other mines of the province (S8), and the creation of groundwork for the mineral production cooperative companies, gained the highest priorities. Three strategies: updating the existing coke-making companies and constructing small coke-making and coal-washing units (S5), forming the specialized, industrial, mining, strategic and advisory committees in the Semnan Provincial Government to facilitate the local laws and encourage investments in mining (S7), and a greater engagement of private sectors with the government (activate the role of mining engineering and a maximum participation in decision-making related to the industry of the province) gained the least priority. At last, using prioritized strategies, some systematic planning is chosen strategically to suit the current situation, and to make possible a development and utilization of the high potential capacities in the mining industry which are already provides in Semnan province.
Index Terms— mining industry, SWOT Analysis, Hierarchical Analysis, Semnan province.
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Sheng, Jia, Wen Wan, Dongrui Liu, Feifei Jiang, Xiangdong Li, and Haiyun Zhang. "Investigation of the Optimization of Unloading Mining Scheme in Large Deep Deposit Based on Vague Set Theory and Its Application." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (February 9, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6690861.
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With the development of shallow surface mineral resources in metal mines, it is gradually turning to the stage of deep mining. According to the current mining depth and the average annual depth, during the period of “14th Five-Year Plan,” one-third of the underground metal mines will reach or exceed the mining depth of 1,000 m, with the deepest being 2,000 m. In the stage of deep mining, mines will face the conditions of high stress, high temperature, high well depth, and strong mining disturbance, which will greatly increase the difficulty of large-scale deep mining. Among them, the high ground stress environment is the principal problem of many technical problems in deep mining. The selection of mining method has become a prerequisite for solving the problem of efficient and safe mining of deep deposits. In this paper, the vague set theory was introduced into the selection of mining methods and a vague set model for deep unloading mining schemes was established. Taking the Jinchuan No. 2 mining area as the engineering background, four unloading schemes for deep mining were proposed, and the Vague set model was used for optimization. It is concluded that the mining approach with large-section unloading is the optimal unloading mining plan. The application shows that it has the advantages of high unloading efficiency, large production capacity, and low loss index. It has been fully promoted in the deep mining of the mining area. It is feasible and effective to use the vague set theory in the selection of deep unloading mining schemes, which provides a proper approach in the selection of deep unloading mining schemes.
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Popiołek, Edward, Zdzisław Kłeczek, Zygmunt Niedojadło, Ryszard Hejmanowski, Wojciech Skobliński, Paweł Sopata, Tomasz Stoch, and Artur Wójcik. "An Analysis Of The Interaction During Simultaneous Use Of Copper Ore And Salt Deposits In The LGOM Mines With Regard To Displacement And Deformation Of Rock Mass." Archives of Mining Sciences 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2015-0035.
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Abstract Excavation of the two bedded deposits of mineral resources in a small vertical distance may cause additional increased mining risks (rock mass deformation, rock bursts and mining tremors, threat to land surface). This paper considers the impact of excavation of the copper ore deposit on the bed of rock salt located above it and the opposite, in terms of displacements and deformations. We used the theoretical models of processes verified by previous in situ observations in the mines of the Legnica-Głogów Copper Mining District. We analysed the potential for reducing the risks, among others, through coordination of mining works.
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Zaitseva, Nina V., Olga Yu Ustinova, Vadim B. Alekseev, Tatyana S. Ulanova, Elena M. Vlasova, and Alexsandr E. Nosov. "Peculiarities of production-related diseases in miners employed at deep mining of chromic ores." Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 10 (February 18, 2019): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2018-10-6-12.
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Deep mining is widely spread in Russia; therefore, it is truly vital to determine how labor resources in the branch can be preserved. Adverse working conditions cause elevated risks of not only occupationally induced diseases, but also production-related ones, make medical and social consequences of such diseases even worse, and result in a decrease in overall labor potential of a society. Miners’ working conditions are ones of the most adverse. When participating in technological processes, workers are exposed to a set of adverse and dangerous industrial factors, both common for any deep mining and specific ones related to a type of mineral resources which are mined. We performed a complex assessment of working conditions existing in deep mining of chromic ores in order to detect risks of chronic diseases for miners as well as to determine an extent to which such diseases were production-related. We revealed that working conditions for miners involved in chromic ores mining were associated with joint negative effects exerted by physical and chemical factors of the working process; as per this combination of factors, they can be assigned into “adverse working conditions with 3–4 hazard degree” category. Workers involved in deep mining at chromic mines ran 1.5–5.2 times higher relative risks of cardiovascular system diseases, respiratory system diseases, endocrine system diseases, and hearing organs diseases, than personnel employed at mines but dealing with production processes on the surface. Nervous and respiratory system diseases, endocrine pathologies, and hearing organs diseases in miners employed at chromic mines were to a great extent production-related while cardiovascular system diseases less significantly depended on industrial factors.
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Hartzer, Suzette, and Willemien Du Plessis. "The Liability of Historical Mine Authorisation Holders for Rehabilitation of ‘Old Order Mine Dumps’." Southern African Public Law 29, no. 2 (December 18, 2017): 469–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2522-6800/3648.
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Mine dumps or tailings (i.e. ‘mine waste’) created by mining activities are some of the main environmental impacts of mining. Historically little or no regard was given to the environment while planning mine dumps, since planning was based on minimum cost, the availability of land and the safety of underground workings.Mine dumps continue to cause water and air pollution when abandoned without being rehabilitated. Abandoned mines and their dumps are common features of the South African landscape. Section 46 of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 (MPRDA) provides that the state is responsible to rehabilitate abandoned mines if the owner is deceased, cannot be traced, ceased to exist or has been liquidated. Rehabilitation of these mines has extensive financial consequences for the state and indirectly to the taxpayer.The aim of this article is to determine the responsibility of historical mining right holders for such rehabilitation. ‘Historic polluters’ refer to mining companies who caused pollution and environmental degradation due to mining activities before the Minerals Act came into force in 1991. Also to be addressed in this article is the question whether owners of tailings created through an authorisation issued in terms of the now repealed Minerals Act or prior legislation (old order dumps) would be able to escape their rehabilitation obligations or not. Reference will be made to the new proposed amendments to the MPRDA as well in addressing the question.
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Dao, Manh, An Nguyen, The Nguyen, Ha Pham, Dinh Nguyen, Quoc Tran, Huong Dao, Duyen Nguyen, Huong Dang, and Luc Hens. "A Hybrid Approach Using Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS Assessing Environmental Conflicts in the Titan Mining Industry along Central Coast Vietnam." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 22, 2019): 2930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142930.
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Environmental conflict management gains significance in rational use of natural resources, ecosystem preservation and environmental planning for mineral mines. In Central Coast Vietnam, titan mines are subject to conflicting use and management decisions. The paper deals with an empirical research on applying a combination of the fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to measure environmental conflicts emerging as a result of titan mining in Vietnam. The methodology used in the paper combines the fuzzy AHP and the fuzzy TOPSIS to rank environmental conflicts and propose conflict prevention solutions in the titan mining industry of Ky Khang coastal commune (Ky Anh district, Central Coast Vietnam). Data was collected by using a questionnaire with 15 locals, 8 communal authorities, 2 district authorities, and 12 scientific experts on titan mining, environmental geology, and sustainability management. The result shows that, titan mining conflicts with the eight criteria of economic sectors at five alternative sites including beach, protected forest, agricultural area, settlement area, and industrial area. The conflicts between titan mining and forestry, agriculture, settlements, fishing and aquaculture are highly valued. The beach area shows most environmental conflict as a result of titan mining, followed by the agricultural area and settlement area. Based on the empirical findings, legal and procedural tools such as environmental impact assessments, strategic environmental assessments, integrated coastal zone management, marine spatial planning, and multi-planning integration advancing environmental management for titan mines in Vietnam are suggested.
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Skipochka, Serhii. "Conceptual basis of mining intensification by the geomechanical factor." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900089.
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The goal of the work was to develop a concept of intensification of mining operations, taking into account geomechanical processes occurring in the “rock massif – mining workings – support and protective structures” system. The article is the result of theoretical and experimental research materials analysis and synthesis, carried out for the conditions of coal, non-metallic and iron-ore mines. Positive and negative geomechanical processes and phenomena, occurring during intensification of mining operations, have been substantiated. A set of technical and technological solutions to eliminate the negative phenomena associated with high mining rates development of mineral resources has been proposed. Recommendations, presented in this article, will significantly reduce the conditionally fixed costs of mining production and improve miner’s safety.
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Moyo, Funa, and Clifford Mabhena. "Harnessing Mineral Resources in Gwanda District of Zimbabwe: A Myth or a Reality?" International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 38 (August 2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.38.1.
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The article examines strategies of harnessing mineral resources for community empowerment, poverty reduction and infrastructure development in mining areas of Zimbabwe. Despite abundant mineral resources, the majority of Zimbabwean indigenous communities living close to the mines have limited access to directly or indirectly benefit from the mineral resources. Using a descriptive survey to collect data, this research article gives a strong proposition on how the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act can be used as a vehicle of harnessing mineral resources. The article argues that pro poor mining policies that ensure the harnessing of mineral resources for community empowerment, poverty reduction and infrastructure development are paramount. The article further argues that the Indigenous and Economic Empowerment Act needs to be harmonised with other sector legislation in the country. The article concludes that the development of infrastructure and provision of public utilities such as electricity, water, establishing micro-credit to small and medium enterprises and implementing broad-based indigenisation policies are some of the strategies of improving rural livelihoods. Similarly direct and indirect linkages between the mining sector and local economy could be enhanced through the provision of food supply to the mine, manufacture of mining inputs, provision of security services and supply of labour by the local community. The article recommends that the harmonisation of legislation that has an effect on harnessing of mineral resources by local communities will ensure community empowerment, poverty reduction and infrastructure development.
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Kłeczek, Zdzisław, Zygmunt Niedojadło, Edward Popiołek, Wojciech Skobliński, Paweł Sopata, Tomasz Stoch, Artur Wójcik, and Dagmara Zeljaś. "Mining Hazards Analysis with Simultaneous Mining Copper Ores and Salt Deposits in LGOM (Legnica-Głogów Copper Belt) Mines with Regard to Dynamic Influences." Archives of Mining Sciences 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2016-0040.
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Abstract In the case of locating two bedded deposits of different mineral resources in a small vertical distance, additional or increased mining hazards can occur (deformations of the rock mass, crumps and mining shocks, hazards to the land surface). This paper has thoroughly examined the impact of exploitation of the lower-located deposit of copper ore on the higher-located deposit of salt as well as the reverse situation as regards the dynamic phenomena, being the greatest lithospheric hazard in LGOM. At the same time theoretical models of processes were applied, verified by previous observations in situ in mines of Legnica-Głogów Copper Belt.
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Lesin, Yury, Vyacheslav Gogolin, Elena Murko, Sergey Markov, and Jurgen Kretschmann. "The Choice of Methods of Quarry Wastewater Purifying." E3S Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184101039.
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The negative effect made by mining enterprises on the natural environment has complex origination. The intensive pollution is observed because of the influence of mineral deposits open-pit mining on the atmosphere, water resources and landscape complexes. Complex processes of environmental anthropogenic changes caused by open pits’ operations have brought to light the problem of surface water pollution near large mining segments. Industrial wastewater of mining enterprises has a significant impact on the natural environment. In connection with the continuous and significant increase in the volume of mining, the amount of wastewater from mines, quarries and processing plants is constantly increasing. The main components of wastewater from operating mining enterprises are mine (quarry) waters, as well as runoff from atmospheric waters polluted by water erosion of dumps and mineral stacks. The paper describes the possible ways of quarry wastewater purifying – using hydrocyclones and artificial filtering arrays made from overburden rock.
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D Franzmann, Peter, Rebecca B Hawkes, Christina M Haddad, and Jason J Plumb. "Mining with microbes." Microbiology Australia 28, no. 3 (2007): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma07124.
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As early as 166 AD, biotechnology was applied to the extraction of metals from ores in the copper mines of Cyprus, and in 1928 in Kennecott, USA, ?dump leaching? ? the use of microorganisms to extract copper from low grade mine waste material ? was conducted on commercial scale. It was not until 1947 that Colmer and Hinkle 1 demonstrated the role that microorganisms play in the oxidation of mineral sulfides for the release of metals in solution. Currently, 20% of annual global copper production results largely through the bioleaching of chalcocite (Cu2S). Many other metals, such as gold, cobalt, nickel, uranium and zinc are also being produced through bioleaching technology. Today, biotechnology is used to improve the environmental outcomes in a range of mining operations such as the use of sulfate-reducing bioreactors for the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD), and heterotrophic and chemolithotrophic biofilm reactors for the degradation of cyanide products from gold processing and for the destruction of organic wastes such as oxalate from Bayer liquors during alumina production.
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Jaiswal, Rohit. "Legal Frame Work for Exploitation of Beach Sand Mineral Resources: Historical Perspective and Action by Government of India for conservation." Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists 38, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51710/jias.v38i1.149.
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India is bestowed with several Beach Sand Mineral (BSM) occurrences along its 7200 km long coastline. The exploitation/recovery of BSM resources is governed by various provisions of the Acts and Rules issued by the Government of India. Till 1998, the mining of BSM was reserved (excluding garnet and sillimanite) for the public sector only. Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), intending to maximize the value addition of BSM within the country, brought out a policy resolution, which allowed the private entities in mining and processing of BSM resources except for the mineral monazite. Mining and development of any mineral are governed by the Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) (MMDR) Act, 1957 and the rules made thereunder. MMDR Act, 1957 has undergone major amendments in 2015 and by virtue of the provisions under the Act, new rules were framed for the first time in the country, exclusively for grant of mineral concession in respect of atomic minerals. As per the provisions of a new rule, all BSM deposits (above threshold) come under the purview of the Government Company or Corporation owned or controlled by the Government. This paper deals with legal provisions for the exploitation of BSM resources and recent amendment by the Government of India for conserving these minerals of strategic importance, in the national interest.
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Geenen, Sara, and Klara Claessens. "Disputed access to the gold sites in Luhwindja, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Modern African Studies 51, no. 1 (February 25, 2013): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x12000559.
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ABSTRACTIn a context of increased competition over natural resources, large-scale investors are showing renewed interest in eastern Congo's mineral resources. At the local level this is resulting in fierce disputes over access to land and to mining sites. This article offers an empirical study of access in Luhwindja, where a multinational mining company has recently begun to exploit gold. We first sketch the context, examining the overlapping legal fields and analysing how various actors gain and control access to the gold mines. Next we study how the arrival of Banro Corporation in Luhwindja has altered power relations at the local level. Looking more specifically at the displacement of artisanal miners and the resettlement of local communities, we demonstrate how the company, local elites and the local population have engaged in a complex struggle for access.
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Sah, Ram Bahadur, and Kabi Raj Paudyal. "Geological control of mineral deposits in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 58 (June 25, 2019): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v58i0.24604.
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Systematic information and in-depth knowledge of geological controls, mode of occurrences, distribution patterns and mineral association are very essential for exploring the new deposits and development of mineral resources of the country in general. In present study, an attempt has been made to clarify the geological controls of economic and sub-economic mineral deposits of Nepal. Investigation has shown that mineral deposits in Nepal Himalaya are controlled by particular geological conditions and tectonics. Till the date, economic potential of 63 mineral commodities from Nepal have been established by Department of Mines and Geology. Several economic to sub economic deposits of the country are explored and some are under mining process. Analysis of geological controls of above mentioned economic and sub-economic mineral deposits shows that they are either syngenetically or epigenetically confined to particular stratigraphic and tectonic units. These deposits are related in time and space to certain events of crustal movement representing different metallogenic epochs.
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Corriveau, Louise, and Thomas Clark. "Introduction to the Grenville Province: a geological and mineral resources perspective derived from government and academic research initiatives." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-117.
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Canadian society faces a significant decline in the number of active mines and in the discovery rate of base and precious metal deposits. Exploring in the shadows of active and former mines with improved metallogenic models and new technologies is one way to address this problem. Another way is to diversify mineral exploration outside known mining camps and target prospective but underexplored settings and nonconventional mineral deposits. In Canadian terms, diversifying exploration commonly translates into targeting gneissic and granitic terrains where modern geoscience knowledge may be rare or only at reconnaissance scale and where key regional and local indicators and vectors to ore may be missing in the geological record. Though underexplored settings abound in Canada, only one orogen has an aura that discourages exploration: the Grenville Province. Consequently, even though the Grenville Province provides the best model of a deep continental-collision zone so far studied anywhere on Earth and constitutes a microcosm of continental accretion, it remains underexplored, underprospected, undermapped and underestimated. It is thus essential to revisit the mineral potential of the most accessible orogen of the Canadian Shield, search for its missing volcanic belts, reexamine its ore deposits and mineral occurrences, and explore new research avenues using the best remote-sensing device on Earth: human eyes. This special issue captures advances associated with regional field investigations by government that played a special role in opening up frontier areas for mineral exploration. Papers stemming from academia and governmentuniversityindustry consortiums investigate further some of the topics covered by these and earlier surveys and others contribute structural and metamorphic insights that will be valuable in future mapping projects. The advances reported here for the Grenville Province may provide impetus to revisit other Grenville-age terrains worldwide, just as metallogenic models developed in other countries have provided the means to look in a different manner at the Grenville orogen for mineral deposits. Collectively all the various approaches presented in this volume help us to revamp our way of looking at the mineral potential of the Grenville orogen.
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Mpofu, Charles, Thabiso John Morodi, and Johan Petrus Hattingh. "Governance and socio-political issues in management of acid mine drainage in South Africa." Water Policy 20, no. 1 (August 31, 2017): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.068.
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Abstract The water resources in South Africa are threatened by current and past mining practices such as abandoned and closed mines. While mining is considered valuable for its contribution to this country's gross domestic product, its polluting effects on water and land resources have been criticised as unsustainable. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one specific public health and ecological issue that has stirred debates in political and social circles in this country. This paper examines the scalar politics and other related dimensions of water and AMD governance, thereby revealing evidence of deep-rooted challenges regarding the governance of water and mineral resources. The specific focus is on the socio-political context of labour laws and Black Economic Empowerment and the decision-making processes adopted by government. Thus, this paper has implications for the improvement of environmental governance and decision-making strategies and the adoption of a national strategy for adequately addressing AMD and related policy issues.
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Hillman, John. "Mahmood Ali Ayub and Hideo Hashimoto. The Economics of Tin Mining in Bolivia. Washington, D.C.: World Bank 1985." Pakistan Development Review 25, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v25i2pp.197-199.
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The Bolivian economy is a textbook case of the distortions produced by an enclave of mineral production, mainly tin, and its political life has largely focused on the problem of ensuring that the mining industry plays a constructive role in national economic development. Bolivia was not able to force the private owners of the major mines to make such a contribution and as a result their properties were nationalized in the Revolution of 1952, and have since been operated by a State owned corporation, COMIBOL. Although the mines had long been starved of fresh investment, the political economy of the Revolution further stripped resources from the mining sector in order to diversify the economy, and the economic crisis that was then generated forced serious attention on the technical operation of the industry. Over the past thirty years there have been several attempts to rehabilitate the nationalized mining industry, drawing on the expertise of foreign technical staff, and on foreign private and public capital which have generated a large number of studies and much internal political controversy. This book by two World Bank economists is the first attempt to provide a comprehensive account of the issues facing those responsible for formulating a policy for Bolivian mining which is based on some reliable statistics. It is theoretically and historically informed, and, most importantly, though sensitive to the intensely political nature of the problem, has no political axe of its own to grind.
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Moldabayev, Serik, Bolatbek Rysbaiuly, Zhanat Sultanbekova, and Nurzhigit Sarybayev. "Methodological approach to creation of the 3D model of an oval-shaped open pit mine." E3S Web of Conferences 123 (2019): 01049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912301049.
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A 3D model of optimal contours phased development of oval-shaped open pit mines is proposed in the article. It is assumed that with enough accuracy the volumetric contour of the open pit mine is interpolated by an elongated elliptic hyperboloid. The calculation formulas for mineral resources are derived and optimal volumes of overburden are determined depending on the mining phase. In this case, the total number of mining phases is set in advance. The stripping ratio is used as a quality criterion of the optimization task. The problem of optimal control is solved using the Bellman function in dynamic programming. All the necessary calculation formulas are obtained in the final form by solving the optimization problem. Their simplicity and substantiation of each conclusion ensure that the results of this study can be successfully applied in practical calculations of the design and planning of mining operations in open pit mining.
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Wang, Lai-Wang, Thanh-Tuyen Tran, and Nhu-Ty Nguyen. "An Empirical Study of Hybrid DEA and Grey System Theory on Analyzing Performance: A Case from Indian Mining Industry." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/395360.
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India, which has long been recognized as a well-endowed nation in natural mineral resources, is a major minerals producer. According to the report of Indian Ministry of Mines 2013, Indian mining and metals sector ranked the fourth among the mineral producer countries, behind China, United States, and Russia and had in fact led the economy into recovery from the global financial crisis. Since this industry has turned into a significant issue, this paper attempts to rank the performance of 23 Indian mining and metal companies and to evaluate and measure the productivity change of these sectors during different time periods (2010–2014). Besides, the authors would like to choose one advanced model of MPI to see the performance of these companies in the past-present period and the 4-year future period (2015–2018) by using forecasting results of Grey system theory. The results revealed that from the past to future period the National Mineral Development Corporation, Hindalco Industries Limited, and Coal India always keep their highest best rankings among 23 DMUs regarding performance scores. This study contributes better insights of Indian mining industry as it is the core of the economy.
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BRYK, Dmytro, Oleg GVOZDEVYCH, Lesya KULCHYTSKA-ZHYHAYLO, and Myroslav PODOLSKYY. "Technogenic carbonaceous objects of the Chervonohrad mining and industrial district and some technical solutions for their using." Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals 4, no. 181 (December 27, 2019): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2019.04.045.
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Ukraine has significant coal resources. Chervonohrad Mining and Industrial District is the main coal complex in the west of Ukraine. In recent years, the average annual coal production in the mines of Chervonohrad Mining and Industrial District has amounted to 1.5 bn t, coal ash varies over a wide range of 25 to 53 %, average coal ash content of about 40 %. Coal mining has produced millions of tons of coal waste every year. Concentration of technogeneous coal objects (mines, mining infrastructure, coal-mining waste dumps and wastes of coal enrichment) in a relatively small area has caused environmental degradation. Therefore, technological and environmental aspects of carbon-containing technogenic objects are particularly important and actual. Coal-waste dumps in the territory of Chervonohrad Mining and Industrial District are characterized in detail. The dumps cover different areas – from 9–10 to 29–30 ha, the height of the dumps reaches 62 m at the mostly heights of 25–40 m. The total waste deposit in the dumps of existing mines has a volume of more than 20 million m3. The coal wastes from Mezhyrichanskaya mine coal-waste dump was investigated to determine the suitability for thermochemical processing. Technical characteristics of taken coal-waster samples is presented. The technogenic carbonaceous objects and the impact to the environment are evaluated. The developed and patented technical and technological solutions for the technogenic carbonaceous objects using are considered. It is shown that the concept of industrial development of coal wastes dumps is based on two aspects – extraction of valuable mineral components and energy utilization of carbonaceous wastes of coal production. Its patented as Patents of Ukraine technological schemes for terrestrial process in of solid carbonaceous raw material from dumps and sludges with the production of coal tar and synthesis gas CO + H2 are presented, as well as the scheme of a system for utilization of heat from coal dump. Recommendations for the implementation of innovative technologies are based on the results of the laboratory research. The purpose of the resolution is to obtain valuable components and energy from coal wasters while improving the environment.
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Ma, Xiao Long, Guang Zhang, Qing Guo Ren, and Xiu Ling Jiang. "Rational Research of Deep Concave Open-Pit Slope Angle of Lower Part." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.248.
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With the rapid advance of industrialization,the consumption of mineral resources is increasing.For open pit mine,many of them went into deep mining.The current,widespread adoption of open pit slope angle makes deep concave mining has a huge stripping ratio.So many mines in trouble,on the premise of guarantee the deep sunken open pit slope stability increase slope toe can bring huge economic benefits,and a lot of research work has been done.This paper describes the factors affecting the stability of open-pit mine slope,the slope rock mass stress analysis,to calculate the lower steep slope economic benefits,puts forward reasonable suggestions the future research direction of the slope stability of open-pit mine.
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Naworyta, Wojciech. "The need for verification of the Polish lignite deposits owing to development and nature conservation protection on land at the surface." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/environ-2016-0021.
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AbstractPoland is a country rich in lignite. The area where the lignite occurs occupies approx. 22% of the total surface area of the country. Geological resources of Polish lignite deposits are estimated at 23.5 billion Mg, but in the majority (69%) the accuracy of their identification is poor. Nevertheless the amount of coal in Polish deposits allows - at least in theory - for mining and energy production at the current level for hundreds of years to come. It is an important raw material for the energy security of the country both currently and in the future. Because the vast majority of Polish and foreign mines use an open pit method for lignite extraction the actual amount of mineral available for the extraction depends not only on the properties of the deposit but to a large extent on the method of development of the surface land above the deposit, as well as on the sensitivity of the environment in the vicinity of any future mines. After careful analysis it can be stated that only a few of the lignite deposits may be subject to cost-effective mining operations. These deposits should be subjected to special protection as a future resource base which will ensure the energy security of the country. Some examples of domestic deposits have been presented where due to the conflict resulting from the development of the area should be deleted from the Balance Sheet of Mineral Deposits because their exploitation is irrational and uneconomic. Keeping such deposits in the Balance Sheet, and the use of large numbers in the context of their resource base leads to an unwarranted sense of wealth which consequently does not encourage the protection of these deposits which may actually be subject to rational exploitation in the near future. In summary there is a need to find a compromise in order to adequately protect all natural resources including mineral deposits.
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Dlamini, Lubanzi Z. D., and Sifiso Xulu. "Monitoring Mining Disturbance and Restoration over RBM Site in South Africa Using LandTrendr Algorithm and Landsat Data." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 6916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246916.
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Considering the negative impact of mining on ecosystems in mining areas, the South African government legislated the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (No. 28 of 2002), to compel mining companies to restore the land affected by mining. Several studies have used remotely sensed data to observe the status and dynamics of surface mines. Advances in remote sensing along the cloud-based Google Earth Engine (GEE) now promise an enhanced observation strategy for improved monitoring of mine environments. Despite these advances, land rehabilitation at Richards Bay Minerals (RBM) is mainly restricted to field-based approaches which are unable to reveal seamless patterns of disturbance and restoration. Here, we illustrate the value of the trajectory-based LandTrendr algorithm in conjunction with GEE for mine rehabilitation studies. Our automated method produced disturbance and recovery patterns (1984–2018) over the RBM site. The study revealed that RBM has progressively been mining different portions of the mineral-rich coastal area after which restoration was undertaken. The duration of mining over each site ranged from 2 to 6 years. The LandTrendr outputs correspond with independent reference datasets that were classified with an overall accuracy of 99%; it captures mine-induced disturbance efficiently and offers a practical tool for mine restoration management.
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Jowitt, Simon M., and Brian A. McNulty. "Geology and Mining: Mineral Resources and Reserves: Their Estimation, Use, and Abuse." SEG Discovery, no. 125 (April 1, 2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/geo-and-mining-11.
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Editor’s note: The Geology and Mining series, edited by Dan Wood and Jeffrey Hedenquist, is designed to introduce early-career professionals and students to a variety of topics in mineral exploration, development, and mining, in order to provide insight into the many ways in which geoscientists contribute to the mineral industry. Abstract Resource and reserve estimation is a critical step in mine development and the progression from mineral exploration to commodity production. The data inputs typically change over time and reflect variations in geoscientific knowledge as well as the modifying factors required by regulation for estimating a reserve. These factors include mineral (ore) processing, metallurgical treatment of the ore, infrastructure requirements for mine and workforce, and the transportation of processed products to buyers; others that will affect the production of metals and/or minerals from a deposit include economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social, and governmental factors. All are needed by the mining industry to quantify the contained mineralization within mineral deposits that likely warrant the significant capital investment required to build a mine. However, these resource and reserve data are estimates that change over time due to unpredicted variations in the initial inputs. Paramount to the two estimates are the quality and accuracy of the geologic inputs and the communication of these to the professionals tasked with making each estimate. Geostatistical processing of the grade of the resource has become a dominant element of the estimation process, but this requires transparent and informed communication between geologists and mining engineers with the geostatistician responsible for mathematically processing the grade data. Regulatory constraints also mean that estimated resources and reserves seldom capture the full extent of a mineral deposit. Similarly, co- and by-product metals and minerals that are commonly produced by mines may not be captured by resource and reserve estimates because of their limited economic contribution. This suggests that reporting standards for co- and by-products—particularly for the critical metals that may have a sharp increase in demand—need improvement. Finally, the importance of these data to the mining industry is such that informing investors and the broader public about the nature of resource and reserve estimates, and the meaning of associated terminology, is also essential when considering the global metal and mineral supply, and the role of mining in modern society.
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Matyukha, Vоlоdуmуr. "GRAPHOANALYTICAL METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE COST ESTIMATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS." Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, no. 6(25) (2019): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689/2019/6(25)/11.
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The importance of cost estimation of mineral resources in modern economic theory is noted in the article. It is noted that all currently existing methodical and methodological approaches to the valuation of minerals by their economic nature are in fact an analysis of the economic feasibility of realization of investment projects for the development of deposits, which actually answers the question: is the investment project for the development of the field economically viable. Based on the analysis of literary sources, it is established that at the present stage of development of the world economy, the interest in the economic evaluation of the efficiency of development of mineral resources is not waning. However, methodological approaches are different and there is still no unity in them. Experts point out that the current methods require improvement due to the low accuracy of calculations, since the size of the cost estimate depends on the amount of rental payments for the use of mineral resources in mining and the starting price of the sale of a special permit for the development of deposits at auction. For the first time in the economic theory economics, a graphoanalytic method for the cost estimation of mineral deposits has been proposed. The features of this methodological approach based on integral calculus, including the integration of continuous functions, as well as the method of discounting cash flows with simultaneous consideration of the life cycle scheme of deposits, namely mining and geological conditions of mining are opened. The step-by-step sequence of realization of the proposed method is resulted. It is stated that this approach will allow to obtain a more exact cost estimate of a deposit or subsoil by taking into account the following factors: the life of the deposit, the market conditions of the mineral resources, capital and current expenses connected with extraction of minerals and costs of the subsoil user in the post-mining a period of time related to the closure of mines and quarries and the reclamation of disturbed lands formed during the extraction of minerals.
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Hefni, Mohammed, Hussin A. M. Ahmed, Ebaa Shaikh Omar, and Maaz A. Ali. "The Potential Re-Use of Saudi Mine Tailings in Mine Backfill: A Path towards Sustainable Mining in Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 6204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116204.
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The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia covers an area of approximately 2 million km2 and is rich in natural resources that are necessary for industrial development. The estimated mineral wealth beneath the Kingdom’s soil is approximately USD 1.33 trillion, as reported by the Ministry of Industry and Mineral Resources. The Kingdom’s vision for 2030 is to develop the mining sector to become the third pillar of the domestic economy. Therefore, exploration and mining activities are expected to accelerate over the next decade, which will lead to increased waste production. New executive regulations issued in January 2021 contain several sustainable elements related to the environment, social responsibility, and occupational health and safety. Therefore, this study aims to promote an example of sustainable mining activities in the Kingdom that could be adapted to meet the regulatory requirements. Cemented paste backfill samples of varying composition were made with waste materials from a Saudi copper mine for re-injection into underground mining cavities to minimize waste exposure to the environment. The samples were tested for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) after 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days of curing. Results from a statistically designed experiment technique show that the samples developed sufficient strength to be used in mine backfilling applications. Strong negative relationships were detected between the UCS and the water-to-binder ratio. There is strong potential for mine backfill technology to be applied to a wide range of Saudi Arabian mines to enhance the sustainability of the mining sector.
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Androulakis, Vasilis, Steven Schafrik, Joseph Sottile, and Zach Agioutantis. "Data Management System for a Semiautonomous Shuttle Car for Underground Room and Pillar Coal Mines." Automation 2, no. 3 (August 13, 2021): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/automation2030010.
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In recent years, autonomous solutions in the multidisciplinary field of mining engineering have been an extremely popular applied research topic. This is a result of the increasing demands of society on mineral resources along with the accelerating exploitation of the currently economically viable resources, which lead the mining sector to turn to deeper, more-difficult-to-mine orebodies. An appropriate data management system comprises a crucial aspect of the designing and the engineering of a system that involves autonomous or semiautonomous vehicles. The vast volume of data collected from onboard sensors, as well as from a potential IoT network dispersed around a smart mine, necessitates the development of a reliable data management strategy. Ideally, this strategy will allow for fast and asynchronous access to the data for real-time processing and decision-making purposes as well as for visualization through a corresponding human–machine interface. The proposed system has been developed for autonomous navigation of a coalmine shuttle car and has been implemented on a 1/6th scale shuttle car in a mock mine. It comprises three separate nodes, namely, a data collection node, a data management node, and a data processing and visualization node. This approach was dictated by the large amount of collected data and the need to ensure uninterrupted and fast data management and flow. The implementation of an SQL database server allows for asynchronous, real-time, and reliable data management, including data storage and retrieval. On the other hand, this approach introduces latencies between the data management node and the other two nodes. In general, these latencies include sensor latencies, network latencies, and processing latencies. However, the data processing and visualization module is able to retrieve and process the latest data and make a decision about the next optimal movement of the shuttle car prototype in less than 900 ms. This allows the prototype to navigate efficiently around the pillars without interruptions.
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Siahaan, Antonius. "ANALYSING THE RELATION OF OPERATIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS TO TOTAL SHAREHOLDER VALUE OF LISTED GOLD MINING COMPANIES IN INDONESIA AND FIVE OTHER COUNTRIES." Ultima Management : Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen 12, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/manajemen.v12i2.1772.
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Even though Indonesia was famous due to its mineral resources, only few gold mining companies is listed in the Indonesia stock exchange. In the other hand, there is a need to increase investment in the mining sector from stock market as reserve has been stagnant while production keeps going. To understand the nature of published gold mining companies, this study is conducted to analyze the effect of published operational parameter: ore processed, gold production, mining grade, process recovery, as well as external factors such as gross-domestic product and gold price to the share return of public listed gold mining companies. From panel data regression of quarter reports of eighteen (18) world mining companies in the period 2012 to 2017, it shows that process recovery and gold price is significant to the change of share price. Furthermore, the study finds that when operational parameter of existing mines can be good and positively increase, mining companies still need to look at their reserve to ensure sustainability of the business in the long run.
Key Words: Public Listed Gold Company, Share Return, Panel Data Regression, Operational Parameters, External Factors
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Lin, Fanqiang, Xuben Wang, Kecheng Chen, Depan Hu, Song Gao, Xue Zou, and Cai Zeng. "The development and test research of a multichannel synchronous transient electromagnetic receiver." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 7, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-209-2018.
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Abstract. As a result of the drastic reduction in shallow mineral resources, the exploitable potential and reserves of proven mines are insufficient, and the mineral resources in deep ground need to be more explored in a more refined way. There are some disadvantages of the existing instruments, such as few channels and slow sampling rate. Therefore, a multiparameter transient electromagnetic instrument with synchronous receiving has been developed and tested. The instrument is composed of two controllers – embedded controller and programmable logic controller – which can provide a diversified information combination for follow-up information processing. Under the grounding electrode source emission mode, the real-time synchronous transient electromagnetic acquisition system of six channels is achieved with a sampling rate of 128 000 samples per second (SPS). The data acquired by the six channels is recorded in the full-time range of the time domain. Furthermore, experiments were carried out in the laboratory, open areas, and actual mine. Through data analysis, the measured data curves of the mining area are highly consistent with the existing geochemical exploration curves and geological profile.
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Masoumi, Iman, Gholamreza Kamali, Omid Asghari, and Xavier Emery. "Assessing the Impact of Geologic Contact Dilution in Ore/Waste Classification in the Gol-Gohar Iron Ore Mine, Southeastern Iran." Minerals 10, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040336.
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Since the Gol-Gohar iron ore mine (GGIOM), which is located in southeastern Iran, is currently one of the biggest iron mines in this region, increasing the accuracy of its mineral resources model has become a challenge for geologists, metallurgists and mining engineers. Given that an accurate classification of the mining blocks into ore or waste is highly significant in strategic mine planning, three approaches for simulating the iron grades were compared against the true grades obtained from production data. The comparison was done by calculating the ratio between the total number of blocks correctly classified as ore and waste and the total number of misclassified blocks, and it was conducted for each approach in three mined benches at the GGIOM. The results reveal that the grade simulation that ignores the geological boundaries and the grade simulation based on a deterministic geological interpretation are much less accurate than the hierarchical approach, which consists of simulating both the geological boundaries and the grades.
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Muhindi, Ikoha. "Occupational Safety and Health of Coal Mine Workers in Kenya: Filling the Lacuna in the Law." Strathmore Law Review 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slr.v1i2.79.
Full textAbstract:
Mining is essential in the economic development of any country endowed with mineral resources. In Kenya, for instance, one block of coal in the Mui Basin has enough coal to bring in KES. 3.4 trillion into the economy. However, disasters such as the Monongah disaster in a coal mine in the United States have resulted in the loss of lives of numerous workers. It is therefore important to ensure the enactment of legislation safeguarding these workers. This article seeks to assess the extent to which the Occupation Safety and Health Act safeguards these concerns in Kenya. It also undertakes a brief comparative study of the best practices employed in Australia and South Africa in safeguarding the safety and health of workers in coal mines. Finally, the article makes recommendations on how Kenya can follow suit and adopt various aspects of the legislations from these jurisdictions.
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Zalyadnov, V. Yu, S. E. Gavrishev, G. V. Mihailova, S. S. Kaderov, and N. V. Kovalenko. "Justification of the development strategy of mining enterprises on the basis of analysis of profitability and risk in outsourcing and diversification." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 4/2021 (August 25, 2021): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2021-4-134-139.
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The article presents an approach to addressing the challenges of increasing the efficiency and viability of mining operations in changing market conditions. A solution to the problem posed is based on analyzing the application of various strategies to manage production resources and the overall complex activities of the company depending on the objectives pursued by the user of mineral resources. A mining company can operate in the traditional way, when all production functions and processes are carried out in-house, and the product is only the mined raw material. Outsourcing and production diversification are considered as alternative strategies. The paper describes possible sets and combinations of business strategies, as well as directions to diversify mining companies, including those that involve the formation and development of man-made georesources. A model is described that helps to choose an optimal complex of production functions for a mining company as well as a combination of strategies to be applied, which are balanced in terms of profitability and financial risks of separate types of activity. An economic and mathematical model for optimization of complex activities of the company is presented with the view to minimize risks at a given profitability level and to achieve the maximum efficiency at a given risk level. The research uses a deterministic approach to assess the performance indicators. The model presented has been tested in a small-scale operation that mines chromium ores. The research shows that a diversification strategy for a mining company reduces the risk of economic losses and increases its viability in conditions of volatile commodity prices.
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Bosak, P. "PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WASTEWATER FROM TECHNOLOGICAL WASTE DUMPS OF NOVOVOLINSK MINING DISTRICT." Bulletin of Lviv State University of Life Safety, no. 18 (December 31, 2018): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20784643.18.2018.13.
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Introduction. Waste dumps of mine rocks of Novovolynsky mining area have high acidity, considerable content of various salts, namely sulfate ions. This high mineralization is caused by the movement to the water-collection points and the interaction of such water with rock dumps, and besides, on its way wastewater is enriched with products of rocks destruction (sulphates and salts of alkaline earth elements) and coal. Running through the abandoned places and accumulating mineral and mechanical impurities, such water gets new physical and chemical properties, which strongly influence the qualitative parameters of the environment.
Analyzing the ecological situation caused by the wastewater pouring from technological dumps in mines № 2, 4, 9 on the investigated site it should be emphasized that at present, there is no storm sewer system on the investigated mines, therefore, rain water from the surfaces of waste heaps and industrial sites spontaneously flow down the lowlands and concentrate with mineral salts. Although it is known that there are considerable water influences in the main and preparatory mining operations, therefore, the collection of created waste water along the perimeter of existing waste heaps in the form of catchwater drains is made.
Purpose. The purpose of the work is to investigate the physicochemical properties of wastewater from technological dumps in the Novovolynsk mining area.
Methods. In this work chemical methods of wastewater analysis are used.
Results. In all water samples, an increase in the content of ammonium salts was determined. As it is known, the main danger of pollution of the hydrosphere with ammonium salts is the saturation of water with ammonia. The content of ammonium salts above 0.1 mg/dm³ indicates pollution of water, since ammonia is the first compound formed during the decomposition of organic nitrogen-containing substances. Simultaneous presence of ammonia, nitrites and nitrates in samples of water shows a significant pollution of this water due to the oxidation of the rock in the dump and its washing-off with water. The increase in water samples of nitrite and nitrate content without the detection of ammonia indicates the isolation of the source of contamination. The content of ammonia and nitrite in water shows the constant source of pollution from the dumps. The presence of nitrates only indicates the end of mineralization processes. Excess ammonia in samples with the subsequent discharges into the river leads to ecological instability of the ecosystem in general, during the process of displacement of nitrogen-sensitive species, functional connections between all parts of the ecosystem (plants, animals, microorganisms) collapse, which leads to a violation of the self-regulation of the ecosystem. As a result of the conducted researches, significant differences in the physical and chemical composition of wastewater from the technological dumps of the Novovolynsk mining area were revealed. The chemical composition of wastewater of investigated mines is characterized by instability.
Conclusion. Accumulation of toxic compounds in wastewater from technological dumps creates a significant man-made danger to the water resource potential of the state. It is also relevant to the wastewater contaminated with substances of the 2nd and 4th class of hazard, such as organic compounds of fluorine, nitrogen and radionuclide’s, which are one of the most dangerous for the hydrosphere. To prevent the hazardous effect of wastewater on the ecological state in the investigated area, it is necessary to use natural resources rationally, to conduct demineralization and remediation, vegetative reclamation of disturbed lands.
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Sukiennik, Marta, Barbara Kowal, and Patrycja Bąk. "Identification of Market Gap as a Chance for Enterprise Development—Example of Polish Raw Materials Industry." Energies 14, no. 15 (August 1, 2021): 4678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154678.
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The raw materials sector plays a key role in the Polish economy. The mineral raw material industry encompasses many different, sometimes highly specialized activities, such as exploration, mining, hauling, mineral processing, metallurgy and metal refining, as well as risk assessment, management (environmental, financial, legal) and marketing. The purpose of the article is to identify the market gap for business for entities or individuals in the mineral resources sector in Poland. Taking into account the European Union regulations which enforce the closure of hard coal mines in Poland by 2050, it is reasonable to identify such a gap in the raw materials area, especially since the current situation may turn out to be a new revival of the raw materials market after the pandemic period. Based on the NACE classification, a key area was identified, which is dedicated to potential entrepreneurs in the mineral resources area. Based on an internal analysis, the sectors directly related to the RM field in Poland were distinguished. Narrowing down the analyzed sections, leading areas were indicated that offer significant employment opportunities for hundreds of thousands of people who will be made redundant (often in groups) as a result of the phasing out of hard coal mining in Poland. As part of the article, the identification and analysis of key trends that have a significant impact on the functioning of companies, the industry, the region or the country, as well as threats, challenges and opportunities that may arise in the near future, was carried out. What is more, a number of scientific, research or development projects implemented in the area of mineral raw materials in the years 2010–2019 were analyzed. The authors present an innovative approach to defining the gap in the mineral raw materials sector in Poland in what regards conducting business activity, as well as an in-depth analysis of the sector in terms of enterprise development opportunities (creation of new start-up companies) and its directions. It should be mentioned that the presented research is the first attempt to analyze this issue in Poland.
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Zada, Khamami, Mustolih Mustolih, Diana Mutia Habibaty, Lukman Hakim, Desy Purwaningsih, and Trini Diyani. "Law and Sovereignty of the State in the Renegotiation of Freeport Contracts in Papua." Jurnal Cita Hukum 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 319–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i2.21546.
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The mineral and coal mines have long been managed by foreign contracts between governments and foreigners. The position threatens the state's sovereignty over the wealth of natural resources. The study was to analyze the renege-management of Indonesia's Freeport mines in Papua. Socio-legal methods were used to analyze the renegotiation of Indonesia's Freeport management. The study found that according to the principle of state mastery over natural resources as a common property of Indonesian people's prosperity as in article 33 verses (3) constitution of 1945, the Indonesian government officially took over its 51-percent share of Freeport. It is part of an expression of national sovereignty over the management of its natural resources. With this position, Freeport's mining management is no longer based on a contract of work, but a Special Mining Business License which provides guarantees to business holders to have their licenses extended to provide certainty to mining business actors in conducting mining business in Indonesia.Keywords: Renegotiation; Freeport; State Sovereignity Hukum dan Kedaulatan Negara Dalam Renegosiasi Kontrak Freeport Di Papua Abstrak Pertambangan mineral dan batubara selama ini dikelola pihak asing berdasarkan kontrak antara pemerintah dan pihak asing. Posisi ini sesungguhnya mengancam kedaulatan negara atas kekeyaaan sumberdaya alam. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis renegosiasi pengelolaan tambang PT Freeport Indonesia di Papua. Metode socio-legal digunakan untuk menganalisis renegosiasi pengelolaan tambang PT Freeport Indonesia. Studi ini menemukan bahwa berdasarkan prinsip penguasaan negara atas sumberdaya alam sebagai common property bangsa Indonesia untuk kemakmuran rakyat sebagaimana pasal 33 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, Pemerintah Indonesia secara resmi mengambil alih saham PT. Freeport Indonesia sebesar 51 %. Kebijakan ini merupakan bagian dari perwujudan kedaulatan negara atas pengelolaan sumberdaya alamnya. Dengan posisi ini, pengelolaan tambang Freeport bukan lagi berdasarkan kontrak karya, melainkan Izin Usaha Pertambangan Khusus yang memberikan jaminan kepada pemegang usaha untuk diperpanjang izinnya unutk memberikan kepastian kepada pelaku usaha pertambangan dalam melakukan bisnis pertambangan di Indonesia.Kata Kunci: Renegosiasi; Freeport; Kedaulatan Negara Закон и суверенитет государствапри пересмотре договоров Freeport в Папуа АннотацияДо настоящего времени управление добычей полезных ископаемых и угля осуществлялось иностранными сторонами на основании договоров между правительством и иностранными сторонами. Эта позиция фактически угрожает суверенитету государства над богатством природных ресурсов. Данное исследование направлено на анализ пересмотра условий руководства рудником компании Freeport Indonesia в Папуа. Социально-правовой метод был использован для анализа пересмотра условий руководства рудником компании Freeport Indonesia. Это исследование показало, что на основе принципа государственного контроля над природными ресурсами как общей собственностью индонезийского народа для процветания народа, как указано в пункте (3) статьи 33 Конституции 1945 года, правительство Индонезии официально приняло на себя акции из компании Freeport Indonesia на 51%. Эта политика является частью реализации государственного суверенитета над управлением своими природными ресурсами. С этой должностью управление горнодобывающей промышленностью Freeport больше не основывается на договоре на выполнение работ, а на специальной лицензии на горнодобывающий бизнес, которая предоставляет владельцам бизнеса гарантии продления их лицензий, чтобы обеспечить уверенность участников горнодобывающего бизнеса в ведении горнодобывающего бизнеса в Индонезии.Ключевые Слова: Пересмотр; Freeport; Государственный суверенитет