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1
Yusuf, Emel, Aneta Wojdyło, Jan Oszmiański, and Paulina Nowicka. "Nutritional, Phytochemical Characteristics and In Vitro Effect on α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, Lipase, and Cholinesterase Activities of 12 Coloured Carrot Varieties." Foods 10, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040808.
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Twelve carrot varieties with different colours (purple, orange, yellow, and white) and sizes (normal, mini, and micro) were analysed for prospective health benefits (activities against diabetes-, obesity-, and aging- related enzymes—α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase, acetylocholinesterase, and butyrylocholinesterase, respectively) and nutritional contents (polyphenols, carotenoids, and chlorophylls). The conducted studies showed that the highest content of total polyphenols was observed in different sizes of purple carrots. The normal yellow and mini orange carrots demonstrated the highest content of carotenoids. According to the study results, the mini purple carrot showed the highest activities against diabetes-related enzyme (α-glucosidase); furthermore, the highest activities of cholinesterase inhibitors were observed for micro purple carrot. Nevertheless, normal orange carrot exhibited the highest activity against lipase. The results of the present study showed that purple-coloured carrot samples of different sizes (normal, mini, and micro) exhibited attractive nutritional contents. However, their pro-health effects (anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-aging) should not be seen in the inhibition of amylase, glucosidase, lipase, and cholinesterase. Probably the mechanisms of their action are more complex, and the possible health-promoting effect results from the synergy of many compounds, including fibre, phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals. Therefore, it would be worth continuing research on different varieties of carrots.
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Lana, Milza M., and Agnaldo DF Carvalho. "Effect of plant density and genotype on root size and recovery of Cenourete® raw-material." Horticultura Brasileira 31, no. 2 (June 2013): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362013000200015.
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Cenourete® is a cut and peeled mini carrot, produced by the abrasion of 55-60 mm cylindrical carrot root segments. The longer and the thinner the carrot root, the higher is the recovery of Cenourete®. Two new carrot genotypes obtained at Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília, Brazil, populations 1012568 (P68) and 1012575 (P75), and the cultivar Esplanada were evaluated in relation to the production of roots for mini carrot manufacture. Two crops were cultivated in the summer of 2010-2011 under the densities 8, 10 and 12 lines/meter in order to obtain respectively 1.06, 1.33 and 1.60 million plants/ha and harvested approximately 3 months after sowing. We evaluated the total root production (kg/ha), the diameter, the length and the weight of individual roots and the production of root pieces 60 mm long with diameter in the ranges <15 mm, 15-25 mm, 25-30 mm. Total yield of 60 mm root pieces varied from 19,000 to 34,000 kg/ha depending on treatment. Total yield from cv. Esplanada was significantly higher than yield from genotypes P68 and P75 which did not differ from each other. The new genotypes produced longer and thinner roots compared to cv. Esplanada, what resulted in higher production of smaller root pieces (diameter <15 mm) and a corresponding lower proportion of larger pieces (diameter of 25-30 mm). Plant density had no influence on the total production of root pieces but affected the recovery of particular size ranges, with the proportion of smaller pieces increasing at higher density. The amount of cut waste varied from about 3,000 to 7,000 kg/ha depending on treatment. Cv. Esplanada produced a higher mass of cut waste than P68 and P75 due to a larger amount of pieces with diameter higher than 30 mm. Although increased plant density reduced root size of all genotypes, the variation in root length and root diameter was mainly due to genotype effect.
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Cebrián, M. C., F. J. Villaescusa, A. Alfaro-Fernández, A. Hermoso de Mendoza, M. C. Córdoba-Sellés, C. Jordá, J. C. Ferrándiz, S. Sanjuán, and M. I. Font. "First Report of Spiroplasma citri in Carrot in Europe." Plant Disease 94, no. 10 (October 2010): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-10-0386.
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In 2008 and 2009, symptoms of curling, yellow and purple discoloration of leaves, stunting of shoots and tap roots, and formation of bunchy, fibrous secondary roots were observed in commercial carrot (Daucus carota L.) fields located in several production areas of Spain (Alicante, Albacete, Segovia, and Valladolid). Incidence of this disease was almost 100% in individual affected fields. Similar symptoms were reported from 1997 to 1998 in various carrot production areas of Spain (the Canary Islands, Segovia, and Madrid) and were associated with infection of stolbur and aster yellows phytoplasmas (2). Moreover, the observed symptoms resembled those caused by Spiroplasma citri in carrots affected by the carrot purple leaf disease recently reported in the United States (4). Studies were conducted to investigate whether S. citri and phytoplasmas were associated with the observed carrot symptoms. Total DNA was extracted from 0.5 g of phloem tissue of 13 symptomatic and 3 asymptomatic plants with DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). DNA samples were analyzed by nested-PCR assays using primers pair P1/P7 (1) and R16F2n/R16R2n (3) for phytoplasmas and ScR16F1/ScR16R1 followed by ScR16F1A/ScR16R2 (4) for S. citri detection. DNA of a known strain of S. citri (Sediag, Longvic, France) was used as a positive control of the assay. Analyses revealed that 8 of the 13 symptomatic plants tested positive for S. citri; the plants were collected from three different provinces of Spain, namely, Alicante, Valladolid, and Segovia. Two symptomatic plants were double infected by S. citri and a phytoplasma strain belonging to the Aster yellows group (16SrI), subgroup 16SrI-A. However, none of the symptomatic plants presented single infection with phytoplasmas. S. citri identity was determined by sequencing two nested PCR products (1.1 kb) that yielded identical sequences deposited in the GenBank database (Accession Nos. HM124555 and HM124556). BLAST analysis showed 100% nt identity with a sequence of S. citri from carrot (Accession No. DQ112019) associated with the new carrot disease referred to as ‘carrot purple leaf reported in Washington State (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. citri associated with carrot in Europe. References: (1) S. Deng and C. Hiruki. J. Microbiol. Methods 14:53, 1991. (2) M. I. Font et al. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 25:415, 1999. (3) I. M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998. (4) I. M. Lee et al. Plant Dis. 90:989, 2006.
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Mortley, Desmond, Jill Hill, Conrad Bonsi, Walter Hill, and Carlton Morris. "(301) Screening Carrot Cultivars for Adaptabilityto Growth in a Nutrient Film Hydroponics System." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1010C—1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1010c.
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Tuskegee University is conducting research on salad crops as part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) goal of supporting humans on near-term space missions, such as on the International Space Station. Small areas of salad crops are ideal candidates for growing in limited volumes, and would provide a source of fresh food to enhance the crew's nutrition. Baseline controlled environment studies were initiated to evaluate the response of eight carrot cultivars (`Baby Mini', `Nantes Touchan', `Danvers 126', `Kundulus', `Nanco Hybrid', `Thumbelina', `Early Nantes', and `Juwarot') to growth and yield in hydroponics. Seeds were sown in moist arcillite and transplanted into growth troughs (0.15 × 0.15 × 1.2 m) after 18 days in reach-in growth chambers, and nutrients continuously supplied by a half-Hoagland solution. Growth chambers conditions included 300 μmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetic photon flux, 16/8 photoperiod, a constant 25 °C and relative humidity of 50%. Plants were harvested at about 80 days. All eight cultivars grew well in the hydroponic system. Seven cultivars produced greater shoot fresh than root mass except `Baby Mini', which showed the reverse. `Danvers 126', followed by `Nanco Hybrid' and `Nantes Touchan', produced highest root yields. The β-carotene content varied by cultivars. The highest level of 10,400 IU/100 g was obtained for `Thumbelina', followed by `Baby Mini' (8040 IU/100 g), `Juwarot' (6160 IU/100g), and `Early Nantes' (5210 IU/100 g), and the lowest by `Nantes Touchan' (3510 IU/100 g). These results show that while carrots adapted well to growth in hydroponics, carotene, a major nutrient, was at relatively low levels.
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Alfaro-Fernández, A., F. Siverio, M. C. Cebrián, F. J. Villaescusa, and M. I. Font. "‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ Associated with Bactericera trigonica-Affected Carrots in the Canary Islands." Plant Disease 96, no. 4 (April 2012): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-11-0878-pdn.
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In 2009 and 2010, commercial carrot (Daucus carota L.) fields located in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) showed symptoms of curling, yellow, bronze, and purple discoloration of leaves, stunting of shoots and tap roots, and proliferation of secondary roots. A large population of the psyllid Bactericera trigonica was noted in those fields. Similar symptoms were reported previously in carrot-production areas of the Canary Islands and mainland Spain that were associated with stolbur and aster yellows (1997 and 1998) (2) and Spiroplasma citri and phytoplasmas (2009 and 2010) (1). These symptoms were also reported in southern Finland in 2008 and associated with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacerum’ (4). Studies were conducted to investigate whether these pathogens and the psyllid B. trigonica were associated with the observed symptoms in carrot in Tenerife. A total of 18 petiole samples of symptomatic carrots were collected (13 samples in 2009 and 5 samples 2010). Five asymptomatic plants were also sampled. Three samples of psyllids (five individuals grouped) collected from one affected field in 2010 were also included in the assay. Total DNA was extracted with the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), and analyzed by nested-PCR assays using primer pairs P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2n for phytoplasmas and ScR16F1/ScR16R1 followed by ScR16F1A/ScR16R2 for S. citri detection as described previously (3). PCR was performed using primer pairs OA2/OI2c and CL514F/R to amplify a portion of 16S rDNA and rplJ/rplL ribosomal protein genes, respectively, for ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ (4). S. citri and phytoplasmas were not detected in any of the studied samples. However, a 1,168-bp 16S rDNA fragment and a 669-bp rplJ/rplL fragment were amplified from DNA from 16 symptomatic carrot samples and three psyllid grouped samples using specific primers for ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’. No DNA was amplified from the asymptomatic samples. These results indicate the presence of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ in the affected carrot and psyllid samples collected in Tenerife (Canary Islands). Four and one PCR products obtained from DNA of carrot and psyllid samples, respectively, with both primer pairs were sequenced. BLAST analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences obtained from infected carrots (GenBank Accession Nos. HQ454312, HQ454313, HQ454314, and HQ454315) and psyllids (HQ454316) showed 99% identity to those of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ amplified from carrot in Finland (GU373049) and B. cockerelli (EU812557). The rplJ/rplL nucleotide sequences obtained from infected carrots (Accession Nos. HQ454317, HQ454318, HQ454319, and HQ454320) and psyllid (HQ454321) were 98% identical to the analogous rplJ/rplL ‘Ca.L. solanacearum’ ribosomal protein gene from carrot (GU373051) in Finland and tomato (EU834131) from New Zealand. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ associated with psyllid-affected carrots in the Canary Islands (Tenerife, Spain) and also the first report of this plant pathogen associated with B. trigonica. References: (1) M. C. Cebrián et al. Plant Dis. 94:1264, 2010. (2) M. I. Font et al. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 25:405, 1999. (3) I.-M. Lee et al. Plant Dis. 90:989, 2006. (4) J. E. Munyaneza et al. Plant Dis. 94:639, 2010.
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Stanković, I., K. Milojević, A. Vučurović, D. Nikolić, B. Krstić, and A. Bulajić. "First Report of Fusarium Root Rot of Stored Carrot Caused by Fusarium avenaceum in Serbia." Plant Disease 99, no. 2 (February 2015): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-14-0724-pdn.
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Carrot (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Thell., Apiaceae), a widely consumed antioxidant-rich plant, is among the major vegetable crops grown in Serbia, with average annual production of 65,400 tons on approximately 7,000 ha (4). In May 2013, a severe root rot was observed on approximately 20% of cold-stored carrot roots originating from Gospođinci, South Bačka District, Serbia. Symptoms included dry rot of the collar and crown as well as large, brown to dark brown, circular, sunken lesions on the stored roots. Frequently, abundant whitish mycelium was observed covering the surface of the colonized roots. To determine the causal agent, small pieces of infected tissue were surface-disinfested with 2% NaOCl without rinsing, air-dried, and placed on potato dextrose agar. Five single-spore isolates obtained from collar and crown tissue sections, as well as nine isolates from root sections, all formed abundant, cottony white to pale salmon fungal colonies with reddish orange pigment on the reverse surface of the agar medium when grown at 25°C under 12 h of fluorescent light per day. All recovered isolates formed numerous, three- to six-septate, hyaline, needle-like, straight to slightly curved, fusoid macroconidia (30 to 80 × 4 to 5.5 μm, average 58.3 × 4.9 μm, n = 100 spores) each with a tapering apical cell. Microconidia of all isolates were generally scarce, two- to four-septate, spindle-shaped, and 15 to 35 × 3 to 5 μm (average 21.3 × 4.2 μm). Chlamydospores were not observed. Based on these morphological characteristics, the pathogen was identified as Fusarium avenaceum (Fries) Saccardo (1). The pathogenicity on carrot was tested for isolate 19-14 by inoculating each of five carrot roots surface-disinfected with 2% NaOCl, by placing a mycelial plug into the surface of a wound created with a cork borer. Carrot roots inoculated with sterilized PDA plugs served as a negative control treatment. After 5 days of incubating the roots at 25°C, root rot symptoms identical to those observed on the source carrot plants developed on all inoculated roots, and the pathogen was re-isolated from each of these roots using the same procedure descibed above. There were no symptoms on the control roots. Morphological species identification was confirmed by sequencing the translation elongation factor (EF-1α) gene (2). Total DNA was extracted directly from fungal mycelium of isolate 19-14 with a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), and PCR amplification was performed with primer pair EF-1/EF-2 (2). Sequence analysis of the EF-1α gene revealed 100% nucleotide identity of isolate 19-14 (GenBank Accession No. KM102536) with the EF-1α sequences of two F. avenaceum isolates from Canada (KC999504 from rye and JX397864 from Triticum durum). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. avenaceum causing collar, crown, and root rots of stored carrot in Serbia. Since F. avenaceum can produce several mycotoxins, including moniliformin, acuminatopyrone, and chrysogine (3), the presence of this pathogen on stored carrots could represent a significant constraint for carrot production in Serbia, for both direct yield losses and potential mycotoxin contamination. References: (1) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual, Blackwell Publishing, London, UK, 2006. (2) K. O'Donnell et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95:2044, 1998. (3) J. L. Sorenson. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:1632, 2009. (4) Statistical Office, Republic of Serbia. Retrieved from http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs in May 2014.
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Malla, R., K. Mori, and K. L. Totawat. "Effect of municipal sewage on chemical build-up in soils and vegetables." Water Supply 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.093.
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A mini-lysimeter study conducted showed that use of lower dilution of sewage water improved the physico-chemical properties and nutrient status of the soils but resulted higher per cent build up of metallic cations in them, particularly Zn, Pb and Ni in sandy clay loam soil and Cu and Cd in sandy loam soil. Indian spinach (Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis) irrigated with lower dilution of sewage water improved OC content of the soils, while cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.) decreased the CaCO3 content. Metallic cations content in the leaves and roots of the crops increased when irrigated with lower dilution sewage water but the level of metallic cations contamination was quite below the maximum permissible limits suggested. However, contamination of the soils and phyto-toxicity cannot be ruled out if such sewage irrigation is used on long-term basis.
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Ryder, Edward J. "Genetics and Breeding of Miniature Iceberg Lettuce." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 528a—528. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.528a.
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Miniature vegetables have become mildly popular in the United States and elsewhere. These include small forms of carrot, pumpkin, bok choi, tomato, potato, corn, eggplant, squash, and watermelon. Some of the miniature vegetables are based upon harvest of immature edible portions. Others are genetically reduced in size. Miniature lettuce forms include romaine and butterhead cultivars, as well as young leaves harvested for mesclun, or baby leaf mixes. Miniature iceberg lettuce was derived from crosses of early flowering dwarf forms with standard iceberg lettuce cultivars. Three slow-bolting miniature cultivars, Ice Cube, Mini-Green, and Blush, were released from this program. Another miniature iceberg cultivar, LeCup, was developed by Asgrow Seed. Co. Crosses among these types and normal size iceberg cultivars showed that the two miniature types were based on two different single recessive genes with an epistatic relationship. Further breeding goals in the program will include earlier maturing miniature cultivars with variations in color, including green, red, and yellow.
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Lana, Milza M., Jairo V. Vieira, João Bosco C. Silva, and Dejoel B. Lima. "Cenourete e Catetinho: minicenouras brasileiras." Horticultura Brasileira 19, no. 3 (November 2001): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362001000300019.
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A produção anual brasileira de cenoura é de 750 mil toneladas. Cerca de 10% desta produção é constituída por raízes consideradas finas, classificadas comercialmente como tipo 1A, que, dependendo da época de plantio, da região e do sistema de produção empregado, este percentual pode representar até 20% da produção total. Em geral, esta categoria de raiz apresenta cotação de preço inferior em relação às demais categorias, sendo que em algumas regiões nos períodos de maior oferta de produto, grande parte destas é descartada por ser antieconômico a sua retirada da lavoura. A tecnologia proposta viabiliza a utilização desta categoria de raízes, possibilitando a obtenção de CENOURETE, mini cenouras semelhantes à "baby carrot" americana, ou de CATETINHO, mini cenouras em forma de bolinhas, utilizando-se o processamento mínimo como forma de agregação de valor ao produto final. O produto final obtido é atrativo visualmente, saudável e 100% pronto para consumo. Em face disto, espera-se um aumento do consumo de cenoura, particularmente entre crianças e donas de casa dos grandes centros urbanos brasileiros. O processamento consiste basicamente no torneamento de pedaços cilíndricos de raiz, pelo atrito contra uma superfície abrasiva. Após o processamento, os pedaços que se apresentam com formato de pequenas cenouras ou bolinhas, são submetidos a uma etapa de acabamento, para reduzir a aspereza da superfície, sendo então sanitizados e embalados para serem consumidos como aperitivos, crus ou cozidos. Essa tecnologia é de baixo custo de investimento, sendo acessível a qualquer agroindústria familiar.
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Lana, Milza M. "Aspectos da fisiologia de cenoura minimamente processada." Horticultura Brasileira 18, no. 3 (November 2000): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362000000300002.
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O processamento mínimo de hortaliças compreende as operações que eliminam as partes não comestíveis, seguidas pelo corte em tamanhos menores, tornando-as prontas para consumo imediato e mantendo a condição de produto in natura. A oferta e o interesse do consumidor por esses produtos têm sido crescentes, tanto para o mercado institucional (restaurantes e cozinhas industriais), como para o consumidor final. A cenoura é, dentre as hortaliças, uma das principais espécies comercializadas nessa forma, ou seja, ralada, picada em cubos ou rodelas ou na forma de mini-cenoura (`baby-carrot'). As operações de processamento causam uma série de estresses e alterações metabólicas indesejáveis que reduzem a vida útil da hortaliça processada em relação ao produto inteiro. Dentre as principais, incluem-se o aumento da taxa respiratória e da transpiração, a deterioração microbiana, a produção de metabólitos secundários e a degradação de membranas lipídicas. São apresentados os efeitos de diversos fatores como cultivares, formas de corte, tratamentos químicos, uso de revestimentos, irradiação, atmosfera modificada e refrigeração sobre a magnitude das alterações fisiológicas resultantes do processamento.
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Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi, T., A. G. Aday Kaya, A. Lehtijärvi, and T. Jung. "First Report of Phytophthora syringae on Cedrus libani in Turkey." Plant Disease 98, no. 6 (June 2014): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-13-0962-pdn.
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Cedrus libani, commonly known as Lebanon cedar, is one of the most important coniferous tree species in Turkey. Its main distribution is in the Taurus Mountains in the Mediterranean Region. The total area of pure Taurus cedar forest covers 109,440 ha in Turkey, all located in the southwestern regions of the country. Due to its drought resistance, Taurus cedar has been commonly used for afforestations in these semi-arid areas (1). In September 2011, during surveys for Phytophthora spp. in forest nurseries in Adapazari and İzmir in eastern Turkey, initial symptoms such as death of fine roots, yellowing, and wilting of Taurus cedar seedlings were observed. Soil samples were collected from 10 symptomatic C. libani seedlings and isolation tests for Phytophthora species were carried out using leaflets from young Quercus suber, Azalea sp., and Rhodendron sp. saplings as baits floated over flooded soil. Necrotic baits were blotted dry, cut into small pieces, and placed on selective PARPNH carrot agar. Out growing colonies were subcultured on carrot agar and kept at 12°C for morphological and molecular identifications (2). In total, six Pythiaceous isolates were obtained from the C. libani soil samples. The isolates were investigated using a light microscope and grouped according to their morphological characteristics (3). DNA was extracted from two representative isolates using Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit following the manufacturer's instructions. PCR amplifications and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA and the β-tubulin gene were performed using ITS1 and ITS4 and Tub1 and Tub2 primer sets (4). Sequencing of the PCR products in both directions was conducted by IonTek Inc. (Istanbul, Turkey) in an ABI PRISM automated sequencer. The obtained sequences were compared with those in the GenBank and Phytophthora database using BLAST search. On the basis of morphological features and molecular analyses, the two isolates were identified as Phytophthora syringae. Morphological characteristics on carrot agar were identical with the description of P. syringae (2). At 20°C, colonies reached 7 cm in diameter after 1 week. Sporangia were semipapillate to non-papillate, ovoid, with average length of 59 μm (SD ± 2.8) (range 58 to 70 μm). Oogonia were 38 μm (SD ± 5.4) in diameter (range 30 to 47 μm) with paragynous antheridia. The morphological identification was confirmed by sequence comparison at GenBank with 99% homology for both ITS and β-tubulin. The ITS sequences of the two isolates were deposited in GenBank with the accession nos. KF430614 and KF944377. Under-bark inoculation tests with mycelia plugs were conducted with both isolates of P. syringae at 18°C in a growth chamber on a total of six 1-year-old shoots cut from two C. libani trees. Lesions with an average length of 19 mm (SD ± 6) developed after 10 days. P. syringae was consistently re-isolated from the margins of necrotic tissues. Control shoots remained symptomless. To our knowledge, this is the first report of damage caused by P. syringae on C. libani seedlings in forest nursery in Turkey. References: (1) T. Çalışkan. Pages 109-130 in: Proceedings of Workshop “Hızlı gelişen türlerle ilgili rapor,” Ankara, Turkey, 1998. (2) T. Jung et al. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 26:253, 1996. (3) T. Jung et al. Mycol. Res. 107:772, 2003. (4) L. P. N. M. Kroon et al. Fung. Genet. Biol. 41:766, 2004.
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Kim, Hannah, and Todd A. Ricketts. "Test-Retest Reliability of Probe-Microphone Verification in Children Fitted with Open and Closed Hearing Aid Tips." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 24, no. 07 (July 2013): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.24.7.11.
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Purpose: To investigate the test-retest reliability of real-ear aided response (REAR) measures in open and closed hearing aid fittings in children using appropriate probe-microphone calibration techniques (stored equalization for open fittings and concurrent equalization for closed fittings). Research Design: Probe-microphone measurements were completed for two mini-behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids which were coupled to the ear using open and closed eartips via thin (0.9 mm) tubing. Before probe-microphone testing, the gain of each of the test hearing aids was programmed using an artificial ear simulator (IEC 711) and a Knowles Electronic Manikin for Acoustic Research to match the National Acoustic Laboratories–-Non-Linear, version 1 targets for one of two separate hearing loss configurations using an Audioscan Verifit. No further adjustments were made, and the same amplifier gain was used within each hearing aid across both eartip configurations and all participants. Probe-microphone testing included real-ear occluded response (REOR) and REAR measures using the Verifit's standard speech signal (the carrot passage) presented at 65 dB sound pressure level (SPL). Two repeated probe-microphone measures were made for each participant with the probe-tube and hearing aid removed and repositioned between each trial in order to assess intrasubject measurement variability. These procedures were repeated using both open and closed domes. Study Sample: Thirty-two children, ages ranging from 4 to 14 yr. Results: The test-retest standard deviations for open and closed measures did not exceed 4 dB at any frequency. There was also no significant difference between the open (stored equalization) and closed (concurrent equalization) methods. Reliability was particularly similar in the high frequencies and was also quite similar to that reported in previous research. There was no correlation between reliability and age, suggesting high reliability across all ages evaluated. Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest that reliable probe-microphone measurements are obtainable on children 4 yr and older for both traditional unvented and open-canal hearing aid fittings. These data suggest that clinicians should not avoid fitting open technology to children as young as 4 y because of concerns regarding the reliability of verification techniques.
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Bruckart, W. L., F. M. Eskandari, and W. A. Lane. "First Report of Leaf Necrosis on Microstegium vimineum Caused by Bipolaris microstegii in Maryland." Plant Disease 98, no. 6 (June 2014): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-13-1122-pdn.
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Japanese stiltgrass (JSG, Microstegium vimineum) is an invasive weed causing significant ecological changes in the United States. Severely diseased plants in a shaded location 2 × 4 m in size were discovered in August 2012 at a residence on Indian Springs Rd., Frederick, MD (39.46747° N, 77.46106° W). JSG in larger monoculture stands at sunny locations within 6 to 10 m of diseased plants had a few, small, necrotic spots. Diseased plants had leaves with brown, often large, elliptical, necrotic spots up to 0.5 × 1.5 cm. Lesions were surrounded by a diffuse chlorotic margin, and larger lesions had tan centers. Diseased plants were smaller in stature than neighboring, non-symptomatic plants. Symptoms were similar to those on JSG reported by Kleczewski and Flory (2). Field samples of diseased leaves in moist chambers at room temperature and lighting produced dematiaceous conidiophores and conidia typical of Bipolaris within 2 days. Subcultures of the isolate (FDWSRU 12-049) were made from the conidia. Cultures growing on modified potato carrot agar (broth from 140 g each of potatoes and carrots and 20 g agar in 1 L water), were gray, velutinous or tomentose, and had clumps of short aerial hyphae on the upper surface. Healthy plants were grown in potting soil from seeds collected at the disease site. A minimum of five 4-week-old plants were spray-inoculated in each of three replications by conidia from detached leaves in a suspension of 105 spores/ml, given a 16-h dew period at 25°C, and placed in a 25°C greenhouse for observation. Non-inoculated plants were included for comparison. Brown or dark tan necrotic, irregular, often linear, spots with entire margins developed on all inoculated individual plants and not on control plants. The Bipolaris species was recovered from inoculated plant samples incubated in moist chambers, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Conidia were produced sympodially on dematiaceous conidiophores, often in clusters of two to three spores at the terminus, were medium to dark brown, straight or slightly curved, nearly fusiform with obtuse apices, and typically had 8 to 10 distoseptate cells that were 74.8 ± 2.3 × 16.4 ± 0.3 μm, and Q = 4.6 ± 0.1 (mean ± ci, P = 0.05; n = 100). A sequence of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of DNA, extracted using a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN), was 100% identical to that of the type specimen of B. microstegii from M. vimineum (BPI 883727; GenBank Accession No. JX089579), using BLAST. On the basis of fungal morphology and molecular characteristics (1), along with symptomatology and published information (2), the causal agent of this disease has been determined to be B. microstegii. Dried specimens of both the isolate and diseased leaves were deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 892680) and sequence information was submitted to GenBank (KF150215). Bipolaris leaf spot was also found on JSG in Howard and Prince Georges counties, MD, in 2009, but the causal agents were not formally characterized (K. Rane, Univ. Maryland; personal communication). This is the first confirmed identification of B. microstegii on JSG in Maryland, a plant that occurs as extensive monocultures in natural areas. These results provide a basis for characterization of this disease in the mid-Atlantic region. References: (1) P. W. Crous et al. Fungal Planet description sheets: 128-153. Persoonia 29:146, 2012. (2) N. M. Kleczewski and S. L. Flory. Plant Dis. 94:807, 2010.
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Mathew, F. M., R. S. Goswami, S. G. Markell, L. Osborne, C. Tande, and B. Ruden. "First Report of Ascochyta Blight of Field Pea Caused by Ascochyta pisi in South Dakota." Plant Disease 94, no. 6 (June 2010): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-6-0789a.
Full textAbstract:
Tan lesions approximately 1.7 × 0.8 cm with distinct dark brown margins and small pycnidia were observed on leaves of field peas (Pisum sativum L. ‘Agassiz’) growing in Campbell County, South Dakota (45°45.62′N, 100°9.13′W) in July 2008. Small pieces of symptomatic leaves were surface sterilized (10% NaOCl for 1 min, 70% EtOH for 1 min, and sterile distilled H2O for 2 min) and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for 7 days under fluorescent lights with a 12-h photoperiod to induce sporulation. A pure culture was established by streaking a conidial suspension on PDA and isolating a single germinated spore 3 days later. The culture was grown on clarified V8 media for 10 days. Conidia were 10 to 16 × 3 to 4.5 μm and uniseptate with a slightly constricted septum, similar to those of Ascochyta pisi Lib. The exuding spore mass from pycnidia growing on the medium was carrot red. No chlamydospores or pseudothecia were observed (1,2). To confirm the identity of A. pisi, DNA was extracted from the lyophilized mycelium of the 10-day-old culture with the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions I and II were amplified with PCR primers ITS 5 and ITS 4 (3). PCR amplicons were cleaned and directly sequenced in both directions using the primers. A BLASTN search against the NCBI nonredundant nucleotide database was performed using the consensus sequence generated by alignment of the forward and reverse sequences for this region. The consensus sequence (GenBank Accession No. GU722316) most closely matched A. pisi var. pisi strain (GenBank Accession No. EU167557). These observations confirm the identity of the fungus as A. pisi. A suspension of 1 × 106 conidia/ml of the isolate was spray inoculated to runoff on 10 replicate plants of 2-week-old, susceptible green field pea ‘Sterling’. Plants were incubated in a dew chamber for 48 h at 18°C and moved to the greenhouse bench where they were maintained at 20 to 25°C with a 12-h photoperiod for 1 week. Tan lesions with dark margins appeared 7 days after inoculation and disease was assessed after 10 days (4). No symptoms were observed on water-treated control plants. A. pisi was reisolated from lesions and confirmed by DNA sequencing of the ITS region, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Currently, states bordering South Dakota (North Dakota and Montana) lead the United States in field pea production. Although acreage is limited in South Dakota, the identification of A. pisi in this region is serious. The disease is yield limiting and foliar fungicides are used for disease management (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Ascochyta blight on P. sativum caused by A. pisi occurring in South Dakota and the MonDak production region (the Dakotas and Montana). References: (1) T. W. Bretag et al. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 57:88, 2006. (2) A. S. Lawyer. Page 11 in: The Compendium of Pea Diseases. D. J. Hagedorn, ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1984. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990. (4) J. M. Wroth. Can. J. Bot. 76:1955, 1998.
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Yusuf, Emel, Karolina Tkacz, Igor Piotr Turkiewicz, Aneta Wojdyło, and Paulina Nowicka. "Analysis of chemical compounds’ content in different varieties of carrots, including qualification and quantification of sugars, organic acids, minerals, and bioactive compounds by UPLC." European Food Research and Technology, September 10, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03857-0.
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AbstractTwelve carrot varieties in different colours and sizes were investigated for chemical properties (dry matter, ash, pectins, titratable acidity, and pH), contents of vitamin C, sugar, organic acids, mineral (sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium), and anti-oxidant activities (ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC). Moreover, total polyphenolics and total tetraterpenoids of colourful carrot varieties were presented. According to the study, sucrose was the dominant sugar and isocitric acid was the most common organic acid in carrot samples. In the case of mineral content, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and iron were identified, while copper was not identified in carrots. Additionally, most of the analyzed carrots were a good source of pectins (average—1.3%), except for mini-orange carrot. Purple-coloured carrot samples demonstrated the highest results for total sugar (11.2 g/100 g fm), total organic acid (2.8 g/100 g fm), total polyphenolic contents (224.4 mg/100 g fm), and anti-oxidant activities (17.1 mmol Trolox equivalents/100 g dm). In turn, the lowest results were observed in normal yellow carrot for total polyphenols (7.3 mg/100 g fm), and anti-oxidant activities (2.5 mmol Trolox equivalents/100 g dm); besides, the lowest total tetraterpenoids were determined in micro-white carrot—0.2 mg/100 g fm.
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Trkulja, Vojislav, Petar Mitrovic, Jelena Mihić Salapura, Renata Iličić, Bojana Ćurković, Ivica Djalovic, and Tatjana Popović. "First report of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ on carrot in Serbia." Plant Disease, December 1, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-20-2384-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
At the beginning of July 2020, three-month-old carrot plants (Daucus carota L. variety Maestro F1) grown in a commercial field 1.2 ha in size at the Begeč locality (45°14’30.38” N 19°36’44.82” E) in southern part of the Bačka region, Vojvodina, Serbia, exhibited symptoms of yellowing and reddish leaf discoloration. At the end of July, leaves on the infected plants became bronze and purplish, while their shoots and roots were stunted due to dehydration, with pronounced proliferation. In some cases, the damage was so extensive that it led to plant decay. The disease incidence of 0.5−1% recorded early in July rapidly escalated, reaching 10−15% in the first ten days of August. The observed symptoms resembled those caused by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (CaLso), a phloem-limited proteobacterium (1). To detect and identify CaLso, 15 symptomatic diseased and 5 asymptomatic healthy carrot plants were subjected to conventional polymerase chain reactions (PCR) using two primer sets specific to CaLso, and positive PCR products were further sequenced using commercial facilities (Macrogen Europe). Total DNA was extracted from petiole and root tissues using a commercial kit (Qiagen DNEasy Plant Mini Kit) following the manufacturer-recommended protocol. In the first PCR, using the Lso TX 16/23 F/R primer pair that targets the 16S-23S rRNA IGS region specific to CaLso (2), all 15 diseased samples yielded a band of 383 bp size. After sequencing, 100% homology was noted among tested isolates; therefore, one isolate coded as 1842/20 was chosen as representative and was deposited in NCBI GenBank under Accession number MT948144. BLAST analysis showed 99.70% identity of Serbian carrot isolates with those of the CaLso isolate 80022 originating from celery seed in Slovenia or Italy (Acc. no. KY619977) (3), as well as 99.41% identity with isolate GBBC_Clso_03 from carrot in Belgium (Acc. no. MH734515) and 98.22% identity with the sequence of the CaLso reference strain NZ082226 (Acc. no. EU834130) isolated from tomato in New Zealand (4). In the second PCR, species-specific forward primer LsoF empirically designed at the signature region of the 16S rRNA sequence of CaLso (5) in combination with the universal liberibacter reverse primer OI2c (6) yielded a target of 1163 bp size in all 15 diseased symptomatic carrot samples. Representative isolate 1842/20 was deposited in NCBI GenBank under Acc. no. MW187524. Based on the nucleotide BLAST analysis, the sequence of Serbian carrot isolate showed 100% identity with CaLso strains 16-004 and 16-011 originating from carrot in Finland (Acc. no. MG701014 and MG701015, respectively) and 99.64% identity with CaLso reference strain NZ082226 (Acc. no. EU834130). Five healthy asymptomatic carrot plant samples were negative for the presence of CaLso in both PCR tests employed in this work. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CaLso causing the disease in carrot in Serbia. These results suggest a wider distribution of this pathogen than previously reported in Europe. In 2014, Psyllid Bactericera trigonica (Hemiptera, Triozidae) was described for the first time as a potential vector for CaLso transmission in few localities, including Begeč (7). Considering that its vectors are presently unidentified, certain aspects of CaLso genomics, diversity, epidemiology and vector dynamics will be studied further in future investigations.