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Surana, Anjali, Chauhan Priya, Akotiya Bhavya, G. Saha Suparna, S. Agarwal Rolly, and Manasi Kewlani. "Comparative evaluation of minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration of various herbal irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 27, no. 7 (2024): 780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcde.jcde_349_23.
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Context: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Herbal Irrigants. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate MIC and MBC of herbal extracts of Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, and Green Tea Against Enterococcus faecalis. Methodology: The MIC and MBC of extracts of A . indica (neem), C. longa (turmeric), and Green Tea were evaluated to establish them as standard root canal irrigants against E. faecalis using agar well diffusion method. Statistical Analysis Used: The collected data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: The present study found that green tea exhibited the most substantial antimicrobial activity among the tested herbal extracts, which was comparable to chlorhexidine. Although A. indica and C. longa required higher concentrations for effectiveness, their antimicrobial properties were also apparent. Conclusions: Within the constraints of this study, it can be concluded that green tea could be considered a promising alternative to chlorhexidine in treating endodontic infections due to its substantial antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis at lower concentrations.
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Yetendje Chimi, Larissa, Armel Joseph Agokeng, Guy Sedar Singor Njateng, and Jean Paul Dzoyem. "Effect of combination of doxycycline with natural products against planktonic cells, biofilm, and virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Investigational Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology 7, no. 1 (2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31183/imcp.2024.00091.
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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important environmental, opportunistic, and nosocomial pathogen with a significant threat to public health. Combination therapy has many advantages due to the simultaneous action of two drugs on two separate cellular targets. In the present study, the effect of the combination of doxycycline and natural products against planktonic cells, biofilm, and virulence factors of P. aeruginosa was evaluated. Methods: To perform this work, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of doxycycline and natural products were determined by broth microdilution method. The microtiter plate assay method was used to determine the minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). The effect of doxycycline and natural products against pyocyanin, swarming motility, and swimming motility was evaluated. The checkerboard method was used to evaluate the effect of the combination of doxycycline with natural products against planktonic and biofilm cells. Results: The MIC of doxycycline ranges between 2 µg/mL and 128 µg/mL with an average of 35.89 µg/mL. Sinapic acid shows the best inhibitory activity against planktonic cells with an average MIC of 27.79 µg/mL. At the sub-inhibitory concentrations, the pyocyanin production, swarming motility, and swimming motility decrease. Out of the six combinations tested, the combination formed by doxycycline and sinapic acid exhibited synergistic activity for the prevention of biofilm formation with a 7-fold reduction in MBIC of doxycycline. Conclusion: This study revealed that the doxycycline and sinapic acid combination could be considered as a promising candidate for the development of therapy against P. aeruginosa infections.
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Heuser, Elisa, Karsten Becker, and Evgeny A. Idelevich. "Bactericidal Activity of Sodium Bituminosulfonate against Staphylococcus aureus." Antibiotics 11, no. 7 (2022): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070896.
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Antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide making it necessary to search for alternative antimicrobials. Sodium bituminosulfonate is a long-known substance, whose antimicrobial inhibitory activity has recently been re-evaluated. However, to the best of our knowledge, the bactericidal mode of action of this substance has not been systematically characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro bactericidal activity of sodium bituminosulfonate by determining the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC), as well as the rapidity of bactericidal effect by time-kill curves. Clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible (MSSA, n = 20) and methicillin-resistant (mecA/mecC-MRSA, n = 20) Staphylococcus aureus were used to determine MBC by a broth microdilution method. Sodium bituminosulfonate (Ichthyol® light) was tested in double-dilution concentration steps ranging from 0.03 g/L to 256 g/L. For time-kill analysis, two reference and two clinical S. aureus strains were tested with different concentrations of sodium bituminosulfonate (1× minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), 2× MIC, 4× MIC, 16× MIC and 256× MIC). For MSSA isolates, MBC50, MBC90 and the MBC range were 0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L and 0.125–1.0 g/L; (MBC/MIC ratio)50, (MBC/MIC ratio)90 and the range of the MBC/MIC ratio were 4, 4 and 1–8, respectively. Among MRSA isolates, MBC50, MBC90 and the MBC range amounted to 0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L and 0.06–1.0 g/L; (MBC/MIC ratio)50, (MBC/MIC ratio)90 and the range of the MBC/MIC ratio were 2, 4 and 1–8, respectively. Time-kill kinetics revealed a bactericidal effect after 30 min for sodium bituminosulfonate concentrations of 16× MIC and 256× MIC. The bactericidal activity against MSSA and MRSA was demonstrated for sodium bituminosulfonate. The killing was very rapid with the initial population reduced by 99.9% after only short incubation with concentrations of 16× MIC and higher.
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Harseno, Singgih, Latief Mooduto, and Eric Priyo Prasetyo. "DAYA ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN KEDONDONG BANGKOK (Spondias dulcis Forst.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Enterococcus faecalis Antibacterial Potency of Kedondong Bangkok Leaves Extract (Spondias dulcis Forst.) against Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria." Conservative Dentistry Journal 6, no. 2 (2016): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/cdj.v6i2.2016.110-116.
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Background. The prevalence of endodontic infection after root canal treatment caused by the Enterococcus faecalis bacteria ranged between 24-77%. It is caused by resilience and virulence from Enterococcus faecalis. An alternative solution have to be done toward irrigation of root canal wall which is effective to kill bacteria. Kedondong Bangkok (Spondias dulcis Forst.) is one of the plants or natural substance potentially as an antibacteria. The antibacterial potencies of Kedondong Bangkok leaves extract (Spondias dulcis Forst.) against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria could be identified by determining Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Purpose. This study is aimed to prove antibacterial potencies by identifying Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Kedondong Bangkok leaves extract (Spondias dulcis Forst.) against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria. Method. This study is an experimental laboratories through research design of The Post Test Only Control Group Design. Value of MIC and MBC were known by counting the growth of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria by treating the leaves extract of Kedondong Bangkok with concentration respectively 25%, 22,5%, 20%,17,5%, 15%, and 12,5% on nutrient agar media in CFU/ml. Result. In the concentration 12,5% there are 8.8% bacterial growth and in the concentration 15% there are no bacterial growth. Conclusion. Kedondong Bangkok leaf extract (Spondias dulcis Forst.) has an antibacterial potency against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria. The MIC shows in concentration of 12,5% and the MBC shows in concentration of 15%.
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MONI, Esther Del Florence NDEDI, Maximilienne Ascension NYEGUE, Jean Paul ASSAM ASSAM, et al. "Effects Of Essential Oil From Drypetes gossweileri S. Moore Stem Barks On Cell Release And Dna Synthesis Of Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 2-s (2019): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i2-s.2644.
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Background: In the recent years, the proliferation of multi-drug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strain to tuberculosis (TB) suggest that efforts are required to find alternative treatments. The designed study aimed to show the effects of essential oils (EO) from Drypetes gossweileri stem barks on Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell membrane release and DNA synthesis. Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined against two clinical isolates (IS53 and IS310) and the reference strain H37Rv ATCC 27294 using microdilution method. The effect of essential oil on cell membrane release of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was evaluated by measuring DNA, RNA and proteins release in extracellular medium using NanoDrop 1000 spectrophotometer to show the membrane integrity lose. The effect on DNA was performed by measuring genomic DNA and amplicons of MIRU 04 sequence produced when treated at MICs and MBCs concentrations to put in evidence the inhibitory effect of EO during DNA synthesis. Results: The results revealed that EO from Drypetes gossweileri stem barks exhibited strong activity with MIC ranging from 4.88 µg/mL against H37Rv and IS310 to 9.76 µg/mL against IS53. The significant release of DNA, RNA and proteins in extracellular medium were observed for treated cells at MIC and MBC concentrations compare to untreated cells. The most quantified biomolecules were proteins with concentration ranging from 370.9 104 ng/µL to 10630.0 104 ng/µL released at MIC concentration which increased from 1890.0 104 ng/µL to 12000.9 104 ng/µL at MBC. The inhibitory effect of DNA synthesis by EOs enhanced lower quantity of DNA for all treated cells at MIC and MBC compare to untreated cells. The results obtained in this study enabled the identification of two cellular targets (cell membrane and DNA) of EO from D. gossweileri stem barks on M. tuberculosis.
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Sperling, D., H. Karembe, M. Zouharova, and K. Nedbalcova. "Examination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of amoxicillin and marbofloxacin against Streptococcus suis using standardised methods." Veterinární Medicína 65, No. 9 (2020): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/111/2020-vetmed.
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The results of the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolates Streptococcus suis to amoxicillin and marbofloxacin obtained by the agar dilution method and broth microdilution method with the results obtained by the commercially available E-test were compared. Comparisons between the methods based on the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antimicrobials were assessed based on the degree and frequency of the categorical agreement (Agar dilution method as a reference system) and the percentage of the categorical agreement and error rate. A statistical evaluation was determined using the Bland-Atman method. The presented MIC values, determined for the isolates in the E-test, were slightly different from the MIC values determined by the dilution tests, mainly due to the different defined testing concentrations. For the E-test as the test system and agar-dilution method as the reference system, no error of any class was detected (very major, major and minor error) and a complete categorical agreement was obtained between the evaluated methods for amoxicillin. For amoxicillin, the regression and correlation analysis show linear relationships between the E-test and the two dilution methods with significant coefficients of determination (0.62 and 0.75). The slopes of the equality and regression lines were not significantly different. However, the E-test tends to slightly overestimate the MIC values when compared to the microdilution. The reverse is true when compared with the agar dilution. There was good agreement between the E-test and the dilution methods with a low bias (0.001 3 and −0.005 0), all the experimental data were within the computed limits of agreement. For marbofloxacin, the same trends were observed with lower coefficients of determination (0.42 and 0.73) and a less favourable agreement. The E-test constantly underestimated the MIC values when compared to the two dilution methods. No significant difference between the microdilution and agar dilution was obtained.
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Qiu, Xue Jing, Ying Zi He, and Xiao Wang. "In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Different Polar Solvent Extracts from Oxalis." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.240.
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The Oxalis extract was obtained by soaking with ethanol, then mixed with distilled water and successively extracted using chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The four different polar solvent (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, aqueous) extracts were evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain four kinds of crude extractum. Antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Albicans Saccharomyces and Pseudomonas aeruginosa of the four fractions were studied by minimal inhibitory concentration method (MIC). The results indicated that the chloroform extract and n-butanol extract from red Oxalis have no antimicrobial activity to the above 4 bacteria; the ethyl acetate extract showed significant inhibitory activities to the above 4 bacteria, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were 2560ug/ml, 1280ug/ml, 2560ug/ml, 2560ug/ml respectively; the aqueous extract have inhibitory activity to Escherichia coli and Albicans Saccharomyces, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were 2560ug/ml, 2560ug/ml respectively, but it has no antimicrobial effect on the other two kinds of bacteria. The chloroform extract and ethyl acetate extract from yellow Oxalis have no antimicrobial activity to the above 4 bacteria; the n-butanol extract has inhibitory activity to Escherichia coli, Albicans Saccharomyces and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were 5120ug/ml, 5120ug/ml, 5120ug/ml respectively, but it has no antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus; the aqueous extract have inhibitory activity to Escherichia coli and Albicans Saccharomyces, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were 2560ug/ml, 5120ug/ml respectively, but it has no antimicrobial effect on the other two kinds of bacteria.
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Widelski, Jarosław, Piotr Okińczyc, Katarzyna Suśniak, et al. "Phytochemical Profile and Antimicrobial Potential of Propolis Samples from Kazakhstan." Molecules 28, no. 7 (2023): 2984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28072984.
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In the current paper, we present the results of Kazakh propolis investigations. Due to limited data about propolis from this country, research was focused mainly on phytochemical analysis and evaluation of propolis antimicrobial activity. uHPLC-DAD (ultra-high-pressure-liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection, UV/VIS) and uHPLC-MS/MS (ultra-high-pressure-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry) were used to phytochemical characteristics while antimicrobial activity was evaluated in the serial dilution method (MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration, and MBC/MFC, minimal bactericidal/fungicidal concentration measurements). In the study, Kazakh propolis exhibited a strong presence of markers characteristic of poplar-type propolis—flavonoid aglycones (pinocembrin, galangin, pinobanksin and pinobanskin-3-O-acetate) and hydroxycinnamic acid monoesters (mainly caffeic acid phenethyl ester and different isomers of caffeic acid prenyl ester). The second plant precursor of Kazakh propolis was aspen–poplar with 2-acetyl-1,3-di-p-coumaroyl glycerol as the main marker. Regarding antimicrobial activity, Kazakh propolis revealed stronger activity against reference Gram-positive strains (MIC from 31.3 to above 4000 mg/L) and yeasts (MIC from 62.5 to 1000 mg/L) than against reference Gram-negative strains (MIC ≥ 4000 mg/L). Moreover, Kazakh propolis showed good anti-Helicobacter pylori activity (MIC and MBC were from 31.3 to 62.5 mg/L). All propolis samples were also tested for H. pylori urease inhibitory activity (IC50, half-maximal inhibitory concentration, ranged from 440.73 to 11,177.24 µg/mL). In summary Kazakh propolis are potent antimicrobial agents and may be considered as a medicament in the future.
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ADIWIJAYA, Wilma, Riani SETIADHI, and Vinna Kurniawati SUGIAMAN. "Antibacterial potential ethanol extract of beluntas leaves (Pluchea indica L) to Streptococcus sanguinis." Journal of Syiah Kuala Dentistry Society 7, no. 2 (2023): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jds.v7i2.30230.
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Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral diseases in the community, with a prevalence of 5-66%, with one of the predisposing factors being Streptococcus sanguinis. Treatment for RAS has been symptomatic and supportive, including antiseptic mouthwash such as chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% or topical corticosteroids (triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% in Orabase). However, these drugs have some side effects. Treating herbal ingredients such as Beluntas leaves low prices and minimal side effects. The active compounds in Beluntas leaves are phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, essential oils, terpenoids, and many compounds known to have antibacterial activity. Methods: This study aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory level (MIC), and minimum killing rate (MBC) of 96% ethanol extract of Beluntas leaves on the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis. MIC was measured by broth microdilution technique with DMSO solvent 10% and eight concentrations of beluntas extract. Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% was used as a positive control for the comparison compound. Furthermore, the MBC test was carried out using the total plate count method for treatments that gave the MIC value. One Way Anova analysis with Post Hoc Tukey was used to determine the significant difference between treatments. Results: The ethanol extract of Beluntas leaves (Pluchea indica L) has a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.95 g/mL and a minimum concentration of 7.8 g/mL. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Beluntas leaves (Pluchea indica L) has the potential as an antibacterial against Streptococcus sanguinis. KEYWORDS: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, ethanol extract of beluntas leaves, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
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Kikowska, Małgorzata, Jolanta Długaszewska, Marcelina Maria Kubicka, Izabela Kędziora, Jaromir Budzianowski, and Barbara Thiem. "In vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts and their fractions from three Eryngium L. species." Herba Polonica 62, no. 2 (2016): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hepo-2016-0012.
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SummaryIntroduction:Due to increasing resistance against antibiotics and antifungal agents, crude plant extracts, fractions, and isolated pure compounds became a new interest as antimicrobial agents.Objectives:The antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts and fractions ofEryngium planumL.,E. campestreL., andE. maritimumL. was evaluated against selected bacteria, yeast and mould, and compared in testedEryngiumspecies and in their organs.Methods:The antimicrobial activity was studied with use of broth microdilution method. The antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and antifungal (Candida albicans,Aspergillus niger) activity of selected extracts and fractions compared with the reference substance was expressed by Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC/MFC). The extract and fraction compounds were identified on the basis of TLC examination.Results:The saponin-phenolic acid fractions ofE. maritimumandE. planumand a saponin fraction ofE. planumshowed the highest activity againstS. aureus(MIC = 1–2.5 mg·ml−1). The growth ofC. albicanswas inhibited by methanolic extract ofE. planumcell suspension culture (MIC = 7.8 mg·ml−1).Conclusion:The antimicrobial activity depends on theEryngiumspecies, tested biomass, and microorganism.
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Lehtinen, Markku, Eila Pelttari, and Hannu Elo. "Antimicrobial Activity of Formylchromones: Detection by a Micro-Scale Method." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 66, no. 11-12 (2011): 562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2011-11-1205.
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We report the antimicrobial activity of formylchromones. These compounds are remote structural analogues of nalidixic acid and quinolone antibiotics, and their activity was investigated by a simple micro-scale method designed for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of drug candidates and antibiotics against aerobic bacteria and yeasts. Minimal bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations (MBC and MFC, respectively) were also determined in connection with the MIC determinations. The results obtained were compared with those obtained using classical agar diffusion methodology. In the MIC method, deep-well micro-titration plates are used, covered by silicone sealing mats that allow diffusion of oxygen to the wells. The appropriate broth is pipetted into the wells, followed by a standardized microbial suspension (except for sterile controls) and a dilution series of the test substance or control antibiotic or a mere control solvent. The use of white nontransparent polypropylene plates allows easy visual inspection of microbial growth. For the MBC and MFC methods, samples are taken from all wells that contain a test substance or control antibiotic and do not display growth in the MIC test. The samples are streaked on agar plates, the liquid is allowed to absorb into the agar, and finally the microbes are spread all over the plate with a bent rod. Colony counts are compared with that of the untreated microbial suspension at the beginning of the MIC test. The MIC method is suitable for high-throughput screening
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Kowalska-Krochmal, Beata, and Ruth Dudek-Wicher. "The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Antibiotics: Methods, Interpretation, Clinical Relevance." Pathogens 10, no. 2 (2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020165.
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Inefficiency of medical therapies used in order to cure patients with bacterial infections requires not only to actively look for new therapeutic strategies but also to carefully select antibiotics based on variety of parameters, including microbiological. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) defines in vitro levels of susceptibility or resistance of specific bacterial strains to applied antibiotic. Reliable assessment of MIC has a significant impact on the choice of a therapeutic strategy, which affects efficiency of an infection therapy. In order to obtain credible MIC, many elements must be considered, such as proper method choice, adherence to labeling rules, and competent interpretation of the results. In this paper, two methods have been discussed: dilution and gradient used for MIC estimation. Factors which affect MIC results along with the interpretation guidelines have been described. Furthermore, opportunities to utilize MIC in clinical practice, with pharmacokinetic /pharmacodynamic parameters taken into consideration, have been investigated. Due to problems related to PK determination in individual patients, statistical estimation of the possibility of achievement of the PK/PD index, based on the Monte Carlo, was discussed. In order to provide comprehensive insights, the possible limitations of MIC, which scientists are aware of, have been outlined.
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Rodríguez-Hernández, Adriana-Patricia, Alejandro L. Vega-Jiménez, América R. Vázquez-Olmos, Miriam Ortega-Maldonado, and Laurie-Ann Ximenez-Fyvie. "Antibacterial Properties In Vitro of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles for Dental Applications." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (2023): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030502.
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(1) Dental caries, periodontitis, or peri-implantitis are commensal infections related to oral biofilm former bacteria. Likewise, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) were studied to introduce them to the antibacterial properties of a few microorganisms. Considering this, the purpose of the present investigation was to determine the antibacterial properties of MgO-NPs on representative oral strains. (2) Methods: MgO-NPs with a cubic crystal structure were obtained by magnesium hydroxide mechanical activation. After synthesis, the MgO-NPs product was annealed at 800 °C (2 h). The MgO-NPs obtained were tested against ten oral ATCC strains at ten serial concentrations (1:1 20.0–0.039 mg/mL per triplicate) using the micro-broth dilution method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) or minimal bactericidal concentration (MIB). Measures of OD595 were compared against each positive control with a Student’s t-test. Viability was corroborated by colony-forming units. (3) Results: The polycrystalline structure had an average size of 21 nm as determined by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (high resolution). Antimicrobial sensitivity was observed in Capnocytophaga gingivalis (MIB/MIC 10–5 mg/mL), Eikenella corrodens (MIB 10 mg/mL), and Streptococcus sanguinis (MIB 20 mg/mL) at high concentrations of the MgO-NPs and at lower concentrations of the MgO-NPs in Actinomyces israelii (MIB 0.039 mg/mL), Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum (MIB/MIC 5–2.5 mg/mL), Porphyromonas gingivalis (MIB 20 mg/mL/MIC 2.5 mg/mL), Prevotella intermedia (MIB 0.625 mg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 2.5 mg/mL), Streptococcus mutans (MIB 20 mg/mL/MIC 0.321 mg/mL), and Streptococcus sobrinus (MIB/MIC 5–2.5 mg/mL). (4) Conclusions: The MgO-NPs’ reported antibacterial properties in all oral biofilm strains were evaluated for potential use in dental applications.
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Nasution, Minasari, Sri Amelia, and Khairiyani Asri Hasibuan. "The Antibacterial Effect of Soursop Leaf Extract on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 25923tm (In Vitro)." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 48 (November 2020): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.48.119.
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Purpose: This study was to determine the Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) soursop leaf extract antibacterial activity against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 25923TM at a concentration of 100, 90, 80, 70, 60 and 50%. Method: This study is an experimental laboratory with design Post Test Only Control Group Design by using soursop leaf extract at a concentration of 100, 90, 80, 70, 60 and 50% respectively. Each test is repeated four times to determine the average Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Soursop leaf extract is made by the dilution method using a medium Nutrient Broth (NB) and sub-cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA). The number of colonies of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 25923TM are counted using a manual calculation in the media Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA). Test Kruskkal Wallis there are differences in the antibacterial effect that was significant (p <0.05), soursop leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 25923TM from each treatment group. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration was 90% and the minimum bactericidal concentration is 100% committed. The number of colonies of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria ATCC® 25923TM at 100% concentration 0 CFU/mL 90% 234.50 CFU/ml and at concentrations of 80, 70, 60 and 50% could not count the number of colonies due to > 300 CFU/mL. As for the diameter of inhibitory zone at 100% concentration 10,625 mm, 90% 8,875 mm, 6,750 mm 80% and 70%, 60%, 50% reporting no inhibition zone diameter. Conclusion: The p-value of Kruskkal Wallis is p<0,05 which shows that there is a significant difference between the inhibition of soursop leaf extract with a concentration of 100, 90, 80, 70, 60 and 50% on growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 25923TM. Thus, soursop leaf extract has antibacterial effects against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 25923TM.
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Sun, Shi, Corene Canning, Kuiwu Wang, et al. "Antibacterial Activity of 2-(3’,5'-Dibromo-2'-methoxyphenoxy)-3,5-dibromophenol Isolated from Phyllospongia papyracea." Natural Product Communications 12, no. 4 (2017): 1934578X1701200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701200426.
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A principal active antimicrobial compound, 2-(3’,5'-dibromo-2'-methoxyphenoxy)-3,5-dibromophenol, was isolated from the methanol extract of Phyllospongia papyracea via bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation. The crude extract and the purified compound were assayed to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) using the broth microdilution method. The purified compound was found to be highly active against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus at MIC=1 μg/mL, Campylobacter jejuni at MIC=2 μg/mL, Pseudomonas aeruginosa at MIC=4 μg/mL, and Streptococcus pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes at MIC = 8 μg/mL. The activity of this compound was found to be comparable with antibiotics commonly used to control these species of bacteria. The results establish 2-(3’,5'-dibromo-2'-methoxyphenoxy)-3,5-dibromophenol as a potential lead molecule for the development of antibacterial agents.
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Vijayadevan, K. and Dhanapakiam P. "ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF SELECTED SOUTH INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST SELECTED BACTERIAL PATHOGENS." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 04, no. 12 (2017): 5032–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2169449.
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<em>Bacterial pathogens have evolved numerous defense mechanisms against antimicrobial agents; hence resistance tool and newly produced drugs is on the rise. The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance exhibited by the pathogenic microorganisms has led to the need for screening of several medicinal plants for their potential antimicrobial activity. Thus the present study was undertaken to investigate the antibacterial activity of 3 medicinal plants against E.coli, P.aeruginosa, S.aureus, S.pneumonia The antibacterial activity of methanol, Extract of Mirabilis jalapa L., Acalypha lanceolata Wild and Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (leaves was used), by </em><em>Disc diffusion and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) method. Our studies concluded that crude extracts of the selected plants especially the methanol extracts exhibited significant activity against bacterial pathogens. It can be concluded that these plants can be used to discover natural products that may serve as lead for the development of new pharmaceuticals addressing the major therapeutic needs to help new researchers and Pharmacologist for future studies.</em> <strong>Key words:</strong><em> bacterial pathogens Medicinal plants, Antibacterial activity, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) method.</em>
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Lorán, Susana, Juan José Carramiñana, Teresa Juan, Agustín Ariño, and Marta Herrera. "Inhibition of Aspergillus Parasiticus Growth and Aflatoxins Production by Natural Essential Oils and Phenolic Acids." Toxins 14, no. 6 (2022): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14060384.
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Aflatoxins represent a significant risk to food safety, and strategies are being implemented to reduce their entry into the food chain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of four essential oils (EOs) (lavandins Grosso and Abrial, Origanum virens, and Rosmarinus officinalis) and four natural phenolic acids (PAs) (caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, and p-coumaric) on the growth and aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicide concentration (MFC) were determined by the broth macrodilution method. Additionally, the mycelia weight was determined at concentration levels lower than MIC. The antiaflatoxigenic activity was evaluated in the two concentrations of the EOs right before MIC and at concentrations below the MIC value for the PAs. To this end, in-house validated methodology based on high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column photochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection (HPLC-PHRED-FLD) was used. EOs of O. virens and lavandins (Grosso and Abrial) completely inhibited mold growth. In addition, a significant reduction in mycelial mass (p < 0.05) was observed for all EOs and PAs at different concentrations. In all cases except for lavandin Abrial, EO concentrations just before the MIC value strongly reduced (p < 0.05) aflatoxins synthesis. Aflatoxins production was completely inhibited by all PAs at a concentration of 20 mM; although at low concentrations, mycotoxin production was stimulated in some cases. The present study provides a scientific basis for further study of the inhibiting mechanisms.
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Moradi, Melika, Effat Abbasi Montazeri, Sirous Rafiei Asl, et al. "In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) and Carvacrol (CV) Alone and in Combination with Antibiotics Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Antibiotics 14, no. 4 (2025): 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14040367.
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Background/Objectives: Biofilm-embedded bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), are highly resistant to antibiotics, making their treatment challenging. Plant-based natural compounds (PBCs) and metal(loid)-based antimicrobials (MBAs) are promising alternatives. This study evaluated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and synergistic effects of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), carvacrol (CV), and antibiotics (ciprofloxacin [CIP], tobramycin [TOB], and azithromycin [AZM]) against P. aeruginosa PAO1. Methods: The MIC and MBC of ZnSO4, CV, and antibiotics were determined using a 96-well plate method. Cytotoxicity was assessed via MTT assay. Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC), fractional bactericidal concentration (FBC), minimal biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) indices were calculated for each combination of agents. Checkerboard assays identified interactions, and the effectiveness of combinations was further evaluated in a mouse chronic lung infection model with treatments delivered intratracheally, intraperitoneally, and orally. Results: TOB had the lowest MIC and MBC values, proving most effective against P. aeruginosa PAO1. Strong synergy was observed with CV + ZnSO4 (CV + Zn) combined with CIP, CV with CIP, and CV + Zn with TOB, as indicated by low FIC indices. CV + Zn with TOB and CV with TOB had low FBC indices, while CV + Zn with AZM showed antagonism. In vivo, intratracheal TOB + CV + Zn reduced lung inflammation and tissue involvement, yielding the best histopathological outcomes. The MIC of CIP and TOB was reduced 5-fold and 4-fold, respectively, when combined with CV + Zn. Conclusions: CV + Zn demonstrated strong synergistic effects with antibiotics and effectively managed P. aeruginosa lung infections in mice. These findings highlight its potential as an innovative therapy for biofilm-associated infections.
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Baj, Tomasz, Anna Biernasiuk, Rafał Wróbel, and Anna Malm. "Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata." Open Chemistry 18, no. 1 (2020): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0011.
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AbstractThe purpose of this research was to investigate the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from: Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Poland, and to study their antifungal activity towards clinical isolates of oral Candida spp. The hydrodistilled essential oils were analyzed using the GC-MS method. The antifungal activity was evaluated in vitro against oral isolates and reference strains of Candida albicans and C. glabrata, using the broth microdilution method according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, allowing for estimation of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). GC-MS analysis revealed that carvacrol was the main EO compound in oregano and summer savory, while thymol and linalool were the major ingredients of thyme and wild thyme oils, respectively. The EOs possessed fungicidal activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata, including oral isolates, with MIC = 125 – 2000 mg/L, MFC = 250 – 4000 mg/L and MFC/MIC = 1 – 4, depending on the yeast and plant species. The most active was thyme oil – with MIC = 125 – 500 mg/L, MFC = 250 – 500 mg/L and MFC/MIC = 1 – 2.
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Situmorang, Nurbaity. "Efek Ekstrak dan Fraksi Herbal Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth., Terhadap Beberapa Bakteri Patogen Kulit." BIOLINK (Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan, Industri, Kesehatan) 4, no. 2 (2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/biolink.v4i2.973.
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The study of extract and fraction of <em>Peperomia pellucida</em> (L.) Kunth., herbal’s against several dermal pathogenic bacteria have been carried out in Research Laboratory of Pharmacy Department and Microbiology and Micology Laboratory Biology Department Faculty Mathematic and Natural Sciences Andalas University and Regional Medical Laboratory Center in Gunung Pangilun Padang from July until October 2007. Three kinds of dermal pathogenic bacteria were used : <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em> and <em>Proteus vulgaris</em>. Antimicrobial activity was determined base on their MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration) through dilution method that used “Microtiterplate 96-well”. The Result showed that the best activity of herbal extract was against <em>Proteus vulgaris</em> (MIC 7,81 ppm and MBC 125 ppm). The most active fraction was showed in n-hexane against <em>Proteus vulgaris</em> (MIC 0,63 ppm and MBC 250 ppm), the etil acetat fraction (MIC 2,50 ppm and MBC 500 ppm), while the activity of n-butanol and aquaeous fraction (MIC 5 ppm and MBC 500 ppm, respectively).
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Diana, Khusnul. "UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIJAMUR INFUSA UMBI BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum L.) TERHADAP Candida albicans SERTA PROFIL KROMATOGRAFINYA." Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) 2, no. 1 (2016): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2016.v2.i1.7087.
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As traditional medicine, bawang putih or garlic ( Allium sativum L.) can cure as antibacterial and antifungal beside on can restorative as antihypertension, antacid, carminativa (in the dyspepsia), expectorancia and anticolesterol. This research was conducted in order to know the antifungal activity of infusion of Allium sativum against Candida albicans and to identify chemical component’s of this infusion. The antifungal activity was done by liquid dilution method. The MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) and MFC (Minimal Fungicidal Concentration) value were used as parameter to determine the antifungal activity. Concentration used in this reseach were 17,5%; 16,25%; 15%; 13,75% ; 12,5% dan 11,25% v/v for Candida albicans. The activity was done by incubating the infusion with fungal in CYG DS media of 37ºC for 18-24 hours. Identification of chemical component was carried out by paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The result showed that the MIC (Minimum Inhibitor Concentration) for Candida albicans could not be observed because the mixture was turbid. The MFC (Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) for Candida albicans was 15% v/v. The tube test and chromatogram showed that the infusion of Allium sativum contained flavonoid, and saponin.
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Oliveira, Luciana Fernandes de, Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge, and Silvana Soléo Ferreira dos Santos. "In vitro minocycline activity on superinfecting microorganisms isolated from chronic periodontitis patients." Brazilian Oral Research 20, no. 3 (2006): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242006000300004.
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Chronic periodontitis is the most common type of periodontitis and it is associated with various species of microorganisms. Enteric rods, Pseudomonas, Staphyloccocus and Candida have been retrieved from periodontal pockets of patients with chronic periodontitis and correlated to cases of superinfection. Local or systemic antibiotic therapy is indicated to reinforce the effects of the conventional mechanical therapy. Minocycline has been suggested as one of the most effective drugs against periodontal pathogens. The aim of this work was to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of minocycline on superinfecting microorganisms isolated from the periodontal pocket and the oral cavity of individuals with chronic periodontitis. Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae (n = 25), Staphylococcus spp. (n = 25), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 9) and Candida spp. (n = 25) were included in the study. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of minocycline were determined using the Müeller-Hinton agar dilution method. Staphylococcus spp. isolates were the most sensitive to minocycline with a MIC of 8 µg/mL, followed by Enterobacteriaceae with a MIC of 16 µg/mL. The concentration of 16 µg/mL inhibited 96% of Candida spp. isolates. The MIC for 88.8% of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 128 µg/mL. A concentration of 1,000 µg/mL was not enough to inhibit 100% of the tested isolates.
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Stupar, Alena, Ljubiša Šarić, Senka Vidović, Aleksandra Bajić, Violeta Kolarov, and Bojana Šarić. "Antibacterial Potential of Allium ursinum Extract Prepared by the Green Extraction Method." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (2022): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071358.
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The antimicrobial activity of Allium ursinum aqueous extract prepared using high pressure extraction was evaluated. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of A. ursinum extract for six bacterial pathogens were determined using the broth macrodilution method. Although the A. ursinum extract was shown to be effective toward all investigated foodborne bacteria, its antimicrobial activity depended on its concentration and bacterial strain. Listeria monocytogenes was the most sensitive to antimicrobial activity of A. ursinum extract among all tested pathogens. Accordingly, the lowest MIC and MBC of A. ursinum extract were determined for L. monocytogenes (28 and 29 mg/mL). The tested extract showed a similar antimicrobial potential to other examined bacterial strains (Salmonella Enteritidis, Proteus hauseri, Enterococcus faecalis and two strains of Escherichia coli) with MIC and MBC values at concentrations of 29 and 30 mg/mL, respectively. The dependence of the antimicrobial activity of the A. ursinum extract on the level of contamination of tested pathogens was also observed. The increase in the contamination level caused an intense reduction in antibacterial potential of the A. ursinum extract. The composition of the A. ursinum extract was analyzed and found to be a good source of polyphenols and sulfur compounds. However, considering the applied extraction method and the HPLC analysis of bioactive compounds, the antimicrobial potential may be attributed more to polyphenol content. The obtained results that the extracts have shown toward food pathogens open the possibility of using the tested extracts as natural additives in a variety of food products.
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Poester, Vanice Rodrigues, Jéssica Estefania Dávila Hidalgo, Lara Severo Jardim, et al. "Amlodipine and lufenuron as repurposing drugs against Sporothrix brasiliensis." PeerJ 11 (November 30, 2023): e16443. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16443.
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Background Sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis is a globally emerging infectious disease with limited therapeutic options. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro activity of amlodipine (AML) and lufenuron (LUF) alone and their interaction with itraconazole (ITZ), the first-choice drug against S. brasiliensis. Methods Twenty clinical isolates of S. brasiliensis from two hyperendemic regions were tested through a microdilution assay to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of AML and LUF. Checkerboard assay was performed with 10 isolates for both drug interactions with ITZ. Results AML showed inhibitory and fungicidal activity against all isolates included, with MIC values ranging from 32 to 256 µg/mL, and MFC from 64 to 256 µg/mL. However, none of the S. brasiliensis isolates were inhibited by the highest soluble concentration of LUF (MIC >64 µg/mL for all strains). Synergic interaction of AML and LUF with ITZ occurred in 50% and 40% of the isolates tested, without any antagonistic effects. Conclusion Both repurposing drugs evaluated in our study showed a promising in vitro activity, especially in synergy with ITZ against S. brasiliensis, warranting future in vivo investigations regarding its activity.
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Amalia, Martina, Vivi Oktavia Manik, Indrawati Jafar, and Shaskhia Angelina Br Ginting. "MIC and MBC of red fruit extract (Pandanus conoideus Lam) against periodontal pathogens bacteria." Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia 8, no. 1 (2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.65352.
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There are only few studies on the antibacterial activity of red fruit extract (Pandanus conoideus Lam) against oral pathogenic bacteria. Thus, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of red fruit extracts by looking at the Minimum inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) against periodontal pathogenic bacteria. The subjects of this study were Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 25586), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277). The antibacterial effectiveness of red fruit extract was tested by the liquid dilution method (microdilution). The data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test followed by a double comparison test with the Post Hoc Least Significance Different (LSD) test method. The red fruit extract effectively inhibited and eliminated test bacteria (p <0.05). Our study showed that the red fruit extracts at a concentration of 20% could inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which was determined as the MIC strength of 80% as MBC of both bacteria tested. Furthermore, red fruit extract at the concentration of 10% showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum, which was determined as MIC of Fusobacterium nucleatum and the strength of 40% as MBC of Fusobacterium nucleatum. The red fruit extracts were significantly effective against the growth of Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis provide essential information for further in vivo clinical studies to determine the exact dosage and clinical effectiveness of periodontal disease.
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Noviyanto, Fajrin, Siti Hodijah, and Yusransyah Yusransyah. "Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Bangle (zingiber purpureum roxb.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research 2, no. 1 (2020): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37311/jsscr.v2i1.2665.
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The bacteria that cause infections that can lead to high morbidity and mortality, the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bangle has a pharmacological activity as antibacterial, laxative, pancreatic lipase inhibitor, and protect cells from damage caused by oxidative stress. The purpose of this study are: to know the chemical constituents present in the extract of leaves bangle (Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) Can be efficacious as an antibacterial and knowing Minimal Inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts of leaves bangle against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tests on the leaf extracts for antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bangle made by the method of Kirby Bauer and solvents used are DMSO. Test solution with a concentration of leaf extract bangle 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1,000 ppm, the positive control solution (ciprofoxacin) and the solution negative control (DMSO). The results showed that the chemical constituents present in the extract of leaves bangle (Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) Are flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and steroids. Value Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethanol extract of the leaf bangle S bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a concentration of 40 % with an average diameter of 5.44 mm inhibitory. MIC extract ethanol extract of leaf bangle belonging to the bacterial activity that is strong enough..
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Gupta, Vijayta, Monika Bhardbaj, Annuradha Gupta, Pawan K. Verma, and Vinay Kant. "Chemical Synthesis of Cobalt Nanoparticles and Determination of its Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations and Minimal Bactericidal Concentrations against S. aureus and E. coli." Asian Journal of Science and Applied Technology 9, no. 1 (2020): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajsat-2020.9.1.1051.
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The indiscriminate usage of antibiotics in the past few years is one of the main reasons behind increased incidences of antimicrobial resistance. The development of potent antibacterial agents to combat this problem is the need of present era. In view of this, in present study, cobalt (Co) nanoparticles were chemically synthesized by standard method. The synthesized Co nanoparticles were tested against the S. aureus and E. coli bacterial strains, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) values of Co nanoparticles were determined against these bacterial strains on the day of Co nanoparticles synthesis and after their storage for 30 and 60 days. The Co nanoparticles showed antibacterial actions against S. aureus and E. coli bacterial strains. The MIC values of fresh chemically synthesized Co nanoparticles in this study for S. aureus and E. coli were 140.0 μg/ml and 100.0 μg/ml, respectively. The MBC values of these nanoparticles for S. aureus and E. coli were 260.0 μg/ml and 220.0 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC and MBC values of Co nanoparticles increased on storage of its suspensions for 30 as well as 60 days. It might be considered as potent antibacterial candidate in future after some additional investigations.
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Azevedo, Lucas Polizzeli, Leandro Nogueira Pressinotti, Rhavena Graziela Liotti, et al. "Antifungal activity of paracloacal gland secretion of Caiman yacare (DAUDIN, 1802)." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 9, no. 1 (2018): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2018.001.0010.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts obtained from Caiman yacare paracloacal gland (PG) against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), as well as a bibliographical survey on the chemical composition of exudates of PG. The PG were collected from the disposal generated during the slaughter of C. yacare by regularized industry. Two extracts were made from these glands, one ethanolic and the other aqueous. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the substances were determined by dilution of the extract in series using the microdilution technique in the culture medium Sabouraud broth, carried out in a 96-well microplate visually read after 48 hours of incubation, confirmed by the method using 0.01% aqueous resazurin dye. The ethanolic extract had MIC at the concentration of 25 µg / L. The Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was determined by subcultures of MIC in Sabouraud agar medium. The ethanolic extract presented MFC at a concentration of 50 µg / mL. The aqueous extract showed no antifungal activity at the concentrations tested. This work is the first work to assess an activity of the PG secretion and reveals pharmacological potential in a local product previously discarded.
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Ndezo Bisso, Borel, Christian Ramsès Tokam Kuaté, Nathalie Boulens, Eric Allémann, Florence Delie, and Jean Paul Dzoyem. "Antibiofilm Synergistic Activity of Streptomycin in Combination with Thymol-Loaded Poly (Lactic-co-glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles against Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (July 21, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1936165.
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Background. Thymol is an important component of essential oils found in the oil of thyme, is extracted mainly from Thymus vulgaris, and was shown to act synergistically with streptomycin against Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilms. Additionally, thymol could be encapsulated into poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles to overcome issues related to its low water solubility and high volatility. The present study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm activity of thymol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (Thy-NPs) alone and in combination with streptomycin against biofilms of K. pneumoniae isolates. Methods. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The antibiofilm activities were determined by the safranin dye assay. The synergistic effect of Thy-NPs with streptomycin was assessed by the checkerboard method. The kinetic study of the biofilm biomass and time-kill assay were further performed. Results. Thy-NPs exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae isolates, with MIC values ranging from 1 to 8 µg/mL. Additionally, Thy-NPs showed the highest antibiofilm activity against K. pneumoniae isolates with minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values ranging from 16 to 64 µg/mL and from 32 to 128 µg/Ml, respectively. The combination treatment combining Thy-NPs with streptomycin showed a synergistic effect against the inhibition of biofilm formation and eradication of biofilms of K. pneumoniae isolates with fractional inhibitory concentration index values ranging from 0.13 to 0.28. In addition, the MBIC and MBEC values of streptomycin against K. pneumoniae isolates were dramatically reduced (up to 128-fold) in combination with Thy-NPs, suggesting that Thy-NPs would enhance the antibiofilm activity of streptomycin. The biomass and time-kill kinetics analysis confirmed the observed synergistic interactions and showed the bactericidal activity of streptomycin in combination with Thy-NPs. Conclusions. Our results indicate that the synergistic bactericidal effect between streptomycin and Thy-NPs could be a promising approach in the control of biofilm-associated infections caused by K. pneumoniae.
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Sisto, Francesca, Simone Carradori, Sarah D’Alessandro, et al. "In Vitro Activity of the Arylaminoartemisinin GC012 against Helicobacter pylori and Its Effects on Biofilm." Pathogens 11, no. 7 (2022): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11070740.
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This study evaluated the in vitro activity of the arylaminoartemisinin GC012, readily obtained from dihydroartemisinin (DHA), against clinical strains of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) with different antibiotic susceptibilities in the planktonic and sessile state. The activity was assessed in terms of bacteriostatic and bactericidal potential. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the broth microdilution method. After treatment with GC012, all bacterial strains showed significantly lower MIC and MBC values compared to those of DHA. The effect of combination of GC012 with antibiotics was examined using the checkerboard method. GC012 displayed synergistic interactions with metronidazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin in all the strains. The antibiofilm activity was evaluated via crystal violet staining, AlamarBlue® assay, colony-forming unit count, and fluorescence microscopy. At ½ MIC and ¼ MIC concentration, both GC012 and DHA inhibited biofilm formation, but only GC012 showed a minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) on mature biofilm. Furthermore, both compounds induced structural changes in the bacterial membrane, as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is thereby demonstrated that GC012 has the potential to be efficacious against H. pylori infection.
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Kengne Fonkou, Gaelle, Garandi Badawe, Valaire Y. Matieta, et al. "Botanical from the bark of Zizyphus jujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae) had weak anti-Klebsiella activity, but strongly potentiated the effects of antibiotics against multidrug-resistant phenotypes." Investigational Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology 7, no. 2 (2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31183/imcp.2024.00089.
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Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is medically the most important species of this genus. Klebsiella oxytoca also cause infections in human but to a much lesser degree than K. pneumoniae. In this work, the antibacterial potential of the methanol extract from the bark of Zizyphus jujuba (ZJB) was evaluated against the multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca overexpressing AcrAB-TolC efflux pumps. Methods: The broth microdilution method combined with the rapid para-iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) colorimetric technique was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ZJB alone, in the presence of an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN), or in the presence of antibiotics. The phytochemical screening of ZJB was evaluated using standard methods. Results: ZJB displayed weak antibacterial activities with MIC values above 625 μg/mL in all the 14 tested Klebsiella species. In the presence of PAβN, the activity of ZJB increased by 4- to more than 128-fold on all the tested bacteria. At MIC/2 and MIC/4, ZJB potentiated the activity of doxycycline (DOX), levofloxacin (LEV), imipenem (IMI), ciprofloxacin (CIP), ceftriaxone (CRO), and tetracycline (TET) against at least 80% of the MDR bacterial strains tested. ZJB contains alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, saponins, phenols, and anthocyanins. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that ZJB could be used as an antibacterial agent if it is combined with an efflux pump inhibitor or with antibiotics against MDR bacteria over-expressing active efflux pumps. Keywords: Antibacterial activity; antibiotics; efflux pumps; Klebsiella; multidrug resistance; Zizyphus jujuba
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Kaira, Sanjay Singh. "Concerning Trend in Ceftriaxone Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC): Implications for the Treatment of Enteric Fever." Journal of Communicable Diseases 55, no. 01 (2023): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202304.
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Introduction:Salmonella typhi and paratyphi - related enteric fever still poses serious health risks to people all over the world. Ceftriaxone and azithromycin were recommended as the preferred treatments for enteric fever following the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance. Several reports of ceftriaxone resistance have also been reported, hence accurate medication susceptibility tracking is essential to maintain the empiric management of enteric fever. This study’s objective is to determine the MIC of ceftriaxone in order to help clinicians prescribe the right dosage and stop the emergence of resistance. Material and Methods: The investigation was carried out in 800 bedded hospital in Ghaziabad using a cross-sectional prospective design. A total of 228 Salmonella isolates were included in this investigation. The isolates’ antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, and the ceftriaxone MIC was calculated using the Broth Micro-Dilution (BMD) method. Result: Of the 228 Salmonella species that were isolated, 64 (28.07%) were Salmonella paratyphi A, and 164 (71.92%) were Salmonellatyphi. Ceftriaxone resistance was found in 33 (20.12%) Salmonellatyphi strains while it was found in 14 (21.87%) S. paratyphi A strains. 0.125 μg/ml was the ceftriaxone MIC50 value for S. typhi as well as for paratyphi A but the MIC90 value was 8 μg/ml in S. typhi and 4 μg/ml in S. paratyphi A isolates. Conclusion: This investigation revealed a concerning rise in the MIC to ceftriaxone and the reemergence of sensitivity to first-line medications.
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Dos Santos, Antonia Thassya Lucas, Antonio Júdson Targino Machado, Maria Audilene De Freitas, et al. "Phenolic Composition and Antifungal Effect of Costus cf. arabicus L Against Yeast of the Candida Genus." Letters in Drug Design & Discovery 16, no. 5 (2019): 502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570180815666180827122526.
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Background: The emergence of fungal resistance to commercial drugs has been observed, and because of that, research with natural products have been performed with the aim of obtaining bioactive compounds. Objective: Evaluate the chemical composition and antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract of Costus cf. arabicus L leaves (EECAL) over strains of the genus Candida, as well as its inhibitory potential over yeast virulence. Methods: The composition of EECAL was analyzed through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by broth microdilution using spectrophotometer readings and the Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was investigated. The reading data of the MIC was used to trace a cellular growth curve and calculate the Inhibitory Concentration for 50% of the cells (IC50) of the extract and fluconazole. The effect over the yeast morphology was verified using wet-chamber microculture and visualized through optical microscopy (40x). Results: HPLC detected the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids. The extract presented fungistatic effect (MIC of 8.192 µg/mL). The IC50 of the extract and fluconazole varied between 4,008.7 to 5,116.8 µg/mL and 44.0 to 83.1 µg/mL, respectively. The extract inhibited the formation of hyphae at MICx2 against CA LM 77. For the CA INCQS 40006, the inhibition was verified at MIC/2. In the CT LM 23 and CT INCQS 40042 strains the presence of hyphae was considered absent at the MIC. Conclusion: The extract presented antifungal action on cell growth at elevated concentrations and an inhibitory effect of dimorphism in the tested Candida species.
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Sulistyani, Herastuti, Siti Sulastri, Dewi Agustina, and Quroti A'yun. "EFFECT OF MORINGA (Moringa oleifera) LEAF EXTRACT ON IN VITRO INHIBITION OF Candida albicans BIOFILM." Dentino: Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi 9, no. 2 (2024): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/dentino.v9i2.20391.
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Background: Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection in the oral cavity. This infection is caused by the fungus Candida albicans. The most important virulent attribute of this fungus is its ability to form biofilms, which can adhere to mucosa, epithelial lining, organs, prostheses or dentures. The formed biofilm is resistant to antifungal drugs. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract on the inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation in vitro. Methods: This type of research is experimental study using post tests with control group design. Fungus used in this study was Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were conducted by microdilution method. Inhibition test of C. albicans biofilm formation was carried out using the polystyrene microplate assay method. Concentration of extracts used in this study were 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.13% and 1.57%. Inhibitory activity of biofilm was measured using a crystal violet (CV) assay. Results: The results showed that MIC of Moringa leaf extract against the fungus C. albicans was at a concentration of 6.25%. Moringa leaf extract starting at a concentration of 3.13% already has had ability to inhibit formation of C. albicans biofilm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Moringa leaf extract can inhibit formation of Candida albicans biofilm, so it can be developed as an alternative herbal ingredient to prevent oral candidiasis.EFFECT OF MORINGA (Moringa oleifera) LEAF EXTRACT ON IN VITRO INHIBITION OF Candida albicans BIOFILM
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Izuchukwu, Udemezue, Onyekachukwu, Ezeamalu, Chidinma Princess, and Ottong, Divine Jacob. "The Effects of Blue Vitriol and Brimstone on Etiological Agents of Bacterial Vulvovaginitis." International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 9, no. 3 (2024): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20240344.
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Vulvovaginitis is an inflammation of the vulva and/or the vagina which may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. It is a common public health problem that can affect women and girls of all ages. The study aimed at evaluating the effects of blue vitriol and brimstone on etiological agents of bacterial vulvovaginitis. One hundred high vaginal swab specimens were aseptically and properly collected from suspected cases of vulvovaginitis. Plates of nutrient agar and blood agar were inoculated and incubated aerobically at 25 oC for 24 hours. The isolates were identified based on their morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. The antimicrobial activity of blue vitriol and brimstone was determined using the agar-well diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the test samples were determined using the broth dilution method. The isolates include Staphylococcus epidermidis, Eschericha coli, Lactobacillus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of blue vitriol against the isolates ranges from 30.00±0.00mm to 31.50±2.12mm at concentrations of 50mg/ml to 200mg/ml. The IZD of brimstone against the isolates ranges from 29.00±1.41mm to 11.00±0.00mm at concentrations of 50mg to 200mg/ml. The positive control, ciprofloxacin gave IZD of 17.50±2.12mm to 21.50±2.12mm. The MIC of blue vitriol against all the isolates was 12.50mg/ml; while the MBC ranges between 25mg/ml to 50mg/ml. The MIC of brimstone was 25mg/ml to 200mg/ml; while the MBC was 50mg/ml to 200mg/ml. Ciprofloxacin gave MIC and MBC ranging from 25mg/ml to 100mg/ml against all the isolates. The study has shown that natural compounds such as blue vitriol and brimstone are good antimicrobials; and could serve as substitutes to conventional antimicrobial agents in the treatment of bacterial vulvovaginitis. Keywords: Vagina, Vulva, Vulvovaginitis, Blue vitriol, Brimstone, Antimicrobials.
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Wang, Zhe, Ai-Hong Peng, Dan-Dan Lu, Ya-Jie Song, Cheng-Lei Wang, and Wei-Dong Xie. "Manumycin-type Derivatives from a Streptomyces sp. Associated with Meson Bee Osmia cornifrons." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 6 (2018): 1934578X1801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801300605.
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Two new manumycin-type derivatives named as cornifronin A and cornifronin B, and one known analogue antibiotic SW-B were isolated from the liquid fermentation of Streptomyces sp. OC1401 obtained from body surface of a meson bee Osmia cornifrons. The structures of all isolates were identified by spectroscopic methods (HRESIMS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR) and comparison with literature data. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of these manumycin-type derivatives were evaluated by disc diffusion method and more accurate data on the antibacterial activity were obtained through the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimal bactericidal concentration) values.
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Galovičová, Lucia, Veronika Valková, Jana Štefániková, and Miroslava Kačániová. "Essential oils and their application in a food model." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 14 (November 28, 2020): 1088–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1490.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of essential oils (Canarium luzonicum CLEO, Melaleuca leucadenron MLEO, Amyris balsamifera ABEO). There was Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis used for the characteristic of the semiquantitative composition of the essential oils. The DPPH method was used to determine the antioxidant activity. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of essential oils against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were analyzed in a 96-well plate. The broth microdilution method was used for the minimal inhibitory concentration. A gas-phase antimicrobial assay was used to determine inhibitory concentrations in a food model. CLEO proved to be the best with the lowest MIC 50 and 90 of 6.67 μL.mL-1 respectively 6.81 μL.mL-1 and antioxidant activity of 33.43% among the tested essential oils. The main volatile compounds CLEO were limonene 36.38%, elemol 16.65%, α-fellandren 12.18% and elemicin 9.59%. It showed inhibition of S. maltophilia growth in the food model at the lowest concentrations among the essential oils.
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Adhikari, K. "Study of antifungal activity of amphotericin B-lipid formulations with five lipid carriers." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 38, no. 1 (2016): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.59779/jiomnepal.709.
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Introduction:Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a prime cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, who is undergoing lung transplantation.Mortality among infected patients is high. Death rate in excess of 90% has been shown in study by Richardson. Most of these invasive mould infections are acquired through the respiratory tract.An increased incidence of invasive fungal infection has created major challenges for medical practitioners. Amphotericin B(AmB) has been the drug of choice for the treatment of many fungal infections, and it is still used as a gold standard therapy against invasive fungal infection and most commonly used to treat life-threatening conditions such as cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and IPA.Currently, lipid formulations are accepted as a less toxic alternative to the traditional colloidal dispersion. Drug toxicity, the nephrotoxicity of AmB is the major clinical problem, which could lead to treatment discontinuation. We designed five lipid formulations of AmB, and compared the dose-response effects of all lipid formulations in-vitro against three different fungal strains including Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methods: Five lipid formulations amphotericin B were formulated by lyophilization process. The cylinder plate method performs the relative potency by determining the clear zone of AmB-lipid formulation in the inoculum medium as compared with a clear zone of AmB standard. Broth microdilution method can be used to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC value is based upon predetermined end point, which may be interpreted as an absence of visible growth in a broth containing known concentration of AmB.The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined using Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90113 NS and Candida albicans ATCC 90028. Results: All fiveformulations showed good responses against C. neoformans and Candida albicans, with the MIC and MFC values in the range between 0.16-0.32 µg/ml. The potency of these formulations was equivalent to pure AmB (100%). Conclusions: The results indicate that the investigateded potassium cholate, potassium deoxycholate, sodium deoxycholate sulfate, sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate may be used as a promising alternative carrier system for amphotericin B.
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El boumlasy, Soumia, Federico La Spada, Nunzio Tuccitto, et al. "Inhibitory Activity of Shrimp Waste Extracts on Fungal and Oomycete Plant Pathogens." Plants 10, no. 11 (2021): 2452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112452.
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(1) Background: This study was aimed at determining the in vitro inhibitory effect of new natural substances obtained by minimal processing from shrimp wastes on fungi and oomycetes in the genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Plenodomus and Phytophthora; the effectiveness of the substance with the highest in vitro activity in preventing citrus and apple fruit rot incited by P. digitatum and P. expansum, respectively, was also evaluated. (2) Methods: The four tested substances, water-extract, EtOAc-extract, MetOH-extract and nitric-extract, were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS-TOF; in vitro preliminary tests were carried out to determine the minimal inhibitory/fungicidal concentrations (MIC and MFC, respectively) of the raw dry powder, EtOAc-extract, MetOH-extract and nitric-extract for each pathogen. (3) Results: in the agar-diffusion-assay, nitric-extract showed an inhibitory effect on all pathogens, at all concentrations tested (100, 75, 50 and 25%); the maximum activity was on Plenodomus tracheiphilus, C. gloeosporioides and Ph. nicotianae; the diameters of inhibition halos were directly proportional to the extract concentration; values of MIC and MFC of this extract for all pathogens ranged from 2 to 3.5%; the highest concentrations (50 to 100%) tested in vivo were effective in preventing citrus and apple fruit molds. (4) Conclusions: This study contributes to the search for natural and ecofriendly substances for the control of pre- and post-harvest plant pathogens.
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Lima-Saraiva, Sarah Raquel Gomes de, Fernanda Granja da Silva Oliveira, Raimundo Gonçalves de Oliveira Junior, et al. "Chemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Photoprotective Activities of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (Anacardiaceae)." Scientific World Journal 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1713921.
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Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. is a native plant of Caatinga which has high concentrations of compounds capable of absorbing ultraviolet light, suggesting its potential application for the development of sunscreen preparations. After its identification and collection, this vegetable drug was submitted to a physicochemical analysis through the preparation of ethanolic extract. The phytochemical screening and analysis of extracts were carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) evaluation. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and β-carotene bleaching test. Inhibitory hemolytic activity and morphological deformation of erythrocytes induced by H2O2 were also demonstrated and the antimicrobial activity was analyzed by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) method. For the in vitro determination of the sun protection factor (SPF), the spectrophotometric method was used. From the analyses carried out with this species, this plant showed significant results for the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as well as sunscreen action. Important flavonoids were identified. These data are an important step for the development of new photoprotective cosmetic with Caatinga species, revealing importance and representing another incentive for the preservation of the species involved and analyzed in the study.
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Hanh, Nguyen Thi. "INHIBITION OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM NINH THUAN GRAPES BY ORGANIC ACIDS." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 4A (2018): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/4a/12006.
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Ninh Thuan grapes are famous specialty of Vietnam. After harvesting, they are very susceptible to damage if not preserved in time. This study aimed to find the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentrations of organic acids, such as lactic acid, citric acid, and ascorbic acid towards seven bacteria previously isolated from Ninh thuan grapes (Empedobacter brevis, Citrobacter sp. Enterobacterium ludwigii, Bacillus cereus, Flavobacterium sp., Pseudomonas oryzihabitans and Bacillus thuringiensis) in order to apply in pretreatment of grapes prior to storage. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by the binary dilution method. 0.1 ml of each dilution of test acids with initial concentration of 3 % was mixed with 0.1 ml of bacteria (c.a. 5.105 CFU/ml), in 96-culturing-well plate. Innoculated plate was incubated for 24 hours at temperature of 37 °C. Optical density was measured at 620 nm wavelength by a Microplate reader device. For Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) determination, 0.1 ml of bacteria (c.a.5.105 CFU/ml) was mixed with 0.4 ml liquid medium of Tryptone Glucose Agar (TGA) and of 0.5 ml acid at above concentrations, culturing within 24 hours at temperature of 37 °C. After 24 hours, they were dropped onto TGA agar plates, and cultured for 24 hours at 37 °C. The results showed that, the MIC and MBC of citric acid toward Empedobacter brevis were 0.12 mg/ml and 0.12 mg/ml; Citrobacter sp. were 0.9 mg/ml and 3.8 mg/ml; Enterobacterium ludwigii were 0.45 mg/ml and 1.9 mg/ml; Bacillus cereus were 0.9 mg/ml and 0.9 mg/ml; Flavobacterium sp. were 0.12 mg/ml and 0.45 mg/ml; Pseudomonas oryzihabitans were 0.12 mg/ml and 0.45 mg/ml and Bacillus thuringiensis were 0.12 mg/ml and 0.9 mg/ml, respectively. Similarly, MIC and MBC of lactic acid toward: Empedobacter brevis were 0.12 mg/ml and 0.23 mg/ml;Citrobacter sp. were 0.9 mg/ml and 1.9 mg/ml; Enterobacterium ludwigii were 0.45 mg/ml and 0.9 mg/ml; Bacillus cereus were 0.23 mg/ml and 0.45 mg/ml; Flavobacterium sp. were 0.12 mg/ml and 1.9 mg/ml; Pseudomonas oryzihabitans were 0.23 mg/ml and 1.9 mg/ml and Bacillus thuringiensis were 0.12 mg/ml and 1.9 mg/ml, respectively. Ascorbic acid was found to be inefficient for use as antimicrobial agent against isolated bacteria. The above results suggested that citric and lactic acids could be used at maximal concentrations of 3.8 mg/ml and 1.9 mg/ml, respectively to suppress bacteria from grapes. This finding would contribute to develop method for pretreatment of grapes in fresh grape preservation techniques.
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Tariq, Anam, Irfan Ali Mirza, Qanita Fahim, Ayesha Bashir, Shafqat Hussain, and Chahat Hussain. "Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations Of Azithromycin In Typhoidal Salmonella Isolated In Tertiary Care Setting." Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal 74, no. 2 (2024): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v74i2.7999.
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Objective: To determine the variations in minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Azithromycin amongst Salmonella typhi isolates. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from Jan to Dec 2020. Methodology: Three hundred and eighty-four samples yielding the growth of Salmonella typhi were processed. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion technique, and the MIC of Azithromycin was determined using the E-strip method. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommended that MIC breakpoints be used for susceptibility testing of Azithromycin. Results: Of 384 tested isolates, 103(26.8%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Resistance to Ciprofloxacin was as high as 367(95.6%) isolates, whereas extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates were calculated to be 204(53.1%). No resistance against Azithromycin was observed. All the isolates were in the susceptible MIC range of 0.5 and 8 μg/ml. The lowest MIC observed was 0.5 μg/ml by 12(5%) of the isolates. The highest MIC value of 8 μg/ml was observed in 6(1.5%) isolates, all of which were XDR. 231(60.2%) isolates had one μg/ml MIC, followed by MIC 4 μg/ml of 72(18.8%) isolates. The mean MIC value of all the isolates was calculated to be 1.82±1.3μg/ml. Conclusion: The rise in XDR Salmonella typhi could lead to Azithromycin resistance. Antimicrobial stewardship is of prime importance, and Azithromycin MICs should be reported to keep the trends in check.
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Zakaria, Ahmed. "Analysis of Phytochemical Potentiality and In Vitro Antimicrobial Properties of Jute Leaf Extracts." Environmental Science Archives 2, no. 2 (2023): 122–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8107255.
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Jute leaf is used as an herb in Middle Eastern and African countries which has large number of biomolecules that show various pharmacological activities. It has been studied for antibacterial activity by disk diffusion method where it was clear that it has antibacterial activity against all the test organisms. The boiling time has effect on antibacterial activity. In case of Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC), Minimal Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) and phytochemical activities in jute leaf liquor, it inhibits the growth of <em>Bacillus cereus </em>where the MIC and MBC was 128mg and 256mg, respectively; and Cardial Glycosides phytochemical was found in all the three varieties O-72, O-9897 and CVL-1 jute leaf liquor.
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Susanti, Saudi Fitri, and Himmatul Mahmudah. "EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN PERASAN TEMU MANGGA (CURCUMA MANGGA VAL.) MENGHAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS." Journals of Ners Community 8, no. 1 (2017): 93–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1409456.
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Curcuma mangga is also known as white rhizomes which assumed hasn’t economic value due to lack of society knowledge of the Curcuma mangga advantages. Curcuma mangga contains an active compound that can prevent bacterial growth. One of the bacteria that has a strong resistance and can infect body tissue also human’s organ is Staphylococcus aureus. The aims of this study were to determine the effectiveness and the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Curcuma mangga juice in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The type of this research is experimental with giving Curcuma mangga juice to the growth of Staphylococcus aureus using paper disc method. Data of this research were analyzed descriptively. The MIC values were based on the inhibition zone of the dilution variation in the concentration of the Curcuma mangga juice of 250 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml, 62,5 mg/ml, 31,25 mg/ml, 15,62 mg/ml, 7.81 mg/ml, 3.90 mg/ml, 1.95 mg/ml, 0.97 mg/ml. The results showed that Curcuma mangga juice was effective in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Higher concentration make a larger zone that was formed. Concentration 31,25 mg/ml was the MIC of Curcuma mangga powdered. Thus, Curcuma mangga juice with a concentration of 31.25 mg / ml has been able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.
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Lukovic, Jelena, Rada Djurovic-Pejcev, Tijana Djordjevic, et al. "Antifungal and synergistic activity of five plant essential oils from Serbia against Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum Samuels & W. Gams." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 35, no. 3 (2020): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif2003173l.
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Five essential oils isolated from plants originating from Serbia and ten combinations of the selected essential oils were assayed to test their inhibitory and fungicidal activity against Trchoderma aggressivum f. europaeum Samuels & W. Gams using two distinctive methods: microdilution and fumigant macrodilution methods. The strongest activity was demonstrated by spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) oils at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 ?l ml-1 using microdilution, and 0.16 ?l ml-1 of air using fumigant macrodilution method. The antifungal activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) was medium, while the oil extracted from St. John?s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) exhibited the lowest activity. None of the selected essential oils exhibited fungicidal effect at minimal fungicidal concentrations (?FC) of over 25 ?l ml-1 or 0.32 ?l ml-1of air, using micro- and macrodilution, respectively. When microdilution was used, the strongest antifungal activity was demonstrated by two oil combinations: spearmint-thyme and spearmint-peppermint, having MIC and MFC values of 3.75 ?l ml-1. The lowest activity was demonstrated by the basil-St. John?s wort essential oil combination, at 30 ?l ml-1 MIC, and MFC exceeding 30 ?l ml-1. The obtained results indicate possible synergistic effects of essential oils and their components.
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Tabibzadeh Noori, Zohreh, Mohadese Tabatabaei Rad, Mojdeh Hakemi Vala, Mehrdad Karimi, and Azadeh Esmaeil Nejad. "Evaluation of the antibacterial effect of hydroalcoholic extract of the galls of Quercus infectoria on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans." Journal of Advanced Periodontology & Implant Dentistry 15, no. 1 (2023): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/japid.2023.006.
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Background. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) plays a vital role in some destructive forms of periodontitis. While mechanical and chemical plaque control is the first step in periodontitis treatment, side effects of adjunctive chemical agents such as chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash have led to the application of natural alternatives with minimal side effects. Therefore, this study evaluated the antibacterial effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Quercus infectoria (Qi) galls on Aa in vitro. Methods. The hydroalcoholic extract of Qi was obtained by the maceration method, and Aa bacterial strain was cultured. The inhibition zone diameter was measured through the agar well diffusion method. Also, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined by the broth microdilution method. All the experiments were repeated three times. 0.2% CHX was used as a control. Results. The inhibition zone diameter of Aa increased with increasing concentration of Qi extract. While MIC and MBC values for CHX were 0.0039 and 0.0078 mg/mL, respectively, both MIC and MBC values of the Qi extract for this bacterium were similar, i.e., 2.5 mg/mL, which was significantly higherd. Conclusion. Since other in vivo studies have confirmed the other properties of this extract and its safety in terms of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity, hydroalcoholic extract of Qi may be used in mouthwashes or local delivery systems to affect periodontal biofilm.
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Hung, Tran Thanh, Pham Thu Trang, Hoang Viet, Nguyen Thi My Lan, Luong Thi My Ngan, and Tran Trung Hieu. "In vitro antimicrobial activity of hydrosol from Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. against Helicobacter pylori and Candida albicans." Biomedical Research and Therapy 7, no. 6 (2020): 3819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v7i6.610.
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Introduction: Helicobacter pylori and Candida albicans are classified as the most common pathogenic agents in humans. H. pylori is responsible for gastroduodenal diseases and greatly associated with gastric carcinogenesis, while C. albicans is the main cause of fungal urinary tract, genital yeast, and fungal skin infections. The increasing appearance of drug-resistant strains of H. pylori and C. albicans has made the treatment of the infections more serious. Hydrosols from plant steam distillation have been traditionally used in medicine, cosmetics, and culinary uses. They have been recently suggested as antimicrobial agents owing to their safety and ability to reduce the potential of resistance. The aim of the present study is to assess antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydrosols extracted from the fresh fruits of Litsea cubeba against H. pylori and C. albicans.
 Methods: The L. cubeba fruit hydrosol was obtained by steam distillation method. Evaluation of the growth-inhibiting and microbicidal effects of the hydrosol towards the H. pylori ATCC 43504 and C. albicans ATCC 10231 was determined through MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration), MBC (minimal bactericidal concentration), and MFC (minimal fungicidal concentration) measurements using broth dilution assays. Compositions of the dissolved essential oil (dEO) from the hydrosol were analyzed by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry).
 Results: The results indicated that the L. cubeba fruit hydrosol exhibited strong antimicrobial ability towards the bacterium H. pylori (MIC of 10%, MBC of 30%) and the yeast C. albicans (MIC of 10%, MFC of 40%). The cells of H. pylori and C. albicans were killed completely after 24 and 18 hours of treatment with 30% and 40% of the hydrosol, respectively. The major constituents of the dEO were geranial (32.92%), neral (27.12%), p-menthan-8-yl acetate (8.45%), 2-cyclopropyl-2-methylspiro[2.2]pentane-1-carboxylic acid (8.09%), linalool (4.24%), and methyl heptenone (4.15%).
 Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that L. cubeba fruit hydrosols could be used as potent natural antibacterial and antifungal preparations in the global effort to discover safe alternatives to toxic antimicrobial agents.
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Korzekwa, Kamila, Anna Kędziora, Bartłomiej Stańczykiewicz, Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska, and Dorota Wojnicz. "Benefits of Usage of Immobilized Silver Nanoparticles as Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antibiofilm Factors." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 1 (2021): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010284.
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The aim of this study was to assess the beneficial inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles immobilized on SiO2 or TiO2 on biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa—one of the most dangerous pathogens isolated from urine and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients hospitalized in intensive care units. Pure and silver doped nanoparticles of SiO2 and TiO2 were prepared using a novel modified sol-gel method. Ten clinical strains of P. aeruginosa and the reference PAO1 strain were used. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the broth microdilution method. The minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and biofilm formation were assessed by colorimetric assay. Bacterial enumeration was used to assess the viability of bacteria in the biofilm. Silver nanoparticles immobilized on the SiO2 and TiO2 indicated high antibacterial efficacy against P. aeruginosa planktonic and biofilm cultures. TiO2/Ag0 showed a better bactericidal effect than SiO2/Ag0. Our results indicate that the inorganic compounds (SiO2, TiO2) after nanotechnological modification may be successfully used as antibacterial agents against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains.
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Army, Monika Kerry, Rohimatul Khodijah, Yuli Haryani, Hilwan Yuda Teruna, and Rudi Hendra. "Antibacterial in vitro screening of Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. root extracts." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 11, no. 2 (2023): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.56499/jppres22.1540_11.2.291.
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Context: Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. has been used as a traditional medicine plant to treat diabetic mellitus and various infectious in China, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Aims: To determine the antibacterial activity of H. zeylanica root extracts against various pathogenic bacteria. Methods: The extraction was carried out by maceration of fresh roots using methanol, then partitioned to obtain extracts of n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts showed inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 1965, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, B. cereus ATCC 10876, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802, V. alginolyticus ATCC 17749, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 142028. The MIC value of dichloromethane extract against these bacteria was 125-500 µg/mL, while the ethyl acetate extract was 500 µg/mL. Furthermore, the MBC for dichloromethane against bacteria B. subtilis and V. parahaemolyticus were 250 µg/mL. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the in vitro antibacterial potential of the species extracts against pathogenic bacteria. The dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts showed the most significant inhibitory activity, suggesting that this plant could be a potential source for developing new antimicrobial agents. Further research is needed to identify the active compounds responsible for the observed effects.
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Dzamic, Ana, Marina Sokovic, M. Ristic, Slavica Grujic-Jovanovic, Jelena Vukojevic, and P. D. Marin. "Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Salvia sclarea (Lamiaceae) essential oil." Archives of Biological Sciences 60, no. 2 (2008): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0802233d.
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Clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) is native to Southern Europe and is cultivated worldwide. The essential oil of clary sage was analyzed as a potential antifungal agent. The main compounds in the oil were linalyl acetate (52.83%) and linalool (18.18%). Food poisoning agents, spoilage fungi, and plant and animal pathogens were among the tested fungal species. The microdilution method was used to establish minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC). The commercial antimycotic bifonazole was used as a control. A concentration of 25 ?l/ml showed fungicidal activity against Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species and Trichoderma viride. For the species Mucor mucedo and Aspergillus viride, the MFC was 15?l/ml; for Candida albicans, it was 10 ?l/ml, as in the case of bifonazole. Fungistatic and fungicidal activities of the oil against Cladosporium cladosporioides and Trichophyton menthagrophytes were recorded at concentrations of 2.5 ?l/ml and 5 ?l/ml. The most sensitive micromycetes were Cladosporium fulvum, Alternaria alternata, Phomopsis helianthi, and Phoma macdonaldii, where a concentration of 2.5 ?l/ml was lethal.