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Journal articles on the topic 'Minimization of chemical waste'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Zhao, Xiao Qiang. "A Novel Scheduling Approach to Waste Minimization in Process Industry." Advanced Materials Research 121-122 (June 2010): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.121-122.143.

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Waste minimization opportunities could be of great importance for decreasing the waste pollution load and production costs. A formulation of multi-objective optimization problems is proposed for the optimal design of chemical processes with waste minimization. As an illustrating example, a problem of optimal design of multipurpose chemical processes was solved. The approach developed is shown to be effective for solving problems of optimal design of chemical processes with waste minimization.

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2

Cox, Geraldine V. "Waste minimization in the chemical industry." Environmental Science & Technology 22, no. 9 (1988): 1003–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00174a600.

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3

Englande, A. J., and C. F. Guarino. "Toxics Management in the Chemical and Petrochemical Industries." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (1992): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0407.

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Findings of an international conference sponsored by the IAWPRC and Tulane University entitled, “Waste Management in the Chemical and Petrochemical Industries - Toxics Management” held 17-20 June 1991 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA are summarized and discussed. Focus is given to the identification, assessment and control of toxics with emphasis on: legal considerations, toxicity assessment, waste minimization and innovative treatment techniques for toxic and hazardous waste liquids and residuals. Management of toxics in the chemical and petrochemical industries is developing into an interactiv

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4

Ashbrook, Peter C., and Todd A. Houts. "Targeting chemicals for waste minimization." Chemical Health and Safety 7, no. 5 (2000): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-9098(00)00135-0.

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5

Peterst, R. W., E. J. Daniels, and A. M. Wolsky. "Research Agenda for Waste Minimization*." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (1992): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0081.

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Because of the large quantities of materials and energy used by the chemical industry, significant opportunities are available for waste reduction. Waste reduction techniques include improvements in process selectivity and/or conversion, the ability to operate at lower temperatures and/or pressures, processes requiring fewer steps, feedstocks with fewer inherent byproducts, more efficient equipment design, products and/or catalysts with longer lives, more efficient unit operations, innovative process integration, avoidance of heat degradation of reaction products, new uses for otherwise valuel

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6

Ashbrook, Peter C., and Todd A. Houts. "Planning for waste minimization." Chemical Health and Safety 7, no. 1 (2000): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-9098(99)00068-4.

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7

Wood, K. N., and A. L. Bishop. "Effluent Guidelines Compliance through Waste Minimization." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (1992): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0410.

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Ever-tightening regulations on releases to the environment have become a major business factor for the chemical industry. The Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic Fibers (OCPSF) effluent guidelines have required many manufacturing sites to expand or upgrade their wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) at considerable cost. Du Pont has recognized the need to shift the emphasis from “end-of-pipe” treatment to waste reduction and elimination at the process source. The Du Pont Belle, West Virginia plant is implementing a program to comply with the OCPSF effluent guidelines by reducing the organi

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8

Gujer, U. "Waste Minimization: A Major Concern of the Chemical Industry." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (1991): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0369.

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Supplying the growing demands of society for goods and services is leading to a depletion of resources and an increase in the amount of waste generated. The uniqueness of the chemical industry requires special solutions. Waste management and waste minimization, including recycling, reuse, and valorization, must become integral parts of any production process or facility. Examples are given at the single process level, at the product group level, and at the production facility level of successful programs that eliminated or signifantly reduced the amount of waste generated.

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9

Halim, Iskandar, and Rajagopalan Srinivasan. "Systematic Waste Minimization in Chemical Processes. 1. Methodology." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 41, no. 2 (2002): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie010207g.

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10

Hollod, G. J., and R. F. McCartney. "Hazardous Waste Minimization: Part I Waste Reduction in the Chemical Industry." JAPCA 38, no. 2 (1988): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466368.

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11

Halloran, A. R., T. E. Higgins, and G. Mikéta. "Multimedia waste auditing in Hungary: a waste minimization feasibility study for a metal plating facility." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (1994): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0242.

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Multimedia waste audits of three industries that generate significant quantities of waste and are vital to the future economic life of Hungary were performed by CH2M HILL; VRF (The Institute for Environment and Safety in the Chemical and Explosives Industry); and Post, Buckley, Schuh, and Jernigan (PBS&J). The industries were tanning, chemical production, and metal plating (galvanic). The seven plants selected for the audits were given detailed questionnaires concerning their manufacturing processes, waste production, energy consumption, and waste treatment and disposal practices. The plan

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12

Ansari, M. A. "Source reduction and recycling for pollution prevention in chemical plants." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (1994): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0239.

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This paper reviews and describes the methods currently used to reduce water pollution from chemical plants using waste minimization at the source and recycling when necessary. Techniques, including process changes, equipment modifications, changes in operational set points, improved process control and automation are discussed. The discussion focuses on AlliedSignal's successful experience using techniques of total quality management in reducing pollution at the source and through recycling. Examples are presented as to how management's commitment to waste minimization concepts, operator train

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13

Halim, Iskandar, and Rajagopalan Srinivasan. "Systematic Waste Minimization in Chemical Processes. 3. Batch Operations." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45, no. 13 (2006): 4693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie050792b.

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14

Douglas, James M. "Process synthesis for waste minimization." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 31, no. 1 (1992): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00001a034.

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15

PERKA, ALAN T., CHRISTINE S. GRANT, and MICHAEL R. OVERCASH. "WASTE MINIMIZATION IN BATCH VESSEL CLEANING." Chemical Engineering Communications 119, no. 1 (1993): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986449308936114.

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16

Valenzuela, Jacqui Lou Baguios, Marilyn M. Blancaflor, Cynde Rose S. Solatorio, Edwin T. Anata, and Juliet Salubre. "Greening the Curriculum: A Strategic Waste Management for Chemical Wastes in School Laboratories." JPAIR Institutional Research 11, no. 1 (2018): 126–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7719/irj.v11i1.596.

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Despite global awareness on the effects of improper chemical waste disposal, the actual practice of proper waste handling is still neglected. Serving as the best venue for information dissemination, schools can reinforce waste management programs through its curriculum. Identification of curriculum areas that can complement waste management strategies by evaluating the level of awareness and participation of its teaching employees, non-teaching staff, and students is the main objective of this study. Validated self-constructed survey-questionnaires were administered to 149 respondents represen

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17

Ashbrook, Peter, and Todd Houts. "Quick audit checklist for waste minimization." Chemical Health and Safety 6, no. 1 (1999): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-9098(00)87104-x.

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18

Vaklieva-Bancheva, N., and B. Ivanov. "Waste minimization through optimal plant retrofit." Computers & Chemical Engineering 23 (June 1999): S75—S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(99)80020-9.

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19

Nascimento, Elizabeth de Souza, and Alfredo Tenuta Filho. "Chemical waste risk reduction and environmental impact generated by laboratory activities in research and teaching institutions." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 46, no. 2 (2010): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502010000200004.

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The environmental impact caused by teaching and research with regard to chemical waste is of increasing concern, and attempts to solve the issue are being made. Education and research-related institutions, in most laboratory and non-laboratory activities, contribute to the generation of small quantities of waste, many of them highly toxic. Of this waste, some is listed by government agencies who are concerned about environmental pollution: disposal of acids, metals, solvents, chemicals and toxicity of selected products of synthesis, whose toxicity is often unknown. This article presents an ass

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20

Englande, A. J. "Status and Direction of Waste Minimization in the Chemical and Petrochemical Industries." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (1994): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0375.

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This paper presents an evaluation of the status and direction of toxic/hazardous waste reduction in the chemical and petrochemical industries from an international perspective. Pertinent approaches, experiences and trends are described. Industrial waste management has evolved from an “end-of-pipe” treatment mentality to source reduction as the preferred option. It is generally agreed that the Chemical/Petrochemical Industries generate more hazardous and toxic waste than any other industrial sector. Also because of the large quantities of materials and energy used by these industries, significa

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21

Ashbrook, Peter C., and Todd A. Hauts. "Laboratory waste minimization on a national scale." Chemical Health and Safety 6, no. 5 (1999): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-9098(99)00029-5.

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22

Eckenfelder, W. Wesley, and A. J. Englande. "Chemical/petrochemical wastewater management—past, present and future." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 10 (1996): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0232.

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This paper summarizes and evaluates past, current and expected actions concerning waste management in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Industrial waste management has evolved from an “end of pipe” treatment mentality to holistic environmental waste management with source reductions as the preferred option. In most cases significant costs savings have resulted and environmental and public health impacts minimized. This current thrust has resulted from recent regulatory actions. Future trends will require management changes. To be effective, the management approach selected must addres

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23

Valentini, Federica, and Luigi Vaccaro. "Azeotropes as Powerful Tool for Waste Minimization in Industry and Chemical Processes." Molecules 25, no. 22 (2020): 5264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225264.

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Aiming for more sustainable chemical production requires an urgent shift towards synthetic approaches designed for waste minimization. In this context the use of azeotropes can be an effective tool for “recycling” and minimizing the large volumes of solvents, especially in aqueous mixtures, used. This review discusses the implementation of different kinds of azeotropic mixtures in relation to the environmental and economic benefits linked to their recovery and re-use. Examples of the use of azeotropes playing a role in the process performance and in the purification steps maximizing yields whi

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24

Sheldon, Roger A. "Atom efficiency and catalysis in organic synthesis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 7 (2000): 1233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072071233.

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The key to waste minimization in fine chemicals manufacture is the widespread substitution of classical organic syntheses employing stoichiometric amounts of inorganic reagents with cleaner, catalytic alternatives. The E factors (by waste per kg product) of chemical processes increase dramatically on going downstream from bulk to fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, mainly owing to the use of "stoichiometric" methods. The concept of atom efficiency is a useful tool for rapid evaluation of the amount of waste generated by alternative processes. The general theme of atom-efficient, catalytic proc

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25

Halim, Iskandar, and Rajagopalan Srinivasan. "Integrated Decision Support System for Waste Minimization Analysis in Chemical Processes." Environmental Science & Technology 36, no. 7 (2002): 1640–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0155175.

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26

Halim, Iskandar, and Rajagopalan Srinivasan. "Systematic Waste Minimization in Chemical Processes. 2. Intelligent Decision Support System." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 41, no. 2 (2002): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0102089.

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27

Izzo, Robin M. "Waste minimization and pollution prevention in university laboratories." Chemical Health and Safety 7, no. 3 (2000): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-9098(00)00080-0.

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28

Sheldon, Roger A. "Catalysis: The Key to Waste Minimization." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 68, no. 4 (1997): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4660(199704)68:4<381::aid-jctb620>3.0.co;2-3.

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29

Yue, Po Lock. "Special Issue—Clean Technology and Waste Minimization." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 82, no. 3 (2004): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/095758204323065948.

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30

Sun, Zhirong, Xiang Hu, and Ding Zhou. "Wastewater Minimization in Indirect Electrochemical Synthesis of Phenylacetaldehyde." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.76.

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Wastewater minimization in phenylacetaldehyde production by using indirect electrochemical oxidation of phenylethane instead of the seriously polluting traditional chemical process is described in this paper. Results show that high current efficiency of Mn(III) and high yield of phenylacetaldehyde can be obtained at the same sulfuric acid concentration (60%). The electrolytic mediator can be recycled and there will be no waste discharged.

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31

Lima, Francisco Fontes, and Francisco Alves Pereira. "NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES FOR WASTE MINIMIZATION IN THE CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES : FINDINGS OF THE SALVADOR, BRAZIL, 1993 CONFERENCE." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 3 (1994): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0050.

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This paper describes the findings of the “Third International Conference on Waste Management in the Chemical and Petrochemical Industries,” held in Salvador, Brazil, October 20-23, 1993. A summary of the 74 technical papers, divided into six major categories, is presented together with comments on the more stringent legislation concerning source control programmes. Case studies of two large chemical complexes that have been developing successful waste minimization programmes are described in detail: CETREL-Environmental Protection Company in Camaçari, Brazil, and BASF AG in Ludwigshafen, Germa

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32

Altaf, Hussain Padder. "Health Care Waste Management." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 3 (2019): 908–11. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23109.

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This paper deals with health care waste management. It outlines the types of health care waste relating of pathological waste, chemical waste and hazards from health care waste. This paper makes a special note on management of hazardous healthcare waste, waste handling procedure, waste minimization methods, segregation of health care waste, recycling and reuse of health care waste and health care waste treatment. This paper sheds light on prevention and control of risk to the health workers consequent upon handling health care waste. This paper concludes with some interesting findings. Altaf H

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33

Kumar, Ashok, Akhil Kadiyala, and Vamsidhar V. Poosarala. "A Review of Patents on Treatment Methods for Waste Minimization." Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering 3, no. 2 (2010): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874478811003020099.

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34

Choy, K. K. H., D. C. K. Ko, W. H. Cheung, et al. "Municipal Solid Waste Utilization for Integrated Cement Processing with Waste Minimization." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 82, no. 3 (2004): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/095758204323065966.

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35

Barber, John B., and Timothy E. Musick. "Comparing Capacity Expansion and Waste Minimization Options at a Chemical Manufacturing Facility." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006, no. 5 (2006): 6662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864706783761392.

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36

Konar, Biplab. "Biomedical Waste Treatment: Technologies, Challenges, and Management Strategies." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 05 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem47829.

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Abstract Biomedical waste (BMW) management is a critical global concern due to its potential risks to public health and the environment, particularly with the rising waste volumes from healthcare facilities. This paper examines current treatment technologies— including incineration, autoclaving, chemical disinfection, microwave treatment, and plasma pyrolysis—analyzing their efficacy, environmental impact, and operational challenges. Emerging trends like waste minimization, resource recovery, and smart tracking systems are explored as sustainable solutions. However, challenges such as regulato

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37

Holt, Erika, Maria Oksa, Matti Nieminen, et al. "Predisposal conditioning, treatment, and performance assessment of radioactive waste streams." EPJ Nuclear Sciences & Technologies 8 (2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2022036.

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Before the final disposal of radioactive wastes, various processes can be implemented to optimise the waste form. This can include different chemical and physical treatments, such as thermal treatment for waste reduction, waste conditioning for homogenisation and waste immobilisation for stabilisation prior to packaging and interim storage. Ensuring the durability and safety of the waste matrices and packages through performance and condition assessment is important for waste owners, waste management organisations, regulators and wider stakeholder communities. Technical achievements and lesson

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38

Pankina, I. A., E. S. Belokurova, N. A. Politaeva, V. N. Lomasov, and N. Z. Bashun. "Modern methods of treatment plant materials for waste minimization." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914002014.

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Nowadays in the food industry great attention is paid to reducing losses at the stages of agricultural products’ harvesting, treatment, and storage. Many developed countries produce food products of extended storage period. To increase the shelf life of semi-finished and finished food products, non-thermal treatment methods are being used that allow one to save a greater amount of biologically active substances. One of these methods is products treatment by ionizing radiation. The article presents the results of assessing the influence of radiation treatment on microbiological, physico-chemica

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39

Chauhan, Garima, K. K. Pant, and K. D. P. Nigam. "Chelation technology: a promising green approach for resource management and waste minimization." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 17, no. 1 (2015): 12–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4em00559g.

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This review covers the technical applicability of chelation technology for metal extraction from contaminated sites, recent research trends and future opportunities to promote this process as a green chemical engineering approach.

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40

Botic, Tatjana, Nadezda Iliskovic, and Dijana Drljaca. "Study of the dechroming of tanned leather wastes." Chemical Industry 58, no. 2 (2004): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0402064b.

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According to European legislation, it is not possible to dump any chromium-containing waste in Europe. The minimization of wastes is a key element in that strategy. It involves the application of clean technologies: low and non-waste technologies. The tanning industry generates substantial quantities of chromium-containing solid waste in the form of shavings and trimmings. The recycling and reuse of those wastes must be the primary target in optimizing processes of the leather industry. The problem is in a satisfying chromium separation from collagen fibers. Common hydrolysis processes-alkalin

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41

N. Eselini, Najah Hashmi. "Strategies to Reduce Waste in Chemical Engineering to Preserve the Environment in Libya." Journal of Software Engineering and Simulation 11, no. 04 (2025): 10–14. https://doi.org/10.35629/3795-11041014.

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This literature review explores comprehensive strategies for reducing waste in chemical engineering within the context of Libya to preserve the environment. The review begins with an introduction outlining the importance of waste reduction in chemical engineering, followed by a detailed examination of Libya’s regulatory frameworks and standards. Various waste minimization techniques are discussed, such as process optimization and process intensification, highlighting their effectiveness in reducing waste. The principles of sustainable and green chemistry are examined, focusing on the use of bi

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42

Isi, Lawani Raymond, Elemele Ogu, Peter Ifechukwude Egbumokei, Ikiomoworio Nicholas Dienagha, and Wags Numoipiri Digitemie. "Pioneering Eco-Friendly Fluid Systems and Waste Minimization Strategies in Fracturing and Stimulation Operations." Journal of Frontiers in Multidisciplinary Research 2, no. 1 (2021): 56–66. https://doi.org/10.54660/.ijfmr.2021.2.1.56-66.

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The increasing environmental concerns surrounding hydraulic fracturing and well stimulation operations have driven the need for eco-friendly fluid systems and waste minimization strategies. This study explores the development and implementation of sustainable fluid formulations and advanced waste reduction techniques aimed at mitigating the environmental footprint of oil and gas extraction. By leveraging biodegradable additives, water recycling technologies, and real-time monitoring systems, the industry can enhance operational efficiency while adhering to stringent environmental regulations.

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43

de Almeida, Luciana Lezira Pereira, Vivian Ferreira Pereira, Izabel de Souza Ramos, and Zélia Maria Peixoto Chrispim. "Use of Construction Waste to the Mass Manufacture of Clay Products." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.45.

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The objective of this study was to use the waste in the construction ceramic, because it does not degrade in nature due to its chemical composition and a contribution to the reduction of this waste in landfills and visual pollution. Thus, a sample of this material was selected so that their characteristics regarding chemical composition, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis could be studied. Mixtures were prepared containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight of waste, and sintered at a temperature of 850 ° C. After water absorption, linear shrinkage

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44

Chew, Chia, Yen, Nomanbhay, Ho, and Show. "Transformation of Biomass Waste into Sustainable Organic Fertilizers." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (2019): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082266.

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The management of solid waste presents a challenge for developing countries as thegeneration of waste is increasing at a rapid and alarming rate. Much awareness towards thesustainability and technological advances for solid waste management has been implemented toreduce the generation of unnecessary waste. The recycling of this waste is being applied to producevaluable organic matter, which can be used as fertilizers or amendments to improve the soil structure.This review studies the sustainable transformation of various types of biomass waste such as animalmanure, sewage sludge, municipal sol

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45

Dr. Sanghratna L. Kasare. "Green Chemistry Approaches for Sustainable Waste Management and Resource Recovery." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology 12, no. 4 (2025): 489–94. https://doi.org/10.32628/ijsrst251303.

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The increasing generation of waste and depletion of natural resources have necessitated the development of sustainable waste management strategies. Green chemistry, which focuses on minimizing environmental impact through the design of chemical processes and products, offers innovative solutions for waste management and resource recovery. This research paper explores the principles of green chemistry and their application in sustainable waste management, including waste minimization, recycling, and the recovery of valuable resources. The study highlights case studies of green chemistry-based t

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46

Golik, V. I., Yu I. Razorenov, A. A. Belodedov, and S. O. Versilov. "Minimization of the Danger of Metallized Mine Drains." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 7 (July 2023): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-7-60-65.

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Increase in ore production volumes and the use of large-sized equipment contribute to the loss of ores during mining, which gives rise to the phenomenon of natural leaching. On the example of deposits of the Sadon ore cluster, the hazard of metallized mine effluents for living matter and humans is shown. Of the relatively young methods of mine water purification, the most promising is the combination of electrochemical softening of mine effluents with electrodialysis desalination and concentration. The improvement of environmental protection technologies is developing on the basis of the manag

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47

Atthar, Aura Dhia Rizki, Mega Mutiara Sari, Iva Yenis Septiariva, and I. Wayan Koko Suryawan. "Evaluation of Minimization and Storage Management of Medical Waste at Hospital X Jakarta during the Covid-19 Pandemic." JTERA (Jurnal Teknologi Rekayasa) 7, no. 1 (2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.31544/jtera.v7.i1.2022.121-126.

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Health facilities such as hospitals produce medical waste and non-medical waste. Improper management of medical waste can cause the spread of infectious nature, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, management at the source, such as minimization and containment, is important and must be evaluated. This study evaluates hospital medical waste management based on minimization and containment efforts. This research was conducted by direct observation and literature review. The findings on minimization efforts are following regulations such as reducing the use of materials containing

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48

Zhou, Ding, Zhirong Sun, and Wanli Hu. "A study on wastewater minimization in indirect electrochemical synthesis of benzaldehyde." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 10 (1996): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0246.

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Development of methods of pollution prevention is a strategic orientation for environmental protection. This paper describes studies on waste minimization in benzaldehyde production by using indirect electrochemical oxidation of toluene instead of the seriously polluting traditional chemical process. The new technology developed eliminates the discharge of wastewater by recycling the reactive solution and gives a higher yield of benzaldehyde.

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49

Strotmann, U. J., and W. Weisbrodt. "Wastewater Treatment and Integrated Environmental Protection at the BASF AG in Ludwigshafen, Germany." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (1994): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0407.

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A large chemical complex like BASF AG in Ludwigshafen has a high demand of process and cooling water. Therefore, water protection and wastewater treatment are predominant tasks. With the help of a dual sewage system for the separate discharge of cooling water and process water an efficient wastewater management is made possible. The cooling water is continuously supervised for contaminations and directly discharged into the river Rhine whereas the process water is treated in a central wastewater treatment plant. The daily amount of wastewater treated is up to 600,000 m3. The BOD5 removal is ab

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50

Dahab, M. F., D. L. Montag, and J. M. Parr. "Pollution prevention and waste minimization at a galvanizing and electroplating facility." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (1994): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0243.

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Abstract:

Pollution prevention, often referred to as source reduction, encompasses all activities that lead to reductions in the amount and/or toxicity of wastes. Waste minimization, on the other hand, refers to all activities including source reduction, on-site reuse, and recycling that lead to reductions in the amount and/or toxicity of waste generated, stored, treated, or disposed of by a given facility. Pollution prevention generally is regarded as the most cost-effective component of integrated waste management strategies. This paper describes an industrial pollution prevention program at an aging

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