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Books on the topic 'Minimum level of haemoglobin'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

Ware, Chris. Ecological summaries of plants commonly encountered during minimum flow and level determinations. St. Johns River Water Management District, 2001.

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2

Services, National Library of Canada Working Group on Technical. Guidelines for the minimum bibliographic and holdings description of newspapers. National Library of Canada, 1987.

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3

Maltese Workshop on the National Minimum Curriculum for the Primary Level (1990 Malta). A national minimum curriculum for Malta: Proceedings of the Maltese Workshop on the National Minimum Curriculum for the Primary Level, January, 1991 [sic]. Published jointly by University of Malta, Foundation for International studies, Ministry of Education, 1991.

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4

Marion, Scott F. Issues and consequences related to state-level minimum comptetency testing programs: Report to the Wyoming Legislature. Wyoming Dept. of Education, 1998.

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5

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. Small business and entry-level employees: How to increase take-home pay and keep America working : hearing before the Committee on Small Business, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, Washington, DC, May 15, 1996. U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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6

North-East, India High Level Commission for the. Transforming the Northeast: Tackling backlogs in basic minimum services and infrastructural needs : high level commission report to the prime minister. Govt. of India, Planning Commission, 1997.

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7

Moulder, David S. Report on diagnostic procedures and a definition of minimum requirements for providing information services on a national and/or regional level. Unesco, 1994.

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8

Minnesota. State Board of Education., ed. Financing State Board of Education minimum program requirements at an adequate and equitable level: A preliminary report applying a theoretical model on selected Minesota school districts. The Department, 1986.

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9

House, United States Congress. A bill to require each State to provide a minimum level of access to health care to all citizens of such State as a condition for participation in Federal health care funding programs. U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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10

Hill, Jeffrey E. Annotated bibliography for water level effects on fish populations: Minimum flows and levels criteria development : evaluation of the importance of water depth and frequency of water levels/flow on fish population dynamics : literature review and summary. St. Johns River Water Management District, 2002.

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11

Tessier, Lou, and Olivier Louis Dit Guérin. What role can health mutuals and community-based health insurance play in social health protection systems? ILO, 2025. https://doi.org/10.54394/xusx6767.

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Social health protection systems are constantly evolving, offering a wide range of institutional, administrative, and financial arrangements. International standards in social health protection are outcome-based, and grant flexibility in the institutional and administrative arrangements chosen by each state to implement these guarantees, as long as certain fundamental principles are upheld. These principles include the establishment of state-guaranteed benefit entitlements, solidarity in financing, and broad risk pooling. The flagship Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102), globally recognized as a reference for system design, is thus conceived around the idea that systems are adaptable and that no single model applies universally. At the global level, mutuals primarily focus on providing complementary or supplementary coverage to basic health schemes. Only a small number of countries incorporate mutuals and community-based health insurance (CBHI) into the architecture of their basic health coverage systems. This working paper explores various country experiences where mutuals and CBHI contribute to basic health coverage within national social protection systems. Despite a wealth of literature on mutuals and CBHI, little is known about the practical methods used to integrate them into national social health protection architectures. This work is based on a literature review (Niang et al., 2023) and seventeen case studies spanning countries in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This comparative analysis highlights that the involvement of mutuals and AMBCs in national social health protection schemes is the result of a historical process unique to each country, evolves dynamically over time, and varies significantly in the conceptual and legal frameworks that govern them

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12

Best Practices for Haemoglobin Measurement in Population-Level Anaemia Surveys: Technical Brief. United Nations Children's Fund, The (UNICEF), 2024.

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13

Shenoy, Aravind. Jumpstart UIKit: Learn to Build Enterprise-Level, Feature-Rich Websites that Work Elegantly with Minimum Fuss. Apress, 2020.

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14

Campa, Livio. BIGINO Chess Handbook: Vademecum of the Minimum Level of Knowledge Required to Participate in an Amateur Chess Tournament. Independently Published, 2019.

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15

Campa, Livio. BIGINO Chess Handbook: Vademecum of the Minimum Level of Knowledge Required to Participate in an Amateur Chess Tournament. Independently Published, 2019.

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16

Campa, Livio. BIGINO Chess Handbook: Vademecum of the Minimum Level of Knowledge Required to Participate in an Amateur Chess Tournament. Independently Published, 2019.

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17

Mulrennan, Kevin. 100 Sudoku Puzzles Expert Level Volume 1: 100 Sudoku Puzzles with Answers. the Level Is Expert So There Is the Minimum Amount of Numbers Already in the Grid. Independently Published, 2019.

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18

Small business and entry-level employees: How to increase take-home pay and keep America working : hearing before the Committee on Small Business, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, Washington, DC, May 15, 1996. U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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19

How to Get an a in a Level Philosophy: Deconstructing the AQA Syllabus to Achieve Maximum Marks with Minimum Effort. Independently Published, 2021.

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20

Wray, George R. The state of rights: Fiduciary duties and constitutional rights : constitutionalizing a minimum level of well-being under Section 7 of the Charter. 2007.

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21

Bunch, Chris. Anaemia. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0037.

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Anaemia denotes a reduction in the circulating haemoglobin level or red-cell count below that which is normal for the individual’s age and sex. Anaemia is common and may be a primary problem or a feature of a wide variety of other conditions. This chapter covers the approach to diagnosis, diagnostic tests, therapies, prognosis, and dealing with uncertainty in the initial diagnosis.

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22

COM (94) 124 Final- SYN 517, Brussels, 21.04. [April]. 1994: Amended Proposal for a Council Directive on the Minimum Level of Training for Maritime Occupations ... SYN 517, Brussels, 21.04. [April]. 1994). European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1994.

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23

Walsh, Timothy. Pathophysiology and management of anaemia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0273.

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Anaemia is prevalent among the critically ill, with a multifactorial aetiology including haemodilution, iatrogenic blood loss, a reduced red cell lifespan, and especially decreased erythropoiesis. Acute inflammation probably has a major contribution to critical illness-induced anaemia, resulting in reduced iron absorption, sequestration of iron resulting in functional iron deficiency, relative erythropoietin deficiency, and impaired marrow red cell maturation. Anaemia during critical illness resembles the anaemia of chronic inflammatory disease, and probably results from similar pathophysiological processes. Current evidence does not support pharmacological manipulation of this process with iron or erythropoietin. Management should focus on minimization of blood loss and evidence-based use of red cells to maintain haemoglobin level.

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24

Annane, Djillali, and B. Jérôme Aboab. Management of carbon monoxide poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0328.

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CO poisoning is the commonest cause of toxic death. Carbon monoxide is colourless, odourless, and tasteless, and is produced under various conditions. When people inhale CO, the gas diffuses rapidly to the body and replaces oxygen at the level of haemoglobin, myoglobin, and other oxygen carriers. Subsequently, CO causes oxygen deprivation of all body tissues. CO also induces oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. After CO poisoning a broad variety of symptoms may occur. Survivors of CO poisoning often present with persistent neurological sequels or develop delayed neurological symptoms. There is poor correlation between carboxyhaemoglobin levels and clinical symptoms. The presence of coma, underlying co-morbid conditions and need for mechanical ventilation are the main prognostic factors. Management includes prompt extraction from the toxic environment and breathing 100% oxygen, although the role and practicalities of hyperbaric oxygen therapy remain controversial.

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25

Thomas, Dafydd, and Katy Beard. Blood conservation and transfusion in anaesthesia. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0051.

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Over the last three decades, avoidance of allogeneic transfusion in order to decrease adverse events within the recipient has become a part of clinical care. Although the main driver was an avoidance of transfusion-transmitted disease, other immunological consequences have been noted, and it is widely regarded as desirable to avoid the use of allogeneic component transfusion unless there is an essential physiological need. Of course this attempt at decreasing allogeneic blood component use has a potentially beneficial effect of blood component supply, leading to decreased use within the surgical specialties, while allowing increased use in clinical cases where there is currently no alternative to the transfusion of allogeneic components, such as those cases who have received chemotherapy and marrow suppression. The development of an array of techniques and treatments to decrease dependence of blood component transfusion has led to a care pathway that attempts to treat preoperative anaemia, minimize operative blood loss, and withhold allogeneic transfusion in the postoperative period according to clinical need. Many questions remain about the appropriate level of haemoglobin depending upon the comorbidities suffered by the patient, which is why patient blood management has gained popularity, as each patient deserves an individual care plan according to need.

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26

Franko, William W., and Christopher Witko. Building on Success. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190671013.003.0007.

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In chapter 7 the authors examine how state adoptions of the earned income tax credit (EITC), an alternative means of boosting the incomes of the working poor by adjusting their incomes with the tax code, were influenced by the growing awareness of inequality and other state-specific factors. Unlike the minimum wage, the EITC was originally enacted by the federal government in the 1970s and has historically been accepted by conservatives. As Republicans have more recently begun to question this policy at the federal level, we see that it has been expanded substantially at the state level. The analysis shows that this has been the case in states that are most aware of inequality and those where labor unions are strong, and also that, unlike minimum wage increases, both liberal and conservative governments adopted EITC laws at similar rates.

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27

Marshall, Shelley. Living Wage. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830351.001.0001.

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In this groundbreaking book, Marshall presents a a regulatory plan for addressing poorly paid, precarious work in global supply chains. Aside from climate change, inequality and poverty remain the biggest crises of our age. While the top 1 per cent continues to make gains in their share of wealth, the number of low income people in precarious and insecure work is also increasing. In a unique approach that draws on legal sociology, political economy and regulatory studies, this book describes existing regulatory measures that have succeeded, but which have to date attracted little scholarly attention. It builds on these successful experiments to set out a vision for a new multi-level, international labour law that would increase minimum wages incrementally across all nations until they reach the level of a living wage.

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28

Mun, Eun-Young, and Anne E. Ray. Integrative Data Analysis from a Unifying Research Synthesis Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0020.

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Integrative data analysis (IDA) is a promising new approach in psychological research and has been well received in the field of alcohol research. This chapter provides a larger unifying research synthesis framework for IDA. Major advantages of IDA of individual participant-level data include better and more flexible ways to examine subgroups, model complex relationships, deal with methodological and clinical heterogeneity, and examine infrequently occurring behaviors. However, between-study heterogeneity in measures, designs, and samples and systematic study-level missing data are significant barriers to IDA and, more broadly, to large-scale research synthesis. Based on the authors’ experience working on the Project INTEGRATE data set, which combined individual participant-level data from 24 independent college brief alcohol intervention studies, it is also recognized that IDA investigations require a wide range of expertise and considerable resources and that some minimum standards for reporting IDA studies may be needed to improve transparency and quality of evidence.

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29

Godsey, William D. Evolving Fiscal Foundations, c.1650–1730. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809395.003.0004.

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This chapter examines how the exigencies of decades-long Habsburg rivalry with the Ottoman empire and France affected provincial revenue, fiscal practices, and flows of money. Special attention is paid to the interplay of innovative forms of taxation, new agreements between ruler and Estates known as “recesses” that fixed a minimum level of the diet’s annual grant over a number of years, and the increasing use of the Estates’ credit on the government’s behalf. In particular, it draws attention to the inherent and increasingly visible link between taxation and borrowing as manifested in the Estates’ financial intermediation. The profound change in the financial relations between government and Estates between the 1680s and 1710s helps explain Habsburg international staying power.

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30

Prussing, John E. Optimal Spacecraft Trajectories. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811084.001.0001.

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Optimal spacecraft trajectories are given a modern comprehensive treatment of the theory and important results. In most cases “optimal” means minimum propellant. Less propellant required results in more payload delivered to the destination. Both necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimal solution are analysed. Numerous illustrative examples are included and problems are provided at the ends of the chapters along with references. Newer topics such as cooperative rendezvous and second-order conditions are considered. Seven appendices are included to supplement the text, some with problems. Both classical results and newer research results are included. A new test for a conjugate point is demonstrated. The book is both a graduate-level textbook and a scholarly reference book.

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31

Brown, Kate Pride. Coda. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660949.003.0009.

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The coda brings readers up to date with developments around Lake Baikal since the study upon which the book is based was completed (2013–2017). The coda discusses the closing of the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill, Mongolian dam projects on Selenga River tributaries, problems resulting from the growth in tourism, and a recent drop in the level of Baikal below the officially safe minimum. The coda also informs readers about the trajectories of the people and organizations described in the book in the years since 2013. Only one of the three principal organizations comprising this study remains, but the individuals are still involved in a variety of environmental projects around Lake Baikal.

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32

Manuel José Cepeda, Espinosa, and Landau David. Part Two Rights, 3 Dignity and Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190640361.003.0003.

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This chapter provides excerpts of the Colombian Constitutional Court’s case law on dignity and autonomy. Like some European legal orders, Colombian constitutionalism is centered on the protection of human dignity, understood as the protection of a minimum level of subsistence (see Chapter 6), as well as broad respect for human autonomy in fundamental choices. It covers the jurisprudence of the Court legalizing possession of a personal dose of drugs as well as euthanasia, protecting the decisional autonomy of children in a school setting, protecting the autonomy and dignity of intersex children, and legalizing abortion in certain circumstances. These topics are noteworthy because they demonstrate the Court’s insistence on protecting human autonomy within a historical context that has often sacrificed the individual for the collective.

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33

Gao, Qin. Family Expenditures and Human Capital Investment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190218133.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 focuses on Dibao’s influence on family expenditures. The chapter documents the high expenditure demands on healthcare and education faced by most Dibao families across urban and rural areas. While Dibao has enabled urban recipient families to spend more on both of these items, it has helped rural families pay for healthcare but not education. Meeting survival needs is not found to be a priority in the use of Dibao money for either urban or rural recipients, suggesting that these families may be maintaining a bare-minimum level of livelihood while having to meet urgent health or education needs. In both urban and rural areas, Dibao receipt is associated with reduced spending on leisure. Rural Dibao receipt is also associated with reduced spending on alcohol, tobacco, gifts to others, and social insurance contributions, while the same effect is either not found or not examined in urban Dibao.

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34

Baer, Madeline. Water for Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693152.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 provides a case study of the human rights-based approach to water policy through an analysis of the Bolivian government’s attempts to implement the human right to water and sanitation. It explores these efforts at the local and national level, through changes to investments, institutions, and policies. The analysis reveals that while Bolivia meets the minimum standard for the human right to water and sanitation in some urban areas, access to quality water is low in poor and marginalized communities. While the Bolivian government expresses a strong political will for a human rights approach and is increasing state capacity to fulfill rights, the broader criteria for the right to water and sanitation, including citizen participation and democratic decision-making, remain largely unfulfilled. This case suggests political will and state capacity might be necessary but are not sufficient to fulfill the human right to water and sanitation broadly defined.

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35

Soentken, Menno, Franca van Hooren, and Deborah Rice. The Impact of Social Investment Reforms on Income and Activation in the Netherlands. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0021.

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In this chapter we assess the buffer and flow dimension of the social investment state for early school leavers and lone parents in the Netherlands. By applying an ‘at-risk household-type model’, we show that the buffer function of the welfare state for the two risk groups out of work has declined in the last decade, particularly for early school leavers. On the other hand, the buffer function, in terms of minimum income protection, for those risk groups that have acquired paid employment has significantly improved. In terms of labour-market flow, we show that capacitation of risk groups is an explicit aim of service delivery at the local level in the Netherlands. On the other hand, capacitation was brought in jeopardy by recent budget, which undermined the flow function for precarious risk groups. Both the buffer and flow function of the Dutch social investment state point to an ambivalent reform path.

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36

Frankel, Susy. Traditional Knowledge, Indigenous Peoples, and Local Communities. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.33.

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This chapter situates the claims for protection of traditional knowledge in the international intellectual property (IP) context. Drawing on examples, it discusses the meaning of “traditional knowledge” and how the goals and means of protecting that knowledge do not fit within the framework of IP law. In order to address the overlap with IP and provide protection against misuse of traditional knowledge, a number of international bodies have been involved in negotiations and treaty drafting. The chapter discusses those developments, and concludes that even though international resolution looks unlikely in the short-term, the protection of traditional knowledge will continue to feature in international IP debates until a minimum level of agreement at least reached. In order to attain such agreement, there needs to be relevant national laws and, as a practical matter, sufficient investment in the innovation of traditional knowledge in order to deliver the value of protection to its holders.

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37

Ingles, Jodie, Charlotte Burns, and Laura Yeates. Genetic counselling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0145.

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Cardiac genetic counselling is an emerging but important subspecialty. The qualifications of cardiac genetic counsellors depend on the country of practice, but at a minimum they are Master’s-level trained health professionals with expertise in genetics, and are integral members of the multidisciplinary inherited cardiovascular disease clinic. Though the framework is diverse in different countries, key roles include investigation and confirmation of family history details, discussion of inheritance risks and facilitation of cardiac genetic testing, communication with at-risk relatives, and increasingly, curation of genetic test results. The use of next-generation sequencing technologies has seen a recent shift in the uptake of genetic testing, due to greater availability and lowered costs. As these gene tests become more comprehensive, including large panels of genes and even whole exome or whole genome sequencing, the need for cardiac genetic counsellors to provide informed consent, appropriate pre- and post-test genetic counselling, and ongoing curation of the variants identified is evident. Finally, given the improved understanding of the psychological implications of living with a cardiovascular genetic disease, cardiac genetic counsellors are integral in delivering psychosocial care and identifying patients requiring intervention with a clinical psychologist.

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38

Mancillas, Linda K. Presidents and Mass Incarceration. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216000839.

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Mandatory minimum sentencing; "three-strikes-and-you're-out" legislation; harsher sentences and less parole and probation. The result of draconian criminal justice policies in the last six decades is that the United States is the largest incarcerator in the world, surpassing Russia and China, with significant overrepresentation of African Americans and Latinos in U.S. prisons, especially for low-level, nonviolent drug offenses. Presidents and Mass Incarceration: Choices at the Top, Repercussions at the Bottom shows how American presidents from Lyndon B. Johnson to Donald J. Trump have operated as significant political criminal justice entrepreneurs and how the leadership choices made at the top by these chief executives continue to have severe repercussions for the citizens at the lowest levels of our communities. Author Linda K. Mancillas references State of the Union Addresses, presidential initiatives, laws passed by Congress, Supreme Court decisions, and public opinion on high-profile crime events to assemble a cohesive framework of data that supports each president's impact on the incarceration explosion. Readers will come away with a greater appreciation for the complexity and magnitude of the political, economic, and societal issue of over-imprisonment that both the federal and state governments are attempting to address.

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39

LeMaster, Lore/tta. Pedagogies of the Enfleshed. Lexington Books, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978748163.

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In Pedagogies of the Enfleshed: Critical Communication Pedagogy Otherwise, Lore LeMaster proffers a historic account of the rise of education and, in turn, communication studies as a distinct field of study. In doing so, the author reconsiders communication’s disciplinary origins with less of an emphasis on the mythos of the Ancient Greeks and, more accurately, relocates them within the historic context of U.S. settler colonial development and ever-expanding empire. LeMaster argues that the point of critical communication pedagogy otherwise isn’t to instill critical sensibilities into our teaching, but to instead draw on lived experiences as grounds for more effective uses of communication to intervene in oppressive relations across (in)formal pedagogical contexts and in service of liberatory change. Where critical communication pedagogy calls for reform, critical communication pedagogy otherwise labors in service of liberation within the long arc of revolutionary change, beginning from y/our vantage as educators-as-learners. This is especially crucial, LeMaster posits, in the face of critical ongoing issues, including economic recessions, growing climate collapse, escalating fascisms, amassing white nationalisms, and U.S.-funded genocides, all amid an active pandemic. Ultimately, this book makes a compelling case for the need of new critical communication pedagogy tools or, at minimum, approaches to communication pedagogy that support critical worldmaking efforts beyond recognition and with resource support at the local level.

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40

O’Hear, Michael. The Failed Promise of Sentencing Reform. Praeger, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400649493.

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Despite 15 years of reform efforts, the incarceration rate in the United States remains at an unprecedented high level. This book provides the first comprehensive survey of these reforms and explains why they have proven to be ineffective. After many decades of stability, the imprisonment rate in the United States quintupled between 1973 and 2003. Since then, nearly all states have adopted multiple reforms intended to reduce imprisonment, but the U.S. imprisonment rate has only decreased by a paltry two percent. Why are American sentencing reforms since 2000 been largely ineffective? Are tough mandatory minimum sentences for nonviolent drug offenders the primary reason our prisons are always full? This book offers a fascinating assessment of the wave of sentencing reforms adopted by dozens of states as well as changes at the federal level since 2000, identifying common themes among seemingly disparate changes in sentencing policy and highlighting recent reform efforts that have been more successful and may point the way forward for the nation as a whole. In The Failed Promise of Sentencing Reform, author Michael O’Hear exposes the myths that American prison sentencing reforms enacted in the 21st century have failed to have the expected effect because U.S. prisons are filled to capacity with nonviolent drug offenders as a result of the “war on drugs,” and because of new laws that took away the discretion of judges and corrections officials. O’Hear then makes a convincing case for the real reason sentencing reforms have come up short: because they exclude violent and sexual offenders, and because they rely on the discretion of officials who still have every incentive to be highly risk-averse. He also highlights how overlooking the well-being of offenders and their families in our consideration of sentencing reform has undermined efforts to effect real change.

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41

Martin, Lori Latrice, Hayward Derrick Horton, and Teresa A. Booker. Lessons from the Black Working Class. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400678424.

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This book enables readers to better understand, explain, and predict the future of the nation's overall economic health through its examination of the black working class—especially the experiences of black women and black working-class residents outside of urban areas. How have the experiences of black working-class women and men residing in urban, suburban, and rural settings impacted U.S. labor relations and the broader American society? This book asserts that a comprehensive and critical examination of the black working class can be used to forecast whether economic troubles are on the horizon. It documents how the increasing incidence of attacks on unions, the dwindling availability of working-class jobs, and the clamoring by the working class for a minimum wage hike is proof that the atmospheric pressure in America is rising, and that efforts to prepare for the approaching financial storm require attention to the individuals and households who are often overlooked: the black working class. Presenting information of great importance to sociologists, political scientists, and economists, the authors of this work explore the impact of the recent Great Recession on working-class African Americans and argue that the intersections of race and class for this particular group uncover the state of equity and justice in America. This book will also be of interest to public policymakers as well as students in graduate-level courses in the areas of African American studies, American society and labor, labor relations, labor and the Civil Rights Movement, and studies on race, class, and gender.

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42

Hansen, Henrik, John Rand, and Neda Trifković. Traditional and modern employee benefits in Myanmar’s manufacturing sector. 41st ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/979-2.

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Employer-provided benefits are independent elements in the compensation packages that make up firms’ payment strategies. Such benefits are aimed at attracting and retaining preferred employees and improving incentives. In Myanmar, there are two employee benefit systems: (1) an unregulated traditional system in which firms offer their employees in-kind benefits such as meals and accommodation; and (2) a modern mandatory system in which firms are required by law to offer payment schemes such as payment-while-absent and compensation for accidents. Using a survey of matched employers and employees in the manufacturing sector in Myanmar, we identify firms and workers that supply and demand the two types of employee benefits. We show that traditional benefits are widely supplied and demanded, while modern benefits are supplied by fewer firms and provided to fewer workers. We analyse the relative importance of a range of observable firm and worker attributes that may be associated with the supply and demand for the benefits. We find that firms that provide accommodation appear to attract young, unmarried, uneducated workers who are often migrants, and who, on average, receive lower wages compared to similar workers who do not receive equal in-kind payments. Large firms are more likely to offer the modern benefits and highly educated workers are more likely to demand them. Moreover, workers who receive modern benefits tend to stay longer with the firm and the benefit appears not to have an adverse impact on their wage level. Our findings indicate that both types of benefits contribute to sorting in the labour market. Therefore, both must be considered when labour laws are amended. Moreover, if increased minimum wages are accompanied by reduced provision of traditional in-kind benefits to low-wage workers, then there is a real risk that inequality in consumption will increase even though wage inequality decreases.

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43

Ślusarski, Marek. Metody i modele oceny jakości danych przestrzennych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-30-4.

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The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network (GESUT) and in database of topographic objects (BDOT500) were analyzed. The results of the research concerned selected aspects of activities in terms of the spatial data quality. These activities include: the assessment of the accuracy of data collected in official spatial databases; determination of the uncertainty of the area of registry parcels, analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the quality of spatial data, construction of the quality model of data collected in official databases and visualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in spatial data. The evaluation of the accuracy of data collected in official, large-scale spatial databases was based on a representative sample of data. The test sample was a set of deviations of coordinates with three variables dX, dY and Dl – deviations from the X and Y coordinates and the length of the point offset vector of the test sample in relation to its position recognized as a faultless. The compatibility of empirical data accuracy distributions with models (theoretical distributions of random variables) was investigated and also the accuracy of the spatial data has been assessed by means of the methods resistant to the outliers. In the process of determination of the accuracy of spatial data collected in public registers, the author’s solution was used – resistant method of the relative frequency. Weight functions, which modify (to varying degree) the sizes of the vectors Dl – the lengths of the points offset vector of the test sample in relation to their position recognized as a faultless were proposed. From the scope of the uncertainty of estimation of the area of registry parcels the impact of the errors of the geodetic network points was determined (points of reference and of the higher class networks) and the effect of the correlation between the coordinates of the same point on the accuracy of the determined plot area. The scope of the correction was determined (in EGiB database) of the plots area, calculated on the basis of re-measurements, performed using equivalent techniques (in terms of accuracy). The analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the low quality of spatial data is another research topic presented in the paper. Three main factors have been identified that influence the value of this risk: incompleteness of spatial data sets and insufficient accuracy of determination of the horizontal and vertical position of underground infrastructure. A method for estimation of the project risk has been developed (quantitative and qualitative) and the author’s risk estimation technique, based on the idea of fuzzy logic was proposed. Maps (2D and 3D) of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network were developed in the form of large-scale thematic maps, presenting the design risk in qualitative and quantitative form. The data quality model is a set of rules used to describe the quality of these data sets. The model that has been proposed defines a standardized approach for assessing and reporting the quality of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 spatial data bases. Quantitative and qualitative rules (automatic, office and field) of data sets control were defined. The minimum sample size and the number of eligible nonconformities in random samples were determined. The data quality elements were described using the following descriptors: range, measure, result, and type and unit of value. Data quality studies were performed according to the users needs. The values of impact weights were determined by the hierarchical analytical process method (AHP). The harmonization of conceptual models of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 databases with BDOT10k database was analysed too. It was found that the downloading and supplying of the information in BDOT10k creation and update processes from the analyzed registers are limited. An effective approach to providing spatial data sets users with information concerning data uncertainty are cartographic visualization techniques. Based on the author’s own experience and research works on the quality of official spatial database data examination, the set of methods for visualization of the uncertainty of data bases EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 was defined. This set includes visualization techniques designed to present three types of uncertainty: location, attribute values and time. Uncertainty of the position was defined (for surface, line, and point objects) using several (three to five) visual variables. Uncertainty of attribute values and time uncertainty, describing (for example) completeness or timeliness of sets, are presented by means of three graphical variables. The research problems presented in the paper are of cognitive and application importance. They indicate on the possibility of effective evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers and may be an important element of the expert system.

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