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1

Service, United States Internal Revenue. Alternative minimum tax for individuals. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1990.

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United States. Internal Revenue Service. Alternative minimum tax for individuals. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1989.

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United States. Internal Revenue Service. Alternative minimum tax for individuals. 8th ed. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1987.

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United States. Internal Revenue Service. Alternative minimum tax for individuals. 8th ed. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1988.

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5

Radzik, Tomasz. Tight bounds on the number of minimum-mean cycle cancellations. Stanford, CA: Computer Science Department, Stanford University, 1990.

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6

Office, General Accounting. Agriculture payments: Number of individuals receiving 1990 deficiency payments and the amounts : fact sheet for the Honorable Charles E. Schumer, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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Wilson, Robert M. On the correlation between maximum amplitude and smoothed monthly mean sunspot number during the rise of the cycle: From t=0-48 months past sunspot minimum. Linthicum Heights, MD: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information, 1998.

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8

An act to direct the Secretary of Health and Human Services to grant a waiver of the requirement limiting the maximum number of individuals enrolled with a health maintenance organization who may be beneficiaries under the Medicare or Medicaid programs in order to enable the Dayton Area Health Plan, Inc., to continue to provide services through January 1994 to individuals residing in Montgomery County, Ohio, who are enrolled under a State plan for medical assistance under title XIX of the Social Security Act. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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9

United States. Congress. House. A bill to amend title II of the Social Security Act and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to protect the integrity and confidentiality of Social Security account numbers issued under such title, to prohibit the establishment in the federal government of any uniform national identifying number, and to prohibit federal agencies from imposing standards for identification of individuals on other agencies or persons. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. To direct the Secretary of Health and Human Services to waive the application to the District of Columbia Chartered Health Plan, Inc., of the requirement under Title XIX of the Social Security Act that limits the maximum number of individuals enrolled with a health maintenance organization who may be beneficiaries under the Medicare or Medicaid programs: Report (to accompany H.R. 4252) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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11

Cruz-Uribe, Kathryn. Minimum number of individuals and other quantitative methodologies of faunal analysis. 1987.

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12

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, ed. The alternative minimum tax for individuals. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1992.

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Library of Congress. Major Issues System, ed. The alternative minimum tax for individuals and the Tax Reform Act of 1986. [Washington, D.C.]: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, Major Issues System, 1987.

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14

Buckley, Susan, and Gillian Bird. Number Skills for Individuals with Down Syndrome (Down Syndrome Issues & Information). Down Syndrome Educational Trust, 2001.

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15

Yoshinobu, Maeda, and Walmsley A. D, eds. Implant dentistry with new generation magnetic attachment: Maximum result with minimum number of implants. Tokyo: Quintessence Publishing, 2005.

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16

McNamara, Andrew. Lateralization of speech perception and knowledge of number concepts in individuals with Down Syndrome. 2001.

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17

Private health insurance: Impact of premium increases on the number of covered individuals is uncertain. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1998.

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18

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service., ed. The small business exemption in the Fair Labor Standards Act: Number of employees subject to the 1989 amendments. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1991.

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19

The small business exemption in the Fair Labor Standards Act: Number of employees subject to the 1989 amendments. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1991.

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20

Birnbaum, Simon. Basic Income. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.116.

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The idea that states should provide a means-tested guaranteed minimum income for citizens who are unable to meet their basic needs is widely shared and has been a central component in the evolution of social citizenship rights in existing welfare states. However, an increasing number of activists and scholars defend the more radical option of establishing a universal basic income, that is, an unconditional income paid to all members of society on an individual basis without any means test or work requirement. Indeed, some political philosophers have argued that basic income is one of the most important reforms in the development of a just and democratic society, comparable to other milestones in the history of citizenship rights, such as universal suffrage or even the abolishment of slavery. Basic income or similar ideas, such as a basic capital or a negative income tax, have been advanced in many versions since the 18th century in different parts of the world and under a great variety of names. However, while these were previously often isolated and disconnected initiatives, basic income has more recently become the object of an increasingly cumulative research effort to shed light on the many aspects of this idea. It has also inspired policy developments and given rise to experiments and pilot projects in several countries.
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21

Arkansas Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Enhancing Employability of Individuals with Disabilities: Annual report number thirty-two. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas-Fayetteville, Dept. of Rehabilitation, 1997.

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22

Dinesen, Peter Thisted, and René Bekkers. The Foundations of Individuals’ Generalized Social Trust. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630782.003.0005.

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This chapter reviews the literature on the causes of individuals’ generalized social trust (trust in unknown others) from a wide range of social science disciplines. The chapter structures the review around two broad classes of explanations: dispositional explanations (trust as a disposition) and experiential explanations (trust as a response to individual experiences). Both have been examined in a number of related lines of research, which are reviewed and critically discussed in the chapter. Specific attention is paid to the potential for drawing causal inference—based on the nature of the data employed, and the methods used—in the studies reviewed.
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23

Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Identical Particles and Second Quantization: Occupation Number Representation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0002.

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Focusing on systems of many identical particles, Chapter 2 introduces appropriate operators to describe their properties in terms of Schwinger’s “measurement symbols.” The latter are then factorized into “creation” and “annihilation” operators, whose fundamental properties and commutation/anticommutation relations are derived in conjunction with the Pauli exclusion principle. This leads to “second quantization” with the Hamiltonian, number, linear and angular momentum operators expressed in terms of the annihilation and creation operators, as well as the occupation number representation. Finally, the concept of coherent states, as eigenstates of the annihilation operator, having minimum uncertainty, is introduced and discussed in detail.
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24

United States. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, ed. Reduction in the Minimum Number and Dollar Amount of Loans Permitted in Certain Ginnie Mae Pools, 99-09, March 2, 1999. [S.l: s.n., 1999.

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25

Johnson, Timothy R. An evaluation of the performance of the parallel analysis and minimum average partial number-of-factors decision rules with empirical data. 1994.

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26

Perrotta, Kevin. Exodus: God to the Rescue : A Guided Discovery for Groups and Individuals (Six Weeks With the Bible: Catholic Perspectives, Number 6). Loyola Press, 2002.

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27

Perrotta, Kevin. James: Put Your Faith to Work : A Guided Discovery for Groups and Individuals (Six Weeks With the Bible: Catholic Perspectives, Number 6). Loyola Press, 2002.

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28

Perrotta, Kevin. Matthew 5-7: How to Be Happy : A Guided Discovery for Groups and Individuals (Six Weeks With the Bible : Catholic Perspectives, Number 6). Loyola Press, 2002.

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29

Isaiah 40-55: Build a Highway for God : A Guided Discovery for Groups and Individuals (Six Weeks With the Bible : Catholic Perspectives, Number 6). Loyola Press, 2002.

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30

Kjeldgaard-Pedersen, Astrid. The Personality of Individuals in Positive International Law—General Issues. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820376.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 examines a number of issues of general relevance to public international law. It first inquires why the overall issue of the applicability of international law to individuals was not long ago resolved once and for all. Focusing on treaty law, Section 3.1 analyses the work of the ILC pertaining to the application of treaties to individuals, and studies the few, controversial, rulings by the PCIJ and ICJ on this issue. With the example of the 1920 debate on the proposal for a High Court of International Justice, Section 3.2 studies individual obligations under customary international law. Section 3.3 considers the doctrine of diplomatic protection and its correlation to the notion of direct individual rights under international law. Finally, as an introduction to Chapters 4–8, Section 3.4 sketches out the considerations that are particularly relevant for the determination of treaty provisions as direct rights and obligations of individuals.
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31

Helliwell, Philip S. Composite scores in psoriatic arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0025.

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Composite scores are assessment tools that combine a number of separate evaluations into one score. The composite score generally has more statistical power than the individual items, is more responsive, and has a greater effect size. A composite score allows synthesis of several elements into one score which can then, if psychometrically appropriate, allow the determination of disease activity (both low and high) cut-offs, and response criteria. The topics discussed in this chapter are the development and use of composite scores to assess disease activity in psoriatic arthritis: their history and development, use in practice, psychometric characteristics, and relative merits. Although there is no overall consensus on which measure to use, either in clinical trials or in the clinic, there appears to be agreement that remission should be the ideal target of treatment, with minimal/low disease activity a feasible alternative.
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32

Göbel, Silke M. Number Processing and Arithmetic in Children and Adults with Reading Difficulties. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.044.

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Basic number processing skills in individuals with reading difficulties (RD) are intact. However, children and adults with RD show clear difficulties in arithmetic, in particular in retrieving known answers from long-term memory (fact retrieval). Fact retrieval deficits are associated with weaknesses in phonological awareness, the ability to segment and manipulate speech sounds. The left angular gyrus has been suggested as a site of neurological overlap between RD and fact retrieval deficits. While there is evidence for an involvement of the angular gyrus in fact retrieval in adults, the evidence for children is less clear. The same genetic risk factors may underlie difficulties in reading and mathematics and cause the high co-morbidity between RD and mathematical difficulties. Implications for interventions are discussed.
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33

H, Hathaway David, Reichmann Edwin J, and George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., eds. On the correlation between maximum amplitude and smoothed monthly mean sunspot number during the rise of the cycle (from t=0-48 months past sunspot minimum). [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1998.

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34

H, Hathaway David, Reichmann Edwin J, and George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., eds. On the correlation between maximum amplitude and smoothed monthly mean sunspot number during the rise of the cycle (from t=0-48 months past sunspot minimum). [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1998.

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35

United States. Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services., ed. 1998 combined application kit for new grants under the Rehabilitation Services Administration service programs: Vocational rehabilitation service projects program for migratory agricultural workers and seasonal farmworkers with disabilities, CFDA number 84.128G : projects for initiating recreation programs for individuals with disabilities, CFDA number 84.128J. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, 1997.

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36

Oyserman, Daphna. Pathways to Success Through Identity-Based Motivation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195341461.001.0001.

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Everyone can imagine their future self, even very young children, and this future self is usually positive and education-linked. To make progress toward an aspired future or away from a feared future requires people to plan and take action. Unfortunately, most people often start too late and commit minimal effort to ineffective strategies that lead their attention elsewhere. As a result, their high hopes and earnest resolutions often fall short. In Pathways to Success Through Identity-Based Motivation Daphna Oyserman focuses on situational constraints and affordances that trigger or impede taking action. Focusing on when the future-self matters and how to reduce the shortfall between the self that one aspires to become and the outcomes that one actually attains, Oyserman introduces the reader to the core theoretical framework of identity-based motivation (IBM) theory. IBM theory is the prediction that people prefer to act in identity-congruent ways but that the identity-to-behavior link is opaque for a number of reasons (the future feels far away, difficulty of working on goals is misinterpreted, and strategies for attaining goals do not feel identity-congruent). Oyserman's book goes on to also include the stakes and how the importance of education comes into play as it improves the lives of the individual, their family, and their society. The framework of IBM theory and how to achieve it is broken down into three parts: how to translate identity-based motivation into a practical intervention, an outline of the intervention, and empirical evidence that it works. In addition, the book also includes an implementation manual and fidelity measures for educators utilizing this book to intervene for the improvement of academic outcomes.
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37

Franko, William W., and Christopher Witko. State Responses to Federal Inaction and Growing Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190671013.003.0006.

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In this chapter the authors return to aggregate data to examine how the state minimum wage has responded to a growing awareness of inequality and other state political factors. The minimum wage was initially pursued by the states a number of years before the federal government adopted a minimum wage in the 1930s. However, the minimum wage law is still jointly controlled by the states and the federal government, allowing us to directly examine how federal inaction in raising the minimum wage spurs state minimum wage increases. The results show that federal inaction, a public awareness of growing inequality, and state government liberalism are significant predictors of increases in state minimum wages. The minimum wage is more likely to be increased in states with the initiative, even sometimes in states that are usually considered to be relatively conservative.
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38

Gitterman, Daniel P. The Politics of Supporting Low-Wage Workers and Families. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.017.

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This chapter highlights two policies that supplement the earnings of low-wage workers: the federal minimum wage and the earned income tax credit (EITC). The need for earnings supplements arises in part from the nature of the jobs held by less-skilled, low-wage workers. Such jobs are likely to be compensated on an hourly basis, not salaried, and are less likely to be full time. A focus on the minimum wage and the EITC contributes to—and expands our understanding of—the American welfare state in two ways. First, it looks beyond social insurance and public assistance, which have been considered the main tools of social policy, to explore the importance of alternative antipoverty policies. Second, it moves beyond income support to nonworkers to focus on efforts to support individuals who areactivein the labor market.
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39

Decoeur, Henri. International Criminal Law Instruments for the Suppression of Organized Crime and Corruption. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823933.003.0004.

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Chapter 3 outlines the obligations of states parties to the crime-suppression conventions pertaining to organized crime and corruption, which aim at establishing common minimum standards across domestic laws and at strengthening international cooperation for the purpose of preventing and punishing crimes committed by individuals. It examines in turn provisions on the criminalization of conduct under domestic law, the establishment of jurisdiction, the obligation to extradite or prosecute suspected offenders, international cooperation in criminal matters, and the confiscation and seizure of proceeds of crime.
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40

United States. General Accounting Office. and United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and the Workforce. Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations., eds. Private health insurance: Impact of premium increases on number of covered individuals is uncertain : statement of William J. Scanlon, Director, Health Financing and Public Health Issues, Health, Education, and Human Services Division, before the Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations, Committee on Education and the Workforce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1999.

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41

Hauser, Mark J., Robert Kohn, Mathew D. Lerner, Michael Stein, Becca Lory, and Harold J. Bursztajn. Intellectual Disabilities, Autism, and Aging. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0031.

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The number of individuals with intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder who are 65 or older is growing because of increased longevity and a proportionally larger number of individuals being diagnosed across the lifespan. Many of these individuals live with caregivers who are aging and thus eventually need out-of-home placement. Individuals with Down syndrome may also need out-of-home placement as they have an exceedingly high risk of neurocognitive disorder with age. This chapter provides the epidemiology of older adults with intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder and discusses the changes in criteria for these in DSM-5. The chapter also discusses the challenges these individuals and the forensic psychiatrist may face in the judicial system. Individuals may not understand their rights and may be prone to confess or be coerced. They may also lack of full comprehension, making it difficult for them to assist in their defense and describe details of offense. The overlap of geriatric psychiatry and intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder and the law is an area ripe for further research.
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42

Tax policy: Value-added tax : administrative costs vary with complexity and number of businesses : report to the Joint Committee on Taxation, U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

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43

Tax policy: Value-added tax : administrative costs vary with complexity and number of businesses : report to the Joint Committee on Taxation, U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

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44

Office, General Accounting. Tax policy: Value-added tax : administrative costs vary with complexity and number of businesses : report to the Joint Committee on Taxation, U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

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45

Tax policy: Value-added tax : administrative costs vary with complexity and number of businesses : report to the Joint Committee on Taxation, U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

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46

Tax policy: Value-added tax : administrative costs vary with complexity and number of businesses : report to the Joint Committee on Taxation, U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

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47

Brown, Kate Pride. Coda. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660949.003.0009.

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The coda brings readers up to date with developments around Lake Baikal since the study upon which the book is based was completed (2013–2017). The coda discusses the closing of the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill, Mongolian dam projects on Selenga River tributaries, problems resulting from the growth in tourism, and a recent drop in the level of Baikal below the officially safe minimum. The coda also informs readers about the trajectories of the people and organizations described in the book in the years since 2013. Only one of the three principal organizations comprising this study remains, but the individuals are still involved in a variety of environmental projects around Lake Baikal.
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48

Abraham, Bisrat K., Inti Flores, and Roy M. Gulick. Routine Testing for HIV Infection and Pre-Exposure and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0031.

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Substantial progress has been made in the fight against HIV/AIDS, and newer therapies are enabling individuals to live longer and healthier lives. Furthermore, the concept of treatment as prevention is now well solidified and has increased the urgency to identify and treat all HIV-infected individuals. As such, revised guidelines for HIV testing have shifted from a model of “targeted testing” to a more universal approach whereby all individuals have routine testing for HIV as part of medical care. Despite this approach, the number of incident HIV cases has remained stable in the United States. In addition to behavioral interventions and counseling, preventative strategies such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) are being used to help protect at-risk individuals.
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49

Khalidi, Muhammad Ali. Natural Kinds. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.22.

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Science posits entities that are neither individuals nor properties but kinds of individuals that share a number of distinct properties. Philosophers have designated them “natural kinds” and have held different views about how to distinguish them from arbitrary collections of individuals. The doctrine of “kinds” or “natural groups” was first explicitly introduced by nineteenth-century philosophers interested in taxonomy or scientific classification and continues to be the subject of lively debate in contemporary philosophy. After canvassing some of the philosophical controversies regarding natural kinds, the article presents two influential contemporary theories of natural kinds: essentialism and the homeostatic property cluster theory. The article goes on to defend naturalism, which is more in tune with the findings of modern science.
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50

Attanasio, John. A Stronger Libertarian Paradigm and The Death of the New Deal Constitution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847029.003.0006.

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McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission (FEC) and Citizens United v. FEC have transformed the playing field. Citizens United allows those who run corporations to leverage their influence by using the massive funds accumulated by these entities. McCutcheon empowers a few individuals to make contributions to multiple campaigns around the entire country. Now a few individuals can influence entire elections cycles—essentially purchase public policy. Just one year after Citizens United was decided, the share of total campaign giving by the top 0.01 percent of all campaign donors rose over 50 percent. Following McCutcheon, the number of $500,000-plus gifts increased from 14 to 134, and the number of $1 million plus gifts skyrocketed from eight to sixty-three. This strong libertarian paradigm has caused legislators to align with the interests of donors rather than constituents. This violates any number of constitutional pillars including divided power, federalism, the right to vote, and constituent representation.
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