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Vaduvesković, Igor, and Marija Djuric. "Mass grave complexity effects on the minimum number of individuals estimation." Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology 16, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-019-00186-3.
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Domínguez-Rodrigo, Manuel. "Critical review of the MNI (minimum number of individuals) as a zooarchaeological unit of quantification." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 4, no. 1 (November 15, 2011): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-011-0082-z.
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Naidu, Ashwin, Lindsay A. Smythe, Ron W. Thompson, and Melanie Culver. "Genetic Analysis of Scats Reveals Minimum Number and Sex of Recently Documented Mountain Lions." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/042010-jfwm-008.
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Abstract Recent records of mountain lions Puma concolor and concurrent declines in desert bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis mexicana on Kofa National Wildlife Refuge in Arizona, United States, have prompted investigations to estimate the number of mountain lions occurring there. We performed noninvasive genetic analyses and identified species, individuals, and sex from scat samples collected from the Kofa and Castle Dome Mountains. From 105 scats collected, we identified a minimum of 11 individual mountain lions. These individuals consisted of six males, two females and three of unknown sex. Three of the 11 mountain lions were identified multiple times over the study period. These estimates supplement previously recorded information on mountain lions in an area where they were historically considered only transient. We demonstrate that noninvasive genetic techniques, especially when used in conjunction with camera-trap and radiocollaring methods, can provide additional and reliable information to wildlife managers, particularly on secretive species like the mountain lion.
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Qi, Mingze, Hongzhong Deng, and Yong Li. "Minimum Memory-Based Sign Adjustment in Signed Social Networks." Entropy 21, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21080728.
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In social networks comprised of positive (P) and negative (N) symmetric relations, individuals (nodes) will, under the stress of structural balance, alter their relations (links or edges) with their neighbours, either from positive to negative or vice versa. In the real world, individuals can only observe the influence of their adjustments upon the local balance of the network and take this into account when adjusting their relationships. Sometime, their local adjustments may only respond to their immediate neighbourhoods, or centre upon the most important neighbour. To study whether limited memory affects the convergence of signed social networks, we introduce a signed social network model, propose random and minimum memory-based sign adjustment rules, and analyze and compare the impacts of an initial ratio of positive links, rewire probability, network size, neighbor number, and randomness upon structural balance under these rules. The results show that, with an increase of the rewiring probability of the generated network and neighbour number, it is more likely for the networks to globally balance under the minimum memory-based adjustment. While the Newmann-Watts small world model (NW) network becomes dense, the counter-intuitive phenomena emerges that the network will be driven to a global balance, even under the minimum memory-based local sign adjustment, no matter the network size and initial ratio of positive links. This can help to manage and control huge networks with imited resources.
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Ansaloni, Tommaso, Sílvia Aucejo, and Josep A. Jacas. "Estimating the intrinsic rate of increase of Tetranychus urticae: which is the minimum number of immature individuals to consider?" Experimental and Applied Acarology 41, no. 1-2 (March 2, 2007): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10493-007-9051-8.
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Gilinsky, Norman L., and J. Bret Bennington. "Estimating numbers of whole individuals from collections of body parts: a taphonomic limitation of the paleontological record." Paleobiology 20, no. 2 (1994): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012719.
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Paleoecologists have long sought to obtain estimates of the sizes of extinct populations. However, even in ideal cases, accurate counts of individuals have been hampered by the fact that many organisms disarticulate after death and leave their remains in the form of multiple, separated parts. We here analyze the problem of estimating numbers of individuals from collections of parts by developing a general counting theory that elucidates the major contributing variables. We discover that the number of unique individuals of a particular species that are represented in a fossil collection can be described by an intricate set of relationships among (1) the number of body parts that were recovered, (2) the number of body parts that were possessed by organisms belonging to that species, and (3) the number of individuals of that species that served as the source of the parts from which the paleontological sample was obtained (the size of the “sampling domain”). The “minimum number of individuals” and “maximum number of individuals” methods currently used by paleontologists to count individuals emerge as end members in our more general counting theory. The theory shows that the numbers of individuals of a species that are represented in a sample of body parts is fully tractable, at least in a theoretical sense, in terms of the variables just mentioned. The bad news is that the size of the “sampling domain” for a species can never be known exactly, thus placing a very real limit on our ability to count individuals rigorously. The good news is that one can often make a reasonable guess regarding the size of the sampling domain, and can therefore make a more thoroughly informed choice regarding how to estimate numbers of individuals. By isolating the variables involved in determining the numbers of individuals in paleontological samples, we are led to a better appreciation of the limits, and the possibilities, that are inherent in the fossil record.
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Wu, Jing Li. "A Practical Heuristic Algorithm for the Minimum Founder Set Reconstructive Problem." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.549.
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It has been generally accepted that current-day population evolved from a small number of specific sequences called founders, and the genomic sequences (called recombinants) of individuals within the population are composed of segments from the founders due to recombination. In this paper, the minimum founder set problem is studied. A practical heuristic algorithm HMFS is presented for solving the problem, which partitions the sites of founders into three parts and reconstructs them respectively. Experimental results show that HMFS can solve the minimum founder set problem fast and effectively. Furthermore, when the number of recombinants and SNP sites grows large, HMFS is still able to find satisfied solution to this problem very quickly. Hence it is practical in realistic applications
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Mason, Roger D., Mark L. Peterson, and J. A. Tiffany. "Weighing and Counting Shell: A Response to Glassow and Claassen." American Antiquity 65, no. 4 (October 2000): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694427.
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Glassow discusses several "problems" with the use of minimum number of individuals (MNI) in archaeological shellfish analysis, including the difficulty of identifying non-repetitive elements (NRE) to species level for several taxa. However, these problems, especially fragmentation, are more critical for the weight method than for MNI estimates. We have successfully identified thousands of NRE for all species common in southern California coastal archaeological sites. We also suggest that a measure, such as MNI, that provides estimates of numbers of individuals is a more reliable and valid measure with which to address most research questions. The weight method only provides a measure of the weight of some of the fragments from the shells of those individuals.
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Bayzid, Md Shamsuzzoha, Md Maksudul Alam, Abdullah Mueen, and Md Saidur Rahman. "HMEC: A Heuristic Algorithm for Individual Haplotyping with Minimum Error Correction." ISRN Bioinformatics 2013 (January 28, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/291741.
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Haplotype is a pattern of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a single chromosome. Constructing a pair of haplotypes from aligned and overlapping but intermixed and erroneous fragments of the chromosomal sequences is a nontrivial problem. Minimum error correction approach aims to minimize the number of errors to be corrected so that the pair of haplotypes can be constructed through consensus of the fragments. We give a heuristic algorithm (HMEC) that searches through alternative solutions using a gain measure and stops whenever no better solution can be achieved. Time complexity of each iteration is for an SNP matrix where and are the number of fragments (number of rows) and number of SNP sites (number of columns), respectively, in an SNP matrix. Alternative gain measure is also given to reduce running time. We have compared our algorithm with other methods in terms of accuracy and running time on both simulated and real data, and our extensive experimental results indicate the superiority of our algorithm over others.
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Lenzuni, Paolo, Pierangelo Tura, and Pierfrancesco Cervino. "Identification of the Minimum Number of Measurements Required for Thermal Comfort Assessment in Large Workplaces." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 63, no. 7 (June 21, 2019): 729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz046.
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Abstract Optimization of resources is the key to improve our ability to perform multiple tasks with limited time and money. In the context of thermal comfort assessment, optimization becomes important in large rooms where tens of individuals perform similar tasks. This work focuses on the identification of the minimum number of measurement points that allows an accurate description of the thermal environment. Accuracy of description is assumed if no significant loss of information is associated to the transition from the ‘primary’ thermal map based on all available measurement points to a ‘secondary’ thermal map based on a reduced set of measurement points. The concept of ‘no significant loss’ is quantified by requiring that the difference in PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) between the two maps is kept <0.1 in the vast majority (95%) of points. PMV is a standardized synthetic index that is used worldwide for quantifying thermal comfort (ISO 7730, 2005) taking into account both environmental (thermo-hygrometric) and personal (activity, clothing) quantities. We show that the uncertainty induced by the degraded resolution of the thermal map has a limited impact on the overall uncertainty on PMV. Application of the method to a few test environments shows that the room size perpendicular to the main window and the windows orientation play the largest role in determining spatial inhomogeneity in thermal maps. A minor concurring factor is the room area.
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Pereira, Arione S., Giovani O. Silva, and Agnaldo D. F. Carvalho. "Minimum plot size to evaluate potato tuber yield traits." Horticultura Brasileira 35, no. 4 (October 2017): 604–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362017042020.
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ABSTRACT The proper plot size is essential to reduce experimental error and thereby maximize precision of data obtained in an experiment. The objective of this work was to estimate the minimum number of plants per plot to assess tuber yield traits of potato genotypes. Four advanced potato clones (F161-07-02, F189-06-09, F97-08-07 and F131-08-06) of the breeding program of Embrapa were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in the fall season of 2015, in Canoinhas, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. A randomized complete block design with two replications of 20-plant two-row plots was used. At 112 days after planting, plants of each plot were individually harvested and evaluated for tuber yield traits. The modified maximum curvature and the repeatability methods were used to estimate the minimum plant number to represent the genotypes in each plot. We found that 10 to 14 plants per plot are enough to guarantee an adequate precision and predict the real value of the individuals for tuber yield traits in experiments of two replications, considering an R2 of 90% for the repeatability method.
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Guo, Xiaojin, Liying Sang, and Huanlin Liu. "Minimization Number of Network-Coded Links Based on Improved Adaptive Genetic Algorithm for Multi-source Optical Networks." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0030.
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Abstract With the rapid development of multi-source optical multicast application, the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) with limited number of wavelength channels is facing with the new challenge of bandwidth shortage. Optical multicast adopting network coding can improve the bandwidth utilization, but optical network coding needs to increase optical storage and computation overhead in WDM optical network. For reducing the number of optical network-coded links, an improved adaptive genetic algorithm (IAGA) is proposed to minimize the number of network-coded links for multicast. By designing the maximization difference crossover operation, IAGA can guarantee the diversity of population and avoid individuals from falling into a local optimal. By adaptively adjusting the crossover probability, IAGA makes the population diverse at the beginning stages and makes the excellent individuals remain in a stable condition. Compared with other algorithms, the simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm has fastest convergence speed, which means that it takes the shortest time to find the minimum numbers of coded link solutions.
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Swan, I. R. C. "Diagnostic vetting of individuals with asymmetric sensorineural hearing impairments." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 103, no. 9 (September 1989): 823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100110217.
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AbstractAudiological and vestibular tests were administered conjointly in a neurological or general ORL clinic to exclude cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumours. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of various tests in achieving that exclusion with the minimum of unnecessary investigations. All patients received the full battery of auditory brainstem responses, acoustic reflex thresholds and decay, alternate binaural loudness balance and ENG and caloric testing. All patients who did not have normal auditory brainstem responses proceeded to high resolution CT scanning. One hundred and fifteen patients were investigated and four acoustic neuromas were diagnosed. The efficiency of these tests in a general ORL clinic is very much poorer than often suggested, due largely to the number of occasions on which the tests cannot be done, and to the very small proportion of the test population who have CPA tumours.
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Ma, Sen, Qilin Zhao, and Darong Pan. "Design Optimization of Composite Laminated Tube Based on Improved Niching Evolutionary Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3141534.
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A minimum weight design is developed for a composite laminated tube considering the number of plies as one of the design variables. The objective function is found to be complex, and more than one optimal design point may exist with different numbers of plies. Existing methods based on evolutionary algorithms tend to become trapped around a local optimum and can find no more than one optimal result per calculation. Aiming at the characteristics of the objective function, an improved evolutionary algorithm (INDE for short) is established based on niching technology. The formula for calculating the distance between individuals in the niching technology is improved to satisfy the minimum weight design for the composite laminated tube. As a result, the improved niching evolutionary algorithm offers better global search ability and can find more than one optimal result per calculation for different numbers of plies.
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Roux, Franck-Emmanuel, Jean-Baptiste Durand, Imène Djidjeli, Emmanuel Moyse, and Carlo Giussani. "Variability of intraoperative electrostimulation parameters in conscious individuals: language cortex." Journal of Neurosurgery 126, no. 5 (May 2017): 1641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.4.jns152434.
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OBJECTIVEElectrostimulation in awake brain mapping is widely used to guide tumor removal, but methodologies can differ substantially across institutions. The authors studied electrostimulation brain mapping data to characterize the variability of the current intensity threshold across patients and the effect of its variations on the number, type, and surface area of the essential language areas detected.METHODSOver 7 years, the authors prospectively studied 100 adult patients who were undergoing intraoperative brain mapping during resection of left hemisphere tumors. In all 100 cases, the same protocol of electrostimulation brain mapping (a controlled naming task—bipolar stimulation with biphasic square wave pulses of 1-msec duration and 60-Hz trains, maximum train duration 6 sec) and electrocorticography was used to detect essential language areas.RESULTSThe minimum positive thresholds of stimulation varied from patient to patient; the mean minimum intensity required to detect interference was 4.46 mA (range 1.5–9 mA), and in a substantial proportion of sites (13.5%) interference was detected only at intensities above 6 mA. The threshold varied within a given patient for different naming areas in 22% of cases. Stimulation of the same naming area with greater intensities led to slight changes in the type of response in 19% of cases and different types of responses in 4.5%. Naming sites detected were located in subcentimeter cortical areas (50% were less than 20 mm2), but their extent varied with the intensity of stimulation. During a brain mapping session, the same intensity of stimulation reproduced the same type of interference in 94% of the cases. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean stimulation intensities required to produce interfereince in the left inferior frontal lobe (Broca's area), the supramarginal gyri, and the posterior temporal region.CONCLUSIONSIntrasubject and intersubject variations of the minimum thresholds of positive naming areas and changes in the type of response and in the size of these areas according to the intensity used may limit the interpretation of data from electrostimulation in awake brain mapping. To optimize the identification of language areas during electrostimulation brain mapping, it is important to use different intensities of stimulation at the maximum possible currents, avoiding afterdischarges. This could refine the clinical results and scientific data derived from these mapping sessions.
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Thomas, Kenneth D., and Marcello A. Mannino. "Making numbers count: Beyond minimum numbers of individuals (MNI) for the quantification of mollusc assemblages from shell matrix sites." Quaternary International 427 (January 2017): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.066.
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Putu Ari Utari, Ida Ayu. "Kontrol Optimal Upaya Pengobatan Penyakit Campak Menggunakan Model Endemi SIR." Jurnal Matematika 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmat.2019.v09.i02.p115.
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Measles is an acute highly contagious disease caused by Paramyxovirus. Measles is considered as a dangerous disease because it cause complications, brain and other organs damage, lifelong disability, paralysis and even death. In the previous studies, it was known that the spread of measles highly dependent on number of infected individuals so it is necessary to control measles through treatment. In this paper, we study about the application of the optimal control theory on the system of differential equations of the SIR endemic model. Determination of the optimal control is obtained through the application of the Pontryagin minimum principle. The main target in this paper is to find a unique optimal control where the optimal control can be described as an efficiency rate of treatment in individuals infected with measles to decrease the number of infected individuals.
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Darling, James D., and Harold Morowitz. "Census of "Hawaiian" humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) by individual identification." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-017.
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The numbers of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) that assembled in Hawaii in one winter and over the five winters from 1977 to 1981 were estimated by photographic identification of individual animals. Individual whales were identified by the black and white skin patterns on the underside of their flukes. Straight counts of identified individuals provide absolute minimum estimates, 521 in 1 year and 922 over 5 years. Calculations based on the number of repeat sightings of individuals were used to estimate total population size. These were based on the graph of the rate of discovery of "new," previously unidentified, whales and a form of the Bernoulli distribution, a theoretical distribution that estimates total numbers from multiple sightings of individuals in repeated sampling. The best estimates are 1000 in one winter and 2100 over five winters. The difference between one and five winters indicates that the population is not identical from year to year. Also, there are suggestions that the population increases in size over the winter period, and a small subpopulation may have a different behaviour pattern, possibly remaining in Hawaii longer, than the majority of animals.
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Wei, R. P., C. R. Hansen, N. K. Dhir, and F. C. Yeh. "Genetic gain with desired status number in breeding programs: a study on selection effects." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 1861–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-168.
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Genetic gain and average coancestry or status number was investigated for five selection methods: penalty index selection (PIS), family index selection (FIS), combined between-family and within-family selection (CBW), restricted individual selection (RIS), and combined index selection (RCS). PIS was a function of an individual's breeding value and family contributions, modelled as a stepwise procedure to select superior individuals one by one. A penalty would indicate the need to have low average coancestry or large status number. Breeding populations of unrelated families were investigated by Monte Carlo simulation to examine the genetic response of the five selection methods at a restricted selection intensity and average coancestry. PIS attained the greatest genetic gain, except at the selection limits of maximum genetic gain and minimum average coancestry where PIS might be identical to the other selection methods. FIS and RCS well approximated PIS at high average coancestry. RIS was similar to RCS when the heritability was high, particularly at low average coancestry. CBW attained the least genetic gain among the selection methods. For all selections, high heritability would contribute to a greater genetic gain and status number or low average coancestry. PIS was applied to a practical breeding program in Alberta that included several subpopulations. The results suggested that the selection efficiency for balancing genetic gain and average coancestry would increase when deploying a subpopulation strategy for breeding population management.
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Burton, Gregory A. "How many systems make a global array?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 2 (April 2001): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01253941.
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Stoffregen & Bardy suggest that the global array provides the specification that is lacking when senses are considered in isolation. This seems to beg the question of the minimum number of senses in a global array. Individuals with sensory loss manage with fewer senses, and humans manage with fewer than electric fish; so specification, if it exists, cannot require all possible senses.
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Marean, Curtis W., Yoshiko Abe, Peter J. Nilssen, and Elizabeth C. Stone. "Estimating the Minimum Number of Skeletal Elements (MNE) in Zooarchaeology: A Review and a New Image-Analysis GIS Approach." American Antiquity 66, no. 2 (April 2001): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694612.
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Most zooarchaeologists employ some type of derived measure of skeletal element abundance in their analyses of faunal data. The minimum number of individuals (MNI) and the minimum number of animal units (MAU) are two of the most popular derived measurements, and each is based on a prior estimate of the minimum number of elements (MNE). Thus, the estimate of MNE from fragmented faunal fragments is the essential foundation for all inferences emanating from MNI and MAU estimates of skeletal element abundance. Estimating the MNE represented by a sample of faunal fragments is a complicated procedure that involves various assumptions, possible mathematical manipulations, and subjectivity. Unfortunately, the reasoning and methods underlying this procedure are unstandardized in zooarchaeology, and even worse, rarely made explicit. We review the scarce literature on this topic and identify two different approaches: the fraction summation approach and the overlap approach. We identify strengths and weaknesses in both approaches. We then present a new method that is based on using image-analysis GIS software to count overlapping fragments that have been converted to pixel images. This method maintains the strengths of the other methods while overcoming most of their weaknesses. It promises numerous powerful analytical capabilities that go far beyond the routines available in spreadsheets and databases. It also offers nearly boundless flexibility in database recoding and extremely complete information storage. Perhaps its greatest strength is that it is based on very intuitive reasoning.
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Schueller, Amy M., and Daniel B. Hayes. "Minimum viable population size for lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) using an individual-based model of demographics and genetics." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 1 (January 2011): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f10-129.
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Population viability analysis is a useful tool to explore the relationship between extinction risk and population size, but often does not include genetic factors. Our objectives were to determine minimum viable population size (MVP) for lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ) and examine how inbreeding depression may affect MVP. Our individual-based model incorporated inbreeding depression in two ways: individuals with inbreeding coefficients above a threshold experienced inbreeding depression (threshold), and individuals experienced inbreeding depression at a rate related to their inbreeding coefficient (gradual). Three mechanisms relating inbreeding to fitness were explored (young-of-the-year (YOY) viability, post-YOY viability, number of progeny). The criterion we used to determine MVP was a 5% chance of extinction over 250 years. The estimated MVP without inbreeding effects was 80 individuals. For some scenarios incorporating inbreeding, MVP did not change, but for others, MVP was substantially higher, reaching values up to 1800. Results demonstrate that extinction risk and MVP can be influenced by both demographic stochasticity and inbreeding depression. This research should inform management by determining MVP and how inbreeding, which is expected to accrue in remnant populations because of generations of low abundance, may affect MVP.
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Smadi, Hazem, Nader Al Theeb, and Haneen Bawa’neh. "Logistics system for drinking water distribution in post disaster humanitarian relief, Al-Za’atari camp." Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management 8, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 477–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-12-2017-0072.
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Purpose It is essential to provide drinking water to affected population directly after a disaster. The purpose of this paper is to develop an optimization methodology that helps in the distribution of drinking water in post-disaster situations. Design/methodology/approach The research was conducted on two phases: phase 1 aims at identifying an appropriate way to deliver drinking water to refugee camps from external sources, considering required drinking water quantities and four possible sources of water with respect to cost and risk assessments. Phase 2 investigates drinking water distribution within a refugee camp using covering models. The MCLP–optimal number of facilities model is proposed to ensure that the water is distributed and delivered to all individuals in a camp with minimum number of water storage tanks required. A control policy is proposed to ensure the fair distribution of water to all targeted individuals. Findings Al-Za’atari refugee camp, located in northeast of Jordan, was considered as the case study for this research. The result showed that the appropriate way to deliver water to the camp is by using tanker–trucks, and a minimum number of five tanks are required to distribute water to individuals inside the camp with respect to tank locations and the allocation of tank of each area. Originality/value The proposed methodology is essential in decision making for the distribution of drinking water in refugee camps in short-term needs. The model adds important value to the literature as the proposed problem has no solution in the literature before.
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Trieu, Le Ngoc, Nong Van Duy, Vu Tien Chinh, and Tran Van Tien. "Genetic diversity of Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus K. Komatsu, s. Zhu & S.Q. cai population in western north of vietnam detected by inter simple sequence repeat markers." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14, no. 4 (April 19, 2018): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/14/4/12295.
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Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus is a precious medicinal plant which was recently discovered in Sin Ho and Muong Te district, Lai Chau province of Vietnam. Over exploitation of the species in the native habitat poses a serious threat to its existence. Adequate information on the nature and the extent of genetic diversity in this important species is required for developing suitable strategy for its conservation. In this study, inter simple sequence repeat markers were employed to investigate the genetic diversity and variability of 46 individuals belonging to a naturally distributed population of this variety in Vietnam. Genetic diversity at the population level was high (He = 0.2300, I = 0.3665, and PPB = 96.98 %). The group of mature individuals possessed the higher genetic diversity (HeO = 0.2291, IO = 0.3563, and PPBO = 84.34 %) as compared to group of young individuals (HeY = 0.2086, Iy = 0.3291, and PPBY = 81.5 %). The intergroup gene differentiation was high (GST = 0.0499) with the genetic distance among groups was 0.0298. The similarity coefficient among mature individuals was more moderate (Maximum = 0.873, Minimum = 0.614 and Average = 0.741) than among young individuals (Maximum = 0.916, Minimum = 0.596 and Average = 0.759). Otherwise, the number of discovered individuals was small, distribution area is narrow habitats, and the population showed the reduction in genetic diversity due to the human affects in the habitat and over-exploitation. Results on genetic diversity and variability showed that the investigated population has coped with the risk of decline and needed to be protected.
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Spence, Michael W., and Grégory Pereira. "THE HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE MOON PYRAMID, TEOTIHUACAN." Ancient Mesoamerica 18, no. 1 (2007): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536107000090.
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AbstractBeginning with Building 4, each new version of the Moon Pyramid in Teotihuacan was initiated with a major sacrificial event. These events invariably included human victims, males ranging in age from about 14 to 60 or more years (Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) = 37). Many display cranial modification and dental decoration. In the earliest offering, Burial 2, the lone human was merely one element in a complex tableau. In subsequent sacrifices, the human victims increased in number and became a major focus of the event. There was also a growing dichotomy among them, with numbers of decapitated victims being included in the sacrifices. Skeletal elements from the pyramid fill suggest still other rituals involving human crania (MNI = 11), but the context of these is not yet clear.
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Dourado, Inês, Craig A. Milroy, Marco Antônio Gomes Mello, Geraldo Argolo Ferraro, Humberto Castro-Lima Filho, Monick Lindenmeyer Guimarães, Mariza Gonçalves Morgado, Maria Gloria Teixeira, Maurício L. Barreto, and Bernardo Galvão-Castro. "HIV-1 seroprevalence in the general population of Salvador, Bahia State, Northeast Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007000100004.
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To estimate HIV-1 seroprevalence in the general population of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 3,437 residents from 1998 to 2000. Subjects were drawn from 30 sentinel areas representing a wide range of living conditions. Plasma samples were screened for HIV-1 antibodies by ELISA and confirmed by immunofluorescent assay. Subtype determination by HMA was performed after proviral DNA amplification. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony was performed with the neighbor-joining method. Overall HIV-1 seroprevalence was 0.55% (19/3,446): 0.8% for men and 0.36% for women. Seroprevalence was higher in the 31-45-year age group (1%) and among persons with family income less than twice the minimum wage (0.78%) as compared to 0.33% for the higher income group. Syphilis was detected in 37% of HIV seropositive individuals. Phylogenetic inferences identified 10 samples as subtype B in the env region and 2 samples with Benv/Fgag/Fpol and Fenv/Bgag. Age > 30 years, male gender, and income < 2 times the minimum wage were identified as risk factors for HIV-1 infection. Extrapolating the proportion of seropositive individuals to Salvador, the number of HIV-1 infected individuals was estimated at 13,750.
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Piggott, Maxine P., Birgita Hansen, Todd Soderquist, Mark D. B. Eldridge, and Andrea C. Taylor. "Population monitoring of small and declining brush-tailed rock wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) colonies at the extreme of their range using faecal DNA sampling." Australian Mammalogy 40, no. 1 (2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am16056.
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Obtaining much-needed information on population parameters such as abundance and genetic diversity can be difficult for small and declining populations. The brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) is an endangered and cryptic species with many colonies in decline. The Warrumbungle National Park (NP) in New South Wales contains a declining metapopulation of P. penicillata at the western (inland) extreme of the species’ current range. Loss of these colonies would cause substantial range contraction and probable loss of regional genetic diversity in the Central Evolutionary Significance Unit (ESU). We used non-invasive genetic methods to identify individuals from faecal DNA from five colonies in the Warrumbungle NP. We identified a minimum of 21 individuals, with the largest colony containing seven individuals. The Warrumbungle NP colonies showed significant intercolony structuring and we were able to detect a single dispersal event. Comparison of genetic diversity to other Central ESU colonies shows that loss of the Warrumbungle NP population will result in loss of unique diversity from this region. The minimum number of animals and genetic diversity information obtained in this study was used to support management actions of herbivore control and translocation in the Warrumbungle NP population.
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Vance, Philip, Girijesh Prasad, Jim Harkin, and Kevin Curran. "Designing a Compact Wireless Network based Device-free Passive Localisation System for Indoor Environments." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 4, no. 2 (April 2015): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2015040103.
Full textAbstract:
Determining the location of individuals within indoor locations can be useful in various scenarios including security, gaming and ambient assisted living for the elderly. Healthcare services globally are seeking to allow people to stay in their familiar home environments longer due to the multitude of benefits associated with living in non-clinical environments and technologies to determine an individual's movements are key to ensuring that home emergencies are detected through lack of movement can be responded to promptly. This paper proposes a device-free localisation (DFL) system which would enable the individual to proceed with normal daily activities without the concern of having to wear a traceable device. The principle behind this is that the human body absorbs/reflects the radio signal being transmitted from a transmitter to one or more receiving stations. The proposed system design procedure facilitates the use of a minimum number of wireless nodes with the help of a principle component analysis (PCA) based intelligent signal processing technique. Results demonstrate that human detection and tracking are possible to within 1m resolution with a minimal hardware infrastructure.
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Najbar, A., Z. Kiełbowicz, J. Szymczak, and M. Ogielska. "Ultrasonography: a method used for pregnancy imaging of the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra)." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2016-0090.
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Abstract Ultrasound imaging has more frequently been used in veterinary medicine of amphibians and reptiles. In this study, we have verified the usefulness of ultrasound imaging in pregnancy determination of the fire salamander Salamandra salamandra. We have also undertaken to estimate the number of larvae and their developmental stage directly in the oviducts. Three gravid females from Lower Silesia (southern Poland) were examined. Due to the small size of the scanned animals, and the particular arrangement of embryos in the oviducts and ultrasound beams dispersal, the method proved to be inaccurate. Therefore, the minimum number of well-visualized larvae was determined. The maximum number of larvae was established on the basis of the visible fragments of embryos. After birth, we found that the number of larvae born was included in the „min-max” range in only one case. In the remaining two salamanders the number of larvae was higher than estimated in 3 to 7 individuals. The results showed that ultrasound imaging allows the minimum number of larvae in salamander; oviducts to be specified. However, total length measurements were possible only for single and clearly visible embryos.
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Bijma, Piter, Johan A. M. Van Arendonk, and John A. Woolliams. "A General Procedure for Predicting Rates of Inbreeding in Populations Undergoing Mass Selection." Genetics 154, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/154.4.1865.
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Abstract Predictions of rates of inbreeding (ΔF), based on the concept of long-term genetic contributions assuming the infinitesimal model, are developed for populations with discrete or overlapping generations undergoing mass selection. Phenotypes of individuals are assumed to be recorded prior to reproductive age and to remain constant over time. The prediction method accounts for inheritance of selective advantage both within and between age classes and for changing selection intensities with age. Terms corresponding to previous methods that assume constant selection intensity with age are identified. Predictions are accurate (relative errors ≤8%), except for cases with extreme selection intensities in females in combination with high heritability. With overlapping generations ΔF reaches a maximum when parents are equally distributed over age classes, which is mainly due to selection of the same individuals in consecutive years. ΔF/year decreases much more slowly compared to ΔF/generation as the number of younger individuals increases, whereas the decrease is more similar as the number of older individuals increases. The minimum ΔF (per year or per generation) is obtained when most parents were in the later age classes, which is mainly due to an increased number of parents per generation. With overlapping generations, the relationship between heritability and ΔF is dependent on the age structure of the population.
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Faly, Ludmyla, and Viktor Brygadyrenko. "Patterns in the horizontal structure of litter invertebrate communities in windbreak plantations in the steppe zone of the Ukraine." Journal of Plant Protection Research 54, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2014-0062.
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Abstract The article analyses the patterns in the horizontal structure of litter invertebrate communities in windbreak plantations in the Steppe zone of the Ukraine. The number of invertebrate species shows statistically insignificant changes depending on the extent of the litter horizon development. With an increase in litter mass from 300 to 900 g/m2 the number of invertebrate species increases. An increase in the total number of macrofauna is observed in areas having a minimum and maximum thickness of the litter layer. Maximum values in the Shannon diversity index were observed in areas with sparse litter (50–150 g/m2). An observed increase in the variety of macrofauna species were seen where there was sparse grass cover in windbreak planted areas. The total number of litter invertebrate individuals related to the percentage of projective cover of herbaceous plants shows a significant increase in plots with 20–28% cover, though this factor does not affect the number of Aranei, Carabidae, and Staphylinidae. There is a decrease in the number of litter invertebrate species in areas with higher numbers of Lasius platythorax Seifert, 1991, while there is an insignificant change in the overall numbers of macrofauna. The abundance of Myrmica scabrinodis Nylander, 1846 does not show a significant influence on the number of litter macrofauna species. The minimum values of the Shannon biodiversity index for macrofauna were registered in plots with maximum numbers of M. scabrinodis. With an increase in the abundance of ants, the abundance of litter saprophages and phytophages decreases. There are also significant changes in the dominance structure of other taxonomic groups. Biotic factors have greater significance for the horizontal structure of litter macrofauna of steppe plantations than abiotic factors.
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Lambertucci, Sergio A. "Size and spatio-temporal variations of the Andean condor Vultur gryphus population in north-west Patagonia, Argentina: communal roosts and conservation." Oryx 44, no. 3 (July 2010): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000451.
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AbstractEstimations of the population sizes of threatened species are fundamental for conservation. The current estimate of the population of the Andean condor Vultur gryphus is based on limited local counts. Simultaneous censuses of 10 condor communal roosts were therefore conducted during 2006–2008 in north-west Patagonia, Argentina, to obtain a minimum population number, to estimate the size of the local population, and to describe use of the roosts by season and age classes. I fitted the data to two asymptotic models to calculate the population of condors as a function of the number of communal roosts surveyed. In an area of c. 6,300 km2 I obtained a minimum population size of 246 individuals by direct observation, and a population estimate of 296 condors (range 260–332) by applying the models. This population, the largest known of this species, comprises 68.5% adults and 31.5% immatures. Condors had large aggregations in some communal roosts and used the area seasonally, increasing in numbers from autumn to spring and decreasing in summer. Long-term monitoring of communal roosts across the Andean condor’s range is essential for the monitoring of this rare and vulnerable species.
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Xu, Shizhong. "Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Using Multiple Families of Line Crosses." Genetics 148, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/148.1.517.
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Abstract To avoid a loss in statistical power as a result of homozygous individuals being selected as parents of a mapping population, one can use multiple families of line crosses for quantitative trait genetic linkage analysis. Two strategies of combining data are investigated: the fixed-model and the random-model strategies. The fixed-model approach estimates and tests the average effect of gene substitution for each parent, while the random-model approach treats each effect of gene substitution as a random variable and directly estimates and tests the variance of gene substitution. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations verify that the two strategies perform equally well, although the random model is preferable in combining data from a large number of families. Simulations also show that there may be an optimal sampling strategy (number of families vs. number of individuals per family) in which QTL mapping reaches its maximum power and minimum estimation error. Deviation from the optimal strategy reduces the efficiency of the method.
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Bell, Phil R. "Palaeopathological changes in a population of Albertosaurus sarcophagus from the Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, CanadaThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Albertosaurus." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, no. 9 (September 2010): 1263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-030.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past decade, excavations of a monodominant theropod bonebed from the lower Maastrichtian beds of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation have recovered a minimum number of 26 individuals of the tyrannosaur, Albertosaurus sarcophagus . Examination of skeletal elements from the bonebed revealed a small number of abnormalities from at least two individuals. These include bony spurs (enthesophytes) of unknown origin on three pedal phalanges. Well-healed fracture calluses are present on two rib shafts and a gastralia element. The left dentary of one adult preserves both healed and unhealed parallel bite marks and a perforative lesion attributable to a partially healed, mechanically induced puncture wound. Unfortunately, the limited range in the types and frequencies of pathological changes provides only little information on the distribution of such phenomena but may be suggestive of the overall “health” of the population.
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Kacoliris, Federico P., Melina A. Velasco, Camila Kass, Nicolas Kass, Verónica Simoy, Pablo G. Grilli, Tomas Martínez Aguirre, Diego O. Di Pietro, Jorge D. Williams, and Igor Berkunsky. "A management strategy for the long-term conservation of the Endangered sand-dune lizard Liolaemus multimaculatus in the Pampean coastal dunes of Argentina." Oryx 53, no. 3 (August 11, 2017): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317000849.
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AbstractThe sand-dune lizard Liolaemus multimaculatus is an Endangered species endemic to the Pampean coastal dunes of Argentina. To inform the development of a future Action Plan for this species, we investigated the demography and conservation status of all remaining populations, and we suggest management actions appropriate to local needs. We used population viability analysis to assess extinction risk in three inbreeding scenarios and estimate the minimum viable population and the minimum area requirement. To assess the current status of each local population, we used information related to population size, human pressure and connectivity. The results were then used to set and prioritize conservation management actions at local level. Our models indicated that populations of > 2,400 individuals would be viable in the long term and that inbreeding depression has a strong effect on extinction risk. The southern patches of coastal dune contain the largest populations of sand-dune lizards, and they are also better connected and less threatened. We suggest land protection as the priority management action for populations larger than the minimum viable population, whereas habitat recovery, when possible, should be the priority for patches of coastal dune smaller than the minimum area requirement. Supplementation with a small number of individuals could stabilize unviable populations but should be considered only in certain situations.The long-term conservation of the sand-dune lizard will be feasible only if a conservation action plan is developed and implemented.
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Brito, Elizângela Silva de, Christine Strussmann, and Jerry Magno Ferreira Penha. "Population Structure of Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Bour, 1973) (Testudines:Chelidae) in the Cerrado of Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil." Biota Neotropica 9, no. 4 (December 2009): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032009000400024.
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Studies on population structure of freshwater turtles belonging to the family Chelidae are scarce in Brazil. Herein we describe the structure of a population of the chelid Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei in a Cerrado area in the municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil. A total of 80 individuals were captured in five collecting sites, from January to March 2007: 42 adult females, 27 adult males, and 11 juveniles with undetermined sex. Among 80 individuals, 24% were recaptured, at least once. This is the first attempt to estimate the size of a population of Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei. Our results suggest that additional sampling efforts are needed for more accurate estimates of population structure. Nevertheless, they surely provide minimum values of the number of individuals of M. vanderhaegei living in the locality sampled.
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Gilfillan, Sandra L. "An ecological study of a population of Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis (Marsupialia : Dasyuridae) in central Australia. II. Population dynamics and movements." Wildlife Research 28, no. 5 (2001): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99063.
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Population dynamics and movements were investigated in a population of Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis, a dasyurid marsupial occupying rocky habitats in the Australian arid zone. Intra-annual cycling in abundance, activity and numbers of resident and transient individuals was not regular from year to year, although the number of residents was high compared with the number of transients. Juvenile recruitment varied between years and was as low as 18%. Densities were low (0.05–0.2 ha–1 for females and 0.05–0.3 ha–1 for males), and individuals exhibited large stable long-term ranges – mean Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) area for males was 427 m2 and for females 171 m2. The constraints of the monoestrous, synchronised reproductive strategy of P. macdonnellensis, together with the ameliorating effect of its rocky habitat, which may decrease food limitation and increase survival, seem to have produced a different pattern of population dynamics to that seen in arid-zone dasyurids that are polyoestrous plains-dwellers. The patterns of movement in P. macdonnellensis also differ from plains-dwelling species, in which individuals display high life-time mobility. The existence of large but non-drifting ranges in P. macdonnellensis may be seen as a consequence of a low but relatively predictable food supply, which precludes the necessity for individuals to shift their activity to temporary patches of high food supply, but requires them to occupy a large range to obtain enough food to meet energy requirements.
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Jones, Menna, and Chris Dickman. "Introduction: Carnivorous marsupials." Wildlife Research 28, no. 5 (2001): I. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wrv28n5_in.
Full textAbstract:
Population dynamics and movements were investigated in a population of Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis, a dasyurid marsupial occupying rocky habitats in the Australian arid zone. Intra-annual cycling in abundance, activity and numbers of resident and transient individuals was not regular from year to year, although the number of residents was high compared with the number of transients. Juvenile recruitment varied between years and was as low as 18%. Densities were low (0.05–0.2 ha–1 for females and 0.05–0.3 ha–1 for males), and individuals exhibited large stable long-term ranges – mean Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) area for males was 427 m2 and for females 171 m2. The constraints of the monoestrous, synchronised reproductive strategy of P. macdonnellensis, together with the ameliorating effect of its rocky habitat, which may decrease food limitation and increase survival, seem to have produced a different pattern of population dynamics to that seen in arid-zone dasyurids that are polyoestrous plains-dwellers. The patterns of movement in P. macdonnellensis also differ from plains-dwelling species, in which individuals display high life-time mobility. The existence of large but non-drifting ranges in P. macdonnellensis may be seen as a consequence of a low but relatively predictable food supply, which precludes the necessity for individuals to shift their activity to temporary patches of high food supply, but requires them to occupy a large range to obtain enough food to meet energy requirements.
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Okularczyk, Urszula, and Robert Mahler. "Kom el-Dikka 2014: human bones from Area U." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 25 (May 15, 2017): 64–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1748.
Full textAbstract:
Archaeological excavations of the medieval Islamic burial ground in the northern part of area U on the Kom el-Dikka site in Egyptian Alexandria, carried out from 2012 to 2014, yielded a total of 98 graves. Of these, 75 contained human skeletal remains. The minimum number of individuals (MNI) was 156. The article presents preliminary studies on this sample. The scope of the investigation was limited, however, owing to the poor state of preservation of the bone material.
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Poulsen, Bent Otto. "Structure, dynamics, home range and activity pattern of mixed-species bird flocks in a montane alder-dominated secondary forest in Ecuador." Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, no. 3 (May 1996): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009524.
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ABSTRACTTwo mixed-species bird flocks were studied in a high-altitude humid secondary forest in the Andes of Ecuador. Birds were mist-netted and colour-ringed for individual identification. The flocks (A and B) were followed to record structure, dynamics, home range and activity pattern. All observations of the two flocks studied included members from all vertical levels, which is different from flocks of Amazonia. In two nucleus species, some individuals alternated between the flocks, a feature not previously reported. Various tanagers were loosely associated, joining and leaving flocks. Minimum home-range sizes of flocks A and B were 4.2 ha and 7.8 ha, respectively. Some individuals of two species used an area encompassing the home ranges of both flocks. Mean flock sizes in A and B were 21.7 and 44.7 individuals, whereas the mean numbers of species were 13.7 and 21.7, respectively. Number of species and individuals were high compared to even most lowland flocks. Altogether, mixed-species flocks in different habitats and at various latitudinal and altitudinal sites appear to have some features in common, but others are highly distinct. Compared to the great stability of Amazonian flocks, some high-altitude flocks of secondary forest in the Andes appear to be more dynamic and unstable.
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Mikheev, Andrej Vyacheslavovich. "PROBABILITY MODEL OF POVERTY CALCULATION SUBJECT TO DIFFERENT FORMS OF INCOME TAXATION." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Management, computer science and informatics 2020, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2072-9502-2020-4-101-111.
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The article highlights a probabilistic model constructed for calculating the number of poor and the total income tax levied on all taxpayers under different income tax systems. There is considered the proportional income tax system adopted in the Russian Federation, as well as single-stage systems with both fixed and variable tax rates, in which individuals with low incomes are exempted from income tax. For these tax systems there have been found the dependences of the expected value of the number of the poor and the total income tax on the tax rate, tax-free minimum, and also on the laws of probabilities distribution of total income and the living wage of an individual. A numerical simulation of the found dependences was carried out. The conditions under which the abolition of income tax for individuals with low incomes reduces the number of poor were determined. Mathematical criteria are formulated with the help of which it is possible to assess the feasibility of moving from a proportional system to single-stage income tax systems.
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Makaranka, A. I. "PARAMETERS OF THE FECUNDITY OF AMPHIPOD CRUSTACEAN ALIEN SPECIES (CRUSTACEA, AMPHIPODA) FROM WATERCOURSES OF BELARUS." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 63, no. 3 (August 25, 2018): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2018-63-3-365-373.
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For the first time for water bodies of Belarus, based on studies (2008–2015), the main fertility parameters for eight alien species of amphipods were established . The minimum sizes of individuals for which identification of sex and the size of sexual maturation is possible are presented. The ranges of the body length of the egg-bearing females and the average sizes of the breeding individuals were determinate. The sizes and number of eggs are given at three stages of development for females of different age groups. Absolute and relative fertility were revealed. It is established that the number of eggs in the brood bag correlates with the size and weight of the female; the dependences of fecundity on the length and weight of the female were calculated. The theoretical possible number of litters in the period of reproduction of animals in the conditions of the obtained range was determined. The obtained results differed insignificantly with the literature data from regions with similar climatic conditions, that was determined mainly by various ecological conditions.
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XIE, MINZHU, JIAN'ER CHEN, and JIANXIN WANG. "RESEARCH ON PARAMETERIZED ALGORITHMS OF THE INDIVIDUAL HAPLOTYPING PROBLEM." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 05, no. 03 (June 2007): 795–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720007002710.
Full textAbstract:
The individual haplotyping problem is a computing problem of reconstructing two haplotypes for an individual based on several optimal criteria from one's fragments sequencing data. This paper is based on the fact that the length of a fragment and the number of the fragments covering a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) site are both very small compared with the length of a sequenced region and the total number of the fragments and introduces the parameterized haplotyping problems. With m fragments whose maximum length is k1, n SNP sites and the number of the fragments covering a SNP site no more than k2, our algorithms can solve the gapless MSR (Minimum SNP Removal) and MFR (Minimum Fragment Removal) problems in the time complexity O(nk1k2 + m log m + nk2 + mk1) and [Formula: see text] respectively. Since, the value of k1 and k2 are both small (about 10) in practice, our algorithms are more efficient and applicable compared with the algorithms of V. Bafna et al. of time complexity O(mn2) and O(m2n + m3), respectively.
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Rojo, Alfonso. "Excavated Fish Vertebrae as Predictors in Bioarchaeological Research." North American Archaeologist 8, no. 3 (January 1988): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/qtdw-t2a0-p7g6-qx2v.
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A sample of fifty-eight fish vertebrae from an archaeological site (Gooseberry Point, Campobello Island, N.B. Canada), has been identified as belonging to Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua). From their morphometric study, it was possible to conclude the original size of the fish, their age, the seasonality of the campsite and the minimum number of individuals represented by the sample. The ages estimated from reading the vertebral rings varied from five to ten years. Some showed the growth of the “summer” in which they were caught, but many didn't have the growth-of-the-year suggesting a winter fishing activity. These estimates, along with the calculated live total length (from 523–961 mm) and the total weight (from 1,126–7,522 g) indicate that the fish utilized in the site were of a large size. This study used a number of methods to calculate MNIs which resulted in variance ranging from two to thirteen individuals.
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Troy, S., and G. Coulson. "Home range of the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor." Wildlife Research 20, no. 5 (1993): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930571.
Full textAbstract:
Home range in the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor (Marsupialia : Macropodoidea) was examined using radio-tracking in a 150-ha remnant of mixed eucalypt forest at Healesville, Victoria. Three methods were used to calculate home-range size: minimum convex polygons, fourier transform MAP(O.95) and MAP(0.50) estimation, and harmonic mean 50% isopleths and 95% isopleths. The minimum convex polygon method produced the largest estimate of home-range area (16.01 +/-.45 ha). Each method required a different number of fixes before home-range area estimates reached an asymptote. These data showed that W. bicolor have small, overlapping home ranges and that the shape of the home range varied between individuals. Home-range area was larger than previously reported for this species, and there was no significant difference between the sexes in home-range size.
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Prieto Curiel, Rafael, Humberto González Ramírez, Mauricio Quiñones Domínguez, and Juan Pablo Orjuela Mendoza. "A paradox of traffic and extra cars in a city as a collective behaviour." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 6 (June 2021): 201808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201808.
Full textAbstract:
Promoting walking or cycling and reducing cars’ use is one of the city planners’ main targets, contributing to a sustainable transport method. Yet, the number of vehicles worldwide is increasing as fast as the population, and motorized mobility has become the primary transport method in most cities. Here, we consider modal share as an emergent behaviour of personal decisions. All individuals minimize their commuting time and reach an equilibrium under which no person is willing to change their transportation mode. In terms of the minimum travel time, the best-case scenario is used to determine the extra commuting time and the excess cars, computed as a social inefficiency. Results show that commuting times could increase up to 25% with many more vehicles than optimum. Paradoxically, all individuals trying to minimize their time could collectively reach the maximum commuting times in the extreme case, with all individuals driving during rush hour.
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Edwards, Robert L. "Can the Species Richness of Spiders be Determined?" Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 100, no. 3-4 (1993): 185–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/20674.
Full textAbstract:
The jackknife estimate of species richness for spiders in a study area on southwest Cape Cod was 373.1 species, with a confidence interval of 28.2 species. Over a period of six years 390 species had been recorded in that area. Fourteen habitats were sampled using conventional sampling techniques. The sample data for each habitat was examined for various aspects of comparability. It is suggested that for the purposes of calculating the jackknife estimate of species richness, a minimum number of individuals be collected from each habitat.
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Weiss, David J., and Shannon Von Minden. "Measuring Individual Growth With Conventional and Adaptive Tests." Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/jmm.v2i2.15990.
Full textAbstract:
Measuring individuals or groups longitudinally is frequently necessary in social science research and applications. Substantial research and discussion has focused on the statistical properties of measures of change and some of the psychometric problems involved This monte-carlo simulation study focused on properties of the measurement instruments used for obtaining scores that represent change or growth over five time points and examined how well scores from conventional tests and computerized adaptive tests used to measure individual growth curves reflect true change. Data representing four different patterns of individual change and a baseline no-change condition were generated from an item response theory (IRT) model. Different tests simulated were conventional peaked tests with narrow and wider difficulties and three levels of discrimination, and computerized adaptive tests (CATs) drawn from banks with the same levels of discrimination. Conventional tests were scored by number correct and IRT weighted maximum likelihood. Results showed that as the examinees’ scores moved from the difficulty levels at which the tests were concentrated, number-correct scores over-estimated true change and had increasing amounts of error. High discrimination conventional tests had the poorest recovery of change for both groups and individuals. IRT scoring of the conventional tests improved recovery of change somewhat. By contrast, CATs consistently estimated growth with minimum and consistent error and performed best with highly discriminating items. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v2i2_weiss
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Weiss, David J., and Shannon Von Minden. "Measuring Individual Growth With Conventional and Adaptive Tests." Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v2i2.15990.
Full textAbstract:
Measuring individuals or groups longitudinally is frequently necessary in social science research and applications. Substantial research and discussion has focused on the statistical properties of measures of change and some of the psychometric problems involved This monte-carlo simulation study focused on properties of the measurement instruments used for obtaining scores that represent change or growth over five time points and examined how well scores from conventional tests and computerized adaptive tests used to measure individual growth curves reflect true change. Data representing four different patterns of individual change and a baseline no-change condition were generated from an item response theory (IRT) model. Different tests simulated were conventional peaked tests with narrow and wider difficulties and three levels of discrimination, and computerized adaptive tests (CATs) drawn from banks with the same levels of discrimination. Conventional tests were scored by number correct and IRT weighted maximum likelihood. Results showed that as the examinees’ scores moved from the difficulty levels at which the tests were concentrated, number-correct scores over-estimated true change and had increasing amounts of error. High discrimination conventional tests had the poorest recovery of change for both groups and individuals. IRT scoring of the conventional tests improved recovery of change somewhat. By contrast, CATs consistently estimated growth with minimum and consistent error and performed best with highly discriminating items. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v2i2_weiss
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XIE, MINZHU, JIANXIN WANG, and JIANER CHEN. "A practical parameterised algorithm for the individual haplotyping problem MLF." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 20, no. 5 (October 2010): 851–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096012951000023x.
Full textAbstract:
Haplotypes are more useful in complex disease gene mapping than single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, haplotypes are difficult to obtain directly using biological experiments, which has prompted research into efficient computational methods for determining haplotypes. The individual haplotyping problem called Minimum Letter Flip (MLF) is a computational problem that, given a set of aligned DNA sequence fragment data of an individual, induces the corresponding haplotypes by flipping minimum SNPs. There has been no practical exact algorithm for solving the problem. Due to technical limits in DNA sequencing experiments, the maximum length of a fragment sequenced directly is about 1kb. In consequence, with a genome-average SNP density of 1.84 SNPs per 1 kb of DNA sequence, the maximum number k1 of SNP sites that a fragment covers is usually small. Moreover, in order to save time and money, the maximum number k2 of fragments that cover an SNP site is usually no more than 19. Building on these fragment data properties, the current paper introduces a new parameterised algorithm with running time O(nk22k2 + mlogm + mk1), where m is the number of fragments and n is the number of SNP sites. In practical biological applications, the algorithm solves the MLF problem efficiently even if m and n are large.