Academic literature on the topic 'Minimum reflux'
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Journal articles on the topic "Minimum reflux"
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Stichlmair, Johann, Hugo Offers, and Richard W. Potthoff. "Minimum reflux and minimum reboil in ternary distillation." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 32, no. 10 (October 1993): 2438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00022a029.
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Danilov, R. Yu, F. B. Petlyuk, and L. A. Serafimov. "Minimum-reflux regime of simple distillation columns." Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 41, no. 4 (August 2007): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040579507040069.
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Wachter, John A., Terry K. T. Ko, and Ronald P. Andres. "Minimum reflux behavior of complex distillation columns." AIChE Journal 34, no. 7 (July 1988): 1164–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340713.
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Paliy, I. G., O. O. Ksenchyn, and S. V. Zaika. "Comparative analysis of the results of 3-hour esophageal-gastric-pH monitoring in patients with combined course of gastroesophageal reflux disease and arterial hypertension depending on the available antihypertensive pharmacotherapy." Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University 23, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2019-23(4)-08.
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Annotation. Hypotensive drugs, which patients with arterial hypertension take, can have a negative impact on the motility of the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter, increasing the likelihood of gastroesophageal reflux disease, and worsen it. The aim is to study the features of acid gastroesophageal refluxes and gastric secretory function in patients with combined course of gastroesophageal reflux disease and arterial hypertension, depending on the available anti-hypertensive pharmacotherapy. Patients were divided into four groups, depending on available monotherapy with valsartan, lisinopril, bisoprolol, and amlodipine. Patients were subjected to 3-hour esophageal-gastric-pH monitoring. We conducted a comparative analysis of the following indicators: the number of acid refluxes, the presence of refluxes lasting more than 5 minutes, the average and maximum duration of episodes of reflux. The values of the minimum pH, maximum pH, average pH and median pH in the esophagus, cardiac part of stomach and stomach body were also compared. The results showed that in the group of patients taking valsartan, there was a significant increase in the number of episodes of acid reflux, an increase in the minimum pH in the esophagus, and an increase in % of time with a pH <4 in the esophagus, unlike patients taking lisinopril or amlodipine. There were no differences in gastro-pH monitoring between patients treated with valsartan, lisinopril, bisoprolol, and amlodipine monotherapy. It indicates that increase of gastroesophageal reflux in the valsartan group was not caused by the acid-induced effect of valsartan, but other factors that lead to a decrease and/or disorganization of esophageal motility.
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Espinosa, José, and Enrique Salomone. "Minimum Reflux for Batch Distillations of Ideal and Nonideal Mixtures at Constant Reflux." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 38, no. 7 (July 1999): 2732–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie990022y.
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Picos, Andrei, Ioana Chifor, Alina Rotar, Andreea Răchişan, and Alina Monica Picos. "Minimally invasive treatment of dental erosions in gastro-esophageal reflux disease." Romanian Journal of Stomatology 64, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjs.2018.4.1.
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LIU, Fang-Zhi, Hideki MORI, Setsuro HIRAOKA, and Ikuho YAMADA. "Minimum Reflux Calculations for Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes." Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute 36, no. 6 (1993): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi1958.36.458.
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Bauerle, G. L., and O. C. Sandall. "Batch distillation of binary mixtures at minimum reflux." AIChE Journal 33, no. 6 (June 1987): 1034–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690330617.
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Pham, Hoanh N., Peter J. Ryan, and Michael F. Doherty. "Design and minimum reflux for heterogeneous azeotropic distillation columns." AIChE Journal 35, no. 10 (October 1989): 1585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351002.
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Weusten, B. L., L. M. Akkermans, G. P. vanBerge-Henegouwen, and A. J. Smout. "Spatiotemporal characteristics of physiological gastroesophageal reflux." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 266, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): G357—G362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1994.266.3.g357.
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Recent technological developments have made it possible to measure intraluminal pH simultaneously at multiple sites using one single small-caliber catheter. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of physiological gastroesophageal reflux in eight ambulatory healthy volunteers (age 21-51 yr). Esophageal pH was recorded for 24 h at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 cm from the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), using an 8-Fr catheter containing five ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) pH transducers and a digital data logger. Signals were sampled at a rate of 4 Hz. Automated analysis included determination of the extent of the reflux (cm above LES) and calculation of the velocity of the advance of the pH front from the LES (ascending velocity), minimum pH reached, and duration of all individual reflux episodes at different segments in the esophagus. The reflux time and the number of reflux episodes/24 h showed a gradual decrease from the distal to the proximal sensor (mean +/- SE: 4.4 +/- 0.8 to 0.9 +/- 0.2% and 46 +/- 7.6 to 11 +/- 1.9, respectively). Of all reflux episodes 23% did not reach the sensor at 6 cm above the LES, and only 25% reached the most proximal sensor. Characteristically, acid refluxed rapidly (velocity 0.4-2.4 cm/s) and was cleared in a stepwise fashion. Reflux episodes of long duration at the distal sensor reached high levels in the esophagus (P < 0.001). It was concluded that ambulatory multichannel esophageal pH monitoring using ISFET technology is a valuable tool for studies on the spatio-temporal characteristics of gastroesophageal reflux.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Minimum reflux"
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Tanskanen, J. P. (Juha P. ). "Phenomenon driven process design:focus on multicomponent reactive and ordinary distillation." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 1999. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514251458.
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This thesis describes part of the work that has been done in the Chemical Process Engineering Laboratory of the University of Oulu to systematize conceptual process design. The aim has been to develop a design methodology, i.e. how process design is done, based on a carefully elaborated concept analysis. The starting point has been that all the knowledge related to process design, i.e. not only the procedural knowledge related to the design activity itself, but also the declarative knowledge related to the design target (process) and the environment (project) in which the design is done, should be systematized. The process design methodology can be represented within a single formalism by treating the activity, target and resources as structural parts of the project object. In that case, each design decision becomes properly constrained by the goal and the resources available, and is also stored together with the domain knowledge on which the decision was based. This holistic approach was adopted when the phenomenon driven process design methodology was built to systematize chemical process development while simultaneously supporting creativity.
This thesis concentrates on knowledge generation activity as part of the phenomenon driven process design methodology. A brief description of the generic chemical process object model is presented, after which the focus is on the design activity and the strategy of design. The phenomenon driven process design of an MTBE production process is described as an illustration of the methodology. It is shown how combinations of reaction and separation, such as reactive distillation, evolve naturally during a design project.
For the evaluation of attainable state distributions, which is an important design task implied by the methodology, a robust method was developed to solve the modified MESH equations of reactive distillation. The method was also applied when developing a rigorous calculation method for the determination of minimum energy demand of multicomponent distillation.
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Santos, Maria Jaquelini Dias dos. "Avaliação audiológica infantil: a utilização da audiometria com reforço visual com estímulos de fala." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25143/tde-07112016-112359/.
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Algumas teorias propõem que a percepção auditiva para sons complexos, como a fala e sons simples, ocorre de maneira distinta. Teorias sobre a existência de uma rota especial para decodificação da fala, com distinções desde a detecção do espectro acústico, a despolarização não linear das fibras do nervo auditivo, até a localização de neurônios especializados para interpretar sons de fala a nível cortical. Seria possível esta habilidade específica de percepção de fala um fator que modificaria as respostas de crianças entre 6 a 24 meses durante uma avaliação comportamental? Para avaliação audiológica nesta faixa etária, a Audiometria com Reforço Visual (VRA) é o exame indicado para obter níveis mínimos de audição (NMA). Diversos estudos apresentam as indicações da técnica do VRA para obter respostas confiáveis do sistema auditivo. Diante destas perguntas, determinou-se realizar um estudo comparativo do VRA com dois estímulos: warble nas frequências de 0.5, 1, 2 e 4kHz, e estímulos de fala, os seis sons de Ling /a/, /i/, /u/, /s/, /?/, /m/. Os dois exames foram aplicados em crianças com e sem deficiência auditiva, com os objetivos de determinar os NMA, o tempo de teste, número de sessões e os comportamentos observados durante a avaliação. Além da investigação quantitativa, foi elaborado um guia de orientações para realização do VRA. Foram avaliadas 123 crianças, as quais 57 foram inclusas na pesquisa, os principais motivos de exclusão foram: timpanogramas alterados, deficiências múltiplas, atraso motor e desordem do espectro da neuropatia auditiva. Participaram do grupo controle (GC) 33 crianças sem deficiência auditiva, idade média de 12 meses, e 24 com deficiência auditiva do grupo experimental (GE), idade média de 18 meses. No total foram obtidos 718 NMA considerando as 57 crianças e os 10 estímulos avaliados. Para o GC a média do VRA-warble foi de 17,05 dBNA e para o VRA-Ling de 13,60 dBNA; no GE as médias foram respectivamente, 95,51 dBNA e 85,88 dBNA, ou seja, estatisticamente os valores obtidos com os sons de Ling foram menores do que os obtidos com o estímulo warble. Os tempos médios para obtenção de pelo menos um NMA ou todos os NMA com o Ling e warble, não se diferiram na comparação intra grupos, assim como o número de sessões realizadas. No entanto, observou-se na comparação entre grupos, que o número de sessões, o número de NMA obtidos e o tempo de teste na realização do VRA-warble, foram maiores no GE. Outros comportamentos foram observados durante o decorrer do VRA: atenção, reflexo de orientação, imitação do estímulo auditivo, apontar para o fone, olhar para avaliadora/mãe. Considerando os resultados obtidos: o protocolo de teste utilizado mostrou-se eficaz para obtenção dos NMA nos dois grupos estudados; os sons de Ling podem ser utilizados na avaliação audiológica infantil de forma a complementar os achados com os estímulos de frequência específica. Porém, uma vez que os sons de Ling possuem uma ampla faixa de frequência, outros estudos que correlacionem os NMA para os sons de Ling nas diferentes configurações audiométricas são necessários.Some theories postulate the auditory perception to complex sounds and simple sounds, occur differently. Theories about the existence of a special route for decoding speech, with distinctions from the detection of the acoustic spectrum, nonlinear depolarization of the auditory nerve fibers to the location of specialized neurons to interpret speech sounds at the cortical level. Is it possible this specific skill of speech perception a factor that would change the responses of children aged 6 to 24 months during a behavioral assessment? For audiological evaluation in this age group, with Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA) is the test to obtain minimum response levels (MRL) or thresholds. Faced with these questions, determined to carry out a comparative study of the VRA with two stimuli: warble tones in the frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz, and speech stimuli, the six Ling sounds /a/, /i/, /u/, /s/, /?/, /m/. Both tests were applied in children with and without hearing impairment with the objective of determining the NMA, test time, number of sessions and the behavior observed during the assessment. In addition to quantitative research, we designed a guide guidelines for conducting the VRA. 123 children were evaluated, of which 57 were included in the survey, the main reasons for exclusion were changed tympanograms, multiple disabilities, delayed motor and auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. Participated in the control group (CG) 33 children without hearing impairment, mean age 12 months, and 24 with hearing loss in the experimental group (GE), average age of 18 months. In total 718 were obtained NMA considering the 57 children and 10 evaluated stimuli. For the GC average of VRA-warble was 17.05 dBHL and for VRA-Ling of 13.60 dB HL; GE in the averages were respectively 95.51 and 85.88 dBHL dBNA, ie, statistically the values obtained with the sounds of Ling were lower than those obtained with the warble stimulus. The average time to achieve at least one or all of the NMA NMA with Ling and warble, did not differ compared intra groups, as well as the number of sessions. However, it was noted in comparison between groups, the number of sessions, the number of NMA obtained and the and the test time in achieving VRA-warble were higher in the EG. Other behaviors were observed during the course of the VRA: attention, orientation reflex, imitation of auditory stimuli, point to the phone, look appraiser / mother. Considering the results obtained: the test protocol used was effective for obtaining the NMA in both groups; Ling sounds can be used in the audiological evaluation of children to complement the findings with specific frequency stimuli. However, since Ling sounds have a wide range of frequencies, other studies correlating to NMA Ling sounds in different audiometric configurations are needed.
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Santos, Gisele Lopes do. "Curr?culo m?nimo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: reflex?es sobre a disciplina biologia." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2017. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2212.
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This work has as objective reflect on the emergence and implementation of the Minimum Curriculum (CM) in the State Education Network, specifically in the Biology discipline, in 2012, presented by the State Department of Education of the State of Rio de Janeiro (SEEDUC). From the socio-historical studies of the curriculum, it is sought to understand the elements that supported the emergence and implantation of the CM and how this proposal refines the external evaluations in the state, ENEM (National High School Exam) and SAERJ (Evaluation of Education in the State of Rio de Janeiro). This work constitutes a qualitative research, based on theoretical and methodological, based on the curricular studies dialoguing with the empirical sources constituted by the documents related to the emergence and implantation of the curriculum (information of the SEEDUC website, Resolution 4.866 of February 14, 2013, Minimum Curriculum of Biology, Earnings by Results SEEDUC) and by published articles on the subject. The initial objective is that through the interbreeding of these written sources one can construct a narrative about the minimal curriculum of the biology curricular component. From the analysis of the official documents regarding the CM, with regard to the concept of skills and competences, it is possible to note its proximity to the external evaluations, since the curriculum and other strategies created by SEEDUC aim to corroborate with the increase of the index Of State education in external evaluations such as IDEB (Indicator and Development of Basic Education). The CM of Biology presents skills and competences, which SEEDUC claims to be organized progressively in the official document - from the simplest or most concrete, towards a more complex or abstract one. However, analyzing this document, the two-month course distributed in the CM of biology, it is possible to sustain that this progression of contents does not always happen, it presents in a sparse and irregular form. In this sense, it was possible to perceive when analyzing the document of the CM of Biology that the teaching continues to be presented in a fragmented way; Hindering the student to associate what he / she learns in school with his daily life. After analyzing the CM of Biology, the idea that the meanings of the concepts of competences and abilities, although approaching the cognitive-constructivist side of Perrenoud, is also moved towards Tyler's compartamentalism, when he centralizes his questions in External evaluations, the accountability curriculum and performativity
Este trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre o surgimento e implanta??o do Curr?culo M?nimo (CM) na rede Estadual de Educa??o, especificamente na disciplina Biologia, em 2012, apresentado pela Secretaria de Estado de Educa??o do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (SEEDUC). A partir dos estudos s?cio-hist?ricos do curr?culo, busca-se compreender os elementos que sustentaram o surgimento e implanta??o do CM e como esta proposta se afina as avalia??es externas presentes no estado, ENEM (Exame Nacional do Ensino M?dio) e SAERJ (Sistema de Avalia??o da Educa??o do Estado do Rio de Janeiro). Este trabalho constitui uma pesquisa qualitativa, a base te?rico-metodol?gica, apoiou-se nos estudos curriculares dialogando com as fontes emp?ricas constitu?das pelos documentos relativos ao surgimento e implanta??o do curr?culo (informa??es do site da SEEDUC, Resolu??o 4.866 de 14 de fevereiro de 2013, Curr?culo M?nimo de Biologia, Bonifica??o por Resultados SEEDUC) e por artigos publicados a respeito do tema. O objetivo inicial ? que se possa atrav?s do intercruzamento destas fontes escritas construir uma narrativa a respeito do curr?culo m?nimo da componente curricular biologia. A partir da an?lise dos documentos oficiais a respeito do CM, no que se refere ao conceito de habilidades e compet?ncias, nota-se sua proximidade com as avalia??es externas, visto que o curr?culo e outras estrat?gias criadas pela SEEDUC almejam corroborar com a eleva??o do ?ndice da educa??o do Estado em avalia??es externas como o IDEB (Indicador e Desenvolvimento da Educa??o B?sica). O CM de Biologia apresenta habilidades e compet?ncias, as quais a SEEDUC argumenta estar organizada de forma progressiva no documento oficial ? da mais simples ou concreta, em dire??o a uma mais complexa ou abstrata. Todavia, analisando este documento, os bimestres letivos distribu?dos no CM de biologia, ? poss?vel sustentar que esta progress?o de conte?dos nem sempre acontece, apresenta-se de forma esparsa e irregular. Neste sentido, foi poss?vel perceber ao analisar o documento do CM de Biologia que o ensino continua a ser apresentado de forma fragmentada; obstaculizando o estudante associar o que aprende na escola com seu cotidiano. Ap?s an?lise do CM de Biologia, sustenta-se a ideia de que os sentidos dos conceitos de compet?ncias e habilidades embora se aproximem da vertente cognitivoconstrutivista, de Perrenoud, tamb?m se movimenta em dire??o ao compartamentalismo de Tyler, quando centraliza suas quest?es em avalia??es externas, no curr?culo do accountability e na performatividade.
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Paff, Stephen William. "Characterizing counter-current separations under minimum reflux conditions." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/15730931.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1987.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-91).
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谷川, 恭雄, 博嗣 森, 善幸 黒川, 洋一 新井, 豊. 笠井, and 良平 野田. "建物外壁仕上げ材の剥離診断のためのサ-モグラフィ-法の標準化に関する研究." 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13017.
Full textBooks on the topic "Minimum reflux"
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Carton, James. Renal pathology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759584.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses renal pathology, including acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), nephrotic syndrome, hereditary renal diseases, Alport’s syndrome and thin basement membrane lesion, hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, minimal change disease (MCD), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), membranous glomerulopathy, glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, post-infectious glomerulonephritis, C3 glomerulopathy, anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, monoclonal gammopathy-associated kidney disease, acute tubular injury, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, reflux nephropathy, and obstructive nephropathy.
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Cattani, Eduardo, Fouad El Zein, Phillip A. Griffiths, and Lê Dũng Tráng, eds. Shimura Varieties: A Hodge-Theoretic Perspective. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161341.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses certain cleverly constructed unions of modular varieties, called Shimura varieties, in the Hodge-theoretic perspective. The Shimura varieties can show the minimal (i.e., reflex) field of definition of a Hodge/zero locus setting, and also reveal quite a bit about the interplay between “upstairs” and “downstairs” (in Ď and Γ\D, respectively) fields of definition of subvarieties. Hence, the chapter defines the Hermitian symmetric domains in D as well as the locally symmetric varieties Γ\D. It then discusses the theory of complex multiplication, before introducing Shimura varieties ∐ᵢ(Γᵢ\D) as well as three key Adélic lemmas, before finally laying out the fields of definition.
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Lambert, Heather. Urinary tract infection in infancy and childhood. Edited by Neil Sheerin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0180_update_001.
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Urinary tract infection (UTI) in childhood is a common problem, which is frequently dismissed as trivial because most children with UTI have a good outcome. However, UTI is an important cause of acute illness in children and causes a considerable burden of ill health on children and families. In addition, UTI may be a marker of an underlying urinary tract abnormality. UTI in a few may cause significant long-term morbidity, renal scarring, hypertension, and renal impairment that may not present until adult life. Predicting which children will go on to have long-term sequelae remains a challenge.The risk of renal scarring is greatest in infants, the very group in whom diagnosis is often overlooked or delayed because clinical features are non-specific. Delay in treatment is associated with an increased risk of scarring in susceptible children. Thus accurate and rapid diagnosis of UTI is essential and requires a very high index of suspicion particularly in the youngest.The role of vesicoureteric reflux in acquired scarring is not fully understood though there is clearly an association, possibly because it is a risk factor for acute pyelonephritis. Scarring when it occurs is in the areas affected by acute pyelonephritis. Higher grades of reflux are associated with a worse outcome.Management and investigation of children with UTI consumes considerable healthcare resources. Limited understanding of the natural history and basic pathophysiology, variations in strategy with time and setting, and lack of evidence on long-term outcomes have resulted in considerable uncertainty. Some propose a minimal approach doing little investigation unless there is clear evidence for it; others favour an approach of continuation of current practice based on clinical experience until further evidence evolves. Some of the themes behind these controversies are explored.
Book chapters on the topic "Minimum reflux"
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Brown, Nils, and David Lindén. "Assessing Social Impacts in Current and Future Electricity Production in the European Union." In The Future European Energy System, 257–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60914-6_14.
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AbstractIn this chapter social impacts of European electricity production are compared between the current situation and the REFLEX scenarios for 2050 from a life cycle perspective using the SOCA tool. The analyses indicate that for a limited number of social impact categories the SOCA add-on tool can identify geographic locations where improvement in social performance may non-negligibly improve the social impacts for future energy systems. Results show that gas supply from Russia is a major cause of social impact for all future scenarios in the subcategory “fair salary” due to the fact that the minimum wage is below the living wage in the country. The specific process for electricity generation in Europe contributes to social impacts in the same category to a lesser extent.
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Olguín-Angeles, José D., Arturo Ortíz-Arroyo, and Angel Castro-Agüero. "Minimum Reflux of Complex Distillation Columns: Adiabatic Flash Method on Enthalpy-Composition Diagram." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 1791–96. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63428-3.50303-9.
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Shimoyama, Yasuyuki, Motoyasu Kusano, and Osamu Kawamur. "Analysis of Symptoms in Patients with Minimal Change Esophagitis Versus Those with Reflux Esophagitis and Peptic Ulcer." In Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/31088.
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Di Tullio, Ángela, Andrés Saab, and Pablo Zdrojewski. "Clitic Doubling in a Doubling World." In The Syntactic Variation of Spanish Dialects, 215–44. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634797.003.0008.
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This chapter places Clitic Doubling in Argentinean Spanish into the broad perspective of pronominal doubling phenomena. A series of diagnostics is presented based on the interaction of Clitic Doubling with its PF/pragmatic effects, on the one hand, and its syntactic/LF effects, on the other. An important conclusion is that Clitic Doubling must be kept apart from Clitic Right Dislocation and Clitic Left Dislocation. Clitic Doubling is thus conceived of the morphological reflex of the abstract composition of object DPs; concretely, it is an A-dependency triggered whenever the object possesses a [person]-feature, an observation called the Person Feature Condition. So, under the minimal assumption that [3P] features can be optionally encoded on lexical DPs in Argentinean Spanish, but that it is only specified for pronouns in other Spanish dialects, variation facts associated with this phenomenon are explained. By the same token, the different behavior of doubled and nondoubled objects in several syntactic/LF configurations also follows.
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Froeschle-Chopard, Marie-Hélène. "La bibliothèque des Minimes de Marseille au xviiie siècle reflet d’un parcours intellectuel." In Saint François de Paule et les Minimes en France de la fin du XVe au XVIIIe siècle, 291–311. Presses universitaires François-Rabelais, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pufr.2686.
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Kur, Annette, and Martin Senftleben. "Rationales of Trade Mark Protection." In European Trade Mark Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199680443.003.0002.
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Although trade mark law is generally regarded as forming part of the larger body of intellectual property, the protection mechanism underlying its functioning is distinct from other intellectual property rights. Patents, copyright, or design rights award creative or innovative achievements with a limited period of market exclusivity thus creating artificial scarcity of the respective commodities. This grants the proprietor of such rights the possibility to raise prices above the marginal costs so as to recoup the investments made. Whether and to what extent that strategy is successful and even allows gaining a premium is determined by the market. Trade mark law coincides with that scheme insofar as it also engages market forces to determine commercial gains or losses. However, instead of creating artificial exclusivity of the goods or services offered, it provides a communication channel for entrepreneurs, so as to identify the goods or services originating from their business, distinguish them from competing goods, and transport product-related messages they want to convey to their customers. This, by reflex, provides information to the market, guiding consumer choice towards goods satisfying their demands, and helping to avoid those they do not want, at minimal search costs (see paragraph 1.08 et seq.). Thus, instead of restricting competition on the production level, trade marks are designed as an enabling tool without which competition in today’s mass markets would not function at all.
Conference papers on the topic "Minimum reflux"
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Li, Hong, Zhenhua Shen, Jianrui Liu, and Chao Wang. "Influence of Pressure Fluctuation on Reflux Valve in a Self-Priming Pump With Outer Recirculation." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30216.
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The pressure fluctuation caused by impeller-volute interaction is one of the factors which affect the stability of self-priming pump with outer recirculation. Based on the RNG k–ε turbulence model, three-dimensional unsteady turbulence flow in a self-priming pump was simulated in this paper. Pressure fluctuations were obtained at 26 monitor points distributed at eight sections of the volute and on the reflux valve, and the influence on the valve was analyzed. The CFD results show that the main frequency of monitor points is blade passing frequency, and the pressure difference between maximum and average is minimal at the fifth section, which is 1.3%∼2.4%. Using pressure sensors and LabVIEW system, the pressures at third, fifth and seventh sections were tested. The experimental results show that pressure fluctuation layouts are similar as those from CFD, and the pressure difference at the fifth section is 4%, also the minimum. The position also is found with minimal influence on reflux valve. Reflux hole should be placed at 200° ∼ 220° from the tongue along the direction of the impeller rotation. Further, according to the CFD results, the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the reflux valve was carried out. FEA shows that the valve can close the reflux hole completely after self-priming process, which gets a good hydraulic performance when the pump runs normally.
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Gao, Shengwei, Xin Lu, and Xiaoming Liu. "Minimum reflux power control of bidirectional DC-DC converter based on dual phase shifting." In 2018 IEEE 2nd International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cieec.2018.8745832.
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Odie, K. D., K. W. Moloney, B. P. McMahon, and H. Gregersen. "Gastroesophageal Reflux 2D and 3D Steady State CFD Simulations." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67360.
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Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a condition which affects up to 20% of the adult US population on a weekly basis. It is a condition where acid is allowed to flow from the stomach and into the esophagus where it causes damage to the local tissue. In chronic cases the condition can lead to cancer. Dysfunction of the Esophagogastric Junction is indicated as a primary cause. The recently developed Functional Lumen Imaging Probe (FLIP) is designed for assessment of the EGJ. It measures the cross sectional area at eight locations through the junction. This data has been used to construct a series of computational fluid dynamic simulations. These simulations showed a jet of fluid which squirts into the esophagus under the gastric pressure. This jet corresponds with previously gathered anecdotal evidence. The centerline velocities of this jet were measured and this suggested that the jet could travel up to 20 times the minimum diameter of the EGJ into the esophagus before decelerating to 25% of its original velocity. This means that if an EGJ was curved then this jet could impinge on the walls causing a localized area of increased damage to the mucosa compared to the surrounding tissue.
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Kliem, So¨ren, Horst-Michael Prasser, Tobias Su¨hnel, Frank-Peter Weiss, and Asmus Hansen. "Experimental Investigation of Coolant Mixing in the RPV of PWR in the Late Phase of a SBLOCA Event." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89472.
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Partial depletion of the primary circuit of a pressurized water reactor during a postulated small break loss of coolant accident can lead to interruption of one-phase flow natural circulation. In this case, the decay heat is removed from the core in the reflux-condenser mode. In this operation mode, slugs of lower borated water can accumulate in the cold legs. After refilling of the primary circuit, the natural circulation in the two loops not receiving emergency core cooling injection (ECC) re-establishes and the lower borated slugs are shifted towards the reactor pressure vessel (RPV). Entering the core, the lower borated water causes a reactivity insertion. Mixing inside the RPV is an important phenomenon limiting the reactivity insertion and preventing a re-criticality. The mixing of these lower borated slugs with the ambient coolant in the RPV was investigated at the 1:5 scaled coolant mixing test facility ROCOM. Wire mesh sensors based on electrical conductivity measurement are used in ROCOM to measure in detail the spreading of a tracer solution in the facility. The mixing in the downcomer was observed with a sensor which spans a measuring grid of 64 azimuthal and 32 positions over the height. The resulting distribution of the boron concentration at the core inlet was measured with a sensor integrated into the lower core support plate providing one measurement position at the entry into each fuel assembly. The boundary conditions for the mixing experiment were taken from an experiment at the thermal-hydraulic test facility PKL operated by FANP Germany. The slugs, which have a lower density, accumulate in the upper part of the downcomer after shifting into the RPV. The ECC-water injected into the RPV falls almost straight down through the lower borated water and accelerates. On the outer sides of the ECC-streak, lower borated coolant admixes and flows together with the ECC-water downwards. This is the only mechanism of transporting the lower borated water into the lower plenum. All these effects could be visualized and quantified by the downcomer sensor. On the way to the core, the lower borated water is effectively mixing with the ambient, high borated water. Therefore, in the core inlet plane, lower borated water is detected only in the outer part. The minimum boron concentration, measured at one fuel element inlet position at one certain time point, was 71% of the initial 2500 ppm. There is no change of the initial boron concentration in the inner part of the core inlet plane during the whole transient at all.
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Kim, Won Young, and Kishore Pochiraju. "Design of Reflex Actions for Compensating High Amplitude Disturbances to Digital Controllers." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70464.
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When a system controlled by a low-frequency digital feedback controller experiences a sudden large disturbance such as an impact, its dynamic performance and stability may deteriorate. Inspired by various reflex actions in human body, analog reflex actions are designed to compensate the effects of large disturbances to digital controllers. The human reflexes are triggered by motor neurons as soon as sensory neurons detect stimuli above a threshold without any decision process involving the brain. In this approach, large disturbances are attenuated more rapidly by external sensor-actuator modules connected with only analog components. A series of simulations is performed to design the reflex actions and its findings are articulated in this paper. The system performance is evaluated by measuring the peak error and the settling time. The paper presents a discussion on various techniques to determine appropriate reflex actions with only minimal information about the disturbance profiles.
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Popa, Dan O., Michael Deeds, Abiodun Fasoro, Heather Beardsley, Jeongsik Sin, Woo Ho Lee, and Raul Fernandez. "Automated Assembly and Hermetic Packaging of MOEMS for Applications Requiring Extended Shelf-Lives." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82970.
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In this paper we describe two modular automated microassembly systems, along with a several packaging processes that have been integrated to produce reliable and cost-effective MOEMS devices. The automated and packaging systems consists of robotics such as pick and place, insertion and fastening, machine vision and controls, and processes such as die attach, solder reflow by laser, wire bonding and seam sealing. The target MOEMS devices are intended for applications requiring a minimum twenty year shelf-life.
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Armendariz, Norman J., and Prawin Paulraj. "Materials Characterization of Lead Free Compositions for Minimum Temperature SMT Processes at the SLI-Second Level Interconnect Solder Joint." In ISTFA 2004. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2004p0261.
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Abstract The European Union is banning the use of Pb in electronic products starting July 1st, 2006. Printed circuit board assemblies or “motherboards” require that planned CPU sockets and BGA chipsets use lead-free solder ball compositions at the second level interconnections (SLI) to attach to a printed circuit board (PCB) and survive various assembly and reliability test conditions for end-use deployment. Intel is pro-actively preparing for this anticipated Pb ban, by evaluating a new lead free (LF) solder alloy in the ternary Tin- Silver-Copper (Sn4.0Ag0.5Cu) system and developing higher temperature board assembly processes. This will be pursued with a focus on achieving the lowest process temperature required to avoid deleterious higher temperature effects and still achieve a metallurgically compatible solder joint. One primary factor is the elevated peak reflow temperature required for surface mount technology (SMT) LF assembly, which is approximately 250 °C compared to present eutectic tin/lead (Sn37Pb) reflow temperatures of around 220 °C. In addition, extended SMT time-above-liquidus (TAL) and subsequent cooling rates are also a concern not only for the critical BGA chipsets and CPU BGA sockets but to other components similarly attached to the same PCB substrate. PCBs used were conventional FR-4 substrates with organic solder preservative on the copper pads and mechanical daisychanged FCBGA components with direct immersion gold surface finish on their copper pads. However, a materials analysis method and approach is also required to characterize and evaluate the effect of low peak temperature LF SMT processing on the PBA SLI to identify the absolute limits or “cliffs” and determine if the minimum processing temperature and TAL could be further lowered. The SLI system is characterized using various microanalytical techniques, such as, conventional optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and microhardness testing. In addition, the SLI is further characterized using macroanalytical techniques such as dye penetrant testing (DPT) with controlled tensile testing for mechanical strength in addition to disbond and crack area mapping to complete the analysis.
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Tao, Yi, Ajay P. Malshe, and W. D. Brown. "Laser Bonding and Modeling for Wafer-Level and Chip-Scale Packaging of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39271.
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In this work, low temperature selective solder (Pb37/Sn63) bonding of silicon chips or wafers for MEMS applications using a continuous wave (CW) carbon dioxide (CO2) laser at a wavelength of 10.6μm was examined. The low reflectivity, fair transmittance, and high absorptivity of silicon at the 10.6μm wavelength led to selective heating of the silicon and reflow of an electroplated or screen printed intermediate solder layer which produced silicon-solder-silicon joints. Finite element simulations were carried out to optimize the process parameters in order to achieve uniform heating and minimum induced thermal stress. The bonding process was performed on the fixtures in a vacuum chamber at an air pressure of one milliTorr to achieve fluxless soldering and vacuum encapsulation of silicon dies. The bonding temperature at the sealing ring was close to the reflow temperature of the eutectic lead tin solder, 183°C. Pull test results showed that the joint was sufficiently strong and could not be separated before the silicon die broke. Helium leak testing showed that the leak rate of the package was below 10−8 atm · cc/sec under optimized bonding conditions. The results of the Design of Experiment (DOE) method indicated that both laser incident power and scribe velocity significantly influenced bonding results. This novel method is especially suitable for vacuum bonding wafers containing MEMS and other micro devices with low temperature budgets where managing stress distribution is important. Further, sealed encapsulated and released wafers can be diced without damaging the MEMS devices at wafer scale.
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Hong, Jupyo, Shan Gao, Job Ha, Sijoong Yang, Ingoo Kang, Taehoon Kim, Seogmoon Choi, and Sung Yi. "Design Optimization of a Wafer Level Package for Surface Acoustic Wave Filters." In ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33031.
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In this paper, wafer level packaging of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter is considered. Numerical studies based on a three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) have been conducted in order to evaluate the reliability of a wafer level SAW package. The effects of package geometric parameters, such as the diameter of via hole and wafer thickness, on the reliability of the wafer level SAW package have been studied. The results show that the diameter of via hole for interconnection plays a key role in the reliability of the SAW package because the CTE mismatch between the filling materials of via holes (copper) and surrounding cap wafer martial (LiTiO3) is the highest among the material pairs in the package. Such CTE mismatch leads to the maximum stresses and warpages. The optimal thermo-mechanical properties of packaging materials have been proposed to achieve the minimum thermal stress during reflow process. Moreover, numerical results have also been compared with the experimental ones to validate the FEM model.
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Ono, Kyosuke. "Diffusion Equation for Spreading and Replenishment in Submonolayer Lubricant Film." In ASME 2014 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2014-6915.
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It is important to evaluate the lubrication and replenishment effects of the submonolayer mobile lubricant in hard disk drives because increased recording density can only be achieved through near-contact or surfing recording without head wear. It is known that the minimum friction coefficient can be obtained at a specific bonding ratio [1]. In recent times, the lubricant thickness has been reduced to one monolayer and the thickness of the mobile lubricant layer, to less than 0.3 nm to reduce lubricant pickup on the head surface. Matthes et al. [2] shown that a certain fraction of the layer of currently used mobile lubricants with multiple polar groups is important for reducing head wear. Canchi and Bogy [3] experimentally studied the depletion caused by thermal flying height control (TFC) head contact and reflow speed for various lubricants. Although the diffusion characteristics of perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPE) lubricants layers with a thickness of a few nanometers can be evaluated by a diffusion equation based on continuum mechanics [4], the validity of the conventional equation in the submonolayer lubricant region is not clear. Mate [5] showed that the spreading of a pancake-shaped Z-dol lubricant layer with subnanometer thickness can be quantitatively evaluated by a diffusion equation based on continuum mechanics. Ono [6] showed that the replenishment process of a depleted groove generated by slider touchdown operation can be fairly evaluated by the conventional diffusion equation if the effective ratio of the Hamaker constant to the lubricant viscosity is properly chosen. However, the identified effective viscosity is too high to be estimated from other experimental data [5, 7]. Moreover, the validity of the diffusion equation based on continuum mechanics remains unclear in the submonolayer region.