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Madalane, Thembi. "The obligation to rehabilitate mining areas : post mining activities." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/905.
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Thesis (LLM) -- University of Limpopo, 2012<br>The study focuses on rehabilitation, since absence of proper rehabilitation process result in indelible damage to the environment. South Africa, like many other countries, is faced with many environmental problems caused by mining. These problems are particularly caused by, inter alia, abandoned mining areas without rehabilitation, inadequate environmental impact assessment after closure, inadequate financial provision for rehabilitation, and lack of monitoring and aftercare system after post mine closure. The study found that many Companies ignore laws governing prospecting, extraction and rehabilitation. The main purpose of this research is to investigate and recommend guidelines in the rehabilitation process so as to instil respect for the environment. The study therefore recommended strict legislation relating to environmental protection against mining.
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Wang, Yuanyuan. "Analysis of soil samples from polluted mining areas." Thesis, University of Reading, 2016. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/68856/.
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Md, Azmi Ahmad Zharif. "CFD ANALYSIS OF AIRFLOW PATTERNS IN HIGH MINING AREAS OF ROOM-AND-PILLAR COAL MINING." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1574.
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This thesis studies airflow patterns in the face area of a typical room-and-pillar mining area, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling. This research is designed to develop a scientific understanding of airflow distribution in room-and-pillar mining areas that is fundamental to developing engineering controls. The overall goal of the study is to develop improved engineering controls to minimize dust exposure of mine workers in the face area. Dust exposure can be a health hazard in underground coal mining industry based on historical data of coal workers' pneumoconiosis among underground mine workers. Current regulatory dust exposure standards of 1.5 mg/m3, averaged over an 8-hour period, have been recently revised with approval of new MSHA standards in April of 2014. Mining companies are currently seeking new technologies in order to comply with the new dust standards. Since mining geometries are complex and do not lend themselves to closed-form analytical solutions, CFD numerical modeling approach was used to develop an understanding of airflow distribution in the face areas. Since previous studies had focused on some cuts in mining heights of less than 2.4 m (8-ft), this study was performed for high mining areas of 4.2 m (14-ft). Such mining heights are very common in longwall mine development areas, particularly in the State of Illinois. The primary goal was to identify major differences in airflow between the two mining heights and how they affect development of engineering controls for minimizing dust exposure. Simulations were done using ANSYS software such as DesignModeler for modeling and meshing and FLUENT for calculations. Recirculation (RC) and low air velocity (LAV) zones were located for straight deep cut, straight deepest cut, cross-cut right, cross-cut right mine through, left turn cross-cut, and left turn cross-cut mine through for low mining height (LMH) and high mining height (HMH) with varying air quantity at the end of the line curtain (ELC). Air at the ELC was adjusted to achieve a ratio of 0.85, 1.00 and 1.15 over the wet scrubber fan (WSF) discharge capacity. Results show that the air velocity in HMH case is much lower than for the LMH. In addition, the location of RC and LAV zones differ based on mining height and air quantity at the ELC. Furthermore, lower air quantity at the ELC causes the air exhausted by the WSF to recirculate back to the face area in order to satisfy the WSF requirement. Recommendations to deal with these differences are formulated.
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Kolli, Shiva Prasad B. "Analyses of coal extraction and spoil handling techniques in mountainous areas." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1971.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 64 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64).
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GaÌl, Judit M. "Biogeochemistry of arsenic and antimony : risk assessment in mining areas." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430897.
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Winqvist, Camilla. "Mining for Heritage : Heritagisation processes and management of former and current mining areas at the Skellefteå Field." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-298271.
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This thesis examines the heritagisation processes that have taken place at the Skellefteå Field since the 1980s, that transformed former and current mining areas into mining heritage sites. The purpose of the thesis is to find out how and why the heritagisation processes started and how the heritagisation processes developed through the years. Another important aspect of the thesis is to examine the narratives used to motivate the heritagisation of the areas. The thesis uses Critical Discourse Analysis’ (CDA) three dimensional analytical model as a methodological approach to examine the narratives used, by comparing the narratives used by the Swedish National Heritage Board, the County Administrative Board in Västerbotten and by the local actors who manage the sites. The CDA model is used in combination with field theory, adapted by Isacson and Orre from Broady’s understanding of Bourdieu’s original field theory, to frame the mining heritage discourse as a field. For the understanding of the heritagisation processes of the former and current mining areas, the thesis uses the theoretical framework of heritagisation by Harrison, and primarily the reconceptualization of heritagisation by Sjöholm who has redefined heritagisation by adding the terms re-heritagisation and de-heritagisation. The results of the essay show that local enthusiasm is the primary instigator of the heritagisation processes of the former and current mining areas. The narratives used by the mining heritage sites correspond well with the narratives used by the Swedish National Heritage Board and the County Administrative Board in Västerbotten. It is shown that the narratives used at each level, national, regional and local, are shaped by each other and that these narratives ultimately frame the field of mining heritage and the discourse of mining heritage sites at the Skellefteå Field. The local enthusiasts instigated the heritagisation processes and were supported during the 1980s by an increase in interest for industrial heritage from a national level. The heritagisation processes were in no way absolute, the heritage was constantly reaffirmed, and in some cases rejected. Heritagisation processes cannot be seen as fixed, they are fluid and the mining heritage sites are dependent on the continuous perception of them as heritage. The heritage sites become reaffirmed each time they are visited and perceived by the visitors as heritage. The thesis is connected to the larger projects Nordregio and REXSAC at the Royal Institute of Technology.
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Tristan-Montero, Emma Esther. "Human health risk assessment for contaminated land in historical mining areas." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7343.
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Pearce, Fiona Mary. "The geochemistry of river waters in former metalliferous mining areas of Wales." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242593.
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Luud, Aarne. "Evaluation of moose habitats and forest reclamation in Estonian oil shale mining areas /." Online version, 2006. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/684/5/luudaarne.pdf.
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Yu, Myong-Hwan. "Geohazards associated with rising groundwater in urban areas affected by former coal mining." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433423.
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Oliveira, Leandro de. "Soil recuperation in forest settlements in mining areas in the Tremembé municipality - SP." Universidade de Taubaté, 2006. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=77.
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The recuperation of degraded areas due to mining activity namely sand mining is carried out by the forest recomposition with native species. In the present work the availability of nutrients along with amount of living matter cover accumulated in a native ciliary wood and in five fragments of forest recomposition of areas previously used for sand mining in the municipality of Tremembe SP. Such areas are currently at different phases of vegetative development process, ranging from 1, 5 and 11 years. The content of nutrient, organic matter, soil acidity and total
production of living matter cover and coarse living matter leaves ,twigs and roots were analyzed .The living matter cover was sampled in 1 m2 fragments the 0-20 and 20-40 cm layers at five different random points in the beds and between the beds in all areas. The soil samples were analyzed in terms of the attributes pH, organic matter, P, K, Ca , Mg , H , Al , base aggregation , cation exchange capacity and base saturation percentage. The comparison of the living matter cover production and the chemical attributes between the areas were analyzed by means of variance analysis complemented by the Tukey test. A smaller production of total living matter cover was observed in the fragments over 6, 5 reforestation years. As from that period
however, the relation between the content of the organic matter and the amount of living matter cover in the superficial layer of the soil tends to differ. There is an increase in the nature of organic matter and the reduction of the production of living matter cover possibly due to the
cumulative effect of the organic matter in the soil through the organic composts that are more resistant to decomposition and respond for the humus formation. By means of the analyses of the chemical attributes the soils of the forest fragments were classified as dystrophic and moderately fertile. The nature and level of nutrients presented average values for Ca and Mg, high for P and low for K. The higher values for Ca, Mg and P may be a result of the residual effect of the fertilization carried out during the planting process.<br>A recuperação de áreas degradadas devido à exploração mineraria, notadamente pela extração de areia, é realizada pela recomposição florestal com espécies nativas. No presente trabalho analisou-se a disponibilidade de nutrientes e a quantidade de serapilheira acumulada em um fragmento de mata ciliar nativa e em cinco fragmentos de recomposição florestal de áreas anteriormente utilizadas para exploração de areia no município de Tremembé, SP. Estas áreas apresentam-se em processo de desenvolvimento vegetativo com períodos diferentes, variando de 1,5 a 11 anos. Foi analisado o teor de nutrientes, matéria orgânica, acidez do solo e a produção da serapilheira total e fracionada em folhas, ramos e raízes. As serapilheira foi amostrada em parcelas de 1m2, nas camadas 0-20 e 20-40 cm em cinco pontos escolhidos aleatoriamente nas leiras e entre leiras, em todas as áreas. Nas amostras de solo analisaram-se os atributos pH, matéria orgânica, Fósforo, Potássio, Cálcio, Magnésio, Hidrogênio, Alumínio, soma de bases, capacidade de troca catiônica e porcentagem de saturação de base. A comparação da produção de serapilheira e dos atributos químicos entre as áreas foi analisada por meio de análise de variância complementada pelo teste de Tukey. Observou-se menor produção de serapilheira total nos fragmentos a partir de 6,5 anos de reflorestamento. Entretanto, a partir deste período, a relação entre o teor de matéria orgânica e a quantidade de serapilheira da camada superficial do solo tende a diferir, com aumento no teor de matéria orgânica e redução da produção de serapilheira, decorrente, possivelmente, do efeito acumulativo da matéria orgânica no solo através de compostos orgânicos mais resistentes à decomposição responsáveis pela formação do húmus. Por meio das análises dos atributos químicos, os solos dos fragmentos florestais foram classificados como distróficos e de fertilidade moderada. Os teores dos nutrientes apresentaram valores médios para cálcio e magnésio, alto para o fósforo e baixo para o potássio. Os valores mais elevados de
cálcio, magnésio e fósforo podem ser decorrentes do efeito residual da adubação realizada na época do plantio.
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Luís, Ana Teresa Lopes Ferreira. "Integration of geochemical and biological modifications in mining areas: waters, sediments and diatoms." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12332.
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Doutoramento em Geociências<br>The development of mining activities over thousands of years in the region of Aljustrel is nowadays visible as a vast area of ore tailings, slag and host rocks of sulphides mineralization. The generation of acidic waters by the alteration of pyritic minerals - Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) - causes a significant impact on the river system both in the south of the village (Rib ª. Água Forte) and in the north of it (Rib ª. Água Azeda and Barranco do Farrobo), which is reflected in extremely low pH values (< 3) and high concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn and sulphates. This study aimed to assess the environmental impacts extent, integrating geochemical (surface waters and stream sediments) and biological (diatoms) parameters. Three groups of sites were defined, based on sediments and water analysis, which integration with diatom data showed the same association of groups: Group 1- impacted, with acidic pH (1.9-5.1), high metal contents (0.4-1975 mg L-1) and Fe-Mg-sulphate waters, being metals more bioavailable in waters in cationic form (Me2+); mineralogically the sediments were characterized by phyllosilicates and sulphates/oxy-hydroxysulphate phases, easily solubilized, retaining a high amount of metals when precipitated; dominant taxon was Pinnularia aljustrelica (a new species); Group 2- slightly impacted, weak acid to neutral pH (5.0-6.8), metal contents not so high (0.2-25 mg L-1) and Fe-Mg-sulphate to Mg-chloride waters; dominant taxa were Brachysira neglectissima and Achnanthidium minutissimum; Group 3- unimpacted, alkaline pH (7.0-8.4), low metal contents (0-7 mg L-1) with Mg-chloride waters. In this group, metals were associated to the primary phases (e.g. sulphides), not so easily available; the existence of high chloride contents explained the presence of typical taxa of brackish/marine (e.g. Entomoneis paludosa) waters. Taxonomical aspects of the diatoms were studied (discovery of a new species: Pinnularia aljustrelica Luis, Almeida et Ector sp. nov.), as well as morphometric (size decrease of diatoms valves, as well as the appearance of deformed valves of Eunotia exigua in Group 1 and A. minutissimum in Group 2) and physiological (effective to assess the effects of metals/acidity in the photosynthetic efficiency through PAM Fluorometry) aspects. A study was carried out in an artificial river system (microcosm) that aimed to mimic Aljustrel’s extreme conditions in controlled laboratory conditions. The chronic effects of Fe, SO42- and acidity in field biofilms, inoculated in the artificial rivers, were evaluated as well as their contribution to the communities’ tolerance to metal toxicity, through acute tests with two metals (Cu and Zn). In general, the effects caused by low pH values and high concentrations of Fe and SO42- were reflected at the community level by the decrease in diversity, the predominance of acidophilic species, the decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and the increase of enzymatic (e.g. catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic activities (e.g. total glutathione and total phytochelatins). However, it was possible to verify that acidity performed a protective effect in the communities, upon Cu and Zn addition. A comparative study between Aljustrel mining area and New Brunswick mining area was carried out, both with similar mining and geological conditions, reflected in similar diatom communities in both mines, but in very different geographic and climatic areas.<br>O desenvolvimento de actividades mineiras ao longo de milhares de anos na região de Aljustrel, reflecte-se actualmente em vastas áreas ocupadas por escombreiras com minério, escórias e rochas encaixantes das mineralizações de sulfuretos. A geração de águas ácidas por oxidação dos sulfuretos - Drenagem Ácida de Mina (DAM) - provoca um impacte significativo na rede hidrográfica, quer na zona sul da vila de Aljustrel (Ribª. de Água Forte) quer na região norte da mesma (Ribª. da Água Azeda e Barranco do Farrobo), que se traduz em valores extremamente baixos de pH (<3) e elevadas concentrações de As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn e SO4. Este estudo teve como objectivo avaliar a extensão destes impactos ambientais, integrando parâmetros geoquímicos (águas superficiais e sedimentos de corrente) e biológicos (diatomáceas). Três grupos de locais foram definidos com base na análise dos sedimentos de corrente e águas superficiais, cuja integração com as diatomáceas mostrou a mesma associação de grupos: Grupo 1- impactados, com pH ácido (1.9-5.1), conteúdo em metais alto (0.4-1975 mg L-1) e águas sulfatadas ferromagnesianas, estando os metais mais biodisponíveis nas águas sob a forma catiónica (Me2+); mineralogicamente os sedimentos caracterizaram-se por existência de fases filossilicatadas e sulfatadas/óxi-hidroxisulfatadas facilmente solubilizáveis que retêm grande quantidade de metais aquando da sua precipitação; o taxon dominante foi Pinnularia aljustrelica (espécie nova); Grupo 2- ligeiramente impactados, pH ácido fraco a neutro (5.0-6.8), conteúdo em metais pouco elevado (0.2-25 mg L-1) e com águas do tipo sulfatadas ferromagnesianas a cloretadas magnesianas; os taxa dominantes foram Brachysira neglectissima e Achnanthidium minutissimum); Grupo 3- não impactados, pH alcalino (7.0-8.4), conteúdo em metais baixo (0-7 mg L-1), águas essencialmente cloretadas magnesianas. Neste grupo, os metais estavam associados às fases primárias (por exemplo, sulfuretos), não se encontrando por isso tão disponíveis; verificam-se altos conteúdos em cloro o que justifica a presença de taxa típicos de águas salobras/marinhas (por exemplo, Entomoneis paludosa).
As amostras de diatomáceas foram estudadas do ponto de vista taxonómico (descoberta de uma nova espécie: Pinnularia aljustrelica Luís, Almeida et Ector sp. nov.), morfométrico (diminuição do tamanho das valvas de diatomáceas, assim como o aparecimento de formas deformadas de Eunotia exigua no Grupo 1 e A. minutissimum no Grupo 2), fisiológico (uso da Fluorometria de Pulso Modulado foi eficaz na avaliação dos efeitos dos metais/acidez na eficiência fotossintética). Foi efectuado um estudo em sistema de rios artificiais (microcosmos) que teve como objectivo simular as condições extremas existentes em Aljustrel em condições controladas de laboratório. Avaliaram-se os efeitos crónicos do Fe, SO42- e acidez nas comunidades inoculados nos rios artificiais e a sua contribuição para a tolerência dessas comunidades à toxicidade a dois metais (Cu e Zn) através de testes agudos.
De um modo geral, os efeitos provocados pelos valores baixos de pH e pelos elevados teores em Fe e SO42- reflectiram-se a nível das comunidades de diatomáceas, na diminuição da diversidade, no predomínio de espécies acidofílicas, na diminuição da eficiência fotossintética e no aumento das actividades enzimáticas e não enzimáticas.
Contudo, aquando da adição do Cu e do Zn, a acidez teve um efeito protector nas comunidades. Foi também efectuado um estudo comparativo entre a zona mineira de Aljustrel e a zona mineira de New Brunswick (Canadá) que apresentavam condições geológicas e de mineração semelhantes, refletindo-se em comunidades de diatomáceas análogas, mas com uma localização geográfica e climática muito distinta.
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Betancur, Corredor Bibiana [Verfasser]. "Agroforestry as a post-mining land-use approach for waste deposits in alluvial gold mining areas of Colombia / Bibiana Betancur Corredor." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1188814184/34.
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Agioutantis, Zacharias G. "An investigation into the modeling of ground deformations induced by underground mining." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82615.
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The mechanisms of strata deformation due to underground mining were analyzed in an effort to better understand immediate roof behavior and surface displacements. Strata deformation characteristics above longwall and room-and-pillar mines in the eastern U.S. coalfields were evaluated and a numerical procedure was developed for calculating surface displacements.
The model, based on the well-known finite element method, utilized empirical indices associated with subsidence engineering in order to incorporate the site-specific characteristics into the formulation. Different material behavior models and failure criteria were employed in an attempt to determine the areas highly deformed by underground excavation. Additionally, the method was sensitive to the ratios of the elastic moduli used to describe different rocks and/ or rock conditions, and not to the magnitude of the elastic properties. Thus, the use of arbitrary reduction factors to convert laboratory to in situ property values was completely avoided and scaling of the calculated surface displacements was based on, the empirically predicted, regional or local parameters. The use of fixed displacement nodes around an opening to induce failure overcame the roof-floor overlap problem encountered in other formulations.
The successful implementation of the proposed methodology for modeling surface deformations complements and enhances existing prediction techniques, which are primarily based on empirical approaches, by allowing parametric analysis for different excavation geometrics, roof convergence curves and overburden properties.<br>Ph. D.
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Wallner, Marcus. "Making Room for Resource Liberalism : Mining, Neoliberalization and Areas of National Interest in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-210973.
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Caballero, Erick, Rosa Calixto, Luis Arauzo, and Carlos Raymundo. "Model for Optimization of Drilling, Blasting and Fragmentation Processes in medium mining." International Institute of Informatics and Systemics, IIIS, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656286.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.<br>This study aims to propose a new alternative to optimize drilling and blasting processes from the mathematical and geological viewpoint using simulation software. The main objective is to design a systematic model of steps that can generate a simulation through JkSimBlast. This simulation must represent the best alternative for the design of drilling mesh and explosive selection to be implemented in the field. To achieve this goal, a seven-step process diagram was proposed, including geology, design aspects (burden and spacing across the areas of influence algorithm), analysis of physical parameters such as detonation rate, drill-mesh design, explosives selection and fragmentation analysis, simulation tests that could represent the field designs, and selection of the most optimal simulation. For the collection of parameters in the field, we have used MicroTrap Software and WipFrag, which have allowed the design of a mesh according to the needs of the rocky massif. The most optimal simulation was implemented at Caravelí Mining Company-Estrella Unit and had a positive impact on the optimization of drilling and blasting, as the costs of these processes were reduced by 14.6%. Specifically, the costs of explosives were reduced by 2.6% and the costs of drilling steels by 10.4%. The performance of the loading machine advance/shot increased by 13.2% and 15.6%, respectively. Copyright 2019.
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Kobayashi, Kenichiro. "Optimization methods for multiphase systems in the subsurface application to methane migration in coal mining areas." Stuttgart Inst. für Wasserbau, 2004. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=975382160.
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Cruzado, Tafur Edith Maricela. "Assessment of accumulation of selected metals by native plants growing in polluted peruvian post-mining areas." Doctoral thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/19152.
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Metal mining is one of the economic pillars of the Peruvian economy. Peru is the main producer of gold, zinc, lead, and tin in Latin America and the second largest producer of copper, silver, and zinc worldwide. Despite its economic importance, mining has also left a plethora of Mining Environmental Liabilities (MEL) whose inadequate waste management represents a risk for both the environment and human health and is a common trigger of social problems. The Cajamarca región is the second región in Peru in terms of the number of MEL sites with the majority of them located in the Hualgayoc district.
The goal of the PhD project is the assessment of the environmental impact of MEL in the Peruvian Andes using as an example two post-mining sites in the Hualgayoc district. This evaluation includes the study of soils and native plant species in terms of their metal accumulation potential and the species involved in the process, in order to generate information on a possible use of Andean native plants for phytoremediation. The mineralogical composition of soils is dominated by illite, kaolinite, quartz, and jarosite. Soil analyses also reveals a high acidity, very low content of essential nutrients, and potentially toxic concentrations of Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Ag, and Zn out of the 34 analysed elements. Sequential fractionation soil analyses indicate that the highest content of the metals is in fractions with limitedmetal mobility. Soils are classified as extremely polluted according to several geochemical indexes, thus represent a serious risk to the local ecosystem.
The main part of the project concerns native Andean flora and contributes to their inventory with the identification of 22 plants belonging to 12 family species. The metal content in plant organs is correlated with that of the soil, in order to assess the phytoremediation potential of native plant species by establishing their metal bioaccumulation and translocation capabilities. Some plants are found to be potentially suitable for phytoremediation of Cd, Cu, and Zn but none of them for Pb, As, and Ag.
The speciation studies carried out by HPLC with parallel elemental (ICP) and molecular (ESI) mass spectrometricdetection allows the identification of the chemical species responsible for the translocation of Cu and Zn. Nicotianamine complexes are the major species of copper and zinc in organs of Arenaria digyna, Nicotiana thyrsiflora and Puya sp.; they are accompanied by deoxymutageneic acid complexes. In addition, a novel, never reported so far, dihydroxy-nicotianamine species was identified as the most abundant Cu and Zn ligand in Hypericum laricifolium.<br>L'exploitation minière des métaux est l'un des piliers économiques de l'économie péruvienne. Le Pérou est
le principal producteur d'or, de zinc, de plomb et d'étain d.Amérique latine et le deuxième producteur
mondial de cuivre, d'argent et de zinc. Malgré son importance économique, l'exploitation minière a
également laissé une pléthore de Responsabilités Environnementales Minières (REM) dont la gestion
inadéquate des déchets représente un risque pour l'environnement et la santé humaine et est un
déclencheur courant de problèmes sociaux. La région de Cajamarca est la deuxième région du Pérou en
termes de nombre de sites REM, la majorité d'entre eux étant situés dans le district de Hualgayoc.
L'objectif du projet de doctorat est l'évaluation de l'impact environnemental des REM dans les Andes
péruviennes en utilisant comme exemple deux sites post-miniers dans le district de Hualgayoc. Cette
évaluation comprend l'étude des sols et des espèces végétales indigènes en termes de potentiel
d'accumulation des métaux et des espèces impliquées dans le processus, afin de générer des informations
sur une éventuelle utilisation des plantes indigènes andines pour la phytoremédiation. La composition
minéralogique des sols est dominée par l'illite, la kaolinite, le quartz et la jarosite. Les analyses de sol
révèlent également une acidité élevée, une très faible teneur en nutriments essentiels et des concentrations
potentiellement toxiques en Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Ag et Zn sur les 34 éléments analysés. Les analyses de sol par
fractionnement séquentiel indiquent que la teneur la plus élevée en métaux se situe dans les fractions pour
lesquelles la mobilité métallique est limitée. Selon plusieurs indices géochimiques, les sols sont classés
comme extrêmement pollués et représentent ainsi un sérieux risque pour l'écosystème local.
L'essentiel du projet concerne la flore andine indigène et contribue à leur inventaire avec l'identification
de 22 plantes appartenant à 12 familles. La teneur en métaux des organes végétaux est corrélée à celle du
sol, afin d'évaluer le potentiel de phytoremédiation des espèces végétales indigènes en établissant leurs
capacités de bioaccumulation et de translocation des métaux. Certaines plantes se révélent être
potentiellement appropriées pour la phytoremédiation du Cd, du Cu et du Zn, mais aucune d'entre elles
pour le Pb, l'As et l'Ag.
Les études de spéciation réalisées par HPLC avec détection par spectrométrie de masse parallèle
élémentaire (ICP) et moléculaire (ESI) permettent d'identifier les espèces chimiques responsables de la
translocation de Cu et Zn. Les complexes de nicotianamine sont les principales espèces de cuivre et de zinc
dans les organes d'Arenaria digyna, de Nicotiana thyrsiflora et de Puya sp.; ils sont accompagnés de
complexes d'acide désoxymutagénique. En outre, une nouvelle espèce de dihydroxy-nicotianamine, jamais
signalée à ce jour, est identifiée comme le ligand Cu et Zn le plus abondant dans l.Hypericum laricifolium.<br>La minería metálica es uno de los pilares económicos de la economía peruana. Perú es el principal
productor de oro, zinc, plomo y estaño de América Latina y es el segundo productor mundial de cobre,
plata y zinc. A pesar de su importancia económica, la minería también ha dejado una gran cantidad de
Pasivos Ambientales Mineros (PAM) cuya inadecuada gestión de residuos representa un riesgo tanto
para el medio ambiente como para la salud humana y es un desencadenante habitual de problemas
sociales. La región de Cajamarca es la segunda del Perú en número de PAM y la mayoría de ellos se
encuentran en el distrito de Hualgayoc.
El objetivo del proyecto de doctorado es la evaluación del impacto ambiental de PAM en los Andes
peruanos utilizando como ejemplo dos emplazamientos post-mineros en el distrito de Hualgayoc. Esta
evaluación incluye el estudio de los suelos y de las especies vegetales nativas en cuanto a su potencial
de acumulación de metales y las especies involucradas en el proceso, con el fin de generar información
sobre un posible uso de las plantas nativas andinas para fitorremediación. La composición
mineralógica de los suelos está dominada por illita, caolinita, cuarzo y jarosita. Los análisis del suelo
también revelan una elevada acidez, un contenido muy bajo de nutrientes esenciales y concentraciones
potencialmente tóxicas de Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Ag y Zn de entre los 34 elementos analizados. Los análisis de
suelos por fraccionamiento secuencial indican que el mayor contenido de los metales se encuentra en
las fracciones con movilidad limitada de los metales. Los suelos se clasifican como extremadamente
contaminados según los índices geoquímicos, por lo que representan un grave riesgo para el
ecosistema local.
La parte principal del proyecto se refiere a la flora nativa andina y contribuye a su inventario con la
identificación de 22 plantas pertenecientes a 12 especies familiares. El contenido de metales en los
órganos de las plantas es correlacionado con el del suelo, con el fin de evaluar el potencial de
fitorremediación de las especies de plantas nativas estableciendo su capacidad de bioacumulación y
translocación de metales. Algunas plantas resultan ser potencialmente adecuadas para la
fitorremediación de Cd, Cu y Zn, pero ninguna de ellas para Pb, As y Ag.
Los estudios de especiación realizados por HPLC con detección elemental (ICP) y molecular (ESI) de
espectrometría de masas en paralelo permiten identificar las especies químicas responsables de la
translocación de Cu y Zn. Los complejos de Nicotianamina son las principales especies de cobre y zinc
en órganos de Arenaria digyna, Nicotiana thyrsiflora y Puya sp.; están acompañados por complejos de
ácido desoximutagénico. Además, se identifica una nueva especie de dihidroxi-nicotianamina, nunca
reportada hasta ahora, como el ligando de Cu y Zn más abundante en Hypericum laricifolium.
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Anderson, Jonathan D. "Impacts of amending bauxite residue sands with residue fines for the establishment of vegetation on residue disposal areas /." Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2009. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20090831.155453.
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Banik, Janajiban. "Preventing spontaneous combustion in gob areas of retreating longwall panels by ventilating without bleeders." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40307.
Full textAbstract:
Spontaneous combustion occurring in inaccessible areas of underground coal mines is
often intractable. Even though routine inspection and/or continuous monitoring help
detect the incubation of spontaneous heatings, they may not be able to identify the
locations with accuracy. Moreover, implementation of remedial measures is difficult. A
new approach to ventilation system design to overcome the problem is investigated in this dissertation. Ventilation layouts are analyzed to identify potential problem areas and nullify the probability of fire occurrence. The focus is directed to longwall gobs. The changing gob characteristics, especially the varying degree of consolidation at different parts of a gob as the face moves, is considered. Analytical studies and computer modeling show that bleederless ventilation in retreating panels is promising. The W -system of ventilation is most suitable. However, there may be difficulties in maintaining the middle entry in a Wsystem<br>Ph. D.
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Liu, Donglie [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Niemeier. "Synthetic Aperture Radar for Process-Related Monitoring in Urban and Mining Areas / Donglie Liu ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Niemeier." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1175821640/34.
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Shrum, Peggy Lynne. "Analysis of mercury and lead in birds of prey from gold-mining areas of the Peruvian Amazon." Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1263410316/.
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Xiangdong, Li. "The study of multielement associations in the soil-plant system in some old metalliferous mining areas, England." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7803.
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Heyns, Anri. "Empowerment through mine community development: how the politics of development perpetuate poverty in mining areas – a legal theoretical analysis." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32685.
Full textAbstract:
The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (“MPRDA”) and the Broad-Based Socio-Economic Empowerment Charter for the South African Mining and Minerals Industry (“Mining Charter”), created in terms of the MPRDA, aim to address the exploitative legacies of past discriminatory practices in the mining industry. Impoverished mining communities stand to benefit from empowerment under the Mining Charter in the form of mine community development – one of the elements that constitute a mining right holder's commitment under the Mining Charter. Despite this legislative intervention and the relative wealth generated by the extraction of mineral resources, poverty and conflict have become the stereotypical images associated with mining areas. This project aims to determine why the empowerment of mining communities through mine community development perpetuates poverty from the past and creates new inequalities. To answer this main question, it is considered how the historical context within which the relevant policy and legislation were created, affected legislative drafting. Second, the effects of promoting development and empowerment in legislative provisions are explored to determine which worldviews and underlying values are being promoted by the legislative instruments under discussion. Furthermore, it is considered how these worldviews and underlying values affect how mining communities, subjected to harsh socio-economic living conditions, are depicted in legislative provisions. Here, it is specifically considered what the notion of “community” signifies in a development context and how “community” is represented in legislation. The thesis is a theoretical exposition of the ideological assumptions underlying the concepts “development”, “empowerment”, “community” and “poverty”. It is shown that “mine community development” is an inherently contradictory notion in South African law. The development paradigm implies the universalisation of values, effectively creating “the poor”, and causing vagueness and paradoxes. It results not only in a perpetuation of poverty and inequality from the past but also in the creation of new inequalities, as is evident in the differentiation drawn by the Mining Charter between different types of communities in mining areas. Measures currently being enforced by the legislation under discussion, are in desperate need of reconsideration.
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Murphy, Kathryn E. "Hydrological connectivity between clay settling areas and surrounding hydrological landscapes in the phosphate mining district, Peninsular Florida, USA." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001998.
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Waziri, Nuhu Musa. "Environmental geochemistry of soils and stream sediments from Anka and Birnin-Gwari artisanal gold mining areas, NW Nigeria." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/41402/.
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The geochemistry of surface soils and stream sediments from two areas in the north-western Nigeria Schist Belt was studied in order to assess the environmental impact of artisanal mining of quartz-gold-sulfide mineralization. XRF determination of total elemental concentration was carried out, along with sequential extraction procedures (SEPs) and in vitro bioaccessibility tests using ICP-AES. The results show that the soils in both the Anka and Birnin-Gwari area are highly enriched in silica, zirconium and markedly depleted in base cations due to intense tropical weathering. The results further show that artisanal mining has only caused severe contamination, especially with respect to Pb and Cu, in the Anka area, highlighting the importance of mineralogical differences in the ore deposits. Most trace elements partition strongly into the carbonate and Fe/Mn oxides fractions in samples from the Anka area, indicating possible risk of mobilization under reducing, slightly acidic conditions; the exchangeable phase being the least significant in both areas. Very high bioaccessibility values, which correlate strongly with the sums of the SEP steps, were obtained for Pb, Cu and to a lesser extent, As and Mn in soils of the Anka area and the minimal risk levels and tolerable daily intakes are greatly exceeded. Low pH was found to enhance the bioaccessibility of Pb, Cr and Cu, while rising pH appears to favour the release of As. Only the bioaccessibility of Cr was found to change with the length of extraction time and the ratio of the mass of sample to extraction fluid volume only affects the extraction of As. The results show significant human health risks, mostly in the Anka area due to processing of ores and improper disposal of tailings. Ore processing at the mine sites and an end to using the tailings as construction materials may reduce the exposure of the local population to potentially toxic elements.
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Gyapong, Ludrick Kwadwo. "Perspectives of Mining and Communication : Identifying constructivity and destructivity of conflicts in the Akyem and Wassa areas in Ghana." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-193120.
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Over several centuries, mining activities have resulted in the creation of varied environmental complications. Most mining activities are carried out in locations with proximity to human settlements. The interplay of mining activity and society has created several mining-related conflicts throughout the world, and in developing countries especially, these conflicts are much prevalent. These conflicts could be analysed in a variety of ways: analyzing the conflicts based on goals, interests and value interference; or on the bases of issues related to interaction between two or more parties. This paper takes into consideration the two concepts of constructivity and destructivity of conflicts as they relate to natural resource management and indicate that it is possible for a country or society like Ghana to discover constructive potential in a phenomenon that is mostly deemed destructive. The conflict situations in two mining communities (Akyem and Wassa) are taken into consideration for this paper. This does not deal with issues of conflict management, rather, it takes a look into the interaction between these communities and the associated mining company to determine whether the relationship between them possess constructive or destructive potentials. Based on interviews and information available on the internet, this paper determines that there exist elements of constructivity and destructivity in both areas. In the Akyem area, the destructive aspects reside in the relationship between Newmont and the Wassa Association of Communities Affected by Mining (WACAM). The relationship between Newmont and the local representatives take on a constructive aspect. Even though there is some sort of tension between the local people and Newmont, the situation can still be considered as constructive because they are still able to engage in dialogue in an attempt to coexist. In the Wassa area on the other hand, the story is different thus taken a destructive nature between Golden Star Resources and the communities. The involvement of the government however presents an opportunity for constructivity in the situation.
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Sousa, Rodolfo Neiva de. "Planning and implementing solutions for artisanal gold mining sites, preventing environmental impacts and rehabilitating degraded areas : a Brazilian case study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27950.
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Artisanal small scale gold mining (ASGM) is a large source of environmental, health and safety problems in more than 70 developing countries, employing more than 15 million people, motivated by the current high price of gold and lack of better economic opportunities. Around 200,000 miners are located in Brazil with 40,000 concentrated in the Tapajos River Basin, in the Amazon. In this region, they extract gold by using rudimentary processes, causing mercury contamination, river siltation and deforestation. This thesis conducted research in the Tapajós region highlighting the strengths of some initiatives introduced by the GEF/UNDP/UNIDO Global Mercury Project from 2002 to 2008. Its training program was delivered to 4,200 artisanal miners in 141 mining sites, and it focused on disseminating 20 good mining practices. Performance indicators have shown that the conformance to standards before and after the program improved from 22 to 51%, with highest success on reduction of mercury (43%) and river siltation (37%), and improvement of sanitation (40%) in the participating sites. This study suggests the use of a heuristic approach to environmental impact assessment and ways to address those variables in intervention programs through training and education. The study also presents a successful rehabilitation initiative using simple local materials. In the participating sites 128 pits were backfilled after training and some of them revegetated. In another case study, a pilot plant to pre-concentrate gold with centrifuge followed by intensive cyanidation of the concentrate in a ball mill has demonstrated to be a fast and advantageous alternative to replace the current 20-day vat leaching or even amalgamation. This pilot study reduced cyanide consumption more than 20 times and may represent an economy of US$150,000/a in NaCN. Finally, this study analyzes 20 Brazilian regulations that affect ASGM, shows that many of them have not been effective, and suggests recommendations that would help to organize the miners and give them proper access to training, technical assistance and technology.
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Selenati-Dreyer, Zoe. "Comparison of airborne particulate exposure in two platinum refining process areas / Z. Selenati–Dreyer." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4854.
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The aims and objectives: The aims and objectives of this study were to characterize and compare the airborne particulate matter in the tankhouse and crusher areas of a base metal refinery sampled with two separate methods, in terms of mass concentration, nickel content, and particle size distribution. Methods: Area sampling was conducted in the two areas. Two methods were applied to collect particulate samples. The first is a multi–stage virtual impactor, the Respicon, which was used to determine the three critical particle fractions (inhalable, thoracic and respirable). The NIOSH 7300 method determined the particle concentration and nickel percentage present in each fraction. Using formulas provided by the manufacturers two additional particle–size fractions (extra–thoracic and trachea–bronchial) could be calculated. The second was based on the standard NIOSH 0500 method, which determined particle size distribution depicted as cumulative percentages. The samples were analyzed using laser scattering instrumentation. Results: In the tankhouse the highest level of exposure was to particles bigger than 10 um, with the highest nickel percentage also falling into this range. However, high nickel percentages were present in all three cut–off sizes (4 um, 10 um and > 10 um). The particle concentration for the crusher area was the highest for particulates bigger than 10 um, with the highest nickel percentage present in this fraction. After comparing the tankhouse and crusher areas, it is clear that the particle concentration is much higher in the crusher area according to all sampling methods used. The nickel content present in the analysis of these areas is of great concern. Conclusion: With the knowledge obtained through this research one hopes to establish a basis for particle size sampling in the platinum mining industry. This may lead to the development of health based OEL's and reflect a more accurate evaluation of workers particulate exposure. This information will give a greater understanding of health risks workers are exposed to.<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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AraÃjo, Isabel Cristina da Silva. "Potential for revegetation of degraded soil by iron mining using leguminous trees and waste shrimp." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8130.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>Dentre as alternativas para recuperar Ãreas degradadas està a adiÃÃo de resÃduos orgÃnicos visando melhorar a estrutura e a disponibilidade de nutrientes no substrato degradado. No Estado do CearÃ, o resÃduo orgÃnico proveniente de tanques de criaÃÃo de camarÃes (carcinicultura) merece destaque por apresentar teores relevantes de nutrientes e matÃria orgÃnica. O objetivo deste estudo foi comprovar a hipÃtese de que o resÃduo de carcinicultura favorece o desenvolvimento de leguminosas arbÃreas e melhora o substrato degradado. Na etapa inicial do estudo foi feita a caracterizaÃÃo geoquÃmica e fÃsico-quÃmica do resÃduo para identificar a presenÃa de pirita e o risco potencial de acidificaÃÃo. Posteriormente, foi instalado um experimento em casa de vegetaÃÃo com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados e esquema fatorial
5x3, com quatro repetiÃÃes. Os tratamentos foram cinco doses de resÃduo de carcinicultura (0; 2; 4; 8; 12 Mg ha-1) e trÃs espÃcies de leguminosas: Sabià (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth), Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) e Jurema Preta (Mimosa hostilis). TrÃs meses apÃs a adiÃÃo do resÃduo de carcinicultura foi avaliado o crescimento das leguminosas, bem como a fitomassa e o acÃmulo de nutrientes na parte
aÃrea e nas raÃzes. TambÃm foi avaliada a disponibilidade de nutrientes no substrato. Por meio dos resultados da anÃlise geoquÃmica do ferro foi observado baixo grau de piritizaÃÃo e, consequentemente baixo risco de acidificaÃÃo ao utilizar o resÃduo de carcinicultura. Ao final do perÃodo de trÃs meses de avaliaÃÃo do experimento em casa de vegetaÃÃo, constatou-se que as leguminosas arbÃreas responderam positivamente Ãs
doses de resÃduo. As espÃcies que apresentaram maior crescimento em altura e maior fitomassa foram Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia e Mimosa hostilis, apresentando tambÃm
maior acÃmulo de nutrientes. Os efeitos do resÃduo de carcinicultura no solo foram: aumento na condutividade elÃtrica e no pH. Conclui-se que o resÃduo da carcinicultura
favorece o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das leguminosas arbÃreas avaliadas no presente estudo, sem prejudicar atributos quÃmicos e fÃsicos do substrato e permitindo
maior disponibilidade de nutrientes de modo a favorecer o processo de revegetaÃÃo da Ãrea degradada.<br>The addition of organic residues is among the alternatives to rehabilitate
degraded lands, aiming to improve the structure as well as the nutrients availability of
mining spoils. In the Cearà State, the organic residue from shrimp farms (carcinicultura)
deserves attention because it contains relevant amount of nutrients and organic matter.
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that residue from shrimp farms
improves the development of leguminous trees as well as the degraded land. In the
initial phase of this study both geochemical and physical-chemical characterization of
the organic residue were done aiming to identify the presence of pirite, and the potential
risk of acidification. One experiment was set up under controled conditions, in the
experimental design of randomized blocks in a factorial scheme 5x3, with four
replications. The treatments were five rates of organic residue from shrimp farms (0; 2;
4; 8; 12 Mg ha-1) and three leguminous trees species: Sabià (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia
Benth), Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Jurema Preta (Mimosa hostilis). Three
months after addition of the organic residue were evaluated the growth of leguminous
trees, the fitomass, as well as the nutrients accumulation in the above ground, and
bellow ground parts of the plants. The availability of nutrients in the substrate also was
evaluated. The results of the geochemical analysis showed low amount of pirite, and
consequently the low risk of acidification by the use of organic residue from shrimp
farms. After a period of three months was observed that leguminous trees presented
positive answer to rates of organic residue. The species that presented higher growth
and fitomass production were Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia and Mimosa hostilis,
presenting also the higher nutrients accumulation. The effects of the organic residue in
the soil were: increase in soil eletric conductivity, and pH. The conclusion is that the
organic residue from shrimp farms improved the growth and development of
leguminous trees in the present study, and it did not damage soil chemical and physical
attributes, allowing higher availability of nutrients to favour plant growth in degraded
land.
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Alam, Mohammad Masroor. "An integrated approach to dust control in coal mining face areas of a continuous miner and its computational fluid dynamics modeling /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1203573831&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Lucca, Enrico. "Geochemical Investigation of Arsenic in Drinking Water Sources in Proximity of Gold Mining Areas within the Lake Victoria Basin, in Northern Tanzania." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-224175.
Full textAbstract:
Access to safe drinking water is a challenge for rural communities in many developing countries. Drinking contaminated water endangers human health and impairs social and economic development. Arsenic (As) is a metalloid widely distributed into the environment and is highly toxic in its trivalent inorganic form. The natural occurrence of As in groundwater used for drinking has been associated to the insurgence of skin disorders and respiratory diseases in many parts of the world. Arsenic is frequently found in the form of sulphide in gold deposits. Human exposure to As via drinking water has resulted from gold mining activities in some instances in USA, Asia, South America and Africa. The problem of As in drinking water has been brought to attention in Tanzania only few years ago and further investigation are therefore needed to enable an early detection of harmful exposures. This study aims to assess occurrence, source and mobilization mechanisms of As in some drinking water sources within the Lake Victoria Basin, in Northern Tanzania. Rural communities living in areas known for artisanal and large-scale gold mining activities were the target of the present study. Fifty-four water samples were collected from a variety of drinking water sources (spring, borehole, river and shallow well) in Mara and Geita region during October 2016. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Redox potential (Eh) and As were measured in situ. Major ions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and trace elements, including As, were analysed in the sampled water at KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, in Sweden. 53% of the sampled water do not comply with the WHO recommended limit of 10 μg/L, representing a serious health risk for some rural communities within the Lake Victoria Basin. The spatial distribution of As in the area under investigation is highly heterogeneous and it is mainly influenced by local geology and proximity to the mining sites (approx. < 5 km). Lower As levels in boreholes than in rivers and shallow wells indicates contamination of surface drainage by mining activities and suggest that deep groundwater ( > 40 m) generally represent a source of safer drinking water. The field-measured Redox potential indicates oxidising conditions, suggesting that oxidation-dissolution of arsenic sulphide minerals is a major mechanism of arsenic mobilization in groundwater. However, this study reveals that several geochemical processes control fate and mobility of As, once it has been released into the aquatic environment. Large discrepancies between field and laboratory measurements of As indicates a strong partition of the metalloid into the particulate fraction. As revealed by the geochemical modelling, co-precipitation with iron /aluminium hydroxides and adsorption on clay minerals are presumed to be the major sinks for dissolved As. Moreover, a good match between peaks in As and dissolved organic carbon concentrations suggests that complexation by humic acids is responsible for enhanced As mobility. Overall, the present study has led to a better understanding of the problem of arsenic in proximity of gold mining areas in Tanzania and it calls for the development of affordable and sustainable solutions which would provide safe drinking water to the affected population.<br>Tillgången till rent, säkert vatten är en utmaning på landsbygdssamhällen i många utvecklingsländer. Åtgång på förorenat vatten riskerar människors hälsa och skadar social och ekonomisk utveckling. Naturlig förekomst av arsenik (As) i grundvatten är ett globalt miljöproblem, vilket utgör en allvarlig risk för människors hälsa på grund av metalloidens höga toxicitet. Med tanke på att arsenic sulfids mineraler är en viktigt del av guld insättning, har guldgruva aktiviteter anvisas som en orsak till att föroreningar av dränering och grundvatten i flera länder. Problemet med As i dricksvatten har uppmärksammats i Tanzania för några år sedan och det krävs ytterligare undersökning för att möjliggöra tidig upptäckt av skadliga exponeringar. Denna studie syftar till att bedöma förekomsten, källan och mobiliseringsmekanismerna för arsenik i vissa dricksvattenkällor i Lake Victoria Basin, i norra Tanzania. Landsbygdssamhällen som är kända för hantverksmässiga och storskaliga guldgruva arbeten var målet för den nuvarande studien. Femtiofyra vattenprover samlades från källvatten, borehålsvatten, floder och grundbrunn i Mara och Geita-regionen under oktober 2016. pH, redoxpotential (Eh), temperatur och elektrisk konduktivitet (EC) mättes i fält. Vattenprovernas koncentration av an- och katjoner, spårämnen (bl.a. arsenik), As(III) samt löst organiskt kol (DOC) analyserades i Sverige på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH). Femtiotre procent av det provtagna vattnet överensstämmer inte med WHO:s rekommenderade gräns på 10 μg / l, vilket utgör en allvarlig hälsorisk fö vissa landsbygdssamhälen i Victoria-sjö. Den geografiska fördelningen av As i det undersökta området är högst heterogen och påverkas huvudsakligen av lokal geologi och närhet till gruvplatserna (ca <5km). Lägre As-nivår i borehål än i floder och grunda brunnar visar att föroreningar av dränering pågrund av gruvverksamhet och föeslår att djupt grundvatten (> 40m) i allmähet utgör en källa till säkrare dricksvatten. Däremot, visar denna studie att flera geokemiska processer kontrollerar förutbestämmelse och röligheten för As, nä det har blivit frisläppts ut i vattenmiljö. Stora skillnader mellan fält- och labbmäningar av As indikerar en stark partition av metalloid i partikelfraktionen. Som avslöjas av geokemisk modellering antas, samutfällning med järn / aluminiumhydroxider och adsorption på lermineraler vara de huvudsakliga sänkorna fö upplöst As. Dessutom antyder en bra matchning mellan toppar i As och upplösta organiska kolkoncentrationer att komplexbildning med humana och fulviska syror är ansvarig för föbättrad rölighet.
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Avanzi, Ingrid Regina. "Estudo da atividade microbiana na biorremediação de metais tóxicos na região Amazônica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106132/tde-21022017-153529/.
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Nas últimas décadas o crescimento industrial decorrente do desenvolvimento tecnológico e outras atividades consideradas indispensáveis à vida humana, estão gerando graves problemas ambientais, que está despertando uma preocupação a nível mundial. Dentre os vários contaminantes os metais tóxicos têm recebido atenção especial, pela sua persistência ao ingressar nos ecossistemas acumulando-se por toda a cadeia alimentar, uma vez que são extremamente tóxicos, mesmo em quantidades muito baixas. No Brasil, a legislação ambiental vigente já estabelece normas bastante rigorosas no que diz respeito ao descarte de águas contaminadas por metais tóxicos. Para que o tratamento deste tipo de efluentes seja feito adequadamente, e para que possam ser impostos limites máximos cada vez mais compatíveis com a sustentabilidade da vida moderna, torna-se relevante a preocupação com novas tecnologias mais eficientes e econômicas que permitam a remoção de metais tóxicos do ambiente contaminado. Hoje o tratamento do ambiente contaminado é realizado empregandose tecnologias convencionais baseadas em princípios físico-químicos, as quais estão sendo consideradas ineficientes e economicamente inviáveis. Alternativamente, uma nova tecnologia, a biorremediação, vem ganhando cada vez mais importância, devido às vantagens que oferece: simplicidade, eficiência e baixo custo. Para isto é necessário ser avaliada a utilização de microorganismos resistentes e eficazes na remoção do metal, pois, nesta fase são necessários que sejam selecionados organismos com características favoráveis ao processo. Dentro deste contexto, a proposta desse projeto foi isolar e caracterizar micro-organismos de uma área de mineração, avaliando os mecanismos e estratégias para o seu uso na remediação de áreas contaminadas a fim de otimizar a sua capacidade de adsorver íons de metais tóxicos, com vistas à utilização destas bactérias para a biossorção de efluentes de mineração. Foram isoladas e identificadas 105 cepas resistentes a cobre, destas 12 cepas foram capazes de crescer à 7.5 mM de cobre. Experimentos de adsorção com metais tóxicos (Cu, Cd e Ni) mostraram que tais cepas são promissoras na ampliação de tecnologias para uma mineração menos impactante, como a exploração de fontes de metais em baixa concentração, transformando o resíduo em fonte de extração economicamente viável e ambientalmente favorável.<br>Recently, technological development has been resulted in an industrial growth and has been creating serious environmental problems as concern worldwide. Toxic metals have received special attention among many others contaminants, because their persistence in ecosystems and their capability of accumulation throughout the food chain (even in low amounts). Environmental legislation in Brazil has very strict standards regarding discharge of toxic metals contaminated water. For a successful treatment of such effluents, it is relevant to concern about new technologies more efficient and economics to allow the removal of metals heavy from contaminated environment. Today the treatment of contaminated area is carried out conventional technologies based on physicochemical principles, which are inefficient and uneconomical. Alternatively, a new technology, called bioremediation, is being more important due to the advantages it offers: simplicity, efficiency and low cost. Bioremediation may be a viable alternative for areas contaminated by toxic metals. It\'s needed to evaluate the use of resistant and effective microorganisms in removing the metal, because it\'s required to be selected organisms with favorable characteristics for the process. In this context, the aim of this project is isolating and characterizing microorganisms from a mining area, evaluating the mechanisms and strategies for using in the remediation of contaminated areas, in order to optimize its adsorb heavy metal ions ability and use these bacteria for bioremediation of mining effluents. This work isolated and identified 105 strains resistant to copper, 12 of them were able to grow up to 7.5 mM copper, adsorption experiments with toxic metals (Cu, Cd and Ni) showed that these strains are promising in expanding technologies for sustainable mining, such as the exploitation of low concentration metal sources, turning waste into economically viable mining and environmentally friendly.
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Almeida, Raquel Olimpia Peláez Ocampo. "Revegetação de áreas mineradas: estudo dos procedimentos aplicados em minerações de areia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-19022004-164619/.
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Este estudo analisa os métodos e técnicas utilizadas na revegetação de áreas de mineração de areia, e avalia os resultados que vem sendo obtidos. Foram visitadas cinco minerações típicas do setor contendo áreas revegetadas, nas quais observou-se o conjunto das atividades de recuperação. De forma geral, a revegetação vêm cumprindo papel fundamental na recuperação das áreas mineradas. Para uma avaliação mais detalhada, numa segunda fase do estudo, selecionou-se duas minerações: Viterbo Machado onde houve revegetação com espécies nativas em área de disposição de rejeito e; Cinco Lagos onde foi executada revegetação em antiga área operacional visando a recuperação de mata ciliar. Para avaliar os resultados da revegetação, foram selecionados cinco indicadores de desempenho: aspecto visual da revegetação, densidade, altura média de plantas, número de espécies plantadas e mortalidade de mudas. Na Mineração Viterbo, as características do rejeito depositado (finos) dificultam o desenvolvimento normal das plantas. As práticas atuais de manejo amenizam o problema, mas ainda não são suficientes. O tipo de manutenção de uma área revegetada há cinco anos, ainda não permite a regeneração natural, e nem todas as espécies utilizadas estão adaptadas às condições do substrato. Outra área semeada há nove anos só com gramíneas, hoje em dia revela um processo de regeneração natural considerável, embora com número restrito de espécies e distribuição localizada. A revegetação na Mineração Cinco Lagos tem pouca diversidade de espécies, mas apresenta bons resultados de crescimento e regeneração natural, especialmente em área com distanciamento de 6x1m entre linhas e plantas, respectivamente. Alguns aspectos observados do manejo do solo precisam ser aprimorados, e a escolha das espécies deve considerar a adaptação local. O número de espécies usadas para implantação de mata nativa é muito restrito, mas a regeneração natural vem se mostrando decisiva na diversificação de espécies. A revegetação em bacias de decantação requer a incorporação de novas estratégias de manejo do solo e das plantas. O método de avaliação demonstrou-se válido desde que realizado mediante a aplicação de um conjunto de indicadores e tendo em conta as características intrínsecas de cada local. Pesquisas neste campo podem ser aprofundadas com aplicação de indicadores adicionais (por exemplo sobre o estado do solo), e com estudos do aprimoramento do manejo nas suas dimensões técnica e econômica.<br>This dissertation analyses the methods and techniques used to revegetate areas of sand mines and assess the results obtained. In the first phase of study, reclamation activities of five typical sand mines were observed. In general, revegetation in these mines plays a fundamental role in mined areas reclamation. Two mines were selected for a more detailed assessment, namely: Viterbo Machado Mine- where revegetation of decantation ponds has been carried out with native species; and Cinco Lagos Mine- where revegetation was performed in previous operational area aims to recover riparian vegetation. For assessing results, indicators were selected for collecting the following data: visual aspect of vegetation, plants density and number of species per hectare, plants height average and settled plant mortality. In Viterbo Mine, tailings characteristics make difficult the normal plant development. Current practices of soil management diminish this problem, but efforts have not shown to be enough to obtain satisfactory results. The type of maintenance of a five year plantation does not permit natural regeneration, and plant species chosen are not the best suitable. In a nine year grassland sown, nowadays there is a good natural regeneration process but with few number of species. Cinco Lagos Mine presents low planted species diversity but shows good conditions of vegetation growth and natural regeneration, mainly with 6mx1m grid between lines and plant respectively. Some aspects of soil management must be improved and the choice of species has to consider local adaptation. A low number of species are used for restoring natural vegetation, but natural regeneration process has been found is showing to be a decisive factor for diversification of vegetal species. Revegetation practice of decantation pond needs to add new soil and plant management strategies. Results assessment has been done through the application of a set of indicators. New research can be done to test the applicability of additional performance indicators (soil condition, for example).
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Adomako, Eureka Emefa. "Variations in levels of arsenic and other potentially toxic trace elements in Ghanaian soils and grains : human health implications for mining-impacted areas." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU521787.
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Soil, plant and water samples from Ghana were analysed by inductively coupled plasma--mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to ascertain the impact of gold mining on soil chemistry and grain quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) of soil trace element concentrations showed that while As, Co, Cu and Zn are the main trace elements influencing variability, As poses a more serious pollution threat compared to all other elements considered in this study. Soils from the Anum Valley Irrigation Project (AVIP) site at Odumase, located close to the old Konongo gold mine in the Ashanti region, contained up to 103 mg As/kg and paddy rice from this site recorded the highest grain As content (0.6 mg/kg) for Ghana grown rice. Results from water analysis indicate that surface run-offs from abandoned mine tailings into the paddy irrigation water (River Owerri) constitute the primary source of As pollution at the AVIP-Odumase site. Comparison of soil-shoot-grain As transfer in Ghana and Bangladesh grown rice showed that at equivalent shoot concentrations rice grain As concentration will be higher for Bangladesh grown rice. Both Bangladesh and Ghana grown rice, however, showed an exponential relationship between shoot As and grain/shoot As ratio, thus indicating a strong influence of plant physiological regulation on As transfer to rice grain. Results of regression analyses of soil-shoot-grain As, Cu, Mn and Zn relationships suggest a potential disruption of the trace element content of rice grain as a result of the geochemical and physiological repercussions of elevated As in paddy fields. Market basket surveys of indigenous and imported grains from Ghana showed that mean As content in polished paddy rice from Ghana (0.11 mg/kg) is 10 times higher than in the locally produced maize, sorghum and millet. On the whole, mining communities that depend on As-enriched water for irrigation of farmlands, as well as for drinking and cooking, face higher risks of dietary As exposure.
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Gurung, Kumari. "ASSESSING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FROM THE FORESTRY-BASED RECLAMATION OF SURFACE MINED AREAS IN THE NORTH FORK OF THE KENTUCKY RIVER WATERSHED." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/43.
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Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes can take place at the expense of degrading environmental conditions and undermining ecosystem’s capacity to deliver benefits to people. In the Appalachian region, surface mining for coal is a major driver of LULC change. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) of 1977 requires mine site reclamation but typical reclamation practices often result in land cover dominated by grass and shrubs. The Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) is a promising reclamation strategy but not in widespread use by industry. Assessing ecosystem services that can be obtained from a forest landscape may help policy-makers and other stakeholders fully understand the benefits of forestry based reclamation. The objectives of this study are to 1) identify how surface mining and reclamation changed the LULC of a watershed encompassing the north fork of the Kentucky River 2) assess the biophysical value of four major ecosystem services under the contemporary LULC condition and 3) assess the benefits of the FRA scenario in the provision of ecosystem services. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to study the LULC change and InVEST software models for ecosystem services assessment. The results indicate that watershed’s forest area has decreased by 7,751 hectares from 2001 to 2011 and mining activity may have contributed 75% of the change in LULC. Barren and grassland land covers provide less carbon storage, yield more water, and export more sediments and nutrients than forests. At the watershed level, the FRA modeled scenario increased carbon storage (13%) and reduced water yield (5%), sediment export (40%) and nutrient export (7%). This study provides critical information regarding the ecological benefits of Forestry Reclamation Approach to assist policy and decision making in this region even considering the modeling and data limitations.
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Rondino, Eltiza. "Áreas verdes como redestinação de áreas degradadas pela mineração: estudo de casos nos municípios de Riberião Preto, Itu e Campinas, estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-18112005-145549/.
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A finalidade das áreas verdes é oferecer, à população dos grandes centros urbanos, oportunidades de lazer, recreação, bem-estar, aumentando, assim, sua qualidade de vida e seu contato com a natureza. O aumento do índice de áreas verdes nas cidades, expresso pela metragem quadrada de espaços livres de uso público em relação à sua população absoluta, induz a diversas manifestações sociais e culturais e amplia a integração da comunidade, inibindo o uso de tempo e energia com atividades danosas à sociedade, inclusive a violência. A recuperação e reabilitação das áreas degradadas pela mineração tornaram-se obrigatoriedade legal, a partir de 1988, com o advento da atual Constituição Brasileira. A existência de diversos sítios degradados nas áreas urbanas dos municípios, resultantes da extração mineral, constituindo espaços livres abandonados e a necessidade de cumprimento da legislação, incentiva a ocupação de tais locais por áreas verdes. A redestinação destes locais degradados pela mineração, em áreas verdes públicas, é uma das alternativas mais eficientes em aumentar o índice de áreas verdes das grandes cidades e ampliar suas opções de lazer. Com o objetivo de aliar o cumprimento da legislação vigente sobre recuperação de áreas degradadas, com as funções primordiais da criação de áreas verdes, foram analisados três casos de áreas verdes públicas paulistas, que outrora foram mineradas para a extração de materiais aproveitados na construção civil e utilizaram o mesmo método de lavra. Os locais escolhidos para estudo foram o Parque Luiz Roberto Jábali, o Parque do Varvito e a Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães, localizados, respectivamente, nos Municípios de Ribeirão Preto, Itu e Campinas. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi o de estudo de caso. A parte teórica do trabalho consistiu no levantamento de dados bibliográficos regionais e locais sobre as áreas de estudo. A parte prática consistiu no levantamento de dados em campo sobre a situação atual de cada uma das áreas verdes estudadas, através de visitas técnicas para coleta dos dados primários, por meio da comunicação e da observação direta sistemática. A manutenção do Parque Prefeito Luiz Roberto Jábali foi considerada altamente positiva. O local cumpre as funções primordiais de uma área verde, além de contribuir para o aumento do índice de áreas verdes do Município de Ribeirão Preto. O Parque do Varvito apresenta algumas benfeitorias mal conservadas, porém cumpre suas funções culturais e paisagísticas, elevando, também, o índice de áreas verdes do Município. A Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães encontra-se abandonada pela Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas e, embora eleve o índice de áreas verdes do Município, não atinge os objetivos básicos de uma área verde municipal. Os sítios urbanos degradados pela mineração são potenciais opções de aumento do índice de áreas verdes num determinado Município. Contudo, somente atingirão tais funções, contemplando bemestar, lazer e recreação à população, quando a conservação e a manutenção forem bem conduzidas pelas políticas governamentais de gestão e fiscalizadas pela comunidade.<br>The purpose of a green area or public park is to offer the population of large urban centers an area where they can enjoy leisure and recreation, thus increasing their quality of life and contact with nature. The ratio of green in a city, expressed by the area of public space such as parks divided by the population, is linked to numerous social and cultural manifestations and increases community integration, inhibiting the use of time and energy with activities that can be considered harmful to society, including violence. The recovery and rehabilitation of areas degraded by mining are required by law since 1988, after the promulgation of the Brazilian Constitution. The fact that there is a great number of sites in cities urban areas that have been degraded as a result of mineral extraction and later become public areas covered by vegetation, has led to making public parks a common alternative when recovering an area, especially because of legal requirements. It is one of the most efficient alternatives when it comes to increasing green areas and leisure spots. It was with the objective of joining compliance with the current legislation on rehabilitation of degraded areas with the basic functions of increasing the number of green areas, that three such areas were analyzed; all in the State of São Paulo and all formerly mined for construction material using the same extraction procedures. The areas chosen for the study were the Parque Luiz Roberto Jábali, the Parque do Varvito and the Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães, located respectively in the Municipalities of Ribeirão Preto, Itu and Campinas. The survey method used was the case study. The theoretical aspect of the study consisted in finding local and regional bibliographical data on the areas. The practical aspect consisted in gathering field data on the current situation of each one studied, by means of conducting technical visits for primary data collection through direct and systematic observation. Maintenance of the Parque Prefeito Luiz Roberto Jábali was considered very positive. The location achieves the primary purposes of a green area, and also makes a contribution to the ratio of green in the Municipality of Ribeirão Preto. The Parque do Varvito presents a few positive aspects as far as what it offers, but maintenance has been fairly poor. It does, nonetheless, carry out its cultural and landscaping functions, also helping the ratio of green. The Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães has been abandoned by the Municipal Authorities and contributes only to the green area in Campinas, not achieving the primary goals of a Municipal green area. The recovery of a degraded mining is an option for increasing the area of green in a given Municipality; it will, however, only fulfill the purposes of urban green areas, i.e. to increase overall well-being of the population by offering leisure and recreation, when it is duly preserved and maintained with help from government policies and the community.
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Ribeiro, Admilson Irio. "Mecanização no preparo de solo em areas degradadas por mineração na Floresta Nacional do Jamari (Rondonia-BR)." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257141.
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Orientador: Antonio Jose da Silva Maciel<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T08:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2005<br>Resumo: A utilização dos recursos naturais de uma nação implica diretamente na manipulação de ambientes naturais da superfície terrestre. Nesse cenário, estimativas indicam que a mineração contribui em um por cento na degradação dos solos do planeta. Observa-se que, mesmo parecendo um valor pequeno esse percentual denota uma alta intensidade de degradação. Esta degradação ao meio provoca grandes modificações ao sistema, tendo um forte efeito perturbador na paisagem, porque requer a remoção da vegetação, do solo e das rochas que estejam acima dos depósitos minerais. De acordo com a legislação ambiental vigente no Brasil e o processo de globalização mercadológico, intensifica-se o compromisso das nações em relação à preservação do meio ambiente. Surge, então, em função das respostas negativas da natureza ao seu intensivo uso, uma conscientização, por parte de empresas e órgãos, de que a ação antrópica sobre o meio tem que ser minimizada, tornando-se um desafio: desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho utilizou-se da mecanização do preparo de solo, como uma técnica para aplicar em larga escala, as estratégias e métodos de recuperação de áreas mineradas, que foram pesquisadas e desenvolvidas experimentalmente por pesquisadores em um projeto temático de recuperação de áreas degradadas. Este trabalho foi realizado no ecossistema amazônico dentro da Floresta Nacional do Jamari Rondônia (FLONA do Jamari) em minas de cassiterita desativadas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1. Desenvolver um programa computacional capaz de gerenciar um banco de dados e auxiliar na seleção de máquinas e métodos de preparo para executar as operações de recomposição topográfica e preparo de superfícies em áreas degradadas por exploração mineral de cassiterita. 2. Utilizar o programa desenvolvido no planejamento de custos e desempenho operacional, para as operações requeridas nas estratégias de recuperação das áreas. 3. Analisar a produtividade vegetal nas áreas mobilizadas e qualidade da mobilização superficial, utilizando-se de indicadores e métodos de preparo do solo. 4. Avaliar por meio de indicadores biológicos a eficiência das estratégias e técnicas de recuperação que foram mecanizadas e aplicadas no local. Os resultados mostraram que: o programa computacional (SGMAD) desenvolvido atendeu aos propósitos metodológicos estabelecidos (análise de custos e capacidade operacional) para o planejamento e a seleção de máquinas e métodos de preparo nas áreas de exploração mineral de cassiterita. Os métodos e a qualidade da mobilização superficial aplicados foram significativos para o desenvolvimento de leguminosas nas áreas. O uso de indicadores biológicos (biomassa microbiana e atividade enzimática) na avaliação das técnicas e estratégias adotadas revelou que o plantio de leguminosas e sua posterior incorporação vêm promovendo alterações graduais positivas em alguns dos parâmetros de solo/substrato analisados<br>Abstract: The usage of a nation's natural resources directly implies the manipulation of natural environments on the terrestrial surface. In this scenario, estimates indicate that mining contributes to one percent of the degradation of the soils of the planet. It is observable that, although it seems to be a small number, this percentage denotes a high intensity of degradation. This degradation of the environment provokes large modifications of the system, having a strong disturbing effect on the landscape, for it requires the removal of the vegetation, the soil and the rocks that are above the mineral deposits. According to the environmental legislation enforced in Brazil and the process of marketing globalization, the commitment of the nations to the preservation of the environment is intensified. By reason of nature's negative responses to its intensive use, an awareness then appears from enterprises and agencies about how the anthropic action over the environment needs to be minimized, becoming a challenge: development and sustainability. In this context, the present work made use of the Mechanical tillage of the soil, as a technique to apply, in a large scale, the strategies and methods to recover mined areas that were researched and developed experimentally by researchers on a theme project about the recovering of degraded areas. This work was conducted in the Amazon ecosystem, inside the Jamari National Forest ¿ Rondônia (FLONA do Jamari), in deactivated cassiterite mines. The objectives of this work were to: 1. Develop a computational program capable of managing a database and assist in the selection of machines and preparation methods to execute the operations of topographical recomposition and tillage of surfaces in areas degraded by the mineral exploitation of cassiterite. 2. Use the program that was developed in the planning of costs and operationa development, for the operations required in the strategies for recovering the areas. 3. Analyze the vegetable productivity in the mobilized areas and the quality of the superficial mobilization, making use of indicators and tillage methods. 4. Evaluate, through biological indicators, the efficiency of the recovery strategies and techniques that were mechanized and applied on the location. The results showed that: the developed computational program (SGMAD) served the methodological purposes (the analysis of costs and operational capacity) established for the planning and the selection of the tillage machines and methods in the areas of mineral exploitation of cassiterite. The applied methods and quality of the superficial mobilization were significant to the development of leguminous plants in the areas. The use of biological indicators (microbial biomass and enzymatic activity) in the evaluation of the adopted techniques and strategies revealed that the planting of leguminous plants and their posterior incorporation have been promoting gradually positive alterations in some of the analyzed soil/substract parameters<br>Doutorado<br>Maquinas Agricolas<br>Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
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Santos, Naiara Torres dos [UNESP]. "Análise da qualidade ambiental da revegetação de taludes de rejeitos utilizando técnicas de bioengenharia de solo na mineração de rocha fosfática." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152041.
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Previous issue date: 2017-08-31<br>A exploração dos recursos naturais tornou-se uma prática relevante no desenvolvimento das sociedades, pois a partir dela são realizados e criados inúmeros produtos essenciais para a população, além do surgimento de empregos e maiores estruturas nas cidades. Dentre todas as atividades que se beneficiam da natureza, o processo de mineração pode ser considerado um dos que apresenta maior intensidade de impactos ambientais negativos, como a supressão da vegetação, perda da vegetação nativa e interferência de áreas de preservação permanentes (APP’s), empobrecimento do solo, alteração na qualidade do ar e da água, geração de resíduos sólidos e efluentes líquidos, dentre outros. Nesse contexto, esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade ambiental da paisagem dentro de diferentes tratamentos de bioengenharia de solo aplicados na revegetação de taludes de depósito de rejeito numa mineradora de rocha fosfática, localizada no município de Cajati, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Através das técnicas e tratamentos empregados de bioengenharia dos solos, foi realizada uma avaliação perceptiva da paisagem dos taludes e para identificar o alcance dessa análise, buscou-se uma avaliação dos índices físicos do solo e também a quantidade de matéria orgânica. Assim, por meio da metodologia de análise perceptiva da paisagem foi possível avaliar a evolução da revegetação dentro dos taludes. Dessa maneira, utilizou-se matrizes de ponderação para calcular um índice de qualidade ambiental da paisagem (IQAP), sendo possível definir o estado atual das áreas revegetadas utilizando tratamentos de bioengenharias de solo (guirlanda, colmeia e solo retentor). Os atributos físicos estudados foram: teor de umidade do solo (W), densidade solo (Ds) e porosidade total (nT). Houve diferença significativa de médias do teor de umidade, da densidade de solo e da matéria orgânica. Os resultados do IQAP apresentaram uma compatibilização com os resultados dos indicadores físicos e matéria orgânica do solo. A metodologia aplicada contribuiu avaliar a evolução da revegetação proporcionada pelas estruturas de bioengenharias de solos aplicada no depósito de rejeitos. A avaliação da qualidade ambiental da paisagem pode ser utilizada para avaliação de técnicas de bioengenharia na gestão da recuperação de taludes de rejeito.<br>The exploitation of natural resources has become a relevant practice in the development of societies, since from it are produced and created numerous essential products for the population, besides the emergence of jobs and bigger structures in the cities. Among all the activities that benefit from nature, the mining process can be considered one of the most intense negative environmental impacts, such as the suppression of vegetation, loss of native vegetation and interference of permanent preservation areas (PPPs), impoverishment Changes in air and water quality, generation of solid waste and liquid effluents, among others. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental quality of the landscape within different soil bioengineering treatments applied to the revegetation of tailings deposits in a phosphate rock miner located in the municipality of Cajati, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Through the techniques and treatments used for soil bioengineering, a perceptive evaluation of the landscape of the slopes was carried out and to identify the scope of this analysis, an evaluation was made of the soil physical indexes and also the amount of organic matter. Thus, through the methodology of perceptive analysis of the landscape it was possible to evaluate the evolution of revegetation within the slopes. In this way, weighting matrices were used to calculate an environmental quality index of the landscape (IQAP). It is possible to define the current state of the revegeted areas using soil bioengineering treatments (garland, hive and retaining soil). The physical attributes studied were: soil moisture content (W), soil density (Ds) and total porosity (nT). There was a significant difference of averages of moisture content, soil density and organic matter. The results of the IQAP presented a compatibilization with the results of the physical indicators and soil organic matter. The applied methodology contributed to evaluate the evolution of the revegetation provided by the structures of soil bioengenharias applied in the tailings deposit. The evaluation of the environmental quality of the landscape can be used to evaluate bioengineering techniques in the management of tailings recharge.
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Candido, Luciano Willen. "Identificação e mapeamento de cavas e pilhas de bota-fora de mineração como unidade geológico-geotécnica no município de Estiva Gerbi - SP /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92746.
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Orientador: José Eduardo Zaine<br>Banca: José Cândido Stevaux<br>Banca: Antonio Roberto Saad<br>Resumo: A pesquisa tem como tema central o reconhecimento de áreas modificadas pela atividade de mineração como uma unidade geológico-geotécnica no Município de Estiva Gerbi (SP). As últimas décadas têm sido marcadas por grandes mudanças tecnológicas, pelo aumento da população e o decorrente aumento das cidades, tendo como reflexo a conseqüente elevação do consumo dos recursos naturais. Este estudo caracterizou cavas e pilhas de botafora, geradas pela atividade extração de argila para a indústria cerâmica, como modificadoras das características geológico-geotécnicas naturais dos terrenos. Para atingir o objetivo deste estudo foi realizado um mapeamento do Município de Estiva Gerbi onde a área de estudo foi dividida em 6 unidades geológico-geotécnicas: Unidade I - solos areno-argilosos, em relevo de média vertente da Formação Aquidauana; Unidade II - solos argilosos, em situação de baixa vertente da Formação Aquidauana; Unidade III - solo coluvionar, em situação de meia encosta de cobertura cenozóica indiferenciada; Unidade IV - solo residual, de topo de colinas amplas de cobertura cenozóica indiferenciada; Unidade V - solo aluvionar, de planície de inundação, e Unidade VI - áreas modificadas, onde foram agrupadas as áreas oriundas da atividade de mineração, individualizadas como uma unidade geológico-geotécnica específica. A pesquisa comprovou que as cavas e pilhas de bota-fora e sua área de influência possuem características particulares em relação às outras unidades. Através de observações de campo conclui-se que as principais alterações ambientais desta unidade são: a mudança no perfil de solo, a declividade do terreno, alterações no nível de água subterrâneo, a formação de lagos, as condições de permeabilidade, a aceleração de processos erosivos e a disposição de lixo...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo).<br>Abstract: The research main issue is the recognition of areas modified by mining activity as a geological-geotechnical unit in the Municipality of Estiva Gerbi (State of São Paulo). The last decades have been marked by great technological changes, population boost and the resulting enlargement of cities caused the elevation of natural resources consume. This study characterized furrows and putting out piles, generated by the activity of clay extraction to the ceramic industry as modifiers of geological-geotechnical natural aspects of the soil. To achieve the aim of this study, the Municipality of Estiva Gerbi was mapped and the study area was divided in 6 geological geotechnical units. Unit I sand-clay soils on a mid hogback relief of "Aquidauana Formation"; Unit II - clay soils, on a low hogback situation of "Aquidauana Formation"; Unit III - adjacent to river soil on a mid cliff of surface finish; Unit IV - residual soil, on the top of wide hills with Cenozoic undistinguished surface finish; Unit V - river soil, on flooding plains and Unit VI - modified areas, where the areas deriving from mining activity where grouped, individualized as a specific geological-geotechnical unit. The researched proved that furrows and putting out piles and its influence area has particular characteristics comparing to other units. Through field observations, it was concluded that the main environmental alterations of this unit are: the modification of the soil profile, the declivity of the terrain, subterranean water level alterations, the formation of lakes, the conditions of permeability, the acceleration of erosive processes and the disposal of refuse. According to specific literature about technogenical deposits, the putting out piles are classified as a built layer of spolic type.<br>Mestre
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Camus, Michel. "Lung cancer mortality among females in Quebec's chrysotile asbestos-mining areas compared to that predicted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency exposure-effect model." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq29901.pdf.
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Claassens, Sarina. "Measuring rehabilitation success of coal mining disturbed areas : a spatial and temporal investigation into the use of soil microbial properties as assessment criteria / Sarina Claassens." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1295.
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Mark-Thiesen, Cassandra. "West African labour and the development of mechanised mining in southwest Ghana, c.1870s to 1910." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2a086cfd-2398-4d14-9a28-c2252176d2a4.
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Wassa in southwest Ghana was the location of the largest mining sector in colonial British West Africa. The gold mines provide an excellent case study of how labour was mobilised for large-scale production immediately after the legal end of slavery, in the context of an expansive independent labour market. Divided into three sections, this thesis examines the practice of indirect labour recruitment for the mines during the formative years of colonial rule; the incorporation of ‘traditional’ credit relationships into ‘modern’ commerce. The starting point for this study is the analysis of precolonial strategies for mobilising labour. Part one examines the most pervasive and coercive employer-employee relationship in precolonial West Africa, namely the master-slave relationship. Even enslaved Africans could expect individual economic opportunity, and related to such, debt protection, and the power of labourers increased significantly after abolition. Starting in the 1870s, mine management found that the most effective way of recruiting long-term wage earners was through headmen; African authorities who established temporary patronage relationships with a group of labourers by offering them credit. Moreover, administrative and court records indicate that there were various forms of headship, some which the mines managed to impose greater regulation over than others. Therefore, part two demonstrates that issues of cost and control of recruitment differed depending on whether the labour recruiter had been furnished with the capital of a mining firm to conduct his business, whether he had done so with his own personal savings, or whether he was in the employment of the colonial government. Finally, part three takes a comparative look at headship and recruitment through rural chiefs, which began in 1906; two successive forms of non-free wage labour mobilisation. In 1909, mine management reverted to the headship system that many colonial commentators regarded as being more compatible with the colonial political order, albeit under considerably stricter regulations.
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Kobayashi, Kenichiro [Verfasser]. "Optimization methods for multiphase systems in the subsurface : application to methane migration in coal mining areas / Institut für Wasserbau der Universität Stuttgart. Vorgelegt von Kenichiro Kobayashi." Stuttgart : Inst. für Wasserbau, 2005. http://d-nb.info/975382160/34.
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Bitar, Omar Yazbek. "Avaliação da recuperação de áreas degradadas por mineração na região metropolitana de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 1997. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-25102001-165349/.
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Este estudo compreende uma avaliação de procedimentos e medidas de recuperação de áreas degradadas por mineração na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo- RMSP. Inicialmente, apresenta-se o problema investigado e a hipótese que orientou a pesquisa. Destaca-se o caráter incipiente dos trabalhos de recuperação efetuados na RMSP e o papel relevante que poderiam ter em face do contexto urbano(Capítulo 1). Descreve-se o método adotado na realização da pesquisa, ressaltando o levantamento de 42 minas ativas (17 de brita, 15 de areia, 4 de caulim, 3 de argila, 1 de calcário, 1 de quartizito e 1 de rocha ornamental), 11 minas desativadas e 54 antigas áreas de mineração atualmente ocupadas por outros usos, totalizando 107 áreas estudadas (Capítulo 2). Apresenta-se um breve panorama mundial e nacional sobre o tema da recuperação de áreas degradadas por mineração. Inclui-se uma discussão sobre conceitos básicos, métodos e técnicas comumente empregados em minas ativas, usos pós-mineração freqüentes e instrumentos legais, institucionais e empresariais utilizados no planejamento e gerenciamento da questão (Capítulo 3). Avaliam-se os procedimentos relacionados ao planejamento da recuperação na RMSP, tendo como referência a análise de 91 Planos de Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas - Prads relativos a minerações ativas e desativadas na RMSP (Capítulo 4). As medidas de recuperação praticadas em minas ativas na RMSP são avaliadas quanto às finalidades desejadas, procedimentos adotados e desempenho obtido (Capítulo 5). Discutem-se aspectos relacionados à instalação de usos pós-mineração na RMSP, tendo como base o estudo em minas desativadas e a análise sobre a reabilitação de antigas áreas de mineração que se encontram atualmente ocupadas de forma desordenada ou planejada (Capítulo 6). Ao final, sintetizam-se as conclusões gerais obtidas, contemplando os aspectos principais sobre as medidas de recuperação e a instalação de usos pós-mineração na RMSP (Capítulo 7).<br>This work deals with the assessment of mine reclamation procedures in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region (RMSP). It begin with the presentation of the problem and of the hypothesis which orientated the research work. The very incipient character of the reclamation works is emphazised as well its potential role in urban areas (Chapter 1). Chapter 2 describes the research method. 42 ative mines (17 of aggregate, 15 of sand, 4 of kaolin, 3 of clay, 1 of limestone and 1 of dimension stone) are studied in the RMSP. Other 11 inactive mines and 54 ancient mine sites are also studied. An overview about mine reclamation is presented in the research. It includes some basic concepts, procedures about reclamation in urban areas and after-mining uses (Chapter 3). 91 plans for the reclamation mine (Prads) related to active and inactive mines in the RMSP are also studied (Chapter 4). Procedures for reclamation are evaluated with reference to the final results achieved (Chapter 5). Aspects related to after-mining uses in the RMSP are discussed in Chapter 6. Conclusions achieved are summarized in Chapter 7.
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Neri, Ana Claudia. "Avaliação da eficácia de medidas de recuperação ambiental em mineração de calcário para cimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-22012008-115814/.
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A gestão do processo de recuperação de uma área degradada pela mineração consiste em três etapas principais: planejamento; implementação das medidas de correção ou prevenção e implementação de gestão. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um instrumento de avaliação que pode ser usado por órgãos públicos ou por empresas de mineração para auxiliar no controle e melhoria das práticas de recuperação ambiental. A avaliação é feita por meio da aplicação de um roteiro, fundamentado nas boas práticas internacionais e nacionais relacionadas à recuperação ambiental de minas. Para fins de teste e calibração, os roteiros foram aplicados em três minas de calcário, nas quais se verificou que as evidências - visuais, documentais e verbais (obtidas por meio de entrevistas) - coletadas devem ser interpretadas dentro de um contexto que envolva o entendimento das características ambientais e operacionais particulares de cada mina. As categorias de classificação da avaliação da eficácia de medidas de recuperação ambiental foram definidas em: eficaz, parcialmente eficaz, não eficaz e não se aplica. Ante aos resultados, foi possível identificar um \"cenário atual\" das práticas de recuperação ambiental empregadas em cada mina inspecionada e consequentemente recomendar ações visando a melhoria das práticas atuais e a redução de um futuro passivo ambiental. Diante destes resultados, conclui-se que o procedimento de avaliação da eficácia de medidas de recuperação ambiental desenvolvido nesta pesquisa é adequado, mas sua aplicação somente pode ser feita por um profissional que detenha alguma experiência no assunto, fator primordial para o julgamento e contextualização das evidências coletadas. O roteiro proposto nesta pesquisa ainda pode ser aplicado em outras minas de diferentes minerais e pedreiras.<br>The reclamation process management of an area degraded by mining activity consists of three main steps: planning. application of correction or prevention measures and monitoring. In this work, an assessment tool to be used by public bodies or by mining companies in order to support the control and improvement of environmental reclamation practices was developed. The assessment has been carried out with a script based on the national and international good practices regarding environmental reclamation in mines. For testing and calibration purposes, the scripts were applied in three limestone mines. The conclusion is that the evidences - visual, documental and verbal (interview) - must be analyzed in a context which involves the understanding of the environmental and operational characteristics in each mine. The categories for classification of the efficacy assessment of environmental reclamation measures have been defined as: efficacious, partially efficacious, non-efficacious and not applicable. Considering the results, it was possible to identify a \"current scenario\" of the environmental reclamation practices used in each inspected mine and consequently recommend actions to improve the current practices and reduce a future environmental liability. It was concluded that the procedure of the efficacy assessment of the environmental reclamation practices developed in this research is appropriate, but its application can only be made by a professional that presents some experience in the subject. It is a decisive factor for the evaluation and contextualization of the collected evidences. The proposed script for this research can still be applied in other mines with different minerals and quarries.
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García, Rudolph Alejandro. "Supporting the design of sequences of cumulative activities impacting on multiple areas through a data mining approach : application to design of cognitive rehabilitation programs for traumatic brain injury patients." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386582.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. It is the most common cause of death and disability during the first three decades of life and accounts for more productive years of life lost than cancer, cardiovascular disease and HIV/AIDS combined. Cognitive Rehabilitation (CR), as part of Neurorehabilitation, aims to reduce the cognitive deficits caused by TBI. CR treatment consists of sequentially organized tasks that require repetitive use of impaired cognitive functions. While task repetition is not the only important feature, it is becoming clear that neuroplastic change and functional improvement only occur after a number of specific tasks are performed in a certain order and repetitions and does not occur otherwise. Until now, there has been an important lack of well-established criteria and on-field experience by which to identify the right number and order of tasks to propose to each individual patient. This thesis proposes the CMIS methodology to support health professionals to compose CR programs by selecting the most promising tasks in the right order. Two contributions to this topic were developed for specific steps of CMIS through innovative data mining techniques SAIMAP and NRRMR methodologies. SAIMAP (Sequence of Activities Improving Multi-Area Performance) proposes an innovative combination of data mining techniques in a hybrid generic methodological framework to find sequential patterns of a predefined set of activities and to associate them with multi-criteria improvement indicators regarding a predefined set of areas targeted by the activities. It combines data and prior knowledge with preprocessing, clustering, motif discovery and classes` post-processing to understand the effects of a sequence of activities on targeted areas, provided that these activities have high interactions and cumulative effects. Furthermore, this work introduces and defines the Neurorehabilitation Range (NRR) concept to determine the degree of performance expected for a CR task and the number of repetitions required to produce maximum rehabilitation effects on the individual. An operationalization of NRR is proposed by means of a visualization tool called SAP. SAP (Sectorized and Annotated Plane) is introduced to identify areas where there is a high probability of a target event occurring. Three approaches to SAP are defined, implemented, applied, and validated to a real case: Vis-SAP, DT-SAP and FT-SAP. Finally, the NRRMR (Neurorehabilitation Range Maximal Regions) problem is introduced as a generalization of the Maximal Empty Rectangle problem (MER) to identify maximal NRR over a FT-SAP. These contributions combined together in the CMIS methodology permit to identify a convenient pattern for a CR program (by means of a regular expression) and to instantiate by a real sequence of tasks in NRR by maximizing expected improvement of patients, thus provide support for the creation of CR plans. First of all, SAIMAP provides the general structure of successful CR sequences providing the length of the sequence and the kind of task recommended at every position (attention tasks, memory task or executive function task). Next, NRRMR provides specific tasks information to help decide which particular task is placed at each position in the sequence, the number of repetitions, and the expected range of results to maximize improvement after treatment. From the Artificial Intelligence point of view the proposed methodologies are general enough to be applied in similar problems where a sequence of interconnected activities with cumulative effects are used to impact on a set of areas of interest, for example spinal cord injury patients following physical rehabilitation program or elderly patients facing cognitive decline due to aging by cognitive stimulation programs or on educational settings to find the best way to combine mathematical drills in a program for a specific Mathematics course.<br>El traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) es una de las principales causas de morbilidad y discapacidad a nivel mundial. Es la causa más común de muerte y discapacidad en personas menores de 30 años y es responsable de la pérdida de más años de vida productiva que el cáncer, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el SIDA sumados. La Rehabilitación Cognitiva (RC) como parte de la Neurorehabilitación, tiene como objetivo reducir el impacto de las condiciones de discapacidad y disminuir los déficits cognitivos causados (por ejemplo) por un TCE. Un tratamiento de RC está formado por un conjunto de tareas organizadas de forma secuencial que requieren un uso repetitivo de las funciones cognitivas afectadas. Mientras que el número de ejecuciones de una tarea no es la única característica importante, es cada vez más evidente que las transformaciones neuroplásticas ocurren cuando se ejecutan un número específico de tareas en un cierto orden y no ocurren en caso contrario. Esta tesis propone la metodología CMIS para dar soporte a los profesionales de la salud en la composición de programas de RC, seleccionando las tareas más prometedoras en el orden correcto. Se han desarrollado dos contribuciones para CMIS mediante las metodologías SAMDMA y RNRRM basadas en técnicas innovadoras de minería de datos. SAMDMA (Secuencias de Actividades que Mejoran el Desempeño en Múltiples Áreas) propone una combinación de técnicas de minería de datos y un marco de trabajo genérico híbrido para encontrar patrones secuenciales en un conjunto de actividades y asociarlos con indicadores de mejora multi-criterio en relación a un conjunto de áreas hacia las cuales las actividades están dirigidas. Combina el uso de datos y conocimiento experto con técnicas de pre-procesamiento, clustering, descubrimiento de motifs y post procesamiento de clases. Además, se introduce y define el concepto de Rango de NeuroRehabilitación (RNR) para determinar el grado de performance esperado para una tarea de RC y el número de repeticiones que debe ejecutarse para producir mayores efectos rehabilitadores. Se propone una operacionalización del RNR por medio de una herramienta de visualización llamada Plano Sectorizado Anotado (PAS). PAS permite identificar áreas en las que hay una alta probabilidad de que ocurra un evento. Tres enfoques diferentes al PAS se definen, implementan, aplican y validan en un caso real : Vis-PAS, DT-PAS y FT-PAS. Finalmente, el problema RNRRM (Rango de NeuroRehabilitación de Regiones Máximas) se presenta como una generalización del problema del Máximo Rectángulo Vacío para identificar RNR máximos sobre un FT-PAS. La combinación de estas dos contribuciones en la metodología CMIS permite identificar un patrón conveniente para un programa de RC (por medio de una expresión regular) e instanciarlo en una secuencia real de tareas en RNR maximizando las mejoras esperadas de los pacientes, proporcionando soporte a la creación de planes de RC. Inicialmente, SAMDMA proporciona la estructura general de secuencias de RC exitosas para cada paciente, proporcionando el largo de la secuencia y el tipo de tarea recomendada en cada posición. RNRRM proporciona información específica de tareas para ayudar a decidir cuál se debe ejecutar en cada posición de la secuencia, el número de veces que debe ser repetida y el rango esperado de resultados para maximizar la mejora. Desde el punto de vista de la Inteligencia Artificial, ambas metodologías propuestas, son suficientemente generales como para ser aplicadas a otros problemas de estructura análoga en que una secuencia de actividades interconectadas con efectos acumulativos se utilizan para impactar en un conjunto de áreas de interés. Por ejemplo pacientes lesionados medulares en tratamiento de rehabilitación física, personas mayores con deterioro cognitivo debido al envejecimiento y utilizan programas de estimulación cognitiva, o entornos educacionales para combinar ejercicios de cálculo en un programa específico de Matemáticas.
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Thomas, Esther [Verfasser]. "Sustainable Conflict Management by Multinational Mining Companies in Areas of Limited Statehood : The role of company internal drivers and local governance in implementation of sustainable stakeholder engagement strategies / Esther Thomas." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1063331781/34.
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Silva, Edmilson Alves da. "Avalia??o da recupera??o natural de ?reas degradadas pelo garimpo de diamante no Vale do Rio S?o Jos? em Len??is/BA." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2013. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/198.
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-27<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES<br>The present work examined the floristic compositions and structures, and the similarities between seven areas degraded by mechanized diamond mining along the S?o Jos? River Valley (12o34? to 12?36? S - 41o22? to 41?35? W), in the municipality of Len??is, Bahia State, Brazil, after 23 years of abandonment and natural regeneration and compared them to an area of intact gallery forest along the same river. The collections were made between the months of April and December/2011 along 1 x 100 m transects established in each of the seven areas, applying the point method. A previously compiled species list was used to compare the seven recovering areas with an intact riverine forest site. A total of 62 species were encountered, distributed among 53 genera and 26 families. The families demonstrating the greatest species richness were Leguminosae (16), Poaceae (11), Cyperaceae (7), Melastomataceae (6), Malvaceae (4), and Lycopodiaceae (2). The sum of the richnesses of these families represented fully 74% of the total number of species recorded in the present study. In terms of the plant habits, 11 species (15%) were arboreal, 17 (26%) shrubs, 28 (42%) herbaceous, 07(11%) sub-shrubs, and 04 (6%) vines. The species demonstrating the greatest Relative Vigor and Cover were Sebastiania corniculata, Aristida setifolia, and Homolepis aturensis. The slow natural regeneration of these areas was apparently due to the modification of the soil structure by the mechanized mining, as judged by the greater similarity (although low) between the areas regenerating for the longest periods and the intact gallery forest site along the same river as performing solo one little more structured.c<br>Este trabalho verificou a composi??o flor?stica, estrutura e similaridade entre sete ?reas degradadas pelo garimpo de diamantes no vale do rio S?o Jos? (12o34? e 12?36? S - 41o22? e 41?35? W), munic?pio de Len??is, Bahia, ap?s decorridos 13 anos de registros sobre a regenera??o natural, e comparou com a floresta ciliar do mesmo rio. As coletas foram realizadas entre abril a dezembro de 2011 ao longo de um transecto de 1m x 100m em cada uma das ?reas onde foi aplicado o m?todo de pontos em cada uma das ?reas. Para comparar com o remanescente florestal do entorno, foi usada a lista de esp?cies da floresta ciliar elaborada previamente. Foram amostradas 62 esp?cies distribu?das em 53 g?neros e 26 fam?lias. As fam?lias com maior riqueza de esp?cies s?o Leguminosae (16), Poaceae (11), Cyperaceae (7), Melastomataceae (6), Malvaceae (4), Lycopodiaceae (2). O somat?rio da riqueza destas fam?lias representa 74% do total das esp?cies levantadas neste estudo. Em termos de h?bito foram encontradas 11 (15%) esp?cies arb?reas, 17 (26%) esp?cies arbustivas, 28 (42%) herb?ceas, 07(11%) subarbustivas e 04 (6%) trepadeiras. As esp?cies que mais se destacaram por Vigor Relativo e Cobertura foram Sebastiania corniculata, Aristida setifolia e Homolepis aturensis. A lenta regenera??o natural das ?reas se deve ?s m?s condi??o do solo que apresenta-se modificado pelas a??es do garimpo, tendo sido evidenciada uma maior similaridade, embora baixa, entre as ?reas de maior tempo de abandono que apresentam solo um pouca mais estruturado e o remanescente florestal ciliar do rio S?o Jos?.
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Candido, Luciano Willen [UNESP]. "Identificação e mapeamento de cavas e pilhas de bota-fora de mineração como unidade geológico-geotécnica no município de Estiva Gerbi - SP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92746.
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candido_lw_me_rcla.pdf: 9933256 bytes, checksum: 86107fe3240cde47ad6045c934445dd4 (MD5)<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)<br>A pesquisa tem como tema central o reconhecimento de áreas modificadas pela atividade de mineração como uma unidade geológico-geotécnica no Município de Estiva Gerbi (SP). As últimas décadas têm sido marcadas por grandes mudanças tecnológicas, pelo aumento da população e o decorrente aumento das cidades, tendo como reflexo a conseqüente elevação do consumo dos recursos naturais. Este estudo caracterizou cavas e pilhas de botafora, geradas pela atividade extração de argila para a indústria cerâmica, como modificadoras das características geológico-geotécnicas naturais dos terrenos. Para atingir o objetivo deste estudo foi realizado um mapeamento do Município de Estiva Gerbi onde a área de estudo foi dividida em 6 unidades geológico-geotécnicas: Unidade I - solos areno-argilosos, em relevo de média vertente da Formação Aquidauana; Unidade II - solos argilosos, em situação de baixa vertente da Formação Aquidauana; Unidade III - solo coluvionar, em situação de meia encosta de cobertura cenozóica indiferenciada; Unidade IV - solo residual, de topo de colinas amplas de cobertura cenozóica indiferenciada; Unidade V - solo aluvionar, de planície de inundação, e Unidade VI - áreas modificadas, onde foram agrupadas as áreas oriundas da atividade de mineração, individualizadas como uma unidade geológico-geotécnica específica. A pesquisa comprovou que as cavas e pilhas de bota-fora e sua área de influência possuem características particulares em relação às outras unidades. Através de observações de campo conclui-se que as principais alterações ambientais desta unidade são: a mudança no perfil de solo, a declividade do terreno, alterações no nível de água subterrâneo, a formação de lagos, as condições de permeabilidade, a aceleração de processos erosivos e a disposição de lixo....<br>The research main issue is the recognition of areas modified by mining activity as a geological-geotechnical unit in the Municipality of Estiva Gerbi (State of São Paulo). The last decades have been marked by great technological changes, population boost and the resulting enlargement of cities caused the elevation of natural resources consume. This study characterized furrows and putting out piles, generated by the activity of clay extraction to the ceramic industry as modifiers of geological-geotechnical natural aspects of the soil. To achieve the aim of this study, the Municipality of Estiva Gerbi was mapped and the study area was divided in 6 geological geotechnical units. Unit I sand-clay soils on a mid hogback relief of Aquidauana Formation; Unit II - clay soils, on a low hogback situation of Aquidauana Formation; Unit III - adjacent to river soil on a mid cliff of surface finish; Unit IV - residual soil, on the top of wide hills with Cenozoic undistinguished surface finish; Unit V - river soil, on flooding plains and Unit VI - modified areas, where the areas deriving from mining activity where grouped, individualized as a specific geological-geotechnical unit. The researched proved that furrows and putting out piles and its influence area has particular characteristics comparing to other units. Through field observations, it was concluded that the main environmental alterations of this unit are: the modification of the soil profile, the declivity of the terrain, subterranean water level alterations, the formation of lakes, the conditions of permeability, the acceleration of erosive processes and the disposal of refuse. According to specific literature about technogenical deposits, the putting out piles are classified as a built layer of spolic type.