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1
Conde, Puigmal Marta. "Resistance to Mining. Enabling Factors and control of knowledge in uranium mining conflicts in Africa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/328709.
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La resistencia a la minería no es una novedad y sin embargo, la extracción de recursos se ha ido expandiendo material y geográficamente durante los últimos 150 años, llegando a nuevas fronteras, moviendo cantidades más grandes de tierra y agua e impactando a más comunidades. Las resistencias que han surgido contribuyen cada vez más a la forma de la frontera de extracción siendo a su vez un factor importante en la política económica de la expansión minera. Así pues, es cada vez más crucial entender porque surge resistencia social a la minería y como está evolucionando.
Esta tesis focaliza la atención en el uranio, la fuente de la energía nuclear, estudiando las dinámicas industriales de la minería de uranio, los impactos e implicaciones a la salud, y la resistencia en la frontera de extracción del uranio en África. Namibia y Níger, los principales productores de uranio en África, están a la cabeza de lo que ha sido una fuerte demanda global de uranio parcialmente ralentizada por el accidente Tepco-Fukushima.
Esta tesis propone tres factores que pueden ayudar a explicar el surgimiento e intensidad de la resistencia de comunidades locales a la minería de uranio: la ecología y la geografía del recurso, el grado y tipo de marginalización política y económica de la comunidad, y crucialmente, la creación de alianzas externas que conecten e integren las inquietudes locales con movimientos sociales más amplios y demandas globales. Muestro como estos tres elementos juegan un papel diferente en cinco comunidades en Namibia que están o estarán afectadas por la minería de uranio, y explico como las ecologías locales de resistencia dan forman, o no, a la frontera global del uranio.
Los casos presentados tratan sobre radiación de bajo nivel causada por la minería de uranio que afecta la salud de los trabajadores y la de las comunidades cercanas a la mina. Con personas impactadas reclamando relaciones causales que no están probadas científicamente, el peso de probar su impacto queda relegado a las comunidades. A través de contactos, grupos de organización de base en Níger y Namibia están aliándose con científicos y produciendo nuevo conocimiento para protegerse de los impactos de la minería y confrontar la manufacturación de incertidumbre producida por las compañías mineras. Impulsado localmente, este proceso de ‘Activismo Movilizando Ciencia’ (AMS en inglés) da a los activistas visibilidad y legitimidad para transformarse en nuevos actores políticos y formar parte de una “comunidad extendida de iguales” (siguiendo el lenguaje de la ciencia post normal).
Un segundo objetivo de esta tesis es descubrir como la resistencia a la minería ha evolucionado. Mientras huelgas, protestas y demandas relacionadas con temas laborales han dominado conflictos mineros a través de la historia, estamos viendo como en las últimas dos décadas comunidades que viven en las zonas aledañas a los proyectos mineros están oponiéndose cada vez más a los proyectos mineros por temas ambientales y objetando su falta de representación y participación en las decisiones que conciernen su desarrollo. Estos grupos están innovando con una combinación de narrativas locales y alternativas con discursos globales de derechos y justicia ambiental. Las alianzas entre escalas han permitido a grupos locales incrementar su conocimiento y visibilidad, actuar en contra de su débil posición en la cadena de producción y a la emergencia de diversas estrategias como juicios legales y consultas comunales. La respuesta del estado y de las compañías mineras a esta resistencia también se explora.
La tesis concluye, que si bien los recursos y la geografía de un proyecto minero son factores determinantes en un conflicto socio-ambiental, el esfuerzo de una comunidad por adquirir reconocimiento y participar conduce a la conexión e integración de preocupaciones locales con exigencias políticas más amplias o a la producción de nuevo conocimiento, trayectos clave para la formación y éxito de movimientos de resistencia a la minería.<br>Resistance to mining is not new and nonetheless, resource extraction has been expanding materially and geographically during the last 50 years, reaching new frontiers, moving bigger quantities of soil and water and impacting more communities. The resistances that are emerging are becoming more relevant in shaping the commodity frontier and are an important factor in the political economy of mineral expansion. Thus, it has become crucial to understand why is resistance to mining emerging and how is it evolving.
Bringing attention to uranium, the often forgotten source of nuclear power, this thesis studies the industrial dynamics of uranium mining, its impacts and health implications, and the resistance at the uranium mining frontier in Africa. Namibia and Niger, the main producers of uranium in Africa, stand at the forefront of what was a global uranium rush partially slowed down by the Tepco-Fukushima accident.
This thesis proposes three enabling factors that help to explain the emergence and intensity of resistance by local communities to uranium mining: the ecology and geography of the resource; the degree and type of political and economic marginalisation of the community; and crucially, the creation of extra-local alliances that connect and integrate local concerns with broader social movements and global demands. I show how these three attributes play out differently in five Namibian communities that have been, or stand to be, affected by uranium mining, and explain how local ecologies of resistance shape, or fail to shape, the global uranium frontier.
The cases presented deal with Low Level Radiation caused by uranium mining affecting workers' health and those of people living in nearby communities. With people impacted claiming causal links that are still not scientifically sustained, the burden of proof is left to the communities. Through extra-local contacts local grassroots organisations in Niger and Namibia are engaging with scientists to produce new knowledge to learn how to protect themselves from the impacts and confront the manufactured uncertainty and other information produced by the mining companies. Locally driven, this ‘Activism Mobilizing Science’ process gives activists visibility and legitimacy to become new political actors and form part of an ‘extended peer review’ community (in Post Normal science language).
A second objective of this thesis aims at uncovering how resistance to mining has evolved. Whilst strikes, protest and demands linked to labour issues have dominated mining conflicts through history, we have seen how in the last two decades communities living in the surrounding areas of mining projects are increasingly opposing them on environmental grounds and objecting their lack of representation and participation in decisions concerning their development path. These groups are innovatively combining local narratives and alternatives with global discourses on rights (to clean water, to take decisions, indigenous rights) and environmental justice. Cross-scalar alliances have allowed local groups to increase their knowledge about the projects, give them visibility and comprehend and act against their weak position in the global commodity chain. These alliances have also contributed to the emergence of a diverse set of resistance strategies such as legal court cases, activist-scientist collaborations or "consultas" at community level to reject mining projects. The response of the state and the mining companies to resistance is also explored.
The thesis concludes that whilst the resource and geography of a mining project are key determinants in a socio-environmental conflict, the community’s strive for participation and recognition drive the connection and integration of local concerns with broader political demands and the control or production of new knowledge, key paths in the formation and success of resistance movements to mining.
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Hurtado, Lozada Enilda Veronica Beatriz. "Mining power : subnational participation in social conflicts in Peru." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/64153.
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Rising levels of social mobilization occurred throughout the period of the recent commodity boom in the Andes (2000-2013), adding leverage to the resource curse literature. Surprisingly, the mobilizations have incorporated a new active participant: mayors and governors. They have been participating in the mobilizations, both peacefully and violently, often attracting the attention of the mass media and national authorities. The participation of subnational authorities in these mobilizations is a new phenomenon, one that has not yet been systematically studied. This research deepens our understanding of the resource curse and its impact in Latin American democracies by showing how the participation of subnational authorities in social conflicts is motivated by mining-extraction dependency and political weakness.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Political Science, Department of<br>Graduate
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Le, Gouill Claude. "Imaginary mining and social conflicts in Bolivia: a multi-level approach to the Mallku Khota conflict." INST HAUTES ETUDES AMERIQUE LATINE, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626100.
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Since the election of Evo Morales, Bolivia has experienced a contradiction between
environmental discourse around the indigenous imaginary and extractive practices.
These contradictions are not unique to the government but also affect many social
organizations. The subject of mining is particularly revealing of these tensions. From
the case of the Northern region of Potosí and the Mallku Khota conflict, we will show
that these conflicts are not only based on a multiplication of actors and on competing
development projects, but also on both a material reality and a discursive, normative
and symbolic repertoire leading to a redefinition of natural resources management.
Through a multi-level approach we analyze the flow of imaginaries and the mobilization
of resources that the different actors use in a strategic ways. We will therefore see how
the discourses of “acceptance” or “rejection” of mining depend less on the ideological
environmental discourse than on the construction of coalitions and the development of
the conflict.
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Kim, Tae-Goun. "Managing marine resource use conflicts : marine sand mining in Korea /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2007. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3284825.
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Virah-Sawmy, Malika. "Using Palaeoecology to address mining - Conservation Conflicts in Southeast Madagascar." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508661.
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Cueva, Chauca Sergio, and Cardeña Augusto Hostia. "The Panorama of Mining in Peru. Interview with Hernán Torres Alvarez and Sergio Cueva Chauca." IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123609.
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In this interview, the authors explain about the importance and current panorama of the mining activity in Peru, that has generated great benefits for this country. Furthermore, they discussed the major internal and external problems facing the mining industry in the country, and the ways in which these problems have been resolved through new laws. Finally, they give importance to the changes occurring in the international panorama, and that affect the internal mining industry of each country.<br>En la presente entrevista, los autores explican sobre la importancia y el actual panorama de la actividad minera en el Perú, que ha generado grandes beneficios para el país. Asimismo, comentan los principales problemas internos y externos que enfrenta la industria minera en el país, y las formas en que estos se han ido resolviendo a través de nuevas leyes. Finalmente, se da importancia a los cambios que se dan en el panorama internacional y afectan a la industria minera interna de cada país.
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Haarstad, Havard. "Globalización, narrativas y redes: conflictos sobre la actividad minera en Tambogrande, Piura." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119353.
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In the various debates on globalization, it has often been understood as a process that empowers multinational capital vis-à-vis local communities and workers. This paper is an attempt to uncover some alternative effects of globalization, or more precisely, how globalization can also open political spaces for local communities to campaign and negotiate for their livelihoods. Through a case study of the conflicts around mining in Tambogrande, the paper shows how this community managed to stop a mining project that it considered destructive. The study explores the political strategies of narrative construction, and the way the opposition narrative was articulated across scales. The opposition narrative was strategically constructed to draw on the national identification with lemon-based dishes and the international strength of the democratization discourse. The Tambogrande case illustrates how a local community can be empowered by aspects of globalization that enables networking and rescaling of narratives.<br>En los diversos debates sobre globalización, este se ha entendido a menudo, como un proceso que fortalece el capital multinacional en comparación de las comunidades y trabajadores locales. El presente artículo intenta revelar algunos efectos alternativos de la globalización, o más exactamente, de cómo la globalización puede también abrir espacios políticos donde las comunidades locales accionen y negocien su sustento. A través de un estudio de caso sobre los conflictos alrededor del proyecto de explotación minera en Tambogrande, se aborda el como esta comunidad logró evitar un proyecto de explotación minera que consideraba destructivo.El estudio explora las estrategias políticas de la construcción de narrativas, y la manera en que la narrativa de la oposición al proyecto minero fue articulada a través de escalas. Esta narrativa fue construida estratégicamente sobre la base de su identificación con caracteres de identidad nacional como los platos típicos basados en limón y con el uso del prestigio internacional del discurso sobre democratización. El caso de Tambogrande ilustra cómo una comunidad local puede ser fortalecida por aspectos de la globalización que permiten el establecimiento de una red y el uso de narrativas a diversas escalas.
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Torres, Alvarez Hernán. "Mineral exploration, junior mining companies and aspects to be considered for its promotion." IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122605.
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The author makes an analysis of the measures to be taken into account to promote mining activities, with special emphasis in the area of exploration as the main activity in the mining industry. Therefore, the present article focuses on everything that made such activity from its main actors to the considerations to take into account in its regulation and the effectiveness of it. Finally the author presents his conclusions focusing on the importance of generating investment and therefore expedition to implement the best mechanisms in the mining sector.<br>El autor hace un análisis acerca de las medidas a tomar en cuenta para promover las actividades mineras, poniendo especial énfasis en el área de la exploración como actividad principal de la industria minera. De tal forma, que el presente artículo se centra en todo aquello que compone dicha actividad, desde sus principales actores hasta las consideraciones a tomar en cuenta para su regulación y la eficacia de la misma. Finalmente el autor expone sus conclusiones centrándose en la importancia que genera la inversión y por tanto la expedición para implementar los mejores mecanismos en el rubro minero.
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Borba, Maria Rita Manzano. "A exploração de bauxita em Juriti (PA) e o modelo \"Juriti Sustentável\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-14012013-111159/.
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Neste trabalho, objetiva-se uma reflexão sobre o modelo Juruti Sustentável proposta de modelo para o desenvolvimento local sustentável, proposto pela empresa mineradora Alcoa, em meados da década de 2000, quando da instalação do Projeto Mina de Juruti no município de Juruti, oeste do estado do Pará. Suas bases se fundam na ideia de sustentabilidade e em premissas específicas relacionadas à abordagem de território, conflitos ambientais e participação social. Tal reflexão parte i) da contextualização de conceitos e ideias-chave do campo de estudos do desenvolvimento; ii) da contextualização histórica e geográfica da região amazônica e das dinâmicas decorrentes dos modelos de desenvolvimento aplicados à região, em especial ligadas à mineração em escala industrial; iii) dos conflitos ambientais e debate sobre participação social; e iv) de referências locais a partir de entrevistas e observações em campo.<br>The focus of this study is the Juruti Sustentável model (Sustainable Juruti), a sustainable local development model which, in 2005, was proposed by the mining company Alcoa when establishing the Juruti Mine Project, located in Para state, Brazil. The model is fundamentally based on the concept of sustainability, and specific assumptions related to processes for planning, environmental conflicts and stakeholder participation. In considering this model, the study contextualizes i) concepts and key ideas, and places them within a development study framework; ii) the relative history and geography of the Amazon region, in addition to the dynamics that have arisen as a result of development models being implemented in the region, especially related to large scale mining; iii) environmental conflicts and debate surrounding stakeholder participation; and iv) locallysourced information drawn from interviews and field observations.
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Garcia, Vasquez Magaly Janeth. "The role of employee capacity building in reducing mining company-community conflicts in Peru." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/33821.
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Based on expenditure, Peru is the third destination worldwide in exploration. Peru is also the world’s leading producer of silver, second in copper and zinc, and sixth in gold. However, mining conflicts in Peru have spread considerably over the last decade. The Peruvian government has not been able to successfully promote the benefits of the industry to local communities, nor has it been able to effectively address grievances. Mining companies will need to explore new initiatives to acquire and retain the social license to operate, as well as strengthening the social capital needed to keep mining in a country with proven mineralogical riches and a historic mining culture. This research project explores the opinions and experiences surrounding a resource often overlooked by companies: the human resource. In order to gather information regarding initiatives to improve company-community relations, more than 30 surveys were conducted among professionals working at mines in the Peruvian mining industry. This research project also explored the effectiveness of training mining personnel in community affairs as an initiative to improve relations with local communities. The results showed that mining company employees acknowledge that they play an important role in the development of company-community relations. They consider that the deterioration of such relations may also originate in the way employee-community relations are managed. The research also showed that employees are willing to develop capacities to effectively interact with local communities. Mining company employees provided their recommendations in order to contribute to success in a location where cultural differences have not been properly considered. Finally, participants also expressed their opinions regarding organizational cultures and the impact of management commitment (or lack thereof) on community affairs.
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Molina, Camacho Francisco Javier. "Negotiated rationalities, politicised identities : intergenerational relations, water conflicts and mining in Chiu–Chiu, Chile." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/negotiated-rationalities-politicised-identities(b47b6d04-8abc-4047-a71d-622e3c59494a).html.
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Much work in political ecology that addresses indigenous people tends to accentuate the ways in which their communities unite around a shared rationality and/or politics when faced by ‘threatening’ outsiders. While providing insight on indigenous lives and struggles, this focus nonetheless tends to preclude a more nuanced appreciation of how indigenous communities may be internally differentiated, and with what effects. Differences may be linked to such things as gender, education, residency, income and age, and these differences may be reflected to a greater or lesser extent in how individuals or groups in a community articulate perspectives on diverse issues including local development and which external actors the community ought to work with. This thesis seeks to contribute to the development of a more nuanced view of indigenous communities and the differences that may characterise them. Drawing on a political ecology perspective, and based on ethnographic fieldwork, it explores perceptions of water use and conflict in the indigenous community of Chiu-Chiu in northern Chile. This community has been severely affected by the massive water demands of large-scale mining – such that traditional agriculture is in jeopardy. Yet how residents respond to this and other changes impacting the village is differentiated, with age-related differences often at the forefront. Indeed, as this thesis shows, intergenerational dynamics have influenced: how individuals view local development and its associated rationality; how community positions are articulated to outsiders, by whom, whether this results in schisms, as well as how far external actors capitalise on them; and how the perceived costs and benefits of local development may be unequally distributed, prompting resistance by some individuals and groups. The thesis concludes with suggestions on how a nuanced understanding of indigenous communities can be elaborated.
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Sícoli, Pósleman Claudia, and Jose M. Sallan. "Social license to operate in the mining industry: the case of Peru." Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625292.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.<br>Mining is an important industry in Peru, but local communities where mining takes place do not perceive its benefits. Mining corporations need to achieve legitimacy within these communities. The main objective of this study is to identify the factors that determine the provision of social licenses to operate in Peru’s mining regions. We conducted this research using a case study of two Peruvian mining companies. Our study concludes with the identification of four essential factors needed to achieve a social license to operate within these communities: a deep understanding of the socioeconomic environment, a strong commitment to the community, an active presence of Government, and effective communication between the actors involved in mining activities. The combination of these elements can result in improved trust levels between companies and society, enabling all agents to recognize the costs and benefits resulting from mining.<br>Revisión por pares
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Burneo, María Luisa, and Ortiz de Zevallos Anahí Chaparro. "Power, peasant communities and mining industry: community government and access to resources in Michiquillay’s case." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/78810.
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Este artículo analiza los cambios en el gobierno comunal en contextosde negociación minera. Nos centramos en tres temas: el roldel gobierno comunal en la regulación de los recursos comunalesy del territorio; la diversidad de intereses que surgen ante la presenciaminera, y la comunidad como institución política frente a lapresión externa sobre la tierra. Para ello, partimos de un estudiode caso: el proceso de negociación entre la comunidad campesinade Michiquillay y la empresa Anglo American, en Cajamarca, querealizamos a partir de un trabajo de campo en la comunidad. Delanálisis se desprende que las transformaciones en la regulación delos recursos comunales, sus usos y su valoración, así como el cambioen el peso de los actores económicos y políticos, han complejizadolas relaciones al interior de la comunidad y han creado nuevosniveles de toma de decisión y espacios de disputa por el controlde recursos. Al mismo tiempo que surgen nuevos conflictos intracomunalesy aumenta la fragmentación territorial, la comunidad como institución está jugando un rol central en la negociación yasumiendo nuevas funciones: ahora, el gobierno comunal no regulasolo el acceso a recursos productivos, sino también la distribucióndel capital financiero.<br>This paper analyzes changes in community governance in the contextof negotiations with a mining company. We focus on three issues:the role played by the community government on the regulation ofcommunity resources and territory, the diverse and complex intereststhat emerge in the presence of mining activity; and, the communityas a political institution confronting external pressures over its land.We develop a study case focusing on the negotiation process betweenthe Michiquillay peasant community and Anglo American MiningCompany in Cajamarca, Peru. This information was obtained doingfieldwork in the community in 2009. In our analysis we observe thatchanges on community resources regulation, its uses and valorization,as well as changes on the balance of power between economicand political actors, have created a greater level of complexity in thecommunity, creating new levels of community decision and spaces fordisputing resources’ control. At the same time, new inter communalconflicts emerge and fragmentation of community lands increases.In this context the community as an institution plays a central rolein the negotiation process over access productive resource and thedistribution of financial capital.
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Filomeno, Marcio, Josemaria Heracles, Vidal Aramburu, Carlos Raymundo, and Javier M. Moguerza. "Model for monitoring socioenvironmental conflicts in relation to the emission of particulate matter in the prehauling phase of a surface mine in Peru." Springer Verlag, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656292.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.<br>This research will focus on proposing a model based on surveys conducted among people of the affected area. The questions were classified by indicators and variables selected to generate solutions to reduce social conflicts, which arise due to the emission of the particulate matter generated in the area before hauling tasks. Particulate matter is produced by hydraulic shovels, which load mineralized material and discharge it to a dump truck in mining operations. This survey was conducted among people who are specifically located in the Huari region. A study of the Social Conflict Monitoring Model (MMCS) tool was executed. It is used for recording, monitoring, and controlling this type of social conflicts, so that mining operations will not be affected in the short or long term. In addition, this model will help in discovering the opinions and/or comments when they are informed on a new method, which decreases generated particulate matter.
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Walter, Mariana. "Political ecology of mining conflicts in Latin America an analysis of environmental justice movements and struggles over scales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145402.
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América Latina es actualmente una de las fronteras mineras más atractivas del mundo, que concentra un tercio de las inversiones mundiales del sector. Sin embargo, mientras la presión por extraer metales aumenta, la región está viviendo una ola de movilizaciones sociales opuesta a la expansión de las actividades mineras a gran escala. Mientras las comunidades denuncian que las actividades mineras ponen en riesgo sus formas de sustento, desprecian sus derechos y su futuro, los gobiernos nacionales y las compañías mineras promueven la actividad como una fuente de desarrollo y bienestar social. Las críticas son vistas como motivadas por intereses políticos o desinformación.
Desde un marco de ecología política, nutrido por estudios sobre la política de las escalas, la tesis estudia los movimientos de justicia ambiental que se oponen a las actividades mineras metalíferas de gran escala en América Latina. A tal efecto, recurre a dos aproximaciones diferentes.
En una primera aproximación, la tesis analiza cómo y por qué los movimientos de justicia ambiental se forman, sus discursos, sus demandas y sus estrategias y el modo como estos movimientos se involucran en luchas por las escalas disputando su jerarquía y reivindicando el poder de las comunidades locales para decidir sobre los proyectos mineros. Se utilizaron métodos de investigación acción para realizar un estudio de caso del conflicto minero aurífero de Esquel (2001-2003, Argentina), donde se detuvo el proyecto tras un referéndum local. Adicionalmente, fuentes primarias y secundarias fueron utilizadas en un estudio de casos múltiples para analizar la emergencia y el despliegue de casos de consultas/referendo comunitarias sobre minería a gran escala en América Latina. En esta investigación, realizada con Leire Urkidi, estudiamos 68 casos de consultas locales ocurridas entre los años 2002 y 2012 en Peru, Guatemala, Argentina, Colombia y Ecuador. Alrededor de 700.000 personas participaron en estas consultas, expresando un rechazo masivo a las actividades mineras en la región. Se concluyó que las comunidades reclamaban el reconocimiento de sus miradas locales sobre el desarrollo que no eran compatibles con los impactos, riesgos e incertidumbres de la minería a gran escala. Los conflictos se exacerbaban porque los procedimientos de toma de decisiones no permitían incorporar adecuadamente las perspectivas locales sobre los aspectos técnicos y no técnicos que estaban en juego. Analizando la propagación de las consultas, sostenemos que se trata de una institución híbrida, multi-escalar, que simultáneamente construye una nueva escala de regulación (toma de decisiones) consistente en la participación local a través del referendo/consulta. Las consultas surgen como una respuesta de democracia local frente a las injusticias ambientales en contextos de represión y criminalización a activistas que ganan legitimidad en la medida que ofrecen espacios de participación a las comunidades afectadas. Son instituciones híbridas porque son promovidas por alianzas entre movimientos sociales y gobiernos locales que recuperan y resignifican derechos y leyes indígenas y de participación municipales, nacionales e internacionales. Así, las consultas no sólo desafían las escalas de significado hegemónicas que gobiernan a las actividades mineras sino, además, reconstruyen y ponen en práctica una nueva escala de regulación.
En una segunda aproximación, en colaboración con Sara Latorre y el apoyo de Giuseppe Munda y Carlos Larrea, se aplicaron técnicas de evaluación social multi-criterio y de construcción de escenarios para estructurar las implicancias multi-dimensionales de desarrollar actividades extractivas en áreas social y ambientalmente sensibles. En el capítulo dedicado al conflicto minero de Íntag (Ecuador), sostenemos que esta aproximación permite hacer visibles escalas, valores sociales e incertidumbres que son opacados por los discursos que hegemonizan el debate minero, enfocados casi exclusivamente en los resultados económicos a nivel nacional.<br>Latin America is currently one of the most attractive mining frontiers in the World, concentrating one third of global mining investments. However, as the pressure to extract ores grows, the region witnesses a wave of social mobilizations against the expansion of large-scale metal-mining activities. While communities claim that mining activities endanger their livelihoods, and despise their rights and their future, national governments and companies promote this activity as a source of development and wellbeing. Complaints are framed as being politically motivated or based on misinformation.
From a political ecology framework, nurtured by politics of scale studies, this thesis studies environmental justice movements contesting large-scale metal-mining activities in Latin America and their struggles over scales. Two different approaches are developed.
In a first approach, the thesis addresses how and why environmental justice movements have formed, which are their discourses, their claims and strategies and how these movements engage in struggles over scales, contesting scalar hierarchies and reclaiming communities' power to decide on mining projects. Action research methods were used to conduct an in-depth case study in Esquel gold mining conflict (2001-2003, Argentina) where a project was stopped by a local referendum. Moreover, primary and secondary sources were used to conduct a multiple case study analysis of the emergence and spread of other community consultations/referenda on large-scale mining activities in Latin America. In this research, conducted with Leire Urkidi, we studied the 68 cases of community consultations/referenda that took place between 2002 and 2012 in Peru, Guatemala, Argentina, Colombia and Ecuador. About 700.000 people participated in these consultations, expressing a massive rejection to mining activities. I conclude that communities are demanding recognition for local views on development that are not compatible with large-scale mining, given its impacts, risks and uncertainties. Conflicts are exacerbated by the fact that mining decision-making procedures cannot adequately accommodate local views regarding technical and non-technical issues at stake. Analysing the spread of consultations I claim that they are a multi-scalar institution that constructs a new scale of regulation (decision-making): local participation via referendum/consultation. Consultations emerge as a local democratic response to environmental injustices in contexts of repression and criminalization of activists, and gain legitimacy as they become spaces of participation for affected populations. Consultations are moreover a hybrid institution, promoted by alliances between social movements and local governments that reclaim and re-signify municipal, national and international participation and indigenous rights and legislations. In this vein, consultations not only challenge hegemonic scales of meaning governing mining activities but re-construct and put in practice a new scale of regulation.
In a second approach, in collaboration with Sara Latorre and with the support of Carlos Larrea and Giuseppe Munda, social multi-criteria evaluation and scenario techniques were applied to structure the multi-dimensional implications of developing extractive activities in socially and environmentally sensitive locations. In this chapter on the Íntag mining conflict (Ecuador), I claim that this approach is able to make visible scales, social values and uncertainties that are made invisible by hegemonic discourses in the mining debate that focus almost exclusively on economic results at national level.
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Gyapong, Ludrick Kwadwo. "Perspectives of Mining and Communication : Identifying constructivity and destructivity of conflicts in the Akyem and Wassa areas in Ghana." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-193120.
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Over several centuries, mining activities have resulted in the creation of varied environmental complications. Most mining activities are carried out in locations with proximity to human settlements. The interplay of mining activity and society has created several mining-related conflicts throughout the world, and in developing countries especially, these conflicts are much prevalent. These conflicts could be analysed in a variety of ways: analyzing the conflicts based on goals, interests and value interference; or on the bases of issues related to interaction between two or more parties. This paper takes into consideration the two concepts of constructivity and destructivity of conflicts as they relate to natural resource management and indicate that it is possible for a country or society like Ghana to discover constructive potential in a phenomenon that is mostly deemed destructive. The conflict situations in two mining communities (Akyem and Wassa) are taken into consideration for this paper. This does not deal with issues of conflict management, rather, it takes a look into the interaction between these communities and the associated mining company to determine whether the relationship between them possess constructive or destructive potentials. Based on interviews and information available on the internet, this paper determines that there exist elements of constructivity and destructivity in both areas. In the Akyem area, the destructive aspects reside in the relationship between Newmont and the Wassa Association of Communities Affected by Mining (WACAM). The relationship between Newmont and the local representatives take on a constructive aspect. Even though there is some sort of tension between the local people and Newmont, the situation can still be considered as constructive because they are still able to engage in dialogue in an attempt to coexist. In the Wassa area on the other hand, the story is different thus taken a destructive nature between Golden Star Resources and the communities. The involvement of the government however presents an opportunity for constructivity in the situation.
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Santana, Faria Natália. "Mediated Justice : Mapping news media narratives about indigenous peoples’ rights and the mining conflicts in Renca (Brazil) and Gállok (Sweden)." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, JMK, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-159676.
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Conflicts between the mining industry and traditional communities have been challenging indigenous peoples’ rights and endangering the environment around the world. The purpose of this study is to gain a broad perspective on the role of media representations in framing (or misframing) justice (Fraser 2009) and in reflecting (or not) media responsibility (Silverstone 2017) when reporting such events. Although recent studies have analysed news media coverage of environmental conflicts from a similar theoretical approach, few studies have addressed this inquiry through narrative analysis. Particularly, considering cases from both developed and developing countries, different media ecologies (mainstream and alternative), and scales of production and distribution (national and international). This is the gap that motivates this study. The material consists of 54 articles from diverse new media sources that have reported on two contemporary mining conflicts: the Renca mining reserve in Brazil, and the Gállok/Kallak iron mine in Sweden. The analysis focuses on how the narrator conducts the stories by mapping and comparing the structural and discursive patterns found in the material. The findings show that, in both cases (Brazil and Sweden), the majority of narratives are grounded in Western-centric perspectives that tend to misframe justice. In contrast, the results suggest that fairer and more responsible narratives are the ones told from an absolute local (Cavarero 2012) perspective.
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Bertolini, Florencia Fernández. "Portraits, biographies et fours à chaux : images, mémoire et construction patrimoniale de l'exploitation minière dans une ville d'Argentine à la fin du XXe siècle." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/31697.
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Cette recherche est basée sur la photographie d'un anthropologue et le travail d'un groupe interdisciplinaire créé en 1999 dans la ville d'Olavarría, province de Buenos Aires, Argentina. L'étude explore le rôle, l'incidence et l'utilisation de l’image photographique dans les processus d'activation, de resignification et de construction du patrimoine. On verra que la photographie est utilisée dans la recherche anthropologique et la documentation des fours à chaux, des techniques et des savoir-faire des travailleurs. L’image est également un élément central des actions et des activités d'intervention communautaire développées par le groupe. Dans ce sens, les photographies deviennent un objet nécessaire et important dans un contexte de conflits territoriaux et de perte des références associés à l'exploitation minière artisanale locale; Portraits, biographies, and lime kilns: Images, memory, and heritage construction of mining in a town in Argentina at the end of the 20th century - Abstract:
This research is based on the photography of an anthropologist and the work of an interdisciplinary group created in 1999 in the city of Olavarría, Province of Buenos Aires. The study explores the role, incidence and use of photography in the field of heritage. It will be seen that photography is used in anthropological research and in the documentation of the lime kilns, the techniques, and the workers’ know-how. The image is also a central element in the interventions and community activities developed by the group. In this sense, photographs become a necessary and important object in a context of territorial conflicts and loss of references associated with local artisanal mining.
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Shongwe, Bonisile Nolwando. "The impact of coal mining on the environment and community quality of life: a case study investigation of the impacts and conflicts associated with coal mining in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28127.
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Coal is South Africa's major primary energy source, and plays a significant role in supplying the chemicals and steelmaking industries. The benefits of coal production are relevant in the light of South Africa's development priorities of job creation and economic growth. Even so, primary metal production and coal-based power generation industries, through their operations and activities, pose a significant and irreversible risk to the surrounding environment. The impact on the environment further manifests on the health of local communities and on sustainable livelihoods, and frequently also presents a long-term economic burden and loss of valuable resources. Despite changes in legislation and improved social and environmental performance by the industry, there is growing concern over the impacts and conflicts associated with coal mining, with continuing claims by communities and civil society of associated health issues, cattle and livestock death, and destruction of livelihoods. However, to date, little attempt appears to have been made to support community concerns and perceptions with factual evidence and information, suggesting a lack of convergence between lay and expert knowledge. This dissertation investigates the facts, perceptions, concerns and conflicts in the mine-environment-community cause-effect chain in the context of the environmental and social impacts associated with the South African coal mining industry. More specifically this entails a detailed review of published data on academic literature, newspaper articles, popular magazines, and internet and specialist reports, with particular emphasis on the South African scenario; and semi-structured interviews with representatives from communities, civil society organisations, and independent environmental consultants. Particular focus is placed on coal mining in the Mpumalanga Province, which accounts for over 84% of South Africa's coal production. This was done with a view to developing a better understanding of the interrelationships between the coal mining industry and the local environment and society in which it operates. It is envisaged that this will ultimately serve to facilitate the development of sustainable solutions to the concerns and conflicts associated with coal mining. Historically, coal mining has had a significant impact on the environment and there is substantial evidence of a strong link between environmental pollution from mining activities and the health and well-being of humans and eco-systems in the surrounding vicinities. These impacts can be largely associated with water quality, physical and chemical land degradation, and air pollution through dust fall-out and emissions of particulate matter (PM) and toxic gases. In particular, AMD from coal mining results in significant pollution of land and water resources. The published literature provides evidence that this environmental pollution may, and often does, have an adverse effect on local eco-systems as well as on community health and livelihoods, particularly on crop and livestock farming. The findings also indicate that there has been response to these concerns by government and the industry. The government has instituted a number of legislative reforms, particularly since 2002, and has established programmes aimed at improving socio-economic challenges in mining towns. Industry has also taken steps to improve its environmental performance, in terms of waste management, mine water reclamation and post-closure rehabilitation. The literature findings were found to be largely consistent with the perceptions and concerns of communities, community support groups and consultants active in the coal-mining regions of Mpumalanga Province. The perceptions of the coal mining and processing sector were extremely negative; all participants expressed considerable concern over the environmental and social impacts. Emissions, particularly AMD and dust, from current and defunct workings and waste piles continue to be a source of water pollution, air pollution and land degradation which further have an adverse effect on aquatic life and human health as well as on livestock and crop productivity. Of particular concern in the coal-mining intensive area of Mpumalanga, is the impact of environmental pollution on maize production. With increasing public knowledge and awareness of these impacts, which can be largely attributed to the activities of the relatively large number of civil society organisations that now exist, the concerns and incidents relating to the environmental and socio-economic impacts from coal mining in the Mpumalanga area are generally well reported. The general consensus was that the concerns of communities and community-support organisations are not been taken seriously, and that government and industry are failing to alleviate the environmental degradation and human suffering in the Mpumalanga coal-mining areas. The lack of adequate response on the part of both the government and industry, and the continuing issues of environmental pollution and adverse community effects, have resulted in on-going (and possibly escalating) conflict situations in the form of community activisim, protests and litigation. This lack of response from government was, furthermore, considered as highly politicised and attributed largely to unethical arrangements between government officials and/or community leaders and mining corporations. Participants were generally of the perception that the negative aspects of coal mining outweigh any benefits and should be discontinued completely. The findings of this dissertation suggest that effective rehabilitation, consistent implementation and enforcement of the regulations designed to protect the environment and society, and stakeholder collaboration are a key requirement in terms of mitigating the environmental impacts and associated risks pertaining to human and livestock health and crop productivity. It is therefore recommended that the government address the rehabilitation of abandoned coal mines and discard dumps in the Mpumalanga Province, and establish action plans, linked to regional development plans, that are based on a comprehensive environmental monitoring programme in collaboration with other stakeholders, including communities, the mining industry and other business sectors in the region. A more detailed study on opportunities to improve the quality and availability of performance reporting by the coal industry is also recommended.
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Warnaars, Ximena. "Territorial transformation in El Pangui, Ecuador." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/territorial-transformation-in-el-pangui-ecuador(61307233-6f61-461a-891c-d43366071b63).html.
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This research is about territory, mining conflicts and social movements in South East Ecuador. The Andean country with no large scale mining history is experiencing a recent expansion of large scale mining with growing levels of social conflict. Social movements have been questioning and contesting the forms being taken by the extractive economy as well as proposing an alternative pathway to development through the indigenous concept of sumak kawsay. The Socialist Government is pushing the nation’s extractive model forward to include large scale mining, motivated by the much needed revenues to diversify Ecuador’s oil based economy. El Pangui, my field site, is located on the foothills of the Cordillera del Cóndor, where a large copper deposit is proposed to be developed by a Chinese mining corporation. The Cordillera is an area of great biological diversity and home to the traditional territories of the Shuar, one of the largest indigenous ethnic groups in Ecuador. The years of colonization of ancestral lands and of border war with Peru, the establishment of parks-for-peace, small scale gold mining activity and an expanding agricultural frontier, together have formed a complex territorial mosaic that contribute in shaping the social and physical landscapes. Since 2005 a mining conflict has been unfolding and that can be considered yet another layer of territorial disputes and symbolic contestation in the regions´ history. My fieldwork was carried out from an engaged research and activist scholarship position. I used an ethnographic methodology to explore the bidirectional influences of territorial dynamics and the anti-mining struggle by looking at multi scalar impacts these have on people’s daily life, corporate social responsibility and environmental development debates. I also looked at the ways in which memories and meanings associated with past conflicts resonate in subsequent resource struggles to form a layering of conflicts. I was particularly interested in the less visible dimensions of environmental mobilisation embedded in the routines of daily life, as well as in the ways in which the memory and history of territorialisation and settlement influence social movement organizing. Theoretically, I propose a territorial approach to studying natural resource struggles and social movements that contest mining. This concept allowed me to examine the effects of the extractive projects on pre-existing territorial dynamics and the influence of these dynamics on the ways in which mining investments are contested.
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Hinojosa, Leonith. "Elements for debate on environmental governance in the Andes, with especial mention of water and mining in Peru." Politai, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/92031.
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This paper analyses the construction of environmental governance in Peru. Framed in a systems approach and focused on water and conflicts associated to the expansion of extractive industries in the Andes, the paper suggests that this process is being defined by confrontation between the discourses (Peru, a minning country and the neoextractivism) on the relationships between society, economy and nature and the power relationships that underlies the social construction of environmental institutions.<br>Este artículo presenta un análisis del proceso de construcción del sistema de gobernanza ambiental en el Perú. Usando un marco conceptual sistémico y centrado en el tema del agua y de los conflictos en torno al acceso y control de recursos hídricos asociados a la expansión de industrias extractivas en los Andes, el artículo sugiere que dicho proceso está siendo definido por la confrontación de los discursos ‘Perú país minero’ y ‘el neoextractivismo’ en torno a la relación entre sociedad, economía y naturaleza; y, por las relaciones de poder que se encuentran inmersas en la definición de instituciones ambientales.
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Ponciano, Sandoval Renato Giovanni. "Media representations of socioenvironmental conflicts in Guatemala: The case of the hydroelectric expansion." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422673.
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The Guatemalan State demonopolized and privatized the electricity market between 1996 and 2000, with two main justifications: first, that rural electricity coverage, which at the time was less than 50%, was a significant obstacle to human development; and second, that there were large amounts of energy resources, especially hydroelectric, unexploited. The subsequent policies and strategies implemented led to quadruple the installed capacity of the network in twenty years, while private hydroelectric generation grew 6000%. However, the neighbouring rural communities received the hydroelectric expansion with protests because of their impact on water use, associating it with extractive industries such as mining or oil. Although these events have been studied before, the last fact points that a Science and Technology Studies (STS) could provide new insights to understanding them, since this representation of hydroelectricity challenges the conventional view of renewable energy as clean and sustainable in this sense: Why is "clean" technology such as hydroelectricity associated with "dirty" industries like mining?
The research objective broadens the scope of the previous question since it proposes to identify the fundamental social actors and processes for understanding the media representations of hydroelectric generation in Guatemala and the effects they have on hydroelectric conflicts.
Two parallel investigations were developed to confront results. The first was the cartography of the hydroelectric expansion (Venturini, 2010), based on Actor-Network Theory, “ANT”, (Latour, 2005), and postcolonial theory (Anderson, 2002; Marques, 2006; Escobar, 2004) to account for the influence of the Guatemalan colonial past on conflicts, which occurred in mostly indigenous areas. The second was the analysis of a corpus of opinion articles chosen using the methodology of digital media monitoring (Neresini & Lorenzet, 2014) in Guatemala and Colombia. The analysis of the media representations was based on Social Representations theory, “SRT” (Moscovici, 2000), especially the work done regarding environmental studies (Lovins, 1976; Devine-Wright, 2007; Brondi, Armenti, Cottone, Mazzara, & Sarrica, 2014) and the methodology, the quantitative content analysis based on the "bag of words" model (Roberts, 2000; Tuzzi, 2003). Finally, the results from the previous stages were compared to establish an enriched cartography of the controversy.
The analysis of the corpus points to significant differences in the representations of hydroelectricity. In Guatemalan media, the analysis of the corpus resulted on the prevalence of "soft-path" representation of energy transitions, which gives a more active role to the public; while in Colombian media, the texts were more associated with a "hard-path" representation, in which energy is a matter of national interest.
As for the cartography, the findings point to the role of actants as Chixoy, the largest hydroelectric power plant in the country, or “El Niño” Phenomenon, in the creation of the legal framework for the de-monopolization of the electric market. At the time, the interaction between these actants and others put at risk the stability of the national electricity network, contributing to emphasize in the new laws the dispositions that guaranteed the electrical supply, even when their public justification pointed to more developmental objectives. By prioritizing efficiency, the socio-environmental costs of the projects were transferred from the corporations to the communities, which fomented the conflict. This finding, which had been overlooked in previous research on the conflicts, shows how methodologies and theories conceived from the Science and Technology Studies field can bring better understanding to this kind of conflicts. Theoretically, this dissertation shows how research that works with combined theoretical approaches can produce results grounded in more evidence from different contexts. In particular, it points to an affinity between SRT and ANT as joint research frameworks that is worth exploring in future projects.<br>Lo Stato guatemalteco ha demonopolizzato e privatizzato il mercato dell'elettricità tra il 1996 e il 2000, con due principali giustificazioni: prima, che la copertura dell'elettricità rurale, che all'epoca era inferiore al 50%, costituiva un ostacolo significativo allo sviluppo umano; e in secondo luogo, che c'erano grandi quantità di risorse energetiche, specialmente idroelettriche, non sfruttate. Le successive politiche e strategie implementate hanno portato a quadruplicare la capacità installata della rete in vent'anni, mentre la generazione idroelettrica privata è cresciuta del 6000%. Tuttavia, le comunità rurali vicine hanno ricevuto l'espansione idroelettrica con proteste a causa del loro impatto sull'utilizzo dell'acqua, associandola a industrie estrattive come l'estrazione mineraria o il petrolio. Sebbene questi eventi siano stati studiati in precedenza, l'ultimo fatto indica che un’approccio dagli Studi di Scienza, Tecnologia e Società (STS) potrebbe fornire nuove elementi per comprenderli, dal momento che questa rappresentazione di energia idroelettrica sfida la visione convenzionale dell'energia rinnovabile come pulita e sostenibile in questo senso: Perché la tecnologia "pulita" come l'idroelettricità associata alle industrie "sporche" come l'industria mineraria?
L'obiettivo della ricerca amplia la portata della domanda precedente poiché propone di identificare gli attori sociali fondamentali ei processi per comprendere le rappresentazioni mediatiche della generazione idroelettrica in Guatemala e gli effetti che hanno sui conflitti idroelettrici.
Sono state sviluppate due indagini parallele per confrontare i risultati. La prima è stata la cartografia dell'espansione idroelettrica (Venturini, 2010), basata su Actor-Network Theory, "ANT", (Latour, 2005), e teoria postcoloniale (Anderson, 2002; Marques, 2006; Escobar, 2004) per conto per l'influenza del passato coloniale guatemalteco sui conflitti, che sono emersi in aree prevalentemente indigene. La seconda è stata l'analisi di un corpus di articoli di opinione scelti utilizzando la metodologia del monitoraggio dei media digitali (Neresini e Lorenzet, 2014) in Guatemala e Colombia. L'analisi delle rappresentazioni dei media era basata sulla teoria delle rappresentazioni sociali, "SRT" (Moscovici, 2000), in particolare il lavoro svolto sugli studi ambientali (Lovins, 1976; Devine-Wright, 2007; Brondi, Armenti, Cottone, Mazzara, & Sarrica , 2014) e la metodologia, l'analisi del contenuto quantitativo basata sul modello "bag of words" (Roberts, 2000; Tuzzi, 2003). Infine, i risultati delle fasi precedenti sono stati confrontati per stabilire una cartografia arricchita della controversia.
L'analisi del corpus indica differenze significative nelle rappresentazioni dell’energia idroelettrica. Nei media guatemaltechi, l'analisi del corpus ha portato alla prevalenza della rappresentazione "soft-path" delle transizioni energetiche, che conferisce un ruolo più attivo al pubblico; mentre nei media colombiani, i testi erano più associati a una rappresentazione "hard-path", in cui l'energia è una questione di interesse nazionale.
Per quanto riguarda la cartografia, i risultati indicano il ruolo degli attanti come Chixoy, la più grande centrale idroelettrica del Paese, o fenomeno "El Niño", nella creazione della cornice legale per la de-monopolizzazione del mercato elettrico. All'epoca, l'interazione tra questi e altri attori metteva a rischio la stabilità della rete elettrica nazionale, contribuendo a enfatizzare nelle nuove leggi le disposizioni che garantivano l'approvvigionamento elettrico, anche quando la loro giustificazione pubblica indicava obiettivi più orientati sullo sviluppo umano. Dando la priorità all'efficienza, i costi socio-ambientali dei progetti sono stati trasferiti dalle corporazioni alle comunità, situazione che ha fomentato il conflitto. Questa constatazione, che era stata trascurata in precedenti ricerche sui conflitti, mostra come le metodologie e le teorie concepite dal campo degli STS possano migliorare la comprensione di questo tipo di conflitti. Teoricamente, questa dissertazione mostra come la ricerca che lavora con approcci teorici combinati può produrre risultati radicati in più evidenze da diversi contesti. In particolare, indica un'affinità tra SRT e ANT come cornici di ricerca congiunti che vale la pena esplorare nei progetti futuri.
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Gutierres, Henrique Elias Pessoa. "A efetividade da gestão ambiental nas empresas de mineração no estado da Paraíba na ótica das comunidades." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5807.
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-25<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>The mining activity is essential for the development of human societies and at the same time it causes degradations in high power. This activity developed by large companies is common in many countries, including Brazil. The installation and operation of these enterprises do not choose a place, mostly being dependent on a number of factors and having as one of determinants the closeness of exploration area. Thus, mining
companies are present from big cities to rural areas far from large population centers. Due to environmental law compliance, this geographical location does not matter,
though closer to communities can lead to higher level of social and environmental conflicts and thus require the adoption of instruments to improve environmental management. Based on this understanding, the present study chose three mining
companies certified with the ISO 14001 environmental standard located on the municipalities of Boa Vista, João Pessoa e Mataraca in Paraiba State. The aim of this
research is to understand how the environmental management of these companies is seen by people from nearby communities, requiring an understanding of the everyday
actions of these companies in the environmental area, as well as obtain and record the opinions of homemakers in neighboring communities. From the obtainment of social
and economical reality of these residents, the answers related to environmental management developed in these enterprises were handled by Pareto Diagram, allowing to check if there are differences on relationships between the three study areas in aspects such as environmental education, pollution, health and others. Finally, the understanding of the relationship between environmental impacts, environmental
certifications and communities to the same branch of activity pointed out the peculiarities of environmental certifications for each locality with regard to the relationship with nearby communities.<br>A mineração é atividade essencial para o desenvolvimento da sociedade humana e ao mesmo tempo de alto poder degradador, desenvolvida por grandes empresas em vários
países, inclusive no Brasil. A instalação e operação desses empreendimentos não escolhem lugar, na maioria das vezes, estando condicionadas a uma série de fatores, tendo a proximidade com a área de exploração como determinante. Dessa forma, as empresas de mineração estão presentes em grandes cidades até em áreas rurais distantes dos grandes aglomerados populacionais, sendo a maior proximidade com comunidades um fator para um maior nível de conflitos socioambientais, o que exige a adoção de instrumentos de melhoria na gestão ambiental desses empreendimentos. Partindo desse entendimento, a pesquisa analisou três áreas localizadas em municípios do Estado da Paraíba (Boa Vista, João Pessoa e Mataraca), que possuem mineradoras certificadas pela norma ambiental ISO 14001. O objetivo foi entender de que forma a gestão ambiental dessas empresas é vista pelas pessoas das comunidades mais próximas,
tomando como referência as ações desenvolvidas pela área ambiental dessas empresas e a opinião das donas-de-casa. A partir da obtenção da realidade socioeconômica das
moradoras, as respostas dadas foram tratadas por meio da técnica do Diagrama de Pareto, possibilitando verificar a existência de diferenças quanto ao relacionamento
entre as três áreas estudadas no tocante à educação ambiental, poluição e saúde. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o fator proximidade empresa-comunidade não é garantia de um relacionamento harmonioso. Por fim, o entendimento da relação entre impactos ambientais, certificação ambiental e comunidades para um mesmo ramo de
atividade evidenciou as peculiaridades da gestão ambiental para cada localidade no que se refere ao relacionamento com as comunidades próximas, podendo ser constatado que
a certificação ambiental não é certeza de um bom relacionamento com a comunidade. Logo, os estudos em Geografia na área ambiental necessitam de análises que busquem compreender as relações da sociedade com seu ambiente, obtendo-se as percepções das pessoas que ali vivenciam o cotidiano, buscando subjetividades e informações darealidade socioespacial.
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de, Oliveira Ubirata. "The Andacollo's Mining Community: Ethnographic Work-Based Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility Policies and Practices." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3489.
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This ethnographic study was designed to explore the phenomenon of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the mining industry. The research addressed the impacts of a problematic, systemic, and ethnocentric (top-down) CSR approach driven by a transnational mining company, and proposed a novel cultural relativist (bottom-up) CSR approach looking at the social needs of the community. Solving the problem stemming from the ethnocentric approach is important for both the mining company and the community affected by the CSR program, as it will alter dynamics between actors and mitigate social conflicts. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that improve the fractured relationship between the community and the mining company and put its social license to operate at risk. The mitigation of social conflicts is needed for the mining corporation to maintain its social license to operate in a harmonic and collaborative mining-community relationship. The research question was designed to gather the perceptions of corporate leaders and community members in Chile's Andacollo mining area regarding the imbalance between the ethnocentric and cultural relativism perspectives adopted in CSR policies and practices. A purposive sample of 30 subjects was interviewed to collect data regarding their perceptions that were then categorized, coded, and interpreted using an inductive approach and thematic networks. The research findings showed that improvements in CSR practice are likely to result from the mining company placing emphasis on the social dimension. A shift from a top-down to a bottom-up CSR approach will contribute to the reduction of social conflicts, build a socially sustainable setting, and foster positive social change with benefits for the society.
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Caituiro, Valenzuela Hed. "Consejos regionales de desarrollo sostenible y gestión social en minería como modelo de gestión social para la prevención de conflictos sociales." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625959.
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La presente investigación desarrolla el problema de los conflictos sociales mineros, las mesas de diálogo y los Proyectos de Desarrollo Sostenible en el Perú. Se realiza un análisis de las principales teorías de la gestión de los recursos, determinándose que la acción cooperativa es un modelo de gestión social en la prevención de los conflictos sociales. Los principales conflictos sociales y mesas de diálogo en el Perú permiten concluir que estos espacios sirven para la exigencia de cumplimiento de compromisos de la empresa minera y la demanda de Proyectos de Desarrollo Sostenible, asimismo muestra que, se ha superado la capacidad de generar relaciones armoniosas entre la empresa privada, el Estado, las comunidades y las organizaciones sociales. Los conflictos sociales en Minera Las Bambas S.A. son complejos por la cantidad de actores y escenarios. Las entrevistas reflejan que, los conflictos sociales son una oportunidad para el cambio y las mesas de diálogo no contribuyen lo suficiente en los Proyectos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Asimismo, la experiencia en el Distrito de Condoroma permite sostener que, se puede prevenir los conflictos sociales cuando se trabaja de forma cooperativa en el desarrollo sostenible y la gestión social. Finalmente, se desarrolla la propuesta de valor con la creación de Consejos de Desarrollo Sostenible y Gestión Social en Minería.<br>The present investigation develops the problem of mining social conflicts, dialogue meetings and Sustainable Development Projects in Peru. An analysis of the main theories of resource management is carried out, determining that cooperative action is a model of social management in the prevention of social conflicts. The main social conflicts and dialogue meetings in Peru allow us to conclude that these spaces serve for the fulfillment of commitments of the mining company and the demand for Sustainable Development Projects, also shows that the ability to generate harmonious relationships has been overcome between private enterprise, the State, communities and social organizations. Social conflicts in Minera Las Bambas S.A. they are complex because of the number of actors and scenarios. The interviews reflect that, social conflicts are an opportunity for change and the dialogue meetings do not contribute enough in the Sustainable Development Projects. Likewise, the experience in the District of Condoroma allows us to maintain that social conflicts can be prevented when working cooperatively in sustainable development and social management. Finally, the research proposes the creation of Councils for Sustainable Development and Social Management in Mining.<br>Tesis
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Terrazas, Cosio Bresia Rosalid, Echarri Manuel Gonzalo Rivas, and Antonio Krizia Estefania Hurtado. "Current challenges of mining investment in Peru: Interview with Dr. Luis Carlos Rodrigo Prado." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118909.
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In this interview, our guest responds to current and controversial issues related to environmental matters and the mining sector. First, the author talks about the variability of numbers for investment in mineral exploration in our country along recent periods. Also, the problem of social unrests, tax issues, permits and licenses, known as «permisología» and their impact on the sector. Similarly, and inevitably, some comment on the widespread use of Contracts Tax Stability and new measures of environmental control, taken by the recently enacted and controversial Law N° 30230 – Law Establishing Tax Measures, Simplification of Procedures and permits for promotion and revitalization of investment in the country, also called «Paquetazo Castilla». Furthermore, about the EIA and the recent creation of SENACE, as part of the Ministry of Environment Agency is analyzed. Finally, our interviewee continues to review the controversial «contribution by regulation» to OEFA and disciplinary proceedings.<br>En la presente entrevista, nuestro invitado responde a temas vigentes y controvertidos, relativosa materia ambiental y del sector minero. En primer lugar, él habla sobre la cuestión referida a la variabilidad de las cifras de inversión en exploración minera en nuestro país durante los últimos periodos. Asimismo, se analiza el reticente problema de los conflictos sociales, temas tributarios y la conocida «permisología», así como sus correspondientes impactos en el sector. Del mismo modo, e inevitablemente, se comenta sobre la extensión del uso de los Contratos de Estabilidad Tributaria y las nuevas medidas de fiscalización ambiental, adoptadas por la recientemente promulgada y polémica Ley N° 30230 – Ley que establece Medidas Tributarias, Simplificación de Procedimientos y Permisos para la promoción y dinamización de la Inversión en el País, llamada también «Paquetazo Castilla». Siguiendo la misma línea, se analiza lo correspondiente a los EIA y la reciente creación del SENACE, como organismo adscrito al Ministerio de Ambiente. Por último, nuestro entrevistado no deja de opinar sobre el discutido «aporte por regulación» al OEFA y el procedimiento sancionador.
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Bos, Vincent. "Construction sociale de la ressource et renégociation des régulations. Analyse du secteur minier péruvien, fin du XXe siècle - début du XXIe siècle." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA113/document.
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Les dynamiques du secteur minier péruvien entre la fin du XXe siècle et le début du XXIe siècle permettent de saisir la mondialisation économique comme un phénomène résolument spatial où se réinventent les territoires et les identités autour d’une ressource à la fois locale et globale. Dans cette thèse, nous montrons en quoi les nouvelles règles du jeu, notamment en matière minière et foncière ainsi que la gouvernance de l’environnement, illustrent la construction nécessairement politique du territoire péruvien et des ressources par l’État central autour d’un projet national d’exploitation marchande des gisements miniers comme source de richesse économique. La réorganisation de la structure productive nationale par le capital, souvent étranger, éclaire le poids des initiatives d’acteurs sur le devenir des territoires. La hausse de l’empreinte spatiale du secteur minier et des revenus qu’il génère atteste d’une greffe territoriale et économique de l’activité minière à l’échelle nationale. Néanmoins, celle-ci est inégalement ressentie dans les territoires locaux. La multiplication des conflits miniers au début du XXIe siècle rappelle que les ressources naturelles et les régulations qui codifient la relation société-nature sont le résultat souvent instable de relations de pouvoir entre acteurs aux poids asymétriques et aux visées potentiellement antagonistes. Nous analysons ces conflits interrogeant le rôle et la place des acteurs et des territoires locaux dans les politiques de développement, comme une arme de (re)négociation des règles du jeu à la portée des « sans ». D’intensité variable, la renégociation est micro quand les enjeux sont relativement limités et les acteurs entendent accéder à une meilleure répartition des richesses. Par contraste, elle est potentiellement massive quand ils refusent la marchandisation de la nature et entendent transformer en profondeur les règles du jeu comme l’illustre le conflit minier de Conga à Cajamarca<br>Analysis of the dynamics of the mining sector in Peru between the end of the twentieth century and the start of the twenty-first allows an understanding of economic globalisation as a resolutely spatial phenomenon in which territories and identities are reinvented around resources at once local and global. In this thesis, we show how the new rules of the game of mining and property, and environmental governance, illustrate the necessarily political construction of Peru’s territory and resources by the central State around a national project of market-oriented exploitation of mining deposits as a source of economic wealth. This reorganisation of the national productive structure by capital, often foreign, sheds light on the impact of economic actors on the future of the territories. An increase of the spatial imprint of the mining sector and the revenue it generates amounts to a territorial and economic transplant of mining exploitation on a national scale. This increase, however, is felt unequally in local territories. The multiplication of mining conflicts at the start of the twenty-first century recalls how natural resources and the regulations codifying the society-nature relationship are the often unstable result of power relations between actors of unequal weight and with potentially antagonistic goals. We analyze these conflicts questionning the role and place of local actors and territories in development policies, as a weapon of (re)negotiation of the rules of the game wielded by the « have nots ». Varying in intensity, negotiations can be considered micro when the stakes are relatively limited and the actors only hope to achieve a greater share of the wealth. By contrast, conflicts may constitute a weapon of mass negotiation when actors refuse the commodification of nature and attempt a profound transformation of the rules of the game, as is illustrated by the Conga mining conflict in Cajamarca
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Ramos, Bruno Yoheiji Kono. "A questão fundiária na Amazônia e os reflexos jurídicos no uso e ocupação do solo público pela mineração: estudo de caso do estado do Pará." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6626.
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Previous issue date: 2014-10-22<br>Vale Columbia Center on Sustainable International Investment<br>The study of mining rights in Brazil is still incipient, despite the mining economic activity
traced to Brazilian colonization by Portugal. This is verified by the few answers right in a case
involving the mining itself, which become rarer when the environmental variables and land
are incorporated. Therefore, the present research aimed to develop studies that cover the
legal consequences for mining on the occupational status of the space where you plan to
develop its activities, being analyzed the Amazon, in particular, the State of Pará, since the
same time appearing as a mineral producer on the rise due to the quality and quantity of
minerals found in its territory, on the other hand, presents emblematic cases of illegal
appropriation of public lands and natural resources, causing legal uncertainty and social
instability, causing injury to population, damage to the treasury and the miner himself, and
away from new opportunities that are conducted in support of sensible sustainable
development, may convert the mineral wealth of the desired endogenous development, as
occurred in the United States, Canada, Chile and Australia. For this, we used library
resources deaths in legal, social and economic sciences, as well as legislative and
jurisprudential research. In addition, we sought to spatial analysis using maps of the
relationship between land use and mining property, as well as raising the legal-ownership
status and amounts paid CFEM seven mining projects run on public lands in the Amazon to
estimate the amount due to the participation of the owner in the mining results. As a result
we attempted to contextualize the government and the mining on land tenure and
occupational land in Pará State, demonstrate the need to internalize the costs of production,
the economic use of the public as well as environmental soil in compliance with the principle
of user-payer and also propose the construction of public policies that address land use
regulation as an essential tool for reducing environmental conflicts over access to land and
other natural resources such as mining<br>O estudo do direito minerário no Brasil ainda é incipiente, não obstante a atividade
econômica minerária remontar à colonização brasileira por Portugal. Esta situação é
verificada pelas poucas respostas do direito perante os casos envolvendo a mineração em
si, que se tornam mais raras quando as variáveis ambiental e fundiária são incorporadas.
Por isso, o presente trabalho de pesquisa pretendeu desenvolver estudos que abarcam os
reflexos jurídicos para mineração diante da situação ocupacional do espaço onde pretende
desenvolver suas atividades, sendo objeto de análise a Amazônia, em especial, o Estado do
Pará, visto que, ao mesmo tempo que figura como produtor mineral em ascensão em razão
da qualidade e quantidade dos minérios encontrados no seu território, por outro lado,
apresenta casos emblemáticos de apropriação ilegal de terras públicas e de recursos
naturais, causando insegurança jurídica e instabilidade social, causadoras de prejuízos a
população, lesão ao erário e ao próprio minerador, além de afastar novas oportunidades
que, se conduzidas em prol do desenvolvimento sustentável sensato, poderão converter as
riquezas minerais no pretendido desenvolvimento endógeno, como ocorrido nos Estados
Unidos, Canadá, Chile e Austrália. Para tanto, utilizou-se de recursos bibliográficos óbitos
nas ciências jurídica, social e econômica, além de pesquisa legislativa e jurisprudencial.
Além disso, buscou-se a análise espacial através de mapas da relação entre a ocupação do
solo e a propriedade minerária, bem como levantar a situação jurídica-fundiária e os valores
pagos a título da CFEM de sete empreendimentos minerários executados em terrenos
públicos na Amazônia para estimar o valor devido a título de participação do proprietário nos
resultados da lavra. Como resultado buscou-se contextualizar os poderes públicos e o
minerador sobre a situação fundiária e ocupacional das terras no Estado do Pará,
demonstrar a necessidade de internalizar nos custos de produção o uso econômico do solo
público enquanto bem ambiental em cumprimento do princípio do usuário-pagador e, ainda,
propor a construção de políticas públicas que contemplem a regularização fundiária como
instrumento essencial para redução de conflitos socioambientais pelo acesso a terra e
demais recursos naturais como o minerário
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Yeckting, Vilela Fabiola. "Mineralizar la vida. Antropología histórica del ambiente, los conflictos sociales y el desarrollo en las Américas : el caso del proyecto minero Las Bambas en el territorio sur andino del Perú (2004-2018)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023EHES0037.
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La perspective des conflits miniers et des processus de développement qu’assume cette thèse, part du principe que les acteurs ne sont pas statiques : plutôt, qu’ils sont pourvus d’une densité historique autant qu’ils subissent des changements drastiques qui se manifestent en deux dimensions. À court terme, dans le moment précis où les événements se produisent ; et à long terme, c’est-à-dire, de durée moyenne et longue au fil du temps, ce qui aide à configurer des cycles et des processus historiques. J’ai cherché à aborder le sujet à travers l’analyse de cas, et les couches historiques : modernité initiale des XVIII et XIXe siècle ; puis, développementisme de l’emphase extractive des XXe et XXIe siècles dans les Amériques. Puis, le contexte des années 1990 pour analyser les conflits miniers emblématiques du Pérou, jusqu’à arriver à l’étude de cas du projet minière Las Bambas de 2004 à 2018.La question et l’objectif principal de la présente thèse doctorale est : quelle est la relation entre environnement, conflits miniers et processus de développement au Pérou ? À partir de cette question centrale, je précise que les discours sur les modèles de développement au Pérou incorporent des conceptions du développement qui entrent en relation avec l’idée de tirer profit des ressources naturelles par le biais d’investissements et de leur rente, de façon subordonnée à l’activité minière – ce qui devient un discours et une pratique officielle dans le cadre d’une nouvelle dynamique productive. Les significations de l’environnement entrent en relation avec leur capacité de subventionner les processus de développement minier, de telle sorte que les possibilités de prise de décision sur la nature et de mise en œuvre de modalités de production locale s’en trouvent limitées ; tout comme se trouvent fragilisées les institutions garantes du droit à un environnement sain et équilibré.Cette thèse propose de revenir sur la trajectoire historique des processus de transformation politique et territoriale du département d’Apurímac et des provinces de Grau et Cotabambas, pour ensuite aborder la manière dont la concession du projet minier Las Bambas s’y insère. L’étude de cas de cette thèse est une chronologie du projet Las Bambas, à partir de laquelle je montre comment se manifestent les impacts environnementaux et sociaux provoqués par l’exploitation des métaux entre 2004 et 2018 dans la province de Cotabambas en Apurímac, et au Pérou. A partir de l’information collectée sur la dynamique du conflit, je montre comment la question environnementale et les transformations territoriales restent subordonnées ou invisibles dans les propositions, qui priorisent la rentabilité et la croissance économique dans le développement local.La thèse remet en question l’idée que les conflits miniers ne seraient conditionnés que par la distribution et la gestion des bénéfices dérivés de l’exploitation et de la production minière. Elle montre que les conditions favorables au fonctionnement des projets miniers s’articulent à la dégradation, à l’épuisement et au fractionnement de l’accès à la terre, à l’eau et à l’air, qui « minéralisent » et qui scindent les relations sociales et culturelles, et la vie communautaire, en tant que caractéristique de la condition extractive dans les régions minières<br>The perspective of mining conflicts and development processes in this research is that the protagonists are not static, but have both historical density and dramatic changes that happen in two dimensions; in the short term, at the current moment in which the events occur; and, in the long term, namely, of long and medium duration through time, which helps to configure historical cycles and processes. A nearness to the subject has been sought through an analysis of cases by historical layers, early modernity from the 18th to the 19th centuries; and, later neoliberal development of the 20th and 21st centuries in the Americas. Next, the 90s context to analyze the emblematic mining conflicts in Peru, till reaching the study case Las Bambas mining project from 2004 to 2018.The main question and aim of this thesis research are to answer: What is the relationship among the environment, mining conflicts and development processes in the country? Based on this principal question, I specify that the discourses on the development models in the country include conceptions of development that are related to the idea of taking advantage of natural resources through investments and their income. So that, therefore, the possibilities of making decisions about nature and promoting ways of production of local populations are limited, just as the institutions guarantee the right to a healthy and balanced environment are weakened.In the third part of the thesis, I make a historical review of the political and territorial transformation processes of the department of Apurímac and Grau and Cotabambas provinces, in order to address how Las Bambas mining project concession is inserted in them. The case study of this thesis is the timeline of Las Bambas project, from which I prove how the environmental and social impacts generated by the exploitation of metals occur between 2004 and 2018 years, in Cotabambas province in Apurimac, Peru. From them on the information collection about the conflict’s dynamics, I show how the environmental issue and territorial transformations keep subordinated or invisible in the proposals, where profitability and economic growth are prioritized in local development.The thesis cast on doubt on the position that mining conflicts are just conditioned by the distribution and administration of the benefits obtained from mining exploitation and production. In it, I show that the conditions that support the operation of mining projects are connected to the deterioration, depletion, and fragmentation of access to ground, water and air, which permeates "mineralizes", and as well divides social and cultural relationships, and community life, like an extractive condition characteristic in the mining areas where it operates<br>La perspectiva de los conflictos mineros y los procesos de desarrollo que asume esta tesis supone que los actores no son estáticos sino que están dotados de una densidad histórica en la medida en que experimentan cambios drásticos que se manifiestan en dos dimensiones. A corto plazo, en el momento preciso en que ocurren los hechos; y largo plazo, es decir, mediano y largo plazo en el tiempo, lo que ayuda a configurar ciclos y procesos históricos. Busqué abordar el tema a través del análisis de casos y capas históricas: la modernidad inicial de los siglos XVIII y XIX; luego, el desarrollismo del énfasis extractivista de los siglos XX y XXI en las Américas. Luego, el contexto de la década de 1990 para analizar los conflictos mineros emblemáticos del Perú, hasta llegar al caso de estudio del proyecto minero Las Bambas de 2004 a 2018.La pregunta y objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es: ¿cuál es la relación entre medio ambiente, conflictos mineros y procesos de desarrollo en el Perú? Partiendo de esta cuestión central, puntualizo que los discursos sobre los modelos de desarrollo en el Perú incorporan concepciones de desarrollo que se relacionan con la idea de aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales a través de inversiones y su renta, de manera subordinada a la actividad minera –que se convierte en discurso y una práctica oficial en el marco de una nueva dinámica productiva. Los significados de medio ambiente se relacionan con su capacidad para subsidiar los procesos de desarrollo minero, por lo que se limitan las posibilidades de toma de decisiones sobre la naturaleza e implementación de los modos productivos locales; así como se debilitan las instituciones que garantizan el derecho a un medio ambiente sano y equilibrado.Esta tesis propone retomar la trayectoria histórica de los procesos de transformación política y territorial del departamento de Apurímac y las provincias de Grau y Cotabambas, para luego abordar la forma en que se encuadra en ella la concesión del proyecto minero Las Bambas. El caso de estudio de esta tesis es una cronología del proyecto Las Bambas, a partir del cual muestro cómo se manifiestan los impactos ambientales y sociales provocados por la explotación de metales entre los años 2004 y 2018 en la provincia de Cotabambas en Apurímac, y en el Perú. A partir de la información recabada sobre la dinámica del conflicto, muestro cómo el tema ambiental y las transformaciones territoriales quedan subordinados o invisibilizados en las propuestas, que priorizan la rentabilidad y el crecimiento económico en el desarrollo local.La tesis cuestiona la idea de que los conflictos mineros sólo están condicionados por la distribución y gestión de los beneficios derivados de la explotación y producción minera. Muestra que las condiciones favorables para el funcionamiento de los proyectos mineros están vinculadas a la degradación, agotamiento y fragmentación del acceso a la tierra, el agua y el aire, que “mineralizan” y escinden las relaciones sociales, culturales y la vida comunitaria, como característica de la condición extractiva en las regiones mineras
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Betabelet, Wouloungou Julie Roselyne. "Ressources, territoires et conflits : élevage bovin et exploitation minière dans l'Ouest centrafricain." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H104.
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La République centrafricaine traverse depuis plusieurs décennies des crises sociopolitiques et militaires. Celles-ci ont atteint leur apogée en 2013 autour des affrontements entre la Séléka, une rébellion du nord et les AntiBalaka, un regroupement de milices locales. L’État n’a plus de contrôle sur l’ensemble de son territoire morcelé et tenu par des groupes armés. À partir du cas de l’Ouest centrafricain, cette thèse montre que les conflits armés ont des répercussions profondes sur les rapports des populations aux ressources et aux territoires. Ils ont un fort potentiel de destruction de certaines activités économiques telles que l’élevage bovin et la mine artisanale. Non seulement on assiste à une réorganisation des espaces de production des ressources pastorales et minières, mais le conflit induit également une trajectoire de décentralisation de l’accès aux ressources par les armes. Le contrôle par les armes a des incidences sur les acteurs, les réseaux et les flux de commercialisation. Nos travaux portent sur les dynamiques de l’Ouest centrafricain durant la période 2013-2017. Ils s’appuient notamment sur une étude de cas à l’échelle de la commune d’élevage de Niem-Yellewa, qui montre de quelle manière les ressentiments entre les groupes dominants, les luttes de pouvoirs entre les dirigeants locaux et les groupes armés en quête de ressources, s’agrègent pour générer, entretenir et faire perdurer un conflit local<br>The Central African Republic has been experiencing sociopolitical and military crises for several decades. Those reached their peak in 2013 when clashes between the Séléka, a rebellion in the north and the AntiBalaka, a group of local militias, arose. The state no longer has control over the entire territory which is fragmented and held by armed groups. Presenting the casestudy of West Central African Republic, this thesis shows that armed conflicts have profound implications on people's relations to resources and territories. These conflicts also tend to destroy some economic activities such as cattle farming and artisanal mining. Not only it induces the reorganization of the production areas of pastoral and mining resources, but it also triggers a tendency for a decentralized access to resources via weapons. Such armed control impacts actors, networks and marketing flows. Our works focus on the dynamics of West Central Africa during the period 20132017. They are essentially based on a case study at the scale of the pastoral area of NiemYellewa, which shows how resentments between the dominant groups and power struggles between local leaders and the armed groups looking for resources, aggregate to generate, maintain and perpetuate a local conflict
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Bebbington, Anthony J., and Jeffrey T. Bury. "Mining, institutions and sustainability: disagreements and challenges." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/80580.
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Las tendencias de largo plazo en el consumo mundial continúangenerando crecimiento en la actividad minera. Para muchos países,esto puede significar nuevos recursos para el desarrollo, perotambién podría crear desafíos a la sostenibilidad y conflictos enlas regiones en las que se realiza la extracción. Distintos actoresde los sectores público, privado y de la sociedad civil han prestadocreciente atención a las alternativas para superar estos desafíos yencontrar formas de construir sinergias entre la minería y el desarrollo.La investigación en el Perú —uno de los centros mundialesde reciente expansión minera— pone de manifiesto la presión queeste crecimiento impone sobre el recurso hídrico, los medios de vida(livelihoods) y las relaciones sociales. Estas presiones se derivan delas condiciones institucionales que regulan la expansión minera, laadministración del recurso hídrico y la gestión del desarrollo local.Un problema adicional es la escasa comunicación entre los sistemasde conocimiento basados en el sector minero y aquellos de las poblacioneslocales. Abordar estas fuentes de no sostenibilidad requiereuna forma de generar conocimientos que pueda tender puentes entrediferentes sistemas epistémicos, mantener las relaciones entre losactores interesados que tienen posiciones contrapuestas y generar conocimientos que conduzcan a una innovación institucional, enparticular en los ámbitos relacionados con el monitoreo del aguay con la zonificación ecológica y el ordenamiento territorial.<br>Global consumption continues to generate growth in mining. In lesserdeveloped economies, this growth offers the potential to generate newresources for development, but also creates challenges to sustainabilityin the regions in which extraction occurs. This context leads todebate on the institutional arrangements most likely to build synergiesbetween mining, livelihoods, and development, and on the socio-politicalconditions under which such institutions can emerge. Buildingfrom a multiyear, three country program of research projects, Peru, aglobal center of mining expansion, serves as an exemplar for analyzingthe effects of extractive industry on livelihoods and the conditionsunder which arrangements favoring local sustainability might emerge.This program is guided by three emergent hypotheses in human environmentalsciences regarding the relationships among institutions,knowledge, learning, and sustainability. The research combines indepthand comparative case study analysis, and uses mapping andspatial analysis, surveys, in-depth interviews, participant observation,and our own direct participation in public debates on the regulation ofmining for development. The findings demonstrate the pressures thatmining expansion has placed on water resources, livelihood assets,and social relationships. These pressures are a result of institutionalconditions that separate the governance of mineral expansion, waterresources, and local development, and of relationships of power thatprioritize large scale investment over livelihood and environment. Afurther problem is the poor communication between mining sectorknowledge systems and those of local populations. These results areconsistent with themes recently elaborated in sustainability science.
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González, Ackerknecht Cristian. "Historia de los conflictos laborales y los actores mediadores en la gran minería chilena." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456805.
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La present investigació és un estudi historiográphic considerant quatre segles d’història económica sobre conflictes laborals en l’indústria minera en Chile, pays principalment miner a la seva economia.
Aquest estudi fa una descripció dels contexts històrics i estratègics com conjunt de circunstàncies que condicionen els fets conflictius a l’indústria, i analitza la participació de diferents factors, tipificats com actors socials: treballadors, empresaris, govern, església i mitjans de comunicación de massa.
Les troballes corresponents al fenomen estudiat, especialment al segle XX, fan el reconeixement de cinc dinàmicas de conflicte en seqüència temporal: dinàmica unilateral, bilateral de confrontació, multilateral, de professionalització incipient i dinàmica negociadora processal.
Finalment, es deriven conclusiós de aplicació focal en la gestió estratègica de l’indústria minera i altres de aplicabilitat general al àmbit de políticas públicas, els components culturals i el recurs humà en l´organització.
La tesi agrega una bibliografía actual de llibres i articles sobre conflictes laborals mineros i fa constar la possibilitat de continuabilitat de l´investigació.<br>La presente investigación realiza un análisis historiográfico a lo largo de cuatro siglos en el ámbito de la historia económica y el conflicto laboral en la industria de la Gran Minería en Chile, país de economía esencialmente minera. Se describe los contextos históricos y estratégicos de numerosos conflictos acontecidos en la industria, y se analiza la participación de diversos factores, tipificándolos como actores sociales: trabajadores, empresarios, gobiernos, iglesia y medios de comunicación.
Se realiza un análisis diacrónico de los resultados, con especial énfasis en el siglo XX, y se distingue cinco dinámicas de conflicto en secuencia temporal: dinámica unilateral, bilateral de confrontación, multilateral, de profesionalización incipiente y dinámica negociadora procesal.
Finalmente, se deriva conclusiones de aplicación focal en la gestión estratégica de la industria minera y otras de aplicabilidad general en el ámbito de las políticas públicas, los componentes culturales y el recurso humano en las organizaciones. Se agrega una bibliografía exhaustiva acerca del tema del conflicto laboral minero y se señala lineamientos de posibles continuaciones de la investigación.<br>This research is an historiographic approach throughout four centuries of social conflicts in mining industry in Chile, a country whose global economy has been based upon such industry. Strategical aswell as historical context are described for social conflicts from many perspectives, and it is also analysed the participation of several factors which are considered as “social actors”: workers, entrepreneurs, Government, religious authority, Press and mass media.
A diacronic analysis of results observed is performed, emphasyzing XXth century and five conflictive dynamics are recognized in temporal sequence: monolateral or unilateral approach, confrontational/bilateral, multilateral, growing professionalization and negotiative process.
Finally some conclusions are derived for focal application on strategic management in mining industry and others of wider applicability in the fields of public policies, cultural bystanders and human resources at organizations. A general up-to-date bibliography on labour conflict is also provided and possibilities for further-on research continuity are suggested.
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Arellano-Yanguas, Javier. "Local politics, conflict and development in Peruvian mining regions." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6315/.
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This thesis examines the effects of a collection of policies that determine the mandatory distribution of mining, gas and oil revenues between national and subnational governments, and the greater involvement of mining companies in local development. I have labelled this set of policies, which aims to reduce social conflict and promote local development, the New Extractive Industry Strategy (NEIS). Chapter 1 describes the implementation of these policies in Peru and highlights their significance to the mining industry worldwide. Chapter 2 describes the methodology of the thesis and introduces the three field research regions. Chapter 3 outlines the national socio-political context for the implementation of the NEIS. Chapters 4–6 deal with the effects of the NEIS on social conflict. I argue that the implementation of the NEIS has not only failed to reduce conflict but has actually exacerbated it. After reviewing the debates linking extraction and conflict (Chapter 4), Chapter 5 demonstrates that conflict is strongly associated with the volume of mining revenue received by sub-national governments. Chapter 6 presents a typology of conflicts that helps to explain the correlation between mining revenue and unrest. In addition to well-known conflicts that are related to the adverse impact of mining on livelihoods and the environment, the study identifies two other types. In the first, peasant communities employ social conflict to increase their bargaining power with the mining companies for material compensation. In the second, the large volume of mining revenue generates disputes over access to or use of these financial transfers. Chapters 7–8 show that the NEIS has not delivered its development promises. Chapter 7 illustrates how regional and municipal governments in receipt of high per capita volumes of mining revenue transfers did not improve their economic and welfare indicators any more than the rest of the country. Chapter 8 proposes that a combination of obstructive political factors trapped regional and municipal authorities and local populations in a myopic political game that prioritised quick short-term spending over any long-term benefits to be gained from better planned expenditure. Finally, Chapter 9 draws some conclusions and makes some suggestions.
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Bos, Vincent. "Construction sociale de la ressource et renégociation des régulations. Analyse du secteur minier péruvien, fin du XXe siècle - début du XXIe siècle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA113.
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Les dynamiques du secteur minier péruvien entre la fin du XXe siècle et le début du XXIe siècle permettent de saisir la mondialisation économique comme un phénomène résolument spatial où se réinventent les territoires et les identités autour d’une ressource à la fois locale et globale. Dans cette thèse, nous montrons en quoi les nouvelles règles du jeu, notamment en matière minière et foncière ainsi que la gouvernance de l’environnement, illustrent la construction nécessairement politique du territoire péruvien et des ressources par l’État central autour d’un projet national d’exploitation marchande des gisements miniers comme source de richesse économique. La réorganisation de la structure productive nationale par le capital, souvent étranger, éclaire le poids des initiatives d’acteurs sur le devenir des territoires. La hausse de l’empreinte spatiale du secteur minier et des revenus qu’il génère atteste d’une greffe territoriale et économique de l’activité minière à l’échelle nationale. Néanmoins, celle-ci est inégalement ressentie dans les territoires locaux. La multiplication des conflits miniers au début du XXIe siècle rappelle que les ressources naturelles et les régulations qui codifient la relation société-nature sont le résultat souvent instable de relations de pouvoir entre acteurs aux poids asymétriques et aux visées potentiellement antagonistes. Nous analysons ces conflits interrogeant le rôle et la place des acteurs et des territoires locaux dans les politiques de développement, comme une arme de (re)négociation des règles du jeu à la portée des « sans ». D’intensité variable, la renégociation est micro quand les enjeux sont relativement limités et les acteurs entendent accéder à une meilleure répartition des richesses. Par contraste, elle est potentiellement massive quand ils refusent la marchandisation de la nature et entendent transformer en profondeur les règles du jeu comme l’illustre le conflit minier de Conga à Cajamarca<br>Analysis of the dynamics of the mining sector in Peru between the end of the twentieth century and the start of the twenty-first allows an understanding of economic globalisation as a resolutely spatial phenomenon in which territories and identities are reinvented around resources at once local and global. In this thesis, we show how the new rules of the game of mining and property, and environmental governance, illustrate the necessarily political construction of Peru’s territory and resources by the central State around a national project of market-oriented exploitation of mining deposits as a source of economic wealth. This reorganisation of the national productive structure by capital, often foreign, sheds light on the impact of economic actors on the future of the territories. An increase of the spatial imprint of the mining sector and the revenue it generates amounts to a territorial and economic transplant of mining exploitation on a national scale. This increase, however, is felt unequally in local territories. The multiplication of mining conflicts at the start of the twenty-first century recalls how natural resources and the regulations codifying the society-nature relationship are the often unstable result of power relations between actors of unequal weight and with potentially antagonistic goals. We analyze these conflicts questionning the role and place of local actors and territories in development policies, as a weapon of (re)negotiation of the rules of the game wielded by the « have nots ». Varying in intensity, negotiations can be considered micro when the stakes are relatively limited and the actors only hope to achieve a greater share of the wealth. By contrast, conflicts may constitute a weapon of mass negotiation when actors refuse the commodification of nature and attempt a profound transformation of the rules of the game, as is illustrated by the Conga mining conflict in Cajamarca
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Steyl, Johanna Maria Elizabeth. "Conflict between work and non-work roles of employees in the mining industry : prevalence and differences between demographic groups / J.M.E. Steyl." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5043.
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The mining industry is acknowledge to be a very stressful and demanding profession, driven by performance and intense working environments, hazardous working conditions and socially undesirable working hours. These factors could impact on the interaction between work and nonwork roles of employees. The objectives of this research were to investigate the prevalence of the different work-nonwork conflict scales and to determine the demographic differences of work-nonwork conflict in a sample of mining employees.
A random sample of 245 mining employees was taken from a platinum mine in the Rustenburg area. A newly developed Work-nonwork Interference Scale of Koekemoer (2009), measuring the interference between work and other nonwork roles, was used as measuring instrument. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha coefficients, Paired-sample t-tests, Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVAS) were used to analyse the data. Work-nonwork conflict was more prevalent than nonwork-work conflict. The results also indicated that work-family conflict is more prevalent than work-domestic conflict and work-religion conflict. However, work-domestic conflict was more prevalent than work-religion conflict. Statistically significant differences exist between demographic groups based on marital status and language regarding work-nonwork conflict. The results obtained indicated that African-speaking participants experienced higher levels of private-work conflict compared to Afrikaans and English-speaking participants. The results also revealed that participants who are not married experienced higher levels of private-work conflict than those who are married. Some recommendations made in this study included that the mining industry should focus on providing support in terms of available resources and effectively managed work-nonwork role conflicts. Recommendations for future research include larger sample sizes, administration of questionnaires to various occupational groups, investigation of positive interaction between work and other life roles as well as longitudinal and research designs.<br>Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Mogrovejo, Chauca Marcos Piero. "La deducción de los gastos por responsabilidad social vinculados a la prevención de conflictos sociales en la minería a fin de determinar el impuesto a la renta empresarial." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2017. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/1367.
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La presente investigación tiene como objetivo el análisis al controversial tema de las consideraciones tributarias de los gastos por responsabilidad social empresarial que realizan las empresas mineras en el Perú, buscando la aprobación de la deducibilidad de estos desembolsos para efectos del Impuesto a la Renta, con la finalidad de evitar conflictos sociales y mantener su fuente de productiva. Asimismo, se busca establecer una solución jurídica para conseguir el beneficio conjunto y sostenible de todos los actores involucrados.
La metodología empleada en este trabajo, contempla la investigación doctrinaria de diversos autores, para definir un concepto integrado de Responsabilidad social, la revisión de fuentes oficiales del Estado sobre la situación económica de la industria minera para observar la urgencia de implementar una solución eficiente al problema, y el análisis normativo y jurisprudencial a nivel administrativo como judicial para observar las consideraciones institucionales respecto a los mencionados desembolsos realizado por las empresas extractivas en el Perú.
Las principales conclusiones fueron las siguientes: primero, la Responsabilidad social empresarial supera el compromiso altruista por el bienestar social y ambiental, siendo un importante instrumento de inversión para mantener la fuente productora y así asegurar el desarrollo de la industria; segundo, existe una clara deficiencia normativa que regule la deducción de los gastos por responsabilidad social, provocando una incertidumbre sobre el tratamiento tributario correspondiente; y tercero, en la exigua jurisprudencia vigente se ha reconocido que existe vinculación entre estos gastos y el mantenimiento de la fuente productora, configurándose así la causalidad de estos gastos considerándose deducibles para efectos tributarios, pues previenen, atenúan y eliminan potenciales escenarios negativos en el entorno social que atentarían contra el mantenimiento de la fuente productiva asegurando los objetivo económicos de la empresa.
The objective of the present investigation is to analyze the controversial issue of tax considerations of the expenses for corporate social responsibility carried out by mining companies in Peru, seeking the approval of the deductibility of these disbursements for Income Tax purposes, with the Purpose of avoiding social conflicts and maintaining their productive source. It also seeks to establish a legal solution to achieve the joint and sustainable benefit of all actors involved.
The methodology used in this work, includes the doctrinal research of various authors, to define an integrated concept of social responsibility, the review of official sources of the State on the economic situation of the mining industry to observe the urgency of implementing an efficient solution to the problem , And normative and jurisprudential analysis at the administrative as well as judicial level to observe the institutional considerations regarding the aforementioned disbursements made by extractive companies in Peru.
The main conclusions were: first, Corporate Social Responsibility exceeds the altruistic commitment to social and environmental welfare, being an important investment instrument to maintain the production source and thus ensure the development of the industry; Second, there is a clear regulatory deficiency that regulates the deduction of social responsibility expenses, causing uncertainty about the corresponding tax treatment; And third, in the limited jurisprudence in force, it has been recognized that there is a link between these expenses and the maintenance of the source of production, thus configuring the causality of these expenses considered as deductible for tax purposes, since they prevent, attenuate and eliminate potential negative scenarios in the environment Which would jeopardize the maintenance of the productive source, ensuring the economic objectives of the company.
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Hirons, Mark Alexander. "Mining, forests and land-use conflict : the case of Ghana." Thesis, University of Reading, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.630450.
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Mineral resources are essential to the functioning and wellbeing of human societies. There is mounting concern, however, about the environmental degradation and social impacts typically resulting from mineral extraction. As a result, the mining industry is increasingly embracing the sustainability agenda, that is, pursuing development which ostensibly balances economic, social and environmental interests. In recent years, escalating anxiety over climate change in particular has propelled forest conservation to the top of the sustainability agenda which, in the case of mining, has increased attention on the loss of forest cover associated with activities, the success of reclamation and the manifold social conflicts often associated with resource-use. The hegemonic neoliberal approach to environmental governance has led to a burgeoning of strategies to manage forests using carbon finance as a conduit for investment. Although these schemes purportedly facilitate the mitigation of carbon emissions on a global scale while simultaneously delivering economic benefits to poor local communities, there is apprehension regarding the prospect of projects being implemented in contexts in which the dynamics of resource-use are not adequately understood. Cross-sectoral issues are among the concerns which have yet to receive sufficient attention. The purpose of this thesis is to broaden understanding of the interactions between the poorly articulated and understood relationship between mining, forests, climate change and development. Using the case of Ghana, where conflicts and trade-offs between mining and forests proliferate, an interdisciplinary and exploratory approach is taken to investigate the impact of mining on forest carbon stocks, survey the perspectives and influence of key stakeholders on mining-forest conflicts, and determine how these cross-sectoral issues are governed. Findings reveal that public and policy discourse on mining in forest areas focuses on formal activities in forest reserves and the relative success of reclamation. An examination of carbon stocks under different land-uses shows that reclamation does not completely restore carbon stocks to levels found in forests, but that it can restore approximately 10% of carbon on decadal timescales. This underscores the limitations of pursuing a purely technocratic approach to policy-making: although science is a necessary component of sound governance it is it not sufficient per se. The results further demonstrate the potential for carbon-finance to support reclamation activities in both the large- and small-scale mining sectors.
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Williams, Zoe. "The Political Possibilities of CSR: Mining Company-Community Conflict in Peru." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23259.
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This paper examines the ways in which corporate social responsibility (CSR) is used by mining companies in Peru to minimize conflict between themselves and communities. It assesses the use of CSR at both the community and national levels, and concludes that there are important limitations to a reliance on the privatized management of social conflict. Most importantly, a reliance on corporations to manage conflict in which they themselves take part inherently limits the outcomes of this conflict for the communities to those which do not threaten the business interests of the companies. This paper further argues that the political organization of communities and the involvement of external actors in the conflict has an effect on the type of CSR policies enacted by the company. Thus, communities who are better organized, especially with the help of external actors, may achieve more favourable results from CSR-led negotiations with companies.
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Burger, Dore Gertel. "Costing conflict : a multiple case study approach to quantifying conflict in the mining industry in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80236.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>This study will focus on conflict within organisations in the attempt to gain clarity on this very common phenomenon and to link conflict to financial cost. By gaining a financial grip on conflict this study attempts to give the reader the tools with which to estimate parameters and calculate financial costs within their own conflict situations. The reader will also be able to motivate the need for management to invest in pre-emptive conflict resolution structures.
The study will focus on a sample population from the mining sector in South Africa. A multiple case study approach is used in order to understand the intricacies that make conflict a variable, situation-dependant occurrence after which data is collected to calculate a preliminary estimate of the financial costs incurred by the organisation due to hostilities within the sample population.
The results of the study indicate that the samples chosen experience different types of conflict and also manage the conflict in different ways. The calculations reflect that conflict impacts on the organisation in a fiscally prominent way. Each case has its own unique major contributors to monetary costs incurred due to conflict depending on case specific attributes.
The results clearly show that the financial cost of conflict has a severe impact on an organisation. The structured analysis provided by the study gives the reader a method with which to calculate the costs of conflict within other cases where conflict is assumed to have a negative impact on performance. In this way it becomes easier for the practitioner to effectively motivate for preventative action.
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Vieira, Arlete Gomes do Nascimento. "O conflito agrário-minerário em Americano do Brasil - Goiás." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5521.
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Previous issue date: 2015-06-24<br>The agrarian-mining conflict is established in Americano do Brasil-GO when we identify that
mining activity interferes directly in the use and occupation of land, with the agrarian
activities causing harmful interference to the environment and the local population, which is
not minimized with the application of Financial Compensation for Mineral Exploration -
CFEM. The aim of this study is to identify the agrarian-mining conflict in Americano do
Brasil-GO on the assumption that there are problems in the agrarian production because of
environmental damage from mining production, such damage not remedied and/or minimized
by the authorities in the correct application of financial proceeds of the CFEM (Financial
Compensation for Mineral Exploration). The methodology used was the bibliographical and
field research in Americano do Brasil-GO, with the information collection informal with a
few locals and data collection in the following competent official entities: DNPM - National
Department of Mineral Production; IBGE - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and
Portal Brasil Transparente (My Town). Mining in Americano do Brasil-GO has an important
historical relevance for the emergence and development of mining in the sState of Goiás,
given this be the stage mining since the 1960s with the extraction of copper, nickel and cobalt,
metals with high value in domestic and international markets, without, however, provide an
environmental and social gain for the community directly affected by mining.<br>O conflito agrário-minerário é estabelecido em Americano do Brasil-GO quando
identificamos que a atividade de mineração interfere diretamente no uso e ocupação do solo,
com as atividades agrárias causando interferências negativas ao meio ambiente e na
população do município, o que não é minimizado com a aplicação da Compensação
Financeira pela Exploração Mineral - CFEM. O objetivo do presente estudo é identificar o
conflito agrário-minerário no município de Americano do Brasil-GO na hipótese de que há
problemas na produção agrária por conta de danos ambientais decorrentes da produção
mineral, danos esses não sanados e/ou minimizados pelo poder público na correta aplicação
dos recursos financeiros obtidos com a CFEM (Compensação Financeira pela Exploração
Mineral). A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo no município de
Americano do Brasil-GO, com a coleta de informações de modo informal junto a alguns
moradores e a coleta de dados nos seguintes órgãos oficiais competentes: DNPM -
Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral; IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e
Estatística e Portal Brasil Transparente (Meu Município). A mineração no município de
Americano do Brasil-GO tem uma relevância histórica importante para o surgimento e
desenvolvimento da mineração no Estado de Goiás, haja vista este ser palco de mineração
desde a década de 1960 com a extração de cobre, níquel e cobalto, metais com alto valor no
mercado nacional e internacional, sem, contudo, propiciar um ganho ambiental e social para a
comunidade diretamente atingida pela mineração.
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Rivera, del Piélago Norma Cecilia. "Mining and Social Funds: Analysis of the model based in the case of the Social Fund Michiquillay." Revista de Ciencia Política y Gobierno, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/53702.
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Desde diciembre de 2008 el Estado peruano puso en operación el mecanismo de los fondos sociales, como medio para canalizar parte de los ingresos percibidos por el Estado a cuenta de las concesiones mineras, hacia inversiones y proyectos de orden social que beneficien a la población aledaña a dichas concesiones y contribuir a la legitimación de las empresas extractivas en dichas zonas. El modelo, basado en la gestión privada de los fondos y la participación directa de los actores locales, buscó agilizar la gestión y ejecución de los recursos, librándola de las demoras inherentes a la gestión pública.Existen seis casos en operación, con recursos que bordean los 340 millones de dólares, siendo el Fondo Social Michiquillay (FSM) uno de los más importantes, dado su volumen financiero. El presente análisis plantea los principales problemas de funcionamiento del FSM, que lo llevaron a alcanzar una ejecución de solo el 2% de sus recursos durante el periodo de estudio, yreflexiona sobre las relaciones establecidas entre esta entidad y las comunidades.
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Sibert, Ronald I. "Privatization and corporate governance mining synergy from conflict across sectors, a case study /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 1.02 Mb., 264 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3200537.
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Fagge, Roger John. "Power, culture and conflict in the coalfields of West Virginia and South Wales, 1900-1922." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272619.
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Chizenga, Anselmo Panse. "Mineração e conflito ambiental : disputas em torno da implantação do megaprojeto da Vale na bacia carbonífera de Moatize, Moçambique." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/155999.
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A pesquisa analisa o conflito ambiental entre as populações locais de Moatize e a empresa mineradora Vale, que sob a égide de acordos de exploração de carvão mineral com o governo de Moçambique, iniciou a exploração mineira deslocando compulsoriamente as populações locais de seus territórios. Com o aporte da teoria da Sociologia dos Regimes de Ação desenvolvida pela Sociologia Pragmática da Crítica de Luc Boltanski e colaboradores, a pesquisa procura analisar a ocorrência de operações críticas e suas justificações (discursos e ações). O objetivo geral é analisar as dinâmicas do conflito em torno da instalação do megaprojeto da empresa Vale e as gramáticas enunciadas pelos atores envolvidos no conflito para criticarem e justificarem-se das críticas. A pesquisa de campo, com enfoque etnográfico, ocorreu no distrito de Moatize, na província de Tete, região central de Moçambique, entre os meses de março a junho de 2015. As técnicas aplicadas para a coleta de dados foram a observação participante e a participação observante, com registros em diário de campo e aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Como resultado percebe-se que a crítica que mobiliza o conflito é motivada por mudanças estruturais que se instalaram no curso de vida das famílias submetidas ao deslocamento pela empresa Vale, como a desconexão com a diversidade de percursos e práticas de subsistência praticadas no seu local de proveniência (território), os quais se confrontam com as condições instaladas e existentes no lugar de reassentamento, assim como por expectativas frustradas em relação ao reassentamento. A justificação que se contrapõe à crítica orienta-se na ideia de que o processo de adaptação das famílias está em curso e poderá se estabilizar com a criação de novos projetos econômicos para o “benefício” dos reassentados.<br>The research analyses the environmental contest between local population of Moatize and mining company Vale, which agreements with Mozambican government, this company began mining shift which under the aegis of coal exploration agreements with the government of Mozambique, began mining shifting compulsory to local populations in their territories. With the contribution of the Theory of Sociology of Action developed by Pragmatic Sociology of Criticism of Luc Boltanski and collaborators, the research seeks about analyse the occurrence of critical operations and their justifications (speeches and actions). The overall objective is to analyse the dynamics of the conflict surrounding the installation of megaproject of the company’s worth and the grammars specified by actors involved in the conflict criticize and justified criticism. Field research, with ethnographic approach occurred in Moatize district, Tete province, the central region of Mozambique between the months of March to June 2015, the technics applied for research was participant observation and participation observant with records in field journal and application of semi-structured interviews. As a result we see that the criticizes that mobilizes the contest is caused by structural changes that have been settled in the family’s life that submitted to compulsory offset by the company’s worth as the disconnection with the diversity and subsistence practices applies in their original place (territiry) that are faced with the conditions existing in the place of installed and resettlement. The justification that juxtaposes the criticism focuses on the idea that the adaptation process of families is still ongoing may stabilize with the creation of new economic projects for the benefit of the resettled.
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Talbert, Meredith Corea. "Understanding Sand Mining on the Maha Oya: The Conflict Between Economic and Environmental Survival." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/522.
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River sand mining from the Maha Oya is the main source of income and a force that drives economic activity for residents along the river. This study takes place in Sri Lanka, there are three villages included in this project: Jambugaswatte, Janituspuraya and Thoppuwa. In Sri Lanka, sand serves as the main building material. It is used to make bricks, tiles, asphalt and concrete, therefore demanding a high market value. However, the over-extraction of sand comes along with significant environmental problems. These communities depend on the river in many ways and the health of the river directly corresponds to the health of the ecosystem as a whole. Along the Maha Oya two important elements of survival are in conflict with one another: residents simultaneously need a healthy, thriving ecosystem to live in, as well as economic opportunities. With support from the Environmental Foundation Ltd. (EFL)--a Sri Lankan environmental justice NGO--this study focuses on the complex situation with sand mining on the Maha Oya. Data for this study comes from fifteen formal interviews with a Sinhala-English translator. These interviews are used to address the two research questions for this project: how do village residents along the Maha Oya perceive sand mining? And what are the emotional, practical and theoretical responses of village residents to the effects of sand mining on their local ecosystems? In order to envision a sustainable future, it is vital to begin with a clear understanding of community perceptions of these complex issues, which are at the heart of this project.
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Samet, Ahmed. "Théorie des fonctions de croyance : application des outils de data mining pour le traitement des données imparfaites." Thesis, Artois, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ARTO0206/document.
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Notre travail s'inscrit dans l'intersection de deux disciplines qui sont la Théorie des Fonctions de Croyance (TFC) et la fouille de données. L'interaction pouvant exister entre la TFC et la fouille de données est étudiée sous deux volets.La première interaction souligne l'apport des règles associatives génériques au sein de la TFC. Nous nous sommes intéressés au problème de fusion de sources non fiables dont la principale conséquence est l'apparition de conflit lors de la combinaison. Une approche de gestion de conflit reposant sur les règles d'association génériques appelé ACM a été proposée.La deuxième interaction s'intéresse aux bases de données imparfaites en particulier les bases de données évidentielles. Les informations, représentées par des fonctions de masse, sont étudiées afin d'extraire des connaissances cachées par le biais des outils de fouille de données. L'extraction des informations pertinentes et cachées de la base se fait grâce à la redéfinition de la mesure du support et de la confiance. Ces mesures introduites ont été les fondements d'un nouveau classifieur associatif que nous avons appelé EDMA<br>This thesis explores the relation between two domains which are the Belief Function Theory (BFT) and data mining. Two main interactions between those domain have been pointed out.The first interaction studies the contribution of the generic associative rules in the BFT. We were interested in managing conflict in case of fusing conflictual information sources. A new approach for conflict management based on generic association rules has been proposed called ACM.The second interation studies imperfect databases such as evidential databases. Those kind of databases, where information is represented by belief functions, are studied in order to extract hidden knowledges using data mining tools. The extraction of those knowledges was possible thanks to a new definition to the support and the confidence measures. Those measures were integrated into a new evidential associative classifier called EDMA
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Garrett, Nicholas [Verfasser]. "Artisanal mining and conflict financing in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); coping, conflict and shadow economy actors and the impact of the ‘conflict minerals’ campaign / Nicholas Garrett." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1049437942/34.
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Paredes, Peñafiel Adriana Paola. "Desenhos, relações e desenvolvimento : conflitos em torno da mineração na região andina de Cajamarca, Peru." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/149329.
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Este trabalho de tese trata das dinâmicas da mineração a céu aberto e seus efeitos na água da região andina de Cajamarca, ao norte do Peru. O objetivo consiste em analisar “desenhos locais” que entram em conflito com os desenhos propostos – e alguns já instalados – pela mineração moderna, que começam a proliferar no Peru a partir de 1990 como um caminho inquestionável de desenvolvimento. Por meio de pesquisa de abordagem etnográfica, realizada entre 2013 e 2014, analisam-se dois casos. No primeiro, examinam-se as diferenças ontológicas mobilizadas pelas pessoas como resultado de ações causadas pelo projeto de mineração Conga, que “sacrificará” importantes lagoas na região de Cajamarca, Peru. Nesse contexto, campesinos e ronderos do centro poblado El Tambo têm se organizado para vigiar a lagoa Mamacocha. Observa-se que a relacionalidade dos campesinos com Mamacocha é ativada pela realidade da experiência vivida com a água, que começou a desaparecer a partir dos projetos de mineração, mas que é coproduzida em “encontros” com outras concepções ontológicas. Tais encontros dinamizam histórias orais da memória local. Para além de uma representação essencialista do conhecimento indígena versus o científico, são os diferentes regimes de relação com a água que intensificam colaborações entre os coletivos. O efeito é a emergência de “Mamacocha estendida”, sinalizada nas manifestações como “obra de Deus”, “água que alimenta” e “aquíferos”, a depender das relações e dos grupos, e dos campesinos como “guardiões das lagoas”. A noção de “alimentar” aparece em diálogos com campesinos que enfatizam relações entre as colheitas, os canais de irrigação e os puquios (nascentes de água) salientando que as lagoas não podem ser substituídas por reservatórios artificiais que a empresa propõe construir. Em um segundo caso, analisa-se como o desenho de uma mina a céu aberto na cidade de Hualgayoc, região próxima à anterior, influencia as pessoas que inicialmente desenhavam na terra, os velhos mineiros de socavão. Embora os mineiros articulem a história de um passado mineiro, o seu esforço por negociar suas relações com a empresa mineira oscilam entre antagonismo e expectativas por uma ocupação neste mercado de trabalho. Muitos deles são ignorados pelas grandes empresas por não serem os “mineiros modernos” que hoje manipulam maquinarias sofisticadas, apesar de terem trabalhado por muito tempo no socavão. Quando o centro urbano de Hualgayoc se tornou uma AID (Área de Influência Direta) da mineração a céu aberto, os seus habitantes foram categorizados em classificações específicas que os reprimem. Além disso, o que mostra o caso de Hualgayoc é que o projeto mineiro somente oferece trabalho pelas falhas que ele mesmo causa ao ser implementado. Esta perda é vista como uma oportunidade de trabalho para contratar pessoas que possam trazer água de outros lugares. Os efeitos na natureza e nas pessoas são reais, e, principalmente, os efeitos nas águas andam em paralelo com os projetos de vida de muitas pessoas que resistem ao projeto mineiro. Estes dois casos na região emblemática de Cajamarca ilustram os conflitos em torno de desenhos, relações e desenvolvimento.<br>This PhD dissertation is about the dynamics of open-pit mining activity and related controversies around water in the Andean region of Cajamarca, Peru. The goal is to analise “local designs” that are threatened by designs - some of them are already encroached on the land used by campesinos - coming from modern mining whose proliferation started in 1990 as a non-questionable way to development. Based on ethnographic research conducted between 2013 and 2014 in the region of Cajamarca, this work analises two cases. The first one, I examine ontological differences mobilized by people when the Yanacocha Mining Company officially announced its proposal to construct an open-pit copper-gold mine and would require draining important lagoons. In this context, campesinos (peasant farmers) and ronderos (rural patrol) from the hamlet of El Tambo organized themselves in order to guard the Mamacocha lagoon. Based on fieldwork in the area of the proposed Conga Mining Project, the author argue that the relationality between the campesinos and Mamacocha results from campesinos’ lived experiences with water that started to scarce, but it is also produced through encounters with other ontological conceptions. Those encounters activate older narratives about Mamacocha. These different ways of knowing designing should not be understood as an essentialist representation of ‘Indigenous’ knowledge that stands in opposition to ‘Western’ or scientific knowledge. Different regimes of relations with water intensify collaborations bewteen collectivities. The effect is the enactment of an “extended Mamacocha” as “God’s creation”, “water that nourishes” and “aquifers” and the campesinos as “Guardians of the Lagoons”. The concept of ‘nourishment’ appeared in dialogues with campesinos, emphasizing the relationship between food crops, irrigation channels, and natural water springs, could not be replaced with artificial reservoirs that the company proposed to build. In the second case, I analise how the design of an open-pit mine in the city of Hualgayoc, close to the previous area, influences people who used to be underground miners. Even though, miners articulate a narrative that Hualgayoc is a “mining region”, their efforts to negotiate with the mining company oscilate between antagonism and expectations for jobs. Some of them are ignored for not being modern miners that manipulate sophiscated machines, even though they have worked as underground miners for decades. When the urban center of Hualagyoc became an ADI (area of direct influence), their residents were also categorized in specific classification that repress them. Besides, the case shows that the Project offers jobs because of their own failures during its implementation. This loss is seen as an oportuniuty for hiring people that could bring water from other places. The effects on the environment and people are real, they travel through parallel worlds. These two cases in the emblematic region of Cajamartca illustrate conflicts around designs, relations and development.
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McKay, Terrence Penn. "Minding the gap : filling the public security gap in post-war societies." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7264.
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Di, Ciccio Claudio, Fabrizio Maria Maggi, Marco Montali, and Jan Mendling. "Resolving inconsistencies and redundancies in declarative process models." Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2016.09.005.
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Declarative process models define the behaviour of business processes as a set of constraints. Declarative process discovery aims at inferring such constraints from event logs. Existing discovery techniques verify the satisfaction of candidate constraints over the log, but completely neglect their interactions. As a result, the inferred constraints can be mutually contradicting and their interplay may lead to an inconsistent process model that does not accept any trace. In such a case, the output turns out to be unusable for enactment, simulation or verification purposes. In addition, the discovered model contains, in general, redundancies that are due to complex interactions of several constraints and that cannot be cured using existing pruning approaches. We address these problems by proposing a technique that automatically resolves conflicts within the discovered models and is more powerful than existing pruning techniques to eliminate redundancies. First, we formally define the problems of constraint redundancy and conflict resolution. Second, we introduce techniques based on the notion of automata-product monoid, which guarantees the consistency of the discovered models and, at the same time, keeps the most interesting constraints in the pruned set. The level of interestingness is dictated by user-specified prioritisation criteria. We evaluate the devised techniques on a set of real-world event logs.