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1
Kasperski, Adam. Discrete optimization with interval data: Minmax regret and fuzzy approach. Berlin: Springer, 2008.
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Kasperski, Adam. Discrete optimization with interval data: Minmax regret and fuzzy approach. Berlin: Springer, 2008.
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Kasperski, Adam. Discrete optimization with interval data: Minmax regret and fuzzy approach. Berlin: Springer, 2008.
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Maximum and minimum principles: A unified approach, with applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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Pierre, Bernhard, ed. H [infinity symbol]-optimal control and related minimax design problems: A dynamic game approach. 2nd ed. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1995.
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Pierre, Bernhard, ed. H [infinity symbol]-optimal control and related minimax design problems: A dynamic game approach. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1991.
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Kasperski, Adam. Discrete Optimization with Interval Data: Minmax Regret and Fuzzy Approach. Springer, 2010.
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H Infinity Symboloptimal Control And Related Minimax Design Problems A Dynamic Game Approach. Birkhauser, 2008.
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Sewell, M. J. Maximum and Minimum Principles: A Unified Approach with Applications (Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics). Cambridge University Press, 1988.
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Sewell, M. J. Maximum and Minimum Principles: A Unified Approach with Applications (Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics). Cambridge University Press, 1988.
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11
Regan, Patrick M. A Perceptual Approach to Quality Peace. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680121.003.0003.
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This chapter tackles the problem of finding data-derived indicators to measure the quality of peace, versus a definition of peace simply as the absence of war. Conceptually, peace is seen as an equilibrium condition where resort to violence is minimal and where the highest quality of peace exists when the idea of armed violence approaches the unthinkable. The author draws upon the early work of Quincy Wright and Kenneth Boulding and progresses from there, establishing first their definitions of and conditions for peace. To put his theories to work, he introduces two proxy indicators: black market currency exchanges and bond market prices. Specifically, he examines and compares the premiums attached to the black market values of currencies in less stable economies and relates them to factors that promote destabilization of the equilibrium. Similarly, he compares the strip spreads on sovereign bonds as an indicator of government stability and instability.
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Zagare, Frank C., and Branislav L. Slantchev. Game Theory and Other Modeling Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.401.
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Game theory is the science of interactive decision making. It has been used in the field of international relations (IR) for over 50 years. Almost all of the early applications of game theory in international relations drew upon the theory of zero-sum games, but the first generation of applications was also developed during the most intense period of the Cold War. The theoretical foundations for the second wave of the game theory literature in international relations were laid by a mathematician, John Nash, a co-recipient of the 1994 Nobel Prize in economics. His major achievement was to generalize the minimax solution which emerged from the first wave. The result is the now famous Nash equilibrium—the accepted measure of rational behavior in strategic form games. During the third wave, from roughly the early to mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, there was a distinct move away from static strategic form games toward dynamic games depicted in extensive form. The assumption of complete information also fell by the wayside; games of incomplete information became the norm. Technical refinements of Nash’s equilibrium concept both encouraged and facilitated these important developments. In the fourth and final wave, which can be dated, roughly, from around the middle of the 1990s, extensive form games of incomplete information appeared regularly in the strategic literature. The fourth wave is a period in which game theory was no longer considered a niche methodology, having finally emerged as a mainstream theoretical tool.
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Marvasti, Farshad Fani. The Role of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Integrative Preventive Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.003.0009.
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Integrative preventive medicine (IPM) identifies complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as a key contributor to the goal of extending disease-free high-quality life; CAM provides therapeutic approaches that are amenable to self-care, are cost-effective, are minimally invasive, and have minimal potential for side effects. Using CAM in IPM results in a shift away from passive screenings and treatment-centered approaches to prevention-focused care. Integrative preventive medicine redefines and expands the levels of prevention to include evidence-based CAM at each level of prevention alongside conventional approaches. And CAM reemphasizes the value of primary prevention as an underused level of prevention in our current approach to healthcare. Integrative preventive medicine affirms the value of evidence-based CAM in treating the major risk factors for morbidity and mortality and encourages physicians to actively discuss the diverse array of CAM therapies with their patients and to incorporate evidence-based CAM into their treatment plans.
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Gaglio, Bridget, and Russell E. Glasgow. Evaluation Approaches for Dissemination and Implementation Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0019.
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Considerable progress has been made in evaluation of dissemination and implementation science and research; however, we are still lacking knowledge in several key areas. The complex, inherently multilevel and contextual nature of dissemination and implementation science, and the always (sometimes rapidly) changing environment, present ongoing challenges. Given these challenges, evaluation of dissemination and implementation efforts need more adapted, novel, refined and sophisticated approaches to evaluation and especially, more pragmatic measures. To advance our present state of science, the question that we need to ask (and be able to answer) is “What are the characteristics of interventions that can reach large numbers of people, especially those who can most benefit, be adopted broadly by different settings, be consistently implemented by different staff members with moderate levels of training and expertise, and produce replicable and long-lasting effects (and minimal negative impact) at a reasonable cost?”
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Rosenthal, Brett D., Marco Mendoza, Barrett S. Boody, and Wellington K. Hsu. Approaches and Relative Benefits of Open Versus Minimally Invasive Surgery for Degenerative Conditions. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0022.
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Minimally invasive techniques aim to improve upon traditional open surgeries by limiting the morbidity of the surgical approach. In doing so, soft tissue collateral injury is minimized, the midline is relatively spared, and the amount of osseous resection is reduced. Both open and minimal-access procedures are options for decompressing neural tissue, correcting spinal column malalignment, or stabilizing vertebral motion segments. Minimally invasive techniques reduce the necessary soft tissue retraction and surgical dissection with the goal of reducing postoperative pain and expediting recovery. However, the limited access afforded by these approaches can be challenging for complex and revision procedures, and the surgeon must be familiar with the specialized instrumentation and novel technologies. The decision to use minimally invasive techniques is multifactorial and is largely dependent on patient, surgeon, and hospital factors.
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Goodman, Wayne K., and Mark S. George. Neuromodulation and Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0010.
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An increasing number of approaches permit psychiatrists to directly stimulate the brain. Such therapies are sometimes referred to as neuromodulation, as psychiatrists can either excite or inhibit neuronal firing in the brain. This chapter reviews two such technologies—transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Both techniques have FDA approval and are moving into mainstream therapeutic use. Daily prefrontal TMS for 4–6 weeks is FDA approved for treating depression, with minimal side effects. It is now accepted in most treatment algorithms as an approach for patients who have not responded to medications or talking therapy. DBS has virtually replaced ablative neurosurgery for use in medication-refractory movement disorders such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD), where it has the advantages of being reversible (explantable) and adjustable. DBS is now being studied in severe psychiatric conditions, such as intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and treatment resistant depression (TRD).
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Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. Populism. Edited by Michael Freeden and Marc Stears. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0026.
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In consonance with much of the existing scholarship, this chapter develops an ideational approach to the study of populism. Furthermore, it proposes a minimal concept of populism that can be used to analyse populist forces across time and space. According to this minimal concept, populism is defined as a thin-centred ideology, which is based not only on the Manichean distinction between ‘the pure people’ and ‘the corrupt elite’, but also on the defence of popular sovereignty at any cost. The chapter also examines the most common subtypes of populism and sheds light on current examples of populism in North and South America as well as in Eastern and Western Europe. Lastly, the article discusses the complex relationship that populism maintains with democracy, nationalism, and gender.
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Reinert, Kenneth A. Growth and Capabilities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499440.003.0002.
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This chapter critically reviews the standard growth perspective to development policy and contrasts it with the capabilities approach and human development paradigms. It reviews the research on the causes of growth and assesses the role of growth in development. It argues that, although important, growth is not always as necessary as alleged for some advances in human development, including health. It also argues that growth can be dependent on minimal levels of basic goods provision. The chapter characterizes the capabilities approach as overly aspirational and suggests that it downplays the actual determinants of capabilities expansion. Without a focus on determinants, desired outcomes cannot be achieved.
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Vincini, Stefano, and Shaun Gallagher. The Phenomenology of Egoic and Nonegoic Consciousness. Edited by Kirk Warren Brown and Mark R. Leary. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.3.
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Whether consciousness involves an ego is a thorny and complicated question in phenomenology. This chapter defines pure phenomenology and the peculiar way in which the problem of the ego is framed in this approach, then discusses three different approaches to the issue. First, Husserl’s egological account of consciousness is sketched in connection with his analysis of attention. Second, Sartre’s non-egological arguments are examined in detail. There is reason to ask whether his critique successfully applies to the Husserlian conception. Third, Gurwitsch’s non-egological view is considered. It is not clear that Gurwitsch’s non-egological theory of attention can account for the distinction between activity and passivity in consciousness. The chapter then shifts to contemporary debates about the self. The notion of the minimal embodied prereflective self is presented and opposed to alternative views. The chapter highlights several rich and complex questions concerning the ego and the self raised in the phenomenological literature.
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Narouze, Samer N. Lumbar Sympathetic Block: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0030.
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Lumbar sympathetic blocks (LSB) result in the interruption of the sympathetic efferent fibers to the lower extremities with sparing of the somatic nerves, thus providing a diagnostic value as to the relative sympathetic contribution to the patient’s pain syndrome. In those patients with significant sympathetically maintained pain, repeated blocks may provide a therapeutic value and help facilitate physical therapy. The original described technique is the paramedian or “classic” approach described by Mandl in 1926. A more lateral approach was later developed by Reid and colleagues. The incidence of complications related to lumbar sympathetic blockade is minimal. The complications result either from insertion and manipulation of the needle or as a direct result of the injected solution.
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Cheng, Christine. Coda. Research Design Scaffolding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199673346.003.0010.
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A typical social science study begins by justifying the research question within the context of the existing academic literature. Yet there is minimal discussion on why one question is chosen over another. There is little reflection on the mistakes, uncertainties, wrong turns, and obstacles that are encountered on the way to formulating a particular research question. This chapter takes the opposite approach and shows that the detritus of our efforts to construct a research question is useful for unveiling how research is actually conducted. This chapter revisits the extralegal groups project to show how it was originally conceived and how different iterations of the research question evolved over time. It argues that research is inherently messy and that scholars should be more willing to adopt a reflective “Show Your Work” approach so that the reader can make sense of the methods used and the research design decisions that were taken.
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Bader, Ralf. Counterfactual Justifications of the State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801221.003.0006.
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By providing an interpretation of Nozick’s justification of the state in Anarchy, State, and Utopia, this paper identifies and illustrates a form of justification that is distinct from traditional hypothetical, teleological, and historical justifications. The proposed counterfactual or rectificationist justification treats the justification of institutional structures as being analogous to that of property distributions, subsuming these domains under a unified theory of justification. The first part of the paper resolves three interpretative puzzles that arise when trying to understand Nozick’s attempt to justify the minimal state by means of a hypothetical invisible-hand account, whereas the second part of the paper develops the general approach in abstraction from Nozick’s framework.
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Glennan, Stuart. The New Mechanical Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779711.001.0001.
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This book argues for a new image of nature and of science—one that understands both natural and social phenomena to be the product of mechanisms, and that suggests that much of the work of natural and social scientists involves discovering, describing, and explaining how these mechanisms work. The book explores the interplay between ontological questions about mechanisms as things in the world and methodological questions about how these mechanisms can be characterized. Ontologically, mechanisms are understood to be collections of entities whose organized activities and interactions give rise to phenomena. This minimal conception of mechanism is abstract enough to encompass most of the wide variety of things that scientists have called mechanisms. While mechanisms are particular things, localized in space and time, the models that scientists use to describe them must be abstract and idealized. The mechanistic approach provides new ways of thinking about traditional metaphysical questions—for instance, about the nature of objects, part-whole and cause-effect relations, properties and universals, natural kinds, and laws of nature. It also suggests novel approaches for thinking about methodological questions concerning scientific representation, causal inference, reduction, and scientific explanation. The New Mechanical Philosophy offers the promise of a better understanding of the sources of both the unity and diversity of science.
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Björk, Tomas. Arbitrage Theory in Continuous Time. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851615.001.0001.
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The fourth edition of this textbook on pricing and hedging of financial derivatives, now also including dynamic equilibrium theory, continues to combine sound mathematical principles with economic applications. Concentrating on the probabilistic theory of continuous time arbitrage pricing of financial derivatives, including stochastic optimal control theory and optimal stopping theory, the book is designed for graduate students in economics and mathematics, and combines the necessary mathematical background with a solid economic focus. It includes a solved example for every new technique presented, contains numerous exercises, and suggests further reading in each chapter. All concepts and ideas are discussed, not only from a mathematics point of view, but the mathematical theory is also always supplemented with lots of intuitive economic arguments. In the substantially extended fourth edition Tomas Björk has added completely new chapters on incomplete markets, treating such topics as the Esscher transform, the minimal martingale measure, f-divergences, optimal investment theory for incomplete markets, and good deal bounds. There is also an entirely new part of the book presenting dynamic equilibrium theory. This includes several chapters on unit net supply endowments models, and the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross equilibrium factor model (including the CIR equilibrium interest rate model). Providing two full treatments of arbitrage theory—the classical delta hedging approach and the modern martingale approach—the book is written in such a way that these approaches can be studied independently of each other, thus providing the less mathematically oriented reader with a self-contained introduction to arbitrage theory and equilibrium theory, while at the same time allowing the more advanced student to see the full theory in action.
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Canarutto, Daniel. Gauge Field Theory in Natural Geometric Language. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861492.001.0001.
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This monograph addresses the need to clarify basic mathematical concepts at the crossroad between gravitation and quantum physics. Selected mathematical and theoretical topics are exposed within a not-too-short, integrated approach that exploits standard and non-standard notions in natural geometric language. The role of structure groups can be regarded as secondary even in the treatment of the gauge fields themselves. Two-spinors yield a partly original ‘minimal geometric data’ approach to Einstein-Cartan-Maxwell-Dirac fields. The gravitational field is jointly represented by a spinor connection and by a soldering form (a ‘tetrad’) valued in a vector bundle naturally constructed from the assumed 2-spinor bundle. We give a presentation of electroweak theory that dispenses with group-related notions, and we introduce a non-standard, natural extension of it. Also within the 2-spinor approach we present: a non-standard view of gauge freedom; a first-order Lagrangian theory of fields with arbitrary spin; an original treatment of Lie derivatives of spinors and spinor connections. Furthermore we introduce an original formulation of Lagrangian field theories based on covariant differentials, which works in the classical and quantum field theories alike and simplifies calculations. We offer a precise mathematical approach to quantum bundles and quantum fields, including ghosts, BRST symmetry and anti-fields, treating the geometry of quantum bundles and their jet prolongations in terms Frölicher's notion of smoothness. We propose an approach to quantum particle physics based on the notion of detector, and illustrate the basic scattering computations in that context.
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Lebow, Richard Ned, and Feng Zhang. Taming Sino-American Rivalry. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197521946.001.0001.
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Competition between America and China has intensified since 2009, creating even greater risks of conflict. Why is this so, and what can be done about it? Feng Zhang and Ned Lebow identify the mistakes China and America made in their mutual relations and explain their causes and consequences. Drawing on international relations theory and historical lessons they develop a holistic approach to conflict management and resolution based on a sophisticated staging of deterrence, reassurance, and diplomacy. Minimal deterrence combined with multiple forms of reassurance and sustained diplomatic efforts to reduce or finesse key areas of conflict offer a promising pathway for America and China to enhance their security and buttress their self-esteem.
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Gore-Felton, Cheryl, Lawrence McGlynn, Andrei Kreutzberg, and David Spiegel. Integrative Treatments. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0038.
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Many individuals seek relief from symptoms associated with HIV infection through the use of integrative medicine. Symptoms include neuropsychiatric problems such as anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, and headaches, as well as somatic disorders related to viral infection and immunodysregulation, such as fatigue, diarrhea, and cardiovascular problems. As antiretroviral treatments have become increasingly effective, symptom management with minimal side effects has become more important. A variety of integrative treatments, including botanicals, vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbs, have been utilized, and mind–body approaches such as mindfulness, hypnosis, and movement therapy have been found to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. This chapter examines widely used integrative medicine approaches to alleviating distressing HIV-related symptoms. Implications for clinical practice are discussed. Integrative approaches emphasize self-management of symptoms and are widely sought after and accepted, even by patients who resist other forms of medical treatment.
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Fitzgerald, Louise. Interprofessional Interactions and their Impact on Professional Boundaries. Edited by Ewan Ferlie, Kathleen Montgomery, and Anne Reff Pedersen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198705109.013.7.
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Previous debates on the system of professions predominantly focused on medicine or a single profession. This chapter argues for an examination of the interactions between differing professions/occupations as an alternative approach to analyzing shifting professional boundaries. The chapter explores empirical data on professional interactions across the entire system from the medical profession to unqualified assistants. Two core themes emerge—firstly, minimal role blurring between doctors and nurses, but more substantive workplace blurring between nurses and health care assistants (HCAs); and secondly, significant role merging between doctors and managers with the gradual, variable development of an elite of medical managers. This chapter argues professional interactions are revealing. They illuminate the extent of autonomy of individual professions; and one discovers novel issues of power, professional control and accountability.
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Levy, Jack S. Counterfactuals and Case Studies. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0027.
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This article shows that counterfactuals can be used along with case studies to make inferences, although strong theories are needed for this. The article also argues that game theory is one approach that provides this kind of theory because a game explicitly models all of the actors' options including those possibilities that are not chosen. The article then indicates that any counterfactual argument requires a detailed and explicit description of the alternative antecedent which is plausible and involves a minimal rewrite of history, and suggests that one of the strengths of game theory is its explicitness about alternatives. The validity of counterfactual arguments is assessed in explaining cases or testing theoretical propositions. Counterfactuals should change as few aspects of the real world as possible in order to isolate their causal effects.
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McElvenny, James. Epilogue. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474425032.003.0005.
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This chapter closes the book by tracing the development of its key themes from the end of World War II up to the present day. In particular, different attitudes and approaches to the study of meaning in linguistics are investigated. The first part of the chapter looks at the retreat into formalism and distancing from the problems of meaning that characterised American Structuralism in the wake of Leonard Bloomfield and was continued in the generative grammar of Noam Chomsky. The second part examines efforts at linguistic semantics, focusing on the Natural Semantic Metalanguage of Anna Wierzbicka and her recent proposal for Minimal English.
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Kofi, Quashigah. Part III The Relationship Between the Judiciary and the Political Branches, 9 Defying Assumptions about the Nature of Power Relations Between the Executive and Judiciary: An Overview of Approaches to Judicial and Executive Relations in Ghana. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198759799.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the relationship between the executive and the judiciary in Ghana. The relationship between the executive and the judiciary since Ghana’s independence may be classified according to the attitudes each exhibits towards the other, as follows: a period of outright emasculation of the judiciary by the executive; a period of suspicion and minimal trust; a period of mutual toleration; and a period of self-assertion by the judiciary. An examination of these shows a link between the nature of constitutional protection accorded the judiciary, the executive’s acceptance of democratic values, and the judiciary’s own demonstration of commitment to protecting its independence.
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Ebm, Claudia, and Andrew Rhodes. Post-operative fluid and circulatory management in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0363.
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Fluid and circulatory management is an integral part of the peri-operative care of critically-ill patients. Precisely estimating the volumetric needs of post-operative patients remains difficult. While the majority of patients tolerate intra-operative fluid loss easily, patients with reduced physiological reserve present more of a challenge. Targeting specific physiological goals and optimizing haemodynamics with fluids and inotropes, means outcomes of these patients can be improved. This approach is often referred as goal-directed therapy (GDT). ‘Individualized goal-directed therapy’ can vary in timing, monitoring techniques, and endpoints used. The emergence of minimal invasive devises has allowed us to integrate cardiac output monitoring as a safe and reliable tool in the routine care of high risk patients. This dynamic assessment of haemodynamics provides a reliable technique to assess volume responsiveness and guide fluids to optimize cardiac output and oxygen delivery.
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Howell, Valerie L., Margaret M. Collins, and Lauryn R. Rochlen. Anesthesia for Posterior Fossa Mass. Edited by David E. Traul and Irene P. Osborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850036.003.0002.
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Lesions of the posterior fossa provide challenges for both anesthesiologists and surgeons due to this intracranial cavity’s rigid boundaries, minimal compliance, and vital neuronal contents. Common surgeries in the posterior fossa include excision of tumors, correction of congenital and acquired craniovertebral junction anomalies, and relief of pressure on the brainstem. Symptoms can present acutely and are most commonly due to compression of brain components, obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid, or increased intracranial pressure. Careful planning of the anesthetic is important to prevent exacerbation of preexisting symptoms or pathology, optimize the surgical resection, and aid in the quick diagnosis of postoperative complications. A variety of complications may occur in the perioperative period, many of which are unique to the posterior fossa or surgical approach. Anesthetic management focuses on prevention of common complications, maintenance of hemodynamic stability, facilitation of intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring. and early postoperative neurologic evaluation through timely emergence.
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Mann-Feder, Varda R., and Martin Goyette, eds. Leaving Care and the Transition to Adulthood. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630485.001.0001.
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Leaving Care and the Transition to Adulthood: International Contributions to Theory, Research, and Practice advances the current literature on the situation of young people growing up in substitute care who age out at the age of majority. In most parts of the world, these emerging adults are left to navigate the transition to adulthood with minimal support. This volume seeks to advance the literature in order to support better policies and services by providing an overview of relevant theoretical frameworks, the newest international research, and contributions to promising practices. Major themes are the elaboration of developmentally appropriate approaches to intervention and advocacy for the optimal conditions for the provision of extended services well into emerging adulthood and beyond.
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Reinert, Kenneth A. No Small Hope. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499440.001.0001.
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This book argues in favor of an approach to global policy priorities that emphasizes the attempt to put a minimal set of basic goods and services into the hands of everyone. This universal provision of basic goods and services includes nutritious food, clean water, sanitation, health services, education services, housing, electricity, and human security services. The book argues that this policy focus is appropriate both for practical and ethical reasons, but that success in this provision will not be easy and therefore is no small hope. Basic goods and services meet central and objective human needs. The basic goods approach tries to form a bridge between the standard growth perspective on development and the capabilities/human development perspective. What really matters about growth is the possibility that growth will lead to an increase in the broad-based provision of basic goods and services, an outcome that is not always guaranteed. The hoped-for expansion of human capabilities and development is predicated on this expanded provision of basic goods, and the expanded provision of basic goods and services also can promote growth. In these ways, basic goods and services are critical link between growth and human development. The book explores each of the identified basic goods and services, the basic rights to them, and the many challenges to be overcome in their expanded provision.
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Stoneman, Paul, Eleonora Bartoloni, and Maurizio Baussola. The Microeconomics of Product Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816676.001.0001.
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The prime objective of this book is the use microeconomic analysis to guide and provide insight into the generation and adoption of new products. Taking an approach that uses minimal formal mathematics, the volume initially addresses questions of definitions, sources, and extent of product innovation, differentiating between goods and services; hard and soft innovations; horizontal and vertical innovations; original, new to market, and new to firm innovations. The sources of product innovations (e.g. R&D, design, and creativity) are explored empirically, and the extent of such innovations is then pursued using survey and other data. Three chapters are devoted to the theoretical analysis of the demand for and supply of new products and to the determination of firms’ decisions to undertake product innovation. Later chapters encompass empirical evidence on the determination of the extent of product innovation, the diffusion of such innovation, the impact of product innovation on firm performance, price measurement, and welfare, while the final chapter addresses policy issues.
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Gala, Raj J., Lauren Szolomayer, and James Yue. Open Endoscopic Rhizotomy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190626761.003.0015.
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The etiology of axial low back pain is multifactorial and includes pain arising from lumbar facet joints. The facet joints, capsules, and surrounding tissues are innervated by the medial branches of the dorsal rami. Rhizotomy of these nerves can provide pain relief in patients with lumbar facetogenic pain. The reported benefits of endoscopic approaches to the spine include minimal disruption of nonpathologic anatomy while simultaneously allowing for improved visualization of pathologic anatomy. Endoscopic techniques have been described for spinal stenosis, disc herniation, interbody fusion, infection, as well as dorsal medial branch rhizotomy. The goal of medial branch rhizotomy is to denervate lumbar facet joints that are contributing to axial back pain. The previous chapter focused on percutaneous techniques, while this chapter will describe endoscopic rhizotomy.
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Alqassas, Ahmad. A Unified Theory of Polarity Sensitivity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197554883.001.0001.
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This book examines polarity sensitivity—a ubiquitous phenomenon involving expressions such as anybody, nobody, ever, never, and somebody and their counterparts in other languages, with particular focus on Arabic. These expressions belong to different classes such as negative and positive polarity, negative concord, and negative indefinites, which led to examining their syntax and semantics separately. In this book, Ahmad Alqassas pursues a unified approach that relies on examining the interaction between the various types of polarity sensitivity. Treating this interaction is fundamental for scrutinizing their licensing conditions. Alqassas draws on data from Standard Arabic and the major regional dialects represented by Jordanian, Egyptian, Moroccan, and Qatari. The book provides a new perspective on the syntax–semantic interface and develops a unified syntactic analysis for polarity sensitivity. Through the (micro)comparative approach, Alqassas explains the distributional contrasts with a minimal set of universal syntactic operations such as Merge, Move, and Agree, and a fine-grained inventory of negative formal features for polarity items and their licensors. The features are simple invisibles that paint a complex landscape of polarity. The results suggest that syntactic computation of Arabic polarity (externally merged in the left periphery) is subservient to the conceptual–intentional interface. Alqassas argues for last resort insertion of covert negation operators in the CP layer to interpret non-strict NCIs, which is an extra mechanism that serves the semantic interface but adds to the complexity of syntactic computation. Likewise, head NPIs in the left periphery require licensing by operators higher than the tense phrase, adding more constraints on the syntactic licensing.
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Tretkoff, Paula. Algebraic Surfaces and the Miyaoka-Yau Inequality. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691144771.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses complex algebraic surfaces, with particular emphasis on the Miyaoka-Yau inequality and the rough classification of surfaces. Every complex algebraic surface is birationally equivalent to a smooth surface containing no exceptional curves. The latter is known as a minimal surface. Two related birational invariants, the plurigenus and the Kodaira dimension, play an important role in distinguishing between complex surfaces. The chapter first provides an overview of the rough classification of (smooth complex connected compact algebraic) surfaces before presenting two approaches that, in dimension 2, give the Miyaoka-Yau inequality. The first, due to Miyaoka, uses algebraic geometry, whereas the second, due to Aubin and Yau, uses analysis and differential geometry. The chapter also explains why equality in the Miyaoka-Yau inequality characterizes surfaces of general type that are free quotients of the complex 2-ball.
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Mann, Peter. Constrained Lagrangian Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter builds on the previous two chapters to tackle constrained systems, using Lagrangian mechanics and constrained variations. The first section deals with holonomic constraint equations using Lagrange multipliers; these can be used to reduce the number of coordinates until a linearly independent minimal set is obtained that describes a constraint surface within configuration space, so that Lagrange equations can be set up and solved. Motion is understood to be confined to a constraint submanifold. The variational formulation of non-holonomic constraints is then discussed to derive the vakonomic formulation. These erroneous equations are then compared to the central Lagrange equation, and the precise nature of the variations used in each formulation is investigated. The vakonomic equations are then presented in their Suslov form (Suslov–vakonomic form) in an attempt to reconcile the two approaches. In addition, the structure of biological membranes is framed as a constrained optimisation problem.
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Luckett, Tim, and Katherine L. P. Reid. Speech and language therapy in palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0410.
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Palliative care is an emerging specialty within the field of speech and language therapy (SLT); the discipline is currently under-represented both in specialist services and the research literature. This belies the fact that many patients in the palliative phase suffer problems with swallowing (dysphagia) and communication, the core domains of SLT practice. This chapter provides an overview of difficulties encountered in these domains by people with life-limiting conditions together with common approaches to assessment and management. Assessment and management should be person-centred, integrated into multidisciplinary care, and seek to maintain function via minimal intervention for maximum gain. More research is needed to inform appropriately integrated, person-centred models of SLT provision that enable difficulties with communication and swallowing to be addressed alongside other symptoms and care needs. It seems likely that difficulties in these domains are currently under-identified and under-treated in many cases.
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Bebell, Lisa M. Ebola and Other Filoviruses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0002.
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Congenital and pediatric Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Marburg virus disease (MVD) are severe, even lethal infections. Historically, children have been underrepresented in filovirus disease outbreaks, and evidence-based treatment strategies are lacking. Existing data suggest that case fatalities are highest among children under four years of age, which is partially explained by higher virus concentrations in young children. Prevention and aggressive resuscitation, nutrition, and supportive care are the mainstays of management until filovirus-specific therapies can be developed. Differences in pediatric immune and inflammatory responses may necessitate unique approaches to pediatric vaccination and treatment. There are minimal safety or immunogenicity data in children, a crucial knowledge gap that must be addressed in future trials. Studying pediatric survivors of the 2014–2016 West Africa EVD outbreak will provide much-needed data on long-term outcomes and residual effects of filovirus disease while we await effective filovirus-specific vaccines and therapies.
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Attanasio, John. Distributive Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847029.003.0002.
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This chapter first explores the logical imperative that if autonomy is valuable for all, there must be rights for each person to have at least some baseline of autonomy. This baseline imposes duties on each person in society to do her part, including giving up some of her own autonomy to make a minimal amount of autonomy available to all. But once one accepts these duties, one accepts some kind of theory of bounded rather than unfettered individual liberty. The theory of bounded autonomy is more of a justification for the principle of distributive autonomy rather than a principle itself. This chapter articulates a first approximation of the principle of distributive autonomy. This first approximation provides a context for discussing the campaign finance cases in subsequent chapters. To further sketch the initial contours of the principle, the discussion shifts to how key autonomy and liberty theorists have approached this problem.
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Sass, Louis A., and Elizabeth Pienkos. Delusion. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0039.
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This chapter offers an overview of the phenomenological approach to delusions, emphasizing what Karl Jaspers called the "true delusions" of schizophrenia. Phenomenological psychopathology focuses on theexperienceof delusions and the delusional world. Several features of this approach are surveyed, including emphasis on formal qualities of subjective life (e.g., mutations of time, space, causality, self-experience, or sense of reality) and questioning of standard assumptions about delusions as erroneous belief (the traditional doxastic view, or "poor reality-testing" formula). The altered modalities of world-oriented and self-oriented experience that precede and ground delusions in schizophrenia, especially the experiences of revelation that Klaus Conrad termed the outer and innerapophany, are then discussed. The chapter first considers the famous "delusional mood" (feelings of strangeness and tension, and a sense of tantalizing yet ineffable meaning ), then the role of ipseity-disturbance (altered minimal or core self, of the basic, pre-reflective sense of existing as a unified and vitalsubjectof experience). In both cases it is explained how delusions can develop out of these distinctive alterations of perception and feeling. The classic question of the understandability or comprehensibility of schizophrenic delusion, together with the related issues of wish-fulfillment and rationalizing motives are then considered. The chapter addresses the crucial but neglected issue of the felt reality-status of delusions or the delusional world, discussing derealization, "double bookkeeping" (in which the patient experiences delusional reality as existing in a different ontological domain from everyday reality), and "double exposure" (merging of two perspectives on reality, with the potential for confusion this implies). The chapter concludes by discussing delusions typically found in paranoid and affective psychoses, and monothematic delusions found in certain organic conditions.
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Lambert, Heather. Urinary tract infection in infancy and childhood. Edited by Neil Sheerin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0180_update_001.
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Urinary tract infection (UTI) in childhood is a common problem, which is frequently dismissed as trivial because most children with UTI have a good outcome. However, UTI is an important cause of acute illness in children and causes a considerable burden of ill health on children and families. In addition, UTI may be a marker of an underlying urinary tract abnormality. UTI in a few may cause significant long-term morbidity, renal scarring, hypertension, and renal impairment that may not present until adult life. Predicting which children will go on to have long-term sequelae remains a challenge.The risk of renal scarring is greatest in infants, the very group in whom diagnosis is often overlooked or delayed because clinical features are non-specific. Delay in treatment is associated with an increased risk of scarring in susceptible children. Thus accurate and rapid diagnosis of UTI is essential and requires a very high index of suspicion particularly in the youngest.The role of vesicoureteric reflux in acquired scarring is not fully understood though there is clearly an association, possibly because it is a risk factor for acute pyelonephritis. Scarring when it occurs is in the areas affected by acute pyelonephritis. Higher grades of reflux are associated with a worse outcome.Management and investigation of children with UTI consumes considerable healthcare resources. Limited understanding of the natural history and basic pathophysiology, variations in strategy with time and setting, and lack of evidence on long-term outcomes have resulted in considerable uncertainty. Some propose a minimal approach doing little investigation unless there is clear evidence for it; others favour an approach of continuation of current practice based on clinical experience until further evidence evolves. Some of the themes behind these controversies are explored.
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Chesterman, Simon, Hisashi Owada, and Ben Saul, eds. The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Asia and the Pacific. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793854.001.0001.
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The growing economic and political significance of Asia has exposed a tension in the modern international order. Despite expanding power and influence, Asian states have played a minimal role in creating the norms and institutions of international law; today they are the least likely to be parties to international agreements or to be represented in international organizations. That is changing. There is widespread scholarly and practitioner interest in international law at present in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as developments in the practice of states. The change has been driven by threats as well as opportunities. Transnational issues such as climate change and occasional flashpoints like the territorial disputes of the South China and the East China Seas pose challenges while economic integration and the proliferation of specialised branches of law and dispute settlement mechanisms have also encouraged greater domestic implementation of international norms across Asia. These evolutions join the long-standing interest in parts of Asia (notably South Asia) in post-colonial theory and the history of international law. This book analyses the approach to, and influence of, key states of the region, as well as whether truly ‘Asian’ trends can be identified and what this might mean for international order.
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Muggleton, Stephen, and Nicholas Chater, eds. Human-Like Machine Intelligence. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862536.001.0001.
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In recent years there has been increasing excitement concerning the potential of Artificial Intelligence to transform human society. This book addresses the leading edge of research in this area. The research described aims to address present incompatibilities of Human and Machine reasoning and learning approaches. According to the influential US funding agency DARPA (originator of the Internet and Self-Driving Cars) this new area represents the Third Wave of Artificial Intelligence (3AI, 2020s–2030s), and is being actively investigated in the US, Europe and China. The EPSRC’s UK network on Human-Like Computing (HLC) was one of the first internationally to initiate and support research specifically in this area. Starting activities in 2018, the network represents around sixty leading UK groups Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Scientists involved in the development of the inter-disciplinary area of HLC. The research of network groups aims to address key unsolved problems at the interface between Psychology and Computer Science. The chapters of this book have been authored by a mixture of these UK and other international specialists based on recent workshops and discussions at the Machine Intelligence 20 and 21 workshops (2016,2019) and the Third Wave Artificial Intelligence workshop (2019). Some of the key questions addressed by the Human-Like Computing programme include how AI systems might 1) explain their decisions effectively, 2) interact with human beings in natural language, 3) learn from small numbers of examples and 4) learn with minimal supervision. Solving such fundamental problems involves new foundational research in both the Psychology of perception and interaction as well as the development of novel algorithmic approaches in Artificial Intelligence.
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Reese, Ellen, Stephanie D'Auria, and Sandra Loughrin. Gender. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.019.
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Reconceptualizing welfare-state regimes in terms of the interactions between markets, states, and gender and family relations, cross-national feminist scholarship reveals that the United States is relatively more "market-based" in its approach to both employment and care work than other wealthy democracies. Consequently female poverty, especially of lone mothers, is far higher in the United States compared to other wealthy democracies. Feminist scholarship also highlights the ways in which U.S. welfare programs are deeply gendered in terms of their underlying philosophies, recipient populations, and distribution of benefits. Feminist scholars have reconceptualized the origins and development of the U.S. welfare state in terms of a "two-track" system that has reinforced both gender and racial inequalities. Programs serving mostly men, such as veterans' benefits or unemployment insurance, provided relatively generous benefits and portrayed recipients as deserving. In contrast, programs serving mostly women, such as mothers' pensions, were relatively stingy, restrictive, and stigmatizing. At the beginning of the 20th century, reformers justified welfare for lone mothers in maternalist terms, emphasizing the value of full-time motherhood for child development. Support for maternalist welfare policies, although never strong, was further weakened as maternal employment grew and as more women of color and unwed mothers gained access to welfare. Since the late 1960s, efforts to reform the welfare system led to the expansion of federal welfare-to-work programs, which have largely tracked participants into low-wage jobs. Child-care subsidies also expanded in this period, but have remained relatively minimal and distributed in ways that reinforced class divisions among working families.