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Journal articles on the topic 'Minoan civilization'
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Gorokhovich, Yuri, Larry Mays, and Lee Ullmann. "A survey of ancient Minoan water technologies." Water Supply 11, no. 4 (September 1, 2011): 388–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.072.
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A survey is presented of water technologies used by the ancient Minoan civilization during the Bronze Age. This survey considers eleven Minoan settlements on the eastern part of Crete and is based upon a field assessment of the water technologies. While water systems had a monumental role in the life of the Minoans there has been little understanding of these ancient systems. Partially this can be explained by the multiple levels of modifications to the original structures since the demise of the Minoan civilization. In addition, post-excavation activities on archaeological sites obscure and mask features of the ancient structures making it difficult to discern their original purposes. Today, Minoan water technologies can serve as models for sustainable water management and adaptation to climatic fluctuations. Our present day practice of designing water systems in many developed parts of the world has forgotten the more sustainable practices, based upon traditional knowledge, such as rainfall water harvesting, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. In many developing parts of the world people overlook the technologies and know how that was used thousands of years ago by ancient civilizations, such as the Minoans. How do we overcome these modern day shortcomings and strive for water resources sustainability? Possibly one way is to study the past.
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Tsonis, A. A., K. L. Swanson, G. Sugihara, and P. A. Tsonis. "Climate change and the demise of Minoan civilization." Climate of the Past Discussions 6, no. 3 (May 12, 2010): 801–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-6-801-2010.
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Abstract. Climate change has been implicated in the success and downfall of several ancient civilizations. Here we present a synthesis of historical, climatic, and geological evidence that supports the hypothesis that climate change may have been responsible for the slow demise of Minoan civilization. Using proxy ENSO and precipitation reconstruction data in the period 1650–1980 we present empirical and quantitative evidence that El Niño causes drier conditions in the area of Crete. This result is supported by modern data analysis as well as by model simulations. Though not very strong, the ENSO-Mediterranean drying signal appears to be robust, and its overall effect was accentuated by a series of unusually strong and long-lasting El Niños during the time of the Minoan decline. We show that a change in the dynamics of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system occurred around 3000 BC, which culminated in a series of strong and frequent El Niños starting at about 1450 BC and lasting for several centuries. This stressful climatic tend, associated with the gradual demise of the Minoans, is argued to be an important force acting in the downfall of this classic and long-lived civilization.
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Tsonis, A. A., K. L. Swanson, G. Sugihara, and P. A. Tsonis. "Climate change and the demise of Minoan civilization." Climate of the Past 6, no. 4 (August 24, 2010): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-525-2010.
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Abstract. Climate change has been implicated in the success and downfall of several ancient civilizations. Here we present a synthesis of historical, climatic, and geological evidence that supports the hypothesis that climate change may have been responsible for the slow demise of Minoan civilization. Using proxy ENSO and precipitation reconstruction data in the period 1650–1980 we present empirical and quantitative evidence that El Nino causes drier conditions in the area of Crete. This result is supported by modern data analysis as well as by model simulations. Though not very strong, the ENSO-Mediterranean drying signal appears to be robust, and its overall effect was accentuated by a series of unusually strong and long-lasting El Nino events during the time of the Minoan decline. Indeed, a change in the dynamics of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system occurred around 3000 BC, which culminated in a series of strong and frequent El Nino events starting at about 1450 BC and lasting for several centuries. This stressful climatic trend, associated with the gradual demise of the Minoans, is argued to be an important force acting in the downfall of this classic and long-lived civilization.
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Khan, S., E. Dialynas, V. K. Kasaraneni, and A. N. Angelakis. "Similarities of Minoan and Indus Valley Hydro-Technologies." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124897.
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This review evaluates Minoan and Indus Valley hydro-technologies in southeastern Greece and Indus Valley Pakistan, respectively. The Minoan civilization first inhabited Crete and several Aegean islands shortly after the Late Neolithic times and flourished during the Bronze Age (ca 3200–1100 BC). At that time, the Minoan civilization developed fundamental technologies and reached its pinnacle as the first and most important European culture. Concurrently, the Indus Valley civilization populated the eastern bank of the Indus River, its tributaries in Pakistan, and the Ganges plains in India and Nadia (Bangladesh), spreading over an area of about one million km2. Its total population was unknown; however, an estimated 43,000 people resided at Harappa. The urban hydro-technologies, characteristics of a civilization can be determined by two specific aspects, the natural and the social environment. These two aspects cover a variety of factors, such as climate and social conditions, type of terrain, water supply, agriculture, water logging, sanitation and sewerage, hygienic conditions of communities, and racial features of the population. Therefore, these factors were used to understand the water resources management practices in early civilizations (e.g., Minoan and Indus Valley) and similarities, despite the large geographic distance between places of origin. Also discussed are the basic principles and characteristics of water management sustainability in both civilizations and a comparison of basic water supply and sanitation practices through the long history of the two civilizations. Finally, sustainability issues and lessons learned are considered.
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Angelakis, A. N., and D. S. Spyridakis. "A brief history of water supply and wastewater management in ancient Greece." Water Supply 10, no. 4 (September 1, 2010): 618–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.105.
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The evolution of urban water management in ancient Greece begins in Crete during the Middle Bronze and the beginning of the Late Bronze Ages (ca. 2000–1500 B.C.) when many remarkable developments occurred in several stages as Minoan civilization flourished on the island. One of its salient characteristics was the architectural and hydraulic function of its water supply and sewerage systems in the Minoan Palaces and several other settlements. These technologies, though they do not give a complete picture of water supply and wastewater and storm water technologies in ancient Greece, indicate nevertheless that such technologies have been used in Greece since prehistoric times. Minoan water and wastewater technologies were diffused to the Greek mainland in the subsequent phases of Greek civilization, i.e. in the Mycenaean, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods. The scope of this article is the presentation of the most characteristic forms of ancient hydraulic works and related technologies and their uses in past Greek civilizations.
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Angelakis, A. N. "Hydro-technologies in the Minoan Era." Water Supply 17, no. 4 (January 23, 2017): 1106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.006.
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Significant characteristics of the Minoan civilization were: (a) their peaceful living with their environment and neighbors (although the Minoans dominated in the Mediterranean for almost two millennia, in none of the numerous wars and/or conflicts that occurred in the region were they directly or indirectly involved) and (b) technological developments that are unprecedented in world history, as shown by the numerous paradigms on water resources technologies used and water, wastewater, and stormwater management. These paradigms are relevant to water supply, fountains, cisterns used to store rainwater or spring water, aqueducts, dams, wells, water treatment systems, baths and toilets, sewerage and drainage systems, irrigation and drainage of agricultural land, and water use for recreation. Significant hydrologic and hydraulic achievements in Minoan Crete are considered and discussed.
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Velegrakis, George, Charalambos Skoulakis, John Bizakis, John Segas, and Emmanuel Helidonis. "Otorhinolaryngological diseases in the minoan era." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 107, no. 10 (October 1993): 879–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100124697.
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AbstractMinoan civilization was one of the civilizations of the past and flourished in the island of Crete between the years 2600 B.C. and 1100 B.C. Archaeological excavations brought to the light buildings and items, showing that the Minoans had an extensive knowledge about hygiene and health matters.Among the items were idols, depicting anatomical parts of the human body and different pathological changes. These idols were offered by suffering people to gods and goddesses in order to beg for their help in curing them.In a study carried out on idols kept in the Heraklion Museum, a number of interesting anatomical details and pathological changes, concerning the head and neck area were recognized.
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Zamojski, Adam. "The Origin of Europe. The Minoan Civilization." Dialogue and Universalism 19, no. 6 (2009): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du2009196/738.
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Simandiraki, Anna. ":* the Minoan civilization in Greek primary education." World Archaeology 36, no. 2 (June 2004): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0043824042000260960.
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Warren, Peter. "A New Minoan Deposit from Knossos c.1600 B.C., and its Wider Relations." Annual of the British School at Athens 86 (November 1991): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400014982.
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The article provides a detailed summary of a large deposit, primarily of pottery, from the 1978–82 Stratigraphical Museum Excavations at Knossos. The deposit is assigned to the Middle Minoan III B – Late Minoan I A transition. The material is used as the basis of a re-examination of this difficult stage in the Minoan ceramic sequence and a wide range of deposits, notable among them the seismic destruction level at Akrotiri on Thera, is able to be linked to the Knossos material in order to define the phase more fully. The wide destruction level thus documented may then be set within the historical development of Minoan civilization.
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Krikh, Sergey B. "The Lost Civilization: Minoan Crete in Soviet Historiography." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 442 (May 1, 2019): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/442/17.
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Angelakis, A. N. "Urban waste- and stormwater management in Greece: past, present and future." Water Supply 17, no. 5 (March 22, 2017): 1386–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.042.
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Urban wastewater and storm management has a long history which coincides with the appearance of the first organized human settlements (ca. 3500 BC). It began in prehistoric Crete during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3200 BC) when many remarkable developments occurred in several stages known as Minoan civilization. One of its salient characteristics was the architecture and function of its hydraulic works and especially the drainage and sewerage systems and other sanitary infrastructures in the Minoan palaces and other settlements. These technologies, although they do not give a complete picture of wastewater and stormwater technologies in ancient Greece, indicate that such technologies have been used in Greece since the Minoan times. Minoan sanitary technologies were transferred to the Greek mainland in the subsequent phases of Greek civilization, i.e. in the Mycenaean, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, and present times. The scope of this article is the presentation and discussion of the evolution of waste- and stormwater management through the long history of Greece, focusing on the hydraulic characteristics of sanitary infrastructures. Also, the present and future trends of wastewater and stormwater management are considered. Practices achieved in prehistoric Greece may have some relevance for wastewater engineering even in modern times.
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Szakolczai, Arpad. "In Pursuit of the `Good European' Identity." Theory, Culture & Society 24, no. 5 (September 2007): 47–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276407081282.
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This article argues that Nietzsche’s preoccupation with the figure of Dionysos can be best understood as a visionary insight concerning the distant roots of European culture in Minoan civilization. While the opportunity offered by the discovery of ancient Crete for continuing Nietzsche’s genealogical work into the sources of Greek culture was ignored by the vast archive of literature on Nietzsche, this project was pursued in a book by the mythologist Károly Kerényi, published posthumously. Using the classic work of Henrietta Groenewegen- Frankfort, this article identifies the ‘spirit’ of Minoan Crete with its attempt to manifest the gracefulness of life. The sudden emergence of Minoan Palace civilization, its peaceful character shown by the absence of fortified walls, and the importance of epiphany scenes in various works of art all indicate the centrality of religion for ancient Crete. The article offers the hypothesis that the origins of this culture can be traced to similar transcendental experiences such as those in ancient Judaism. The basic difference is that in the Cretan case epiphanies were connected to female figures, leading not to a prophetic tradition of divine grace through the revealed word and public law, rather the transmission of a secret tradition and the manifestation of its truth through spectacular public rituals and graceful works of art. While direct awareness of Minoan civilization was lost, its central concern survived in the value attributed to the manifestation of radiant, indestructible truth, a central characteristic of European identity, periodically revitalized in a series of renascences.
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Ilse Schoep. "Building the Labyrinth: Arthur Evans and the Construction of Minoan Civilization." American Journal of Archaeology 122, no. 1 (2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.122.1.0005.
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Gizzi, Leonida A. "Guest Editor's Preface: ULIA-1 Conference." Laser and Particle Beams 18, no. 3 (July 2000): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600183004.
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The ULIA-1 Conference, a scientific initiative of Antonio Giulietti, was the first of the ULIA Euroconferences Series, from the Istituto di Fisica Atomicae Molecolare (IFAM), Pisa, Italy. It was held in Elounda, Crete, Greece, May 7-11, 1999, one of the most attractive Mediterranean spots, characterized by beautiful surroundings rich with suggestions of the ancient Minoan civilization.
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Druitt, Timothy H., Floyd W. McCoy, and Georges E. Vougioukalakis. "The Late Bronze Age Eruption of Santorini Volcano and Its Impact on the Ancient Mediterranean World." Elements 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.15.3.185.
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The Late Bronze Age eruption of Santorini occurred 110 km north of Minoan Crete (Greece). Having discharged between 48 and 86 km3 of magma and rock debris, the eruption ranks as one of the largest of the last 10,000 years. On Santorini, it buried the affluent trading port of Akrotiri. Modern volcanological research has reconstructed the eruption and its regional impacts in detail, while fifty years of archaeological excavations have unraveled the events experienced by the inhabitants of Akrotiri during the months that led up to the eruption. Findings do not favour a direct relationship between the eruption and the decline of the Minoan civilization, although tsunamis and atmospheric effects may have weakened Cretan society through impacts on shipping, trade and agriculture.
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Ahmed, Abdelkader T., Fatma El Gohary, Vasileios A. Tzanakakis, and Andreas N. Angelakis. "Egyptian and Greek Water Cultures and Hydro-Technologies in Ancient Times." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 9760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229760.
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Egyptian and Greek ancient civilizations prevailed in eastern Mediterranean since prehistoric times. The Egyptian civilization is thought to have been begun in about 3150 BC until 31 BC. For the ancient Greek civilization, it started in the period of Minoan (ca. 3200 BC) up to the ending of the Hellenistic era. There are various parallels and dissimilarities between both civilizations. They co-existed during a certain timeframe (from ca. 2000 to ca. 146 BC); however, they were in two different geographic areas. Both civilizations were massive traders, subsequently, they deeply influenced the regional civilizations which have developed in that region. Various scientific and technological principles were established by both civilizations through their long histories. Water management was one of these major technologies. Accordingly, they have significantly influenced the ancient world’s hydro-technologies. In this review, a comparison of water culture issues and hydro-structures was adopted through the extended history of the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The specific objectives of the work are to study the parallel historical cultures and hydro-technologies, assessing similarities and differences, and to analyze their progress since primitive times. The tools adopted for the research include visits to historical aeras and museums, comments, consultations, correlation and exhibitions available in the cyberspace. Review results herein showed that dams and canals were constructed in ancient Egypt to manage the flood of the Nile river and develop irrigation systems from ca. 6000 BC. In the second millennium BC, Minoans managed the flow of the streams via two dams, to protect arable land from destruction after intense rainfall and to irrigate their farms. Additional results showed that ancient Egyptians and Greeks invented many devices for lifting water for plant irrigation such as the shadouf, sakia and tympanum and pumps, of which some were already in use in Mesopotamia for irrigating small plots. The ancient Egyptians were the first who discovered the principle and the basis of coagulation (after ca. 1500 BC). They used the alum for accelerating the settlement of the particles. Additionally, the ancient Greeks developed several advanced water treatment technologies since the prehistoric times. To sum up, the study captured many similarities between two civilizations in water technologies. In addition, it confirmed the sustainability and durability of several of those hydro-technologies since they are still in use up to now in many places.
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Harlan, Deborah. "The Cult of the Dead, Fetishism, and the Genesis of an Idea: Megalithic Monuments and the Tree and Pillar Cult of Arthur J. Evans." European Journal of Archaeology 14, no. 1-2 (2011): 210–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146195711798369391.
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Arthur Evans is most noted for his work in Crete, particularly the excavation of the Palace of Knossos, which he began in the year 1900. As a consequence, Arthur Evans' earlier archaeology is often overlooked. This paper focuses on a series of lectures, largely unpublished, on the development of megalithic monuments and the religious cult they embodied, delivered by Evans in 1885. Evans' ideas of cult were embedded in contemporary late nineteenth century anthropological concepts set within an evolutionary context. This paper shows that these underlying ideas were also evident in Evans' later writings on the Aegean: notably, the famous article on the Tree and Pillar Cult that formed the basis of his concept of Minoan religion. By contextualizing Evans' early work, we gain a fuller understanding of why he prioritized certain information in constructing his concept of a Minoan civilization.
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Renfrew, Colin. "Word of Minos: the Minoan Contribution to Mycenaean Greek and the Linguistic Geography of the Bronze Age Aegean." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8, no. 2 (October 1998): 239–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300001852.
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The question of the supposedly pre-Greek language or languages of the Aegean, in its wider historical and cultural context, has not been systematically addressed since the decipherment of the Linear B script, other than in the philological studies of DA. Hester. Here it is argued that the time is ripe for a new synthesis between the linguistic and the cultural evidence. The language of the Minoan Linear A script, that is (it is here assumed) the Minoan language of the palaces, is here identified as making the principal contribution to the so-called ‘pre-Greek’ vocabulary of the Greek language, thus constituting not a linguistic substratum of earlier date but an adstratum, which developed during their co-existence in the Aegean during the Bronze Age. This may be seen as the linguistic component in the ‘Versailles effect’ of Minoan palatial influence within the Aegean, which reached its apogee in the Late Bronze 1 period, a view anticipated in some respects in the work of some earlier writers notably G. Glotz.Such an approach focuses attention more clearly on the intellectual and ideological contributions of Minoan culture to the emerging Mycenaean civilization, rather than on the piecemeal acquisition of material items, without however assigning a secondary or subordinate role to the mainland communities in their own transition towards state society. One important consequence of the argument is to diminish (or even eliminate) the case for a significant chronologically pre-Greek element in the Greek language. One principal argument against the very early, probably Neolithic arrival of proto-Greek (or proto-Indo-European) speakers into mainland Greece is thereby removed. The resulting simplification in the linguistic picture of the Bronze Age Aegean proposed here carries implications also for that of western Anatolia and for the great antiquity there of the Luwian language. It opens questions also about the affinities of the presumed Anatolianancestor of the Minoan (or proto-Minoan) language.
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Ghilardi, Matthieu, David Psomiadis, Valérie Andrieu-Ponel, Maxime Colleu, Pavlos Sotiropoulos, Fausto Longo, Amedeo Rossi, et al. "First evidence of a lake at Ancient Phaistos (Messara Plain, South-Central Crete, Greece): Reconstructing paleoenvironments and differentiating the roles of human land-use and paleoclimate from Minoan to Roman times." Holocene 28, no. 8 (May 27, 2018): 1225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618771473.
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Phaistos was one of the most important Minoan palaces in Crete and previous studies have addressed its relationship with the paleo-seashore position during historical times. Here, we reconstruct the environmental evolution of Phaistos from Early Minoan to Roman times. Study of two stratigraphic sections and nine boreholes drilled in the westernmost part of the Messara Plain has revealed the stratigraphy of the Mid- to Late-Holocene sediments. Laboratory analyses comprise granulometry, magnetic susceptibility measurements and identification of mollusks, diatoms and pollen grains. Eighteen radiocarbon dates provide a robust chronostratigraphy. In addition, a geophysical survey (electric resistivity tomography (ERT) method) was conducted to reveal the sub-surface morphology in the coring area. The results reveal that a freshwater lake existed from ca. 2100–2000 BC to ca. 1200–1100 BC, which subsequently became swampland until ca. 700 BC. A lake retreat is identified at ca. 1200–1000 BC and can be interpreted as resulting from the 3.2 cal kyr BP rapid climate change (RCC) dry event, observed elsewhere in the Eastern Mediterranean. Subsequently, from the 7th to the 5th century BC, there was the input of detrital material and fluvial dynamics prevailed until at least Roman times. The origin of the lake and its disappearance are discussed in the context of regional climate change and local tectonic activity, without excluding possible human influences. We also reconstruct the vegetation history for the period from the Late Minoan to the Early Archaic period. Pollen analysis reveals a Mediterranean maquis landscape dominated by Olea, together with hygrophilous vegetation, and highlights a clear transition from limnic to swampy environmental conditions around 1100 BC. The pollen sequence is also important for assessing the impact of the 3.2 cal. kyr BP RCC event and for assessing the possibility of an abrupt discontinuity in human activity around Phaistos after the demise of the Minoan Civilization.
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Kenanidis, Ioannis K., and Evangelos C. Papakitsos. "Culturally Important Objects as Signs of Cretan Protolinear Script." Humanities and Social Science Research 1, no. 1 (May 19, 2018): p21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/hssr.v1n1p21.
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This paper presents seven “syllabograms” of the Cretan Protolinear script (signs used for Consonant-Vowel [CV] syllables). This presentation is conducted following the theory of the Cretan Protolinear (CP) script as the one that all the Aegean scripts evolved from, including Linear A, Cretan Hieroglyphics and Linear B. The seven syllabograms of this particular set depict inanimate objects or constructions that were very common or important in everyday life, economy and religion. It is also demonstrated that the phonetic value of each syllabogram corresponds to the Sumerian name of the object depicted by the syllabogram, in a conservative dialect. Thus, more light is shed on the linguistic ancestry of the Aegean scripts, the practice followed for their creation, and, indirectly, on some cultural aspects of the Minoan Civilization.
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Lécuyer, Christophe, François Atrops, Romain Amiot, Delphine Angst, Valérie Daux, Jean-Pierre Flandrois, François Fourel, et al. "Tsunami sedimentary deposits of Crete records climate during the ‘Minoan Warming Period’ (≈3350 yr BP)." Holocene 28, no. 6 (February 5, 2018): 914–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683617752840.
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Earthquakes or explosive eruptions generate tsunami, which are at the origin of thick and chaotic coastal sediments. These commonly fossiliferous deposits are formed instantaneously at the historical or geological timescale and therefore have the potential to provide snapshot records of past climates. In Crete, near the city of Palaikastro, crops out a 1- to 9-m-thick sedimentary layer deposited by a huge tsunami that has been previously estimated to be about 9 m high. The presence of volcanic ash, the geometry, the archeological and faunal contents of the sedimentary deposit along with radiocarbon dating converge for interpreting this tsunamite as coeval with the Minoan Santorini (Thera) eruption ≈3350 yr BP. During its drawback, the tsunami deposited rocky blocks and a muddy matrix containing mollusc shells dredged from the seabed as well as cattle skeletal remains and various artifacts belonging to the contemporaneous Minoan civilization. While the oxygen isotope compositions of terrestrial vertebrate bone remains most likely resulted from diagenetic alteration, those of a bovid tooth revealed that air temperatures during MM3 and LM1 periods were about 4°C higher than nowadays. Oxygen isotope measurements of marine mollusc shells also revealed that sea surface temperatures were higher by about 2°C. Those results compare with the 2.5°C temperature difference already estimated according to both δ2H and δ18O values of Greenland ice cores. Incremental sampling of marine gastropods and bovid teeth suggests that the seasonal amplitude was similar to that prevailing during the second half of the 20th century.
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PARASKEVAS, Melissinos, Demitris PARADISSIS, Konstantinos RAPTAKIS, Paraskevi NOMIKOU, Emilie HOOFT, and Konstantina BEJELOU. "Gravity observations on Santorini island (Greece): Historical and recent campaigns." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 51, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/congeo.2021.51.1.1.
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Santorini is located in the central part of the Hellenic Volcanic Arc (South Aegean Sea) and is well known for the Late-Bronze-Age “Minoan” eruption that may have been responsible for the decline of the great Minoan civilization on the island of Crete. To use gravity to probe the internal structure of the volcano and to determine whether there are temporal variations in gravity due to near surface changes, we construct two gravity maps. Dionysos Satellite Observatory (DSO) of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) carried out terrestrial gravity measurements in December 2012 and in September 2014 at selected locations on Thera, Nea Kameni, Palea Kameni, Therasia, Aspronisi and Christiana islands. Absolute gravity values were calculated using raw gravity data at every station for all datasets. The results were compared with gravity measurements performed in July 1976 by DSO/NTUA and absolute gravity values derived from the Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) and other sources. Marine gravity data that were collected during the PROTEUS project in November and December 2015 fill between the land gravity datasets. An appropriate Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with topographic and bathymetric data was also produced. Finally, based on the two combined datasets (one for 2012–2014 and one for the 1970s), Free air and complete Bouguer gravity anomaly maps were produced following the appropriate data corrections and reductions. The pattern of complete Bouguer gravity anomaly maps was consistent with seismological results within the caldera. Finally from the comparison of the measurements made at the same place, we found that, within the caldera, the inner process of the volcano is ongoing both before, and after, the unrest period of 2011–2012.
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Angelakis, A. N., Y. M. Savvakis, and G. Charalampakis. "Aqueducts during the Minoan Era." Water Supply 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.011.
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In this paper several archaeological, historical and other aspects of aqueducts in Minoan era are reviewed. During the Middle Bronze Age a “cultural explosion”, unparalleled in the history of other ancient civilizations, occurred on the island of Crete. One of the salient characteristics of that cultural development was the architectural and hydraulic function of aqueducts used for water supply in “palaces” and cities. Usually aqueducts were collecting water from springs located apart from the settlements. The Minoan hydrologists and engineers were aware of some of the basic principles of what we call today principles and practices of water sciences with emphasis on the construction and operation of aqueducts. The description of selected Minoan aqueducts could justify that Minoans could be considered as pioneers in those technologies.
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ΠΑΥΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, Κ., Κ. ΘΕΟΔΩΡΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ, B. HAYDEN, Τ. ΤΣΟΥΡΟΥ, Μ. ΤΡΙΑΝΤΑΦΥΛΛΟΥ, Κ. ΚΟΥΛΗ, Ι. ΜΠΑΣΙΑΚΟΣ, and Δ. ΒΑΝΔΑΡΑΚΗΣ. "Γεωμορφολογική εξέλιξη της παράκτιας περιοχής του Ίστρου-Καλού Χωριού του νομού Λασιθίου Κρήτης από το Μέσο Ολόκαινο μέχρι σήμερα." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 38 (September 10, 2005): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.18425.
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The Istron area is located in northeastern Crete, Gulf of Mirabello, on an alluvial fan of Holocene age. The archaeological importance of this area is pointed out not only by its archaeological remains, but also by its significant location. Many important minoan sites, like Gournia, Kavousi, Pseira, have been discovered near Istro,. There are indications of human installations from the Neolithic to the Roman period, proving the continuous human activity in this area. The significant geological location, as it represents an area with intense tectonic activity, the geomorphological regime of the area and the climatic changes , influenced human installations as well as the evolution of the civilization . The study of sea-land interactions during the last seven millennia in relation to the eustatic sea level oscillations and the regional neotectonic regime, as well as the géomorphologie observations and analyses on deposited sediments, aims to reveal the paleogeographic evolution of the landscape and its impact on prehistoric, classical and Roman establishments. Therefore, a geomorphological mapping of the coastal area along with the drilling of five boreholes and the excavation of six trenches, have been accomplished. Moreover, pollen and microfaunal (benthic foraminifera and ostracodes) analyses have been performed. Six samples were dated using AMS and Conventional radiocarbon techniques providing temporal control of the sediments. Sea level rise along with sea-land interactions to the landscape evolution and the transgression of sea in 5000BP have been verified. Additionally, several implications for the use of land and human impact civilization have been concluded.
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Mosenkis, Iurii. "“Uninterpretable” cretan alphabetical inscriptions: “eteocretan” as phrygian?" Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 50 (2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/50(2020).31-41.
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The article is devoted to an old problem of several “Eteocretan” (i.e. “true Cretan”) inscriptions in Greek alphabet, found in Classical Crete (dated to c. 6–4 c. BC), but not interpreted in Greek until the present time. Despite several hypotheses, the problem remains unsolved. However, this enigma is very important to reconstruct the ethno-linguistic map of ancient Crete as the craddle of Minoan civilization and the oldest interpretable scripts in Europe (Cretan hieroglyphs and Linear A). According to a commonly accepted view, the “Eteocretan” inscriptions can be a rest of “Pre-Greek” languages of the island – despite the “Eteocretan” and the Linear A inscriptions demonstrate no common linguistic features. The present author proposes an interpretation of the “Eteocretan” language as Phrygian. The latter was a close relative to Ancient Greek, splitted from it c. 4000 BC. This hypothesis correlates with another idea of the same author – of the presence of some Phrygian phonetic features in the language of Cretan hieroglyphs. Some “satem” elements of Phrygian, Cretan hieroglyphs, and Eteocretan (the name of Praisos as possible homonym of the “satem” Indo-European name of pig) make a system. Summarizing, Eteocretan looks like Phrygian, more or less Graecianized. In some inscriptions, loaned lexical elements are Greek whereas basic lexical and grammatical elements are Phrygian. In such way, a conundrum of “Greek vs non-Greek” Eteocretan inscriptions can be solved.
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Valipour, Mohammad, Jens Krasilnikof, Stavros Yannopoulos, Rohitashw Kumar, Jun Deng, Paolo Roccaro, Larry Mays, Mark E. Grismer, and Andreas N. Angelakis. "The Evolution of Agricultural Drainage from the Earliest Times to the Present." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010416.
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Agricultural developments require changes in land surface and subsurface hydraulic functions as protection from floods, reclamation of flooded land, irrigation, and drainage. Drainage of agricultural land has a long history and apparently traces back to the earliest civilizations of Mesopotamia and Iran before 4000 BC. In the Eastern Mediterranean, the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations developed techniques and strategies of drainage of agricultural lands from the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. After the collapse of the Aegean Bronze-age civilizations, society building and agricultural innovation in the archaic and Classical periods (ca. 800–300 BC) included successful attempts at controlling drainage and irrigation techniques. In addition, China, India, and Mesoamerica have extensive histories of drainage. The aim of this review paper is to trace the evolution of the main foundings on agricultural drainage technologies through the centuries until the present. This historical review reveals valuable insights into ancient hydraulic technologies as well as irrigation and drainage management that will help to find bright horizons for sustainable agriculture in future.
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Nixon, I. G. "The volcanic eruption of Thera and its effect on the Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations." Journal of Archaeological Science 12, no. 1 (January 1985): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(85)90012-3.
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Angelakis, A. N. "Evolution of rainwater harvesting and use in Crete, Hellas, through the millennia." Water Supply 16, no. 6 (May 21, 2016): 1624–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.084.
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The low water availability in several regions of southeastern Hellas and particularly in several islands, such as Crete, has resulted in the construction of various types of water reservoir for collection and storage of rainwater, since their very early habitation. Since then, technologies for the construction and use of several types of cisterns have been developed. In Crete during the Minoan era, water cisterns were very well practiced as a basic means for water supply in several settlements. The Minoan water cistern technologies were further developed, mainly by enlargement of the scale of water systems, at subsequent stages of the Hellenic civilizations. Furthermore, more advanced water cistern technologies were invented, with a peak during the Hellenistic period which followed Alexander the Great, during which time they spread over a geographical area from Hellas to the west and to the east. The Romans inherited the cistern technologies and further developed them mainly by changing their application scale from small to large. Characteristic paradigms of Cretan cisterns are considered which justify the significance of that technology for water supply in areas with low water availability during the whole Cretan history. Herein, nowadays climatic conditions and water resources management in Crete are presented and discussed.
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Angelakis, Andreas, Yannis Christodoulakos, and Vasileios Tzanakakis. "Roman Aqueducts in Crete, Greece: Learning from the Past." Water 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081069.
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The Romans were well aware of the strategic importance of Crete and tried, by any means possible, its final conquest. The island was under Roman rule over four centuries (ca 67 BC–330 AD). Under Roman rule, Crete witnessed a growth of its population and prosperity and an increase in its connectivity with other parts of the Empire. In addition, Gortys, Chersonisos, Elyros, Lyttos, Kissamos and other cities flourished under their rule. At that prosperous time, several luxurious infrastructures, such as hydraulic works, were developed. In this paper, we wish to examine the principles and the technical characteristics of major aqueducts built at that time. They constructed impressive hydro-works, such as aqueducts, by using the knowledge gained from earlier Greek civilizations in Minoan and Classical and Hellenistic times. However, they mainly increased the scale of applied technologies to support the increased population water demand. Water is a common need of humankind and several ancient civilizations developed simple but practical techniques, such as the aqueduct, especially during Roman times. We can gain from their experience and knowledge to develop a sustainable water supply, presently and in the future, both in developed and developing countries.
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Angelakιs, Andreas N., Daniele Zaccaria, Jens Krasilnikoff, Miquel Salgot, Mohamed Bazza, Paolo Roccaro, Blanca Jimenez, et al. "Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution through the Millennia." Water 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051285.
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Many agricultural production areas worldwide are characterized by high variability of water supply conditions, or simply lack of water, creating a dependence on irrigation since Neolithic times. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the evolution of irrigation of agricultural lands worldwide, based on bibliographical research focusing on ancient water management techniques and ingenious irrigation practices and their associated land management practices. In ancient Egypt, regular flooding by the Nile River meant that early agriculture probably consisted of planting seeds in soils that had been recently covered and fertilized with floodwater and silt deposits. On the other hand, in arid and semi-arid regions farmers made use of perennial springs and seasonal runoff under circumstances altogether different from the river civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and early dynasties in China. We review irrigation practices in all major irrigation regions through the centuries. Emphasis is given to the Bronze Age civilizations (Minoans, Egyptians, and Indus valley), pre-Columbian, civilizations from the historic times (e.g., Chinese, Hellenic, and Roman), late-Columbians (e.g., Aztecs and Incas) and Byzantines, as well as to Ottomans and Arabs. The implications and impacts of irrigation techniques on modern management of water resources, as well as on irrigated agriculture, are also considered and discussed. Finally, some current major agricultural water management challenges are outlined, concluding that ancient practices could be adapted to cope with present challenges in irrigated agriculture for increasing productivity and sustainability.
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Sparks, R. S. J. "Comment on “The volcanic eruption of Thera and its effect on the Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations” by I. G. Nixon." Journal of Archaeological Science 13, no. 3 (May 1986): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(86)90064-6.
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Valipour, Mohammad, Rodney Briscoe, Luigi Falletti, Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko, Riikka P. Rajala, Rohitashw Kumar, Saifullah Khan, Maria Chnaraki, and Andreas Angelakis. "Water-Driven Music Technologies through Centuries." J 4, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/j4010001.
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Water-driven music technology has been one of the primary sources of human leisure from prehistoric times up until the present. Water powered, along with air pressure organs, have been used throughout history. One of them was an organ of fountains located inside a formal garden. Throughout ancient mythology, several different gods have been linked to music in many civilizations, in particular, Minoa, Mehrgarh, and Gandhara. Water deities were usually significant amid civilizations located next to a sea or an ocean, or even a great river like the Indus River in Pakistan, the Nile River in the Middle East or the Ganga River in India. These fountains performed a wide range of songs from Classical to contemporary Arabic, and even included other worldly music. The study of water-driven music technology demonstrates the diachronic evolution and the revelation that ancient people had impressive knowledge of the engineering needed for water exploitation and manipulation. This revelation is still both fascinating and intriguing for today’s water engineers. This paper also shows the relationship between water in nature and music, and furthermore, how nature has inspired composers throughout history. This research shows the sustainability of different kinds of water-driven musical instruments, not only through their use in past centuries, but their relevance in music therapy and other purposes of today. This study is useful for researchers in the fields of history, music, engineering and sustainable development.
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Pan, J., C. Oates, C. Ihlenfeld, J. Plant, and N. Voulvoulis. "Inorganic substances screening and prioritization (ISSP) in risk assessment for mining operations." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 1 (February 2008): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.477.
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AbstractMetals have been central to the development of human civilization from the Bronze Age to the present although historically, mining and smelting have been the cause of local environmental pollution with the potential to harm human health. Despite problems from artisanal mining in some developing countries, modern mining for Western standards now uses the best available mining technology combined with environmental monitoring, mitigation and remediation measures to control emissions to the environment. The relocation and removal of large quantities of mineral and waste could also release chemicals into the environment including surface water, ground water and soil during the mining lifecycle. There are only few published methods available for prioritizing hazardous chemicals. These fail to recognize differences between organic and inorganic chemicals make it necessary to develop separate screening and prioritization procedures for those two different classes of chemicals. In this study, we focus on the development of screening and prioritization procedure in risk assessment for inorganic chemicals with particular reference to those used, generated and released in mining operations.
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Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio, Ignacio Juarez, José Palacio-Grüber, Adrián Lopez-Nares, and Fabio Suarez-Trujillo. "The Northern Migrations from a drying Sahara (6,000 years BP): cultural and genetic influence in Greeks, Iberians and other Mediterraneans." International Journal of Modern Anthropology 15, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 484–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v15i2.5.
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Greeks have a Sub-Saharan gene input according to HLA and other autosomic markers. Iberians, Canarians, and North Africans show a close genetic relatedness. This is concordant with a drying humid Sahara Desert, which may have occurred about 6,000 years BC, and the subsequent northwards emigration of Saharan people may have also happened in Pharaonic times. Present study confirms this African gene input in Greeks according to 12th HLA International Workshop data, which was studied some years before by us. This genetic input into Atlantic and Mediterranean Europe/Africa is also supported with Lineal Megalithic Scripts in Canary Islands (as well as in Iberia) together with simple Iberian semi-syllabary rock inscriptions both at Canary Islands and Ti-m Missaou (Algeria, Central southern Sahara). Lineal African/European scripts are found in some language scripts like Berber/Tuareg, Iberian, Runes, Etruscan, Bulgarian (Sitovo and Gradeshnitza, 6,000 years BP), Italian Old Scripts (Lepontic, Venetic, Raetic), Minoan Lineal A, and other Aegean scripts. The possibility that Megalithic Lineal Scripts have given rise to these languages lineal writing is feasible because admixture of languages rock scripts and Megalithic Lineal Scripts may be found. Thus, resistance of Canarian aborigines (Guanches) to Cartago, Rome and Arabs left a bulk of Canarian-Saharan information which is used to study both Saharan and Canarian Prehistory, and also Atlantic and Mediterranean beginning of European and other civilizations: this preserved prehistoric inheritance may be named the “Saharo-Canarian Circle” of prehistoric knowledge. Also, linguisticsepigraphy, physical anthropology ,archaeology and domesticated cattle shows a close North Africa-Iberia Mesolithic/Neolithic relationship and demonstrates that the demic diffusion model does not exist in Iberia. Also, Tassili Sahara paintings of domesticated cattle appear 1,000 years before that agricultural practices started at Middle East.
Keywords: Greeks, Macedonians, Sahara, Africa, Iberia, HLA, Genetics, Spaniards, Portuguese, Berbers, Algerians, demic, diffusion, Canary Islands, Lanzarote, Malta, Cart-ruts, Quesera, Cheesboard, Iberian, language, Guanche, Usko-Mediterranean, Phoenicians
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Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio, Ignacio Juarez, José Palacio-Grüber, Adrián Lopez-Nares, and Fabio Suarez-Trujillo. "The Northern Migrations from a drying Sahara (6,000 years BP): cultural and genetic influence in Greeks, Iberians and other Mediterraneans." International Journal of Modern Anthropology 2, no. 15 (May 27, 2021): 484–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i15.5.
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Greeks have a Sub-Saharan gene input according to HLA and other autosomic markers. Iberians, Canarians, and North Africans show a close genetic relatedness. This is concordant with a drying humid Sahara Desert, which may have occurred about 6,000 years BC, and the subsequent northwards emigration of Saharan people may have also happened in Pharaonic times. Present study confirms this African gene input in Greeks according to 12th HLA International Workshop data, which was studied some years before by us. This genetic input into Atlantic and Mediterranean Europe/Africa is also supported with Lineal Megalithic Scripts in Canary Islands (as well as in Iberia) together with simple Iberian semi-syllabary rock inscriptions both at Canary Islands and Ti-m Missaou (Algeria, Central southern Sahara). Lineal African/European scripts are found in some language scripts like Berber/Tuareg, Iberian, Runes, Etruscan, Bulgarian (Sitovo and Gradeshnitza, 6,000 years BP), Italian Old Scripts (Lepontic, Venetic, Raetic), Minoan Lineal A, and other Aegean scripts. The possibility that Megalithic Lineal Scripts have given rise to these languages lineal writing is feasible because admixture of languages rock scripts and Megalithic Lineal Scripts may be found. Thus, resistance of Canarian aborigines (Guanches) to Cartago, Rome and Arabs left a bulk of Canarian-Saharan information which is used to study both Saharan and Canarian Prehistory, and also Atlantic and Mediterranean beginning of European and other civilizations: this preserved prehistoric inheritance may be named the “Saharo-Canarian Circle” of prehistoric knowledge. Also, linguisticsepigraphy, physical anthropology ,archaeology and domesticated cattle shows a close North Africa-Iberia Mesolithic/Neolithic relationship and demonstrates that the demic diffusion model does not exist in Iberia. Also, Tassili Sahara paintings of domesticated cattle appear 1,000 years before that agricultural practices started at Middle East.
Keywords: Greeks, Macedonians, Sahara, Africa, Iberia, HLA, Genetics, Spaniards, Portuguese, Berbers, Algerians, demic, diffusion, Canary Islands, Lanzarote, Malta, Cart-ruts, Quesera, Cheesboard, Iberian, language, Guanche, Usko-Mediterranean, Phoenicians
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Xia, J., and S. Chiou. "Architectural Features and Preservation of Ancient Residential Complexes of the Changs in Xiangan, Xiamen." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W7 (August 13, 2015): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w7-453-2015.
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Ancient architecture is an important cultural symbol of a nation, which has high historical, artistic and technology of cultural value. A building not only carries the creator of effort, but also the past with the future of the historical traditions and humanistic significance. It is not purely construction of artistic expression, even more the witness of the production and development of social groups. Therefore, it is not only the common cultural heritage of mankind, as more equally important to protect these ancient buildings for the promotion of spiritual civilization and local economic development. In recent years, China and other developing countries, which in the pursuit of rapid economic development, are also facing the problems of development and preservation, Especially influenced by the inherent "reform and innovation" traditional concepts, many ancient villages and buildings with rich cultural connotation are in a great danger. <br><br> Xiang'an is one of the six administrative regions of Xiamen, The Tungyuan village and numerous surrounding villages which in Xiang'an retain a large number of ancient buildings of Ming and Qing Dynasties, but it has not been given due attention, many ancient buildings are facing the crisis of disappearing. Changs ancient residential is one of typical Minnan architectural which located in Tungyuan village. its main feature is as follows: Cheng is before the rear is Cuo, Facing south, Three bays with double Hucuo , Red brick and White stone wall, Architectural form of Hard mountain type roof and Double cocked dovetail ridge. In this paper, on the basis of the fieldwork, In addition to the overall building community environment and monomer building surveying and mapping, photograph, record, and through the collection, interviews and analysis of relevant historical materials, etc. Grasping the historical background of Changs ancient residential building community, exploring the formation and characteristics of the overall layout of the community, analyzing the cultural connotation of the basic shape of each individual building and architectural decorative arts, and making recommendations for saving Changs ancient residential maintenance.
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Tourage, Mahdi. "Editorial." American Journal of Islam and Society 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): i—iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v24i3.1530.
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In his recently published Religious Literacy: What Every American Needs toKnow – and Doesn’t, Stephen Prothero argues that although the United Statesis secular by law, it is deeply religious by choice: it has a Christian majorityof roughly 85 percent, more than 90 percent of adults believe in God, morethan eighty percent report that religion is personally important, and morethan seventy percent pray daily.1 He also notes that with 1,200 mosquesnationwide, Islam will soon surpass Judaism as America’s second largest religion,if it has not already done so.2 However, he opines that althoughAmericans’ commitment to religion may run deep, their knowledge of it runsshallow. In her “Americans get an ‘F’ in religion,” Cathy Lynn Grossman,discussing Prothero’s book, writes: “Sometimes dumb sounds cute: Sixtypercent of Americans can’t name five of the Ten Commandments, and 50%of high school seniors think Sodom and Gomorrah were married.”3I wonder how American Muslims – who a recently publicized PewResearch Center poll shows to be 65 percent foreign-born but middle class,mainstream and “highly assimilated into American Society” – would performon a similar test.4 In my introductory courses, I have had Muslim studentsidentify minbar as “minibar.” Once, when asked to write their nameand its meaning on a piece of paper, a student named Muhammad wrote: “Idon’t know the meaning of my name, but I will find out and will let youknow next week!”Colleagues who teach “Introduction to Islam” courses usually havesatirical stories of their own. Discussing Grossman’s article, Tazim Kassam,editor of the American Academy of Religion’s Spotlight on Teaching,cautions that dumb may be cute, but, more importantly, that “dumb is dangerousand has terrible consequences.”5 The opposite is also true, for thescholarly production of knowledge can be dangerous and have terrible consequences(and thus can hardly be considered “cute”). For example, we candiscern more than mere hints of these dangerous consequences in tracesdeposited by the academically produced “clash of civilizations” thesis on thesociopolitical landscape. In any event, knowledge production (or the lackthereof) is a product of historical processes that, as Edward Said has shown,leaves “its traces without necessarily leaving an inventory of them.” ...
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Jones, Plummer Alston. "Staikos, Konstantinos Sp. The History of the Library in Western Civilization, Vol. I: From Minos to Cleopatra: The Greek World from the Minoans’ Archival Libraries to the Universal Library of the Ptolemies. Trans. Timothy Cullen. New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll; The Netherlands: Hes & DeGraaf; and Athens: Kotinos. 2004. 351p. $75 (ISBN: 1584561149, USA). LC 03-58221." College & Research Libraries 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl.66.1.85.
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Callaway, Ewen. "Minoan civilization was made in Europe." Nature, May 14, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature.2013.12990.
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Lespez, Laurent, Séverine Lescure, Ségolène Saulnier-Copard, Arthur Glais, Jean-François Berger, Franck Lavigne, Charlotte Pearson, Clément Virmoux, Sylvie Müller Celka, and Maia Pomadère. "Discovery of a tsunami deposit from the Bronze Age Santorini eruption at Malia (Crete): impact, chronology, extension." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (July 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94859-1.
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AbstractA geomorphological survey immediately west of the Minoan town of Malia (Crete) shows that a tsunami resulting from the Bronze Age Santorini eruption reached the outskirts of the Palatial center. Sediment cores testify a unique erosional event during the Late Minoan period, followed locally by a high energy sand unit comprising marine fauna. This confirms that a tsunami impacted northern Crete and caused an inundation up to 400 m inland at Malia. We obtained a radiocarbon range of 1744–1544 BCE for the secure pre-tsunami context and an interval 1509–1430 BCE for the post-event layer. Examination of tsunami deposits was used to constrain run-up not exceeding 8 m asl. The results open the field for new research on the Bronze Age Santorini tsunami regarding both impact and consequences for the Minoan civilization.
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"The Architecture of Libraries in Western Civilization: From the Minoan Era to Michelangelo." Library & Information History 34, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17583489.2018.1515462.
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Whitmore, Dale. "Tourists, Archaeologists, and Goddesses The Palace of Knossos in mid 20th century travel literature." NEXUS: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/nexus.v17i1.188.
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Knossos, a Greek archaeological site, is an important remnant of the Minoan civilization of Bronze Age Crete. In part due to its partial reconstruction by excavators in the early 20th century, the site is important tor tourists as well as for archaeologists. This paper examines tourist reactions to the site and its reconstruction, as presented in six examples of mid 20th century travel literature. These reactions are found to be heavily informed by a division of human experience into masculine and feminine values. These gendered ideas, it is argued, are fundamental to the tourist authors' experiences of the site as authentic or unauthentic. Current understandings of discourses of authenticity do not adequately account for the complexity of tourists' experiences of Knossos.
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Molinaro, Ludovica, Francesco Montinaro, Burak Yelmen, Davide Marnetto, Doron M. Behar, Toomas Kivisild, and Luca Pagani. "West Asian sources of the Eurasian component in Ethiopians: a reassessment." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55344-y.
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AbstractThe presence of genomic signatures of Eurasian origin in contemporary Ethiopians has been reported by several authors and estimated to have arrived in the area from 3000 years ago. Several studies reported plausible source populations for such a signature, using haplotype based methods on modern data or single-site methods on modern or ancient data. These studies did not reach a consensus and suggested an Anatolian or Sardinia-like proxy, broadly Levantine or Neolithic Levantine as possible sources. We demonstrate, however, that the deeply divergent, autochthonous African component which accounts for ~50% of most contemporary Ethiopian genomes, affects the overall allele frequency spectrum to an extent that makes it hard to control for it and, at once, to discern between subtly different, yet important, Eurasian sources (such as Anatolian or Levant Neolithic ones). Here we re-assess pattern of allele sharing between the Eurasian component of Ethiopians (here called “NAF” for Non African) and ancient and modern proxies. Our results unveil a genomic legacy that may connect the Eurasian genetic component of contemporary Ethiopians with Sea People and with population movements that affected the Mediterranean area and the Levant after the fall of the Minoan civilization.
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Meng, Jiannan, Ozan Sinoplu, Zhipeng Zhou, Bulent Tokay, Timothy Kusky, Erdin Bozkurt, and Lu Wang. "Greece and Turkey Shaken by African tectonic retreat." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (March 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86063-y.
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AbstractEarthquakes are a consequence of the motions of the planet’s tectonic plates, yet predicting when and where they may occur, and how to prepare remain some of the shortcomings of using scientific knowledge to protect human life. A devastating Mw 7.0 earthquake on October 30, 2020, offshore Samos Island, Greece was a consequence of the Aegean and Anatolian upper crust being pulled apart by north–south extensional stresses resulting from slab rollback, where the African plate is subducting northwards beneath Eurasia, while the slab is sinking by gravitational forces, causing it to retreat southwards. Since the retreating African slab is coupled with the overriding plate, it tears the upper plate apart as it retreats, breaking it into numerous small plates with frequent earthquakes along their boundaries. Historical earthquake swarms and deformation of the upper plate in the Aegean have been associated with massive volcanism and cataclysmic devastation, such as the Mw 7.7 Amorgos earthquake in July 1956 between the islands of Naxos and Santorini (Thera). Even more notable was the eruption of Santorini 3650 years ago, which contributed to the fall of the Minoan civilization. The Samos earthquake highlights the long historical lack of appreciation of links between deep tectonic processes and upper crustal deformation and geological hazards, and is a harbinger of future earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, establishing a basis for studies to institute better protection of infrastructure and upper plate cultures in the region.
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Distad, Merrill. "The History of the Library in Western Civilization: From Minos to Cleopatra: The Greek World from the Minoans' Archival Libraries to the Universal Library of the Ptolemies, by Konstantinos Sp. Staikos." Papers of The Bibliographical Society of Canada 44, no. 1 (January 1, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/pbsc.v44i1.18469.
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