Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Minorités en milieu rural'
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Ravignan, Clothilde de. "Innovations cultuelles et culturelles en milieu rural : approche anthropologique des alternatives d’un groupe néorural audois." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0662.
Full textThis study of a village enables us to see traces, perceptible to this day, of the 1968 movement. These traces are visible through the lifestyle choices of minority groups who settle in rural areas where they enjoy greater creativity and more control over their lives - and can escape the forever deferred promises of consumer society. This search is becoming more pronounced as awareness of ecological issues increases and with the current economic, cultural and spiritual crisis. This neo-rural movement values simple lifestyles and opts for economic activity anchored in the locality. Cultural activities hold an important place in the organisation of local life and are perceived as a form of resistance to the dominant culture. The same concerns can be found in the practices of believers which remain connected at the same time to the local church, the neo-rural community and the local populations. Conscious of the fragility of rural areas from an economic, social and cultural point of view, these new populations call upon or initiate numerous networks, which constitute spaces for the resourcing and the renewal of local life, and in so doing consolidate the intuition which determined the choices they originally made
Tudeau, Cécily. "Perceptions et pratiques d'intervenants sociaux en milieu scolaire face aux manifestations d'homophobie et d'hétérosexisme à l'endroit des jeunes LGBQ en milieu rural." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27380.
Full textGodbout, Claudia. "Étude du choix de localisation des immigrants au Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25861/25861.pdf.
Full textGuidolin, Monica. "Ethnographies et ethnohistoires des dynamiques identitaires et rituelles en Inde Centrale (Madhya Pradesh) : les interactions des Gond et des Pardhan avec le milieu hindou." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0095.
Full textMadhya Pradesh is a singular case, both because of the high number of inhabitants belongingto communities classified as tribal (ādivāsī), and because of the cultural and social variety present and which enriches the fabric of the different traditions occupying this part of the country. What remains of this great cultural fecundity, along with the historical intensity with which this “Middle Land” has been shot through for centuries, both provide a favorable setting for the socio-anthropological scenario. The comparative approach to funerary rituality amongst some Pardhan groups of Eastern Madhya Pradesh has made it possible to pursue the study by constantly switching, in a very stimulating way, between classical knowledge of royal Gond tradition and culture (Rāja Gond) on the one hand ‒ of which the Pardhan are the main witnesses and bearers — and, on the other hand, the level of penetration of Hinduization which will modify the experiences of devotion and the practices of mourning. In this respect, the study developed in a way that would be qualify as circular: from the urban context of Bhopal to the rural context of the home villages in the Mandlā and Dindori districts, the ethnological framework that has been derived was forced to come to terms with the relationship between these two sites. It is from the “funerary culture” that this research started to examine the implications of the social as it is implemented during this final “refinement” (saṃskāra). The analysis of Gond-Pardhan interrelationships in central India provided us with the opportunity to find a shared cultural imaginary, which still resists, and for embarking on a reflection on other aspects which are apparently less obvious : the impact of the migration and urbanization processes on kinship and clan relations, or the changes to and interactions between the categories of “tradition” and “modernity”, the discourses on Indian/Hindu identity and the concept of indigeneity. Our field survey was enhanced by necessary comparative work, in which the dialogue between the places involved traced out significant coordinates in the reading of funerary rituality, by actualizing the theme of social pluralism, that of cohabitationbetween regional forms of what is considered, in today’s India, as classical Hinduism. From the cosmogonic and thanatological conceptions of the Pardhan, our study intersects with thetheme of caste-tribe relation in the contrast of urban-rural environments, as well as with the concept of “glocalization” and the re-distributions that it directs
Pagès, Alexandre. "La pauvrete en milieu rural." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA054017.
Full textCornet, Candice. "THE INDIGENIZATION OF TOURISM-LED MODERNIZATION. The Dong of Zhaoxing, Southeast Guizhou, China (1990-2010)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28845/28845.pdf.
Full textThe Chinese Communist Party (CCP) announced in mid-1999 the campaign to “Open Up the West” (xibu da kaifa) with the goals of reducing socio-economic disparities, encouraging economic growth, and ensuring social and political stability in the non-Han areas. For the village of Zhaoxing, located in the remote province of Guizhou and inhabited by the Dong minority nationality, the Chinese state ideal of modernization has been channelled in large part through the development of ethnic tourism. As a result, what an authentic Dong village should look like as well as the outward expressions of being Dong are increasingly fixed by delocalized agents of change driven by tourism profits. Far from being passive, villagers of Zhaoxing constantly negotiate to maintain or improve their livelihoods on their own terms. They selectively resist and indigenize elements of modernity according to the opportunities and constraints stemming from their unique and troubled place within the Chinese Nation. Based on extensive fieldwork in the village of Zhaoxing this thesis presents a diversity of local responses that vary according to local livelihood strategies. It demonstrates the local ingenuity of Zhaoxing villagers in negotiating and asserting their own modern subjectivity. Keywords: Chinese minority nationalities, Dong, tourist development, indigenization, modernity.
ROSENBERG, MICHEL. "Grossesse en milieu rural : a propos d'une enquete effectuee aupres de 1024 femmes domiciliees en milieu rural." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1M308.
Full textMarin, Josiane. "Tabagisme passif des entreprises de milieu rural." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR23105.
Full textBouabdillah, Naima. "Infirmières issues de minorités visibles : barrières socio-culturelles à la mobilité verticale en milieu hospitalier." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35047.
Full textRaelison, Elysée. "Développement de l'élevage porcin en milieu rural malgache." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609123g.
Full textRaelison, Elysée. "Développement de l'élevage porcin en milieu rural malgache." Montpellier 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON10045.
Full textIn the malagasy rural area, which is complicated and diversified, one can find porcine breeding everywhere, but its importance, is different from a region to another? the breeding specially takes place in the high plateau and in the middle-west of madagascar and also at the coast side of the country where the migration of the high land population is very im1ortant the promotion of the branch of the porcine breeding goes through of a control of the agricultural production whose value of the by-products can be enhanced by this activity and a better framing and then by supporting the farmers. In a politic of agricultural development, the revival of this activity is based on the fact that it comes to complete the farmers' agricultural activities and on its role of transition, which entitles an economy of subsistence of self-consumption to change into an economy of exchange. Moreover, the porcine breeding could be a solution to the food problems in madagascar by changing the structure of food consumption in supplying more animal proteins, specially when cattle-meat is
Pilandon, Véronique. "Enquête sur les personnes âgées en milieu rural et semi-rural en Auvergne." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF13002.
Full textCarpooran, Arnaud. "Langues et droits en milieu plurilingue : le cas de l'île Maurice." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX10031.
Full textSerrier, Thomas. "La Prusse polonaise en quête d'identité : Posnanie, Ostmark, Wielkopolska du milieu du XIXe siècle à la Première Guerre mondiale." Paris 8, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA081799.
Full textLebugle, Amandine. "La baisse de la fécondité en milieu rural iranien." Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de paris - Sciences Po, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00552827.
Full textChampagne, Alain. "L'artisanat rural en Haut-Poitou, milieu XIVe-fin XVIe /." Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb410303707.
Full textRakotoson, Holiarisoa Lina. "La baisse de la fécondité en milieu rural malgache." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100061.
Full textIn Madagascar, rural areas used to present all the favorable characteristics to a strong fertility. Even recently the idea that children generate superior profits than costs was widely shared. Demographic surveys show that if the fertility in rural areas stays higher than in urban areas (in 2003, ISF was 5.7 children by woman in rural areas and 4.0 children in urban areas), fertility in rural areas begins to decrease. The ISF of rural areas fell from 6.7 children by woman in 1997 to 5.7 children by woman in 2003. This fertility decline is noticed without important socioeconomic change. Poverty in rural areas remains high and even increased quicker than urban poverty.This thesis proposes to introduce demographic transitions models in Malagasy rural areas by focusing on the debate on the link between economic development and fertility decline which was notably questioned in Southern countries.The analysis shows that if in certain provinces, the central role of the economy is strong and that it’s definitely the modernization process that allowed the reduction of fertility, there are provinces where in spite of a persistent poverty and even a worsening of it, other factors allowed fertility changes. Among them, one of the most important is the social system which is based on cultural traditions influencing demographic situations
Diarra, Ibrahim. "Dynamique de la pauveté en milieu rural agricole ivoirien." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD003/document.
Full textThe notion of poverty has been the subject of much debate around the world. Previous analyses have emphasized the one-dimensional character based essentially on a monetary approach (income or consumption expenditure). Thanks to the work of some authors such as Townsend and Sen, the multidimensional character is highlighted, considering the difficulty of quantifying certain variables that translated the idea of lack. In addition, many empirical studies show that the rural sector remains the most affected by poverty.In the case of Côte d'Ivoire, poverty is also a rural phenomenon and most studies have focused on the monetary approach.This study addresses the analysis of poverty by focusing on rural farming and apprehends the phenomenon of poverty from three (03) approaches: (i) monetary; (ii) relative deprivation and (iii) wealth.The results show that poverty remains important in this sector with a high rate for the indicator of the relative deprivation. In addition, there is greater monetary inequality than other types of poverty whatever the year (2002 and 2008).The identification of the explanatory factors of the membership or not in the class of the poor shows that the variables related to the gender, to the type of religion and the age group are the most common in the various years and various approaches.Based on the obtained results , the following recommendations are formulated: (i) towards the Ivorian government, use monetary and non-monetary approaches in next analyses on poverty in Côte d’Ivoire; emphasize the construction of new infrastructures and the purchase of new equipment; improve communication about government actions; build the capacity of producers to use improved inputs and relevant tools; (ii) to agricultural producers, adopt agricultural technologies and techniques and quality inputs, accept to join cooperative enterprises; (iii) for cooperatives, it is necessary to look for outlets for its members, to negotiate better remunerations for agricultural productions, to transform farmers into real agricultural entrepreneurs
Golinelli, Éric. "Élaboration d’un outil d'assistance à l'assainissement en milieu rural." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPLA002.
Full textNeeds for natural environment protection are increasing at a world scale. Sewage treatment installations of local collectivities have to comply with the European legislation. The deadlines are December 31, 2005. The aim of our research is the proposition of a methodology for developing an aid to representation tool in order to conduct such environmental projects. This tool is intended to small French local collectivities of less than 1000 inhabitants. The originality of this work consists, according to a simple formalism, in integrating into the same tool relationships of actors in the project, technical and organizational legislative obligations and sewage treatment processes adapted to small collectivities. In a first part, the implementation of a sewage treatment in rural environment is tackled as a social fact at both the world and local levels. Through the second part, the project is then defined according to a three poles representation: impulse, strategy and management. Impulse consists in understanding the project according to a general model developed from a complex reality. The implementation of the strategy of the project provides a long-term vision, bringing to actors the means for acting in a common sense. Managing the project finally consists in leading actions or correcting them using indicators in order to reach the target defined in the strategy pole. In a last part, an application of the aid to representation tool to a real case is suggested. This case is based on a global approach. Law and processes adapted in rural environment are also integrated. As a result, the presented work links organization and technology, while understanding the state of what the system was, what it is all along the project and what it will become
Lauga-Clercq, Marie-Pierre. "Médecin de famille et soins palliatifs en milieu rural." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M190.
Full textMAGUREANU, BOGDAN. "Le depistage des troubles mentaux en milieu rural roumain." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA054008.
Full textLebugle-Mojdehi, Amandine. "La baisse de la fécondité en milieu rural iranien." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00552827.
Full textFOUERE, THIERRY. "Hygiene de l'eau de boisson en milieu rural africain." Nantes, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NANT079M.
Full textOndo, Jean-Daniel. "PME mondiales en milieu rural : une étude de cas." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1996. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5144/1/000623577.pdf.
Full textOuvrier, Mary-Ashley. "Anthropologie de la recherche médicale en milieu rural sénégalais." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32091.
Full textThis thesis documents the social dynamics that occur in a rural context in Senegal — the area of Toudinga— where essentially demographic and medical research have been held since 1964 by the IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement) formerly Orstom (Office de la recherche scientifique dans les territoires d’outre-Mer). At the crossroads of medical anthropology and African ethnology and sociology of science and organizations, the theoretical position adopted in this thesis allows for the examination of numerous social aspects related to medical research in sub-Saharan Africa. This PhD deals with the social organisation of the area of Toudinga. It describes the representations of medical research and the interactions between the research professionnals and the inhabitants of the region and highlights the influence of historic, identity and instititional factors on the local construction of ethics. Futhermore, this work examines wider thematics related the anthropology of medical research such as the influence of the social context on the consentent collection (gender, age group, gift and conter-gift), the impact of medical research on local medical care and the analysis of blood stealing rumors
Botuna, Eleko Éric. "Prévalence de l'infection à hélicobacter pylori en milieu rural québécois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/21368/21368.pdf.
Full textHADDIYA, EL MOSTAFA FISCHER GUSTAVE. "SOCIALISATION ET IDENTITE : L'ENFANT RURAL SCOLARISE. ETUDE DU MILIEU D'AHMAR /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1987. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1987/El_Mostafa.Haddiya.LMZ8701.pdf.
Full textSoubadou, Gislain. "L'irrigation à la Réunion : caractéristiques, enjeux, transformations du milieu rural." La Réunion, 2001. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/01_12_Soubadou.pdf.
Full textTolmbaye, Hassane. "Socialisation et formation de l'enfant en milieu rural Sara (Tchad)." Caen, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985CAEN1015.
Full textWouters, Denis. "La malnutrition protéino-énergétique infantile en milieu semi-rural algérien." Lille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL2M016.
Full textPannetier, Gilles. "La polyvalence administrative postale en milieu rural : une occasion manquée ?" Paris 4, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA040101.
Full textThe authorities became aware in the 1970's of the gravity of the rural exode, and particularly of the retirement of public services in the country - side areas, and had helped between 1974 to 1979 the Post in spite of the reserve of some government departments, to introduce in the rural post offices the administrative diversification, allowing the postmaters to make some operations for other government departments or bodies (for instance: displaying of job vacancies of the national employment agency, sale of fiscal stamps, issue of identity cards, lending books). If nine years after its officialisation, that is interfered in 1979, this administrative diversification has little progressed and has not really answered to the objectives of its heads, because of reserved reactions launching and continuation sometimes failing and an unknowledge of the real needs of the local population, its prospect's and its follow-up possibilities are not negligible
Rasoloherindraibe, Seth. "Les problèmes d'ineffectivité du droit foncier en milieu rural malgache." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010294.
Full textZerouali, Allal. "Couloir de Taza : croissance urbaine et évolution du milieu rural." Bordeaux 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR30020.
Full textLorillard, Marie. "De la souffrance en milieu rural sénoufo (Afrique de l'Ouest)." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21425.
Full textThis work examines different practices and representations of suffering in Senufo society (West Africa). In songs and tales found in the popular oral literature, in informal or historic discourses, suffering appears as a marker of identity. The heterogeneity of these representations reflects differing positions of social actors in society
Riziky, Christiane. "Système de plantation et milieu rural dans le Sambirano (Madagascar)." Montpellier 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON30003.
Full textThanks to favourable natural conditions, to the colonization and to the facility of the peasants to adopt a new agricol development, the sambirano is nowadays a great region of export cultures. Coffee, cocoa and perfume plants are essentially developped there. Three agricultural societies inherited from the colonial period and the peasant plantations of all sizes divide the enhancement of this space. Upstream the system has been equiped with a substructure of research work and with a supervision of the peasants and downstream with a system of products collect. But the equipments, especially the road ones are not fitted to the needs of the region. The plantation system has got three important consequences. It has provoked migrations of hands coming from the south of madagascar and the tsimihety region, making the sambirano an important ethnical crucible. The development of rich cultures has led to the destructuration of the traditional system of production, based on breeding and rice-growing, involving rice penury, which has been worsened by an unfavourable national situation. The unequal distribution of the lands, legacy from. The colonial period is the source of the pressured land which is expressed in many conflits
Champagne, Alain. "L'artisanat rural en Haut-Poitou : milieu XIVe-fin XVIe s." Poitiers, 2000. http://books.openedition.org/pur/6161.
Full textHaghighat, Chapour. "Exclusion sociale et milieu urbain aux Etats-Unis." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05H070.
Full textThe object of this thesis is to examine the social crisis in urban life in the United States and the changes that have occurred during the recent years, resulting in the increase of the gap between different categories of the population and in the apparition of new social tensions. The evolution of social, economic and political conditions is analyzed and how they6 have generated since the past three decades a greater marginalization of the lower classes, especially among the ethnic minorities. In this study, different social issues - as poverty, racism, immigration and urban violence - are discussed in order to better understand the complexity of the American society
Leroy, Marie. "Du plurilinguisme à l'école au Sud-Tyrol : minorités linguistiques, représentations sociolinguistiques, dynamiques identitaires et pratiques éducatives en milieu plurilingue." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR2021/document.
Full textThis thesis proposes to investigate the linguistic appropriations and the conceptualizations of language of secondary school students in the town of Bozen-Bolzano in South Tyrol / Alto Adige, as a sociolinguistic and didactic reflection. In this officially multilingual Italian province, which enjoys a status of protection of the German-speaking minority, living together is strongly marked by the separation of schools on an ethnolinguistic basis. The relatively recent presence of transnational migrants calls for a renewed look at the dynamics of identification between "indigenous" and "non-indigeneous" and, more particularly, its implications for education. By giving disposable cameras to secondary school students in the town of Bozen-Bolzano, a city that seems to embody a certain hybridism, with the mission of photographing "the languages of the neighborhood" to create an exhibition, the goal is to investigate the ways young people interpret the plurality that surrounds them
Lambert, Philippe. "Enquete sur la reponse aux appels urgents par le generaliste en milieu rural." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU31154.
Full textOwen, Thomas. "Un essai de pharmacovigilance en medecine rurale : nogaro en gascogne du 1er janvier au 30 juin 1991 ; a propos de 49 observations." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU31009.
Full textSABLONNIERE, GUY. "Deux ans d'activite obstetricale au centre hospitalier general de cahors : etude des grossesses en milieu rural." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU31028.
Full textPuget, Françoise. "Stratégies féminines et développement rural." Toulouse 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU2A080.
Full textThis study investigates development through an analysis of the relations between the women of the rural areas of the sahel and the outsiders, based on observation and the narration of practices. The effects of female participation in development casts some light on endogenous questions. In order to grasp the interplay of the forces involved the study concerns itself, in an initial phase, with endogenous factors highlighted by female strategies. There is in fact a gap between the social position of these women and their economic role the minimisation of the latter is useful to them in their agricultural and pastoral strategies. It enables them to occupy male preserves while maintaining continuity in their ostensible position in local society. Village women adopt the roles which, linking them to a food supplier function, enable them to carry out accumulation strategies. This study underlines the discrepancy between rules and practice. The growing involvement of women in agricultural and pastoral production goes hand in hand with a tendency towards the homogenisation of the practices of different groups. In this context of endogenous forces, we are witness to a redefinition of the relations between the sexes. The second phase of the study concerns the difficulties created by the confrontation of the local endogenous population and the exogenous development personnal using three main avenues of approach ambiguities in relations with the outsider, what is to be gained or lost by participating in a development project and the effects of relations between the sexes
Fan, Diomandé [Verfasser]. "De la désorganisation à l’organisation apprenante en milieu rural / Diomandé Fan." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079294708/34.
Full textLefèvre, Patricia. "Protéger en partageant : stratégies de croissance intelligente applicables en milieu rural." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6077.
Full textTchetche, Georges Dimy. "Processus d'étude psychopathologique en milieu rural et urbain en Côte d'Ivoire." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601460k.
Full textAndrianantoandro, Voahirana Tantely. "Structures familiales, organisation des activités et développement en milieu rural malgache." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00956805.
Full textDufaye, Sylvie. "Enquête sur la consommation d'hypnotiques dans une officine en milieu rural." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P213.
Full textHaddiya, El Mostafa. "Socialisation et identité : l'enfant rural scolarisé : étude du milieu marocain d'Ahmar." Metz, 1987. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/prive/UPVM_T_1987_El_Mostafa_Haddiya_LMZ8701.pdf.
Full textAs a third-world country, Marocco enperienced dramatic changes that stongly shaked its socialization system and the process of identity building. The study addresses several aspects of this problem among children attending school in a rural setting Ahmar, which is located in the Ahmar "cercle" of the Safi proninve. The study indicates that a new socialization process takes place. Besides the fact that it occurs in a context of acculturation, this new process is characterized by confusion as well as contradiction. A formal and consistent system of values, (one that implies some form of continuity between socializing settings, particularly the family and the school), does not exist. Consequently, as regards the identization process, the study evidenced that the rural child attending school has developed a negative (i. E. , a reformative) identity. The major features of this identity are expressed in criticisms of the current state of affairs, and a search for better material living conditions in rural areas. It is, there fore, a shallowly-formed psychosocial identity, that is morally and spiritually bound with the world of adults. Because the process of socialization is truncated and distorted, it favoured a dependent and conformist social identity
RECOULES, DELPORTE BRIGITTE. "Etude de l'alcoolisation et de l'alcoolisme dans le milieu rural tarnais." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU31056.
Full textFanou, Joseph A. "Stratégies d'accumulation en milieu rural au Bénin : Le plateau ADJA (MONO)." Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL12001.
Full textAgriculture is the main economic activity for more than 70% of the population on the adja plateau and in benin generally. The commoditization of agricultural economy allowed actors to develop accumulation strategies about lands purchasing, labour use and how to make use of political and social network of contacts. Three important ideas are drawn from this work : 1) changes in african rural societies give peasants opportunities to develop their own strategies for adaptation, 2) modern agricultural economy has moved the traditionnal mean of power based on age, mobility ans wisdom from the moral and social level to the individual capacity to solve one's problems, 3)although the structures are changing, allowing some people to accumulate resources, the system is characterized by a flexibility of land use which enables any peasant to obtain a field for cultivation