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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Minority group status hypothesis

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Academic literature on the topic 'Minority group status hypothesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Minority group status hypothesis"

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Levin, Shana, Stacey Sinclair, Rosemary C. Veniegas, and Pamela L. Taylor. "Perceived Discrimination in the Context of Multiple Group Memberships." Psychological Science 13, no. 6 (2002): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00498.

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This study examined the joint impact of gender and ethnicity on expectations of general discrimination against oneself and one's group. According to the double-jeopardy hypothesis, women of color will expect to experience more general discrimination than men of color, White women, and White men because they belong to both a low-status ethnic group and a low-status gender group. Alternatively, the ethnic-prominence hypothesis predicts that ethnic-minority women will not differ from ethnic-minority men in their expectations of general discrimination because these expectations will be influenced more by perceptions of ethnic discrimination, which they share with men of color, than by perceptions of gender discrimination. All results were consistent with the ethnic-prominence hypothesis rather than the double-jeopardy hypothesis.

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Mesch, Gustavo S. "Minority Status and the Use of Computer-Mediated Communication." Communication Research 39, no. 3 (2011): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650211398865.

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Group differences in the use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) were investigated, to test the diversification hypothesis that argues that minorities and immigrants will be more likely to use CMC to compensate for their lack of social capital. Data were gathered from a sample of Internet users reflecting the percentage of minorities in the general population ( n = 1,264). The results provide support for the hypothesis, indicating that in multicultural societies disadvantaged groups show greater motivation to use CMC to expand business and occupational contacts, whereas members of the majority group are more motivated to use CMC to maintain existing family and friendships ties. Implications of the finding are discussed.

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Kollehlon, Konia T. "Ethnicity and fertility in Liberia: A test of the minority group status hypothesis." Biodemography and Social Biology 36, no. 1-2 (1989): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1989.9988720.

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Johnson, Nan E., and Linda M. Burton. "Religion and Reproduction in Philippine Society: A New Test of the Minority-Group Status Hypothesis." Sociological Analysis 48, no. 3 (1987): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3711519.

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Phills, Curtis E., Amanda Williams, Jennifer M. Wolff, et al. "Intersecting race and gender stereotypes: Implications for group-level attitudes." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21, no. 8 (2017): 1172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430217706742.

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Two studies examined the relationship between explicit stereotyping and prejudice by investigating how stereotyping of minority men and women may be differentially related to prejudice. Based on research and theory related to the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008), we hypothesized that stereotyping of minority men would be more strongly related to prejudice than stereotyping of minority women. Supporting our hypothesis, in both the United Kingdom (Study 1) and the United States (Study 2), when stereotyping of Black men and women were entered into the same regression model, only stereotyping of Black men predicted prejudice. Results were inconsistent in regard to South Asians and East Asians. Results are discussed in terms of the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008) and the gendered nature of the relationship between stereotyping and attitudes.

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Halli, S. S. "Toward a Re-Conceptualization of Minority Group Status and Fertility Hypothesis: The Case of Orientals in Canada." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 20, no. 1 (1989): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.20.1.21.

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Palmeira, Mauricio, and Shahin Sharifi. "Minority group favoritism in service encounters." European Journal of Marketing 54, no. 8 (2020): 1937–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-03-2019-0240.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate consumer reactions to minority retail employees. The paper argues that despite the persistence of racism and homophobia in society, the vast majority of the population is strongly against these forms of discrimination. Because of the profound negativity of such behavior, the study hypothesizes that consumers will be motivated to see themselves unequivocally as individuals free of prejudice. As a result, rather than treating all people equally, the study proposes that consumers will overcompensate and exhibit favoritism toward a retail employee when the latter is a member of a minority group. Design/methodology/approach This study presents ten studies in which participants evaluated employees who were a member of a minority or majority group. Studies 1a–1d use sexual orientation to contrast reactions to majority or minority bank managers in four countries (USÀ, Germany, Italy and South Korea), whereas Studies 1e and 1f use ethnicity (White vs Black) to examine the same question (UK and Canada). Study 1g offers a single-paper meta-analysis, testing the robustness of the observed effect. Studies 2 and 3 examine the roles of political ideology and its associated values, and Study 4 examines choice of an advisor in an online, but consequential setting. Findings Across several contexts and countries, the study finds a consistent pro-minority bias in evaluations of service employees. The study show that, in the USA, this bias is prevalent among liberals, but not among conservatives. This difference in the impact of political ideology is explained by adherence to traditionalism. Research limitations/implications This paper investigates consumer reactions to gays and Blacks and do not test for consumer reactions to other minority groups. Regarding employees’ sexual orientation, the findings of this study are limited to gay men only. Practical implications To elicit favorable evaluations from customers, managers may consider the match between employees’ sexual orientation or ethnicity and consumers’ liberal beliefs. In particular, managers may want to hire people from those minority groups in areas known for their liberal values. On the other hand, the findings suggest that managers should not worry about their new recruits’ sexual orientation and ethnicity in conservative areas, because the results suggest that conservatives show no favoritism toward employees in response to their group status. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first paper in marketing investigating consumer reactions to employees who belong to minority groups. The study reports a pro-minority bias that holds across samples and countries, thereby attesting to the population validity of the hypotheses. Further, the study identifies boundary conditions of the effect of employees’ group status by identifying managerially relevant moderators (i.e. political ideology and traditionalism).

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Smeekes, Anouk, Shelley McKeown, and Charis Psaltis. "Endorsing narratives under threat: Maintaining perceived collective continuity through the protective power of ingroup narratives in Northern Ireland and Cyprus." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 5, no. 2 (2017): 282–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v5i2.682.

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In historically divided societies, narratives play an important role in understanding the maintenance and perception of identities and group status over time. Moving beyond the consequences of identity continuity perceptions, in this paper we were interested in the antecedents of perceived collective continuity, specifically the role of narratives and threat perceptions. We predicted that endorsement of ingroup narratives would be associated with higher perceived continuity through stronger perceptions of group threat. To test this hypothesis, we recruited participants from both majority and minority groups in Northern Ireland (N = 268) and in Cyprus (N = 413) to complete an online survey to examine their endorsement of ingroup and outgroup narratives, their perceptions of identity continuity and feelings of threat. We tested these predictions with path analyses. In line with our hypothesis, results demonstrate that, for both majority and minority groups, if group members feel threatened they are more likely to endorse their ingroup historical narrative as this helps them to maintain a sense of continuity of their ingroup identity. Findings are discussed in relation to the importance of considering narratives in intergroup relations.

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Donnell, Chandra M., Reginald J. Alston, Joseph L. Hampton, and Tyronn J. Bell. "Ethnic and Gender Influences on the Social Acceptance of Persons with Disabilities by African American and White College Students." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 30, no. 1 (1999): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.30.1.31.

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A small number of studies have yielded inconclusive results when examining the assertion that ethnic minorities have greater acceptance of persons with disabilities because of shared minority group status. The purpose of this study was to explore the hypothesis that African Americans, in comparison to Whites, hold more positive attitudes toward persons with disabilities in social situations. Also, differences according to the gender of the college student participants were explored. Implications for rehabilitation counseling are provided.

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Mussa, Hujierat. "Attitudes Gaps to Jewish Out-Group and Arab In-Group as an Expression of the Self-Identity of the Arab Minority in Israel." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 1, no. 5 (2011): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v1i5.642.

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The objective of this study is to examine the practice of members of an in-group giving preference to the in-group rather than the out-group in any society, thereby providing its members with status, prestige and a positive social identity. This study examines the gap in the emotional attitude of the in-group and the out-group. The out-group in this study is the Jewish majority and the in-group is the Arab minority in Israel. This gap has been researched in large part, in research in laboratory conditions. Research has been done less on actual groups. The purpose of this study is to examine the degree of emotional identification of the Arab minority with the suffering and sorrow related to an unfortunate tragic event that occurs to another member of their group and to one that occurs to a member of the Jewish out-group. It is also to find how the attitude gaps relate to the traditionalism level of the in-group and to the region where the subjects live. To begin, a questionnaire was composed that included details about events that provoke feelings of grief and sadness. Subjects were asked in the pilot study to respond emotionally to these events. The hypothesis was that the Arab minority would identify emotionally with their group and less with the Jewish out-group and that a gap would be found that is related to the residential region and society's level of traditionalism. The findings show a bias of emotional attitude to the Arab side. The gaps that were discovered in the attitude to both groups were related to the society's level of traditionalism and partially to the residential region.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Minority group status hypothesis"

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YANG, JUHUA. "CHINESE IMMIGRANTS' FERTILITY IN THE UNITED STATES: AN EXAMINATION OF ASSIMILATION VARIABLES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin998064273.

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Biagas, David Edward Jr. "Status, racial hegemony, and phenotypical inequality: exploring the racial invariance hypothesis." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1827.

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Social psychological theorizing assumes that 1) members of dominant and oppressed racial groups subscribe to the same set of cultural beliefs regarding the racial hierarchy in the United States and 2) that patterns of deference in task groups reflect broader patterns of inequality in society. With the use white and black research participants at two research sites, this thesis examines these assumptions with regards to the proposed tri-racial hierarchy of the Latin Americanization Thesis, which asserts that the racial hierarchy in the U.S. is now primarily determined by phenotype, as opposed to traditional racial and ethnic boundaries. Do White and Black Americans associate similar perceptions of status with members of the proposed tri-racial hierarchy? In addition, skin tone is associated with socioeconomic status among blacks in the U.S., but do research participants defer to members of the pigmentocracy in a manner consistent with these broader patterns of inequality? These questions are assessed by matching white and black research participants with either a white, light-skinned black, or dark-skinned black partner for the completion of a joint task. The results of the multi-site experiment suggest that there is racial invariance with the perceived status associated with members of the pigmentocracy. More generally, whites exhibit patterns of active denial and report that most others believe dark-skinned blacks are more competent than light-skinned blacks, who most others believe are more competent than whites. Whites purportedly personally subscribe to these pattern of beliefs. Blacks, however, exhibit a pattern of active resistance to stigmatizing beliefs: while they report that oppressed members of the pigmentocracy are held in lower regard by most others in society, they refuse to personally endorse these stigmatizing beliefs. These attitudinal reactions had implications for the patterns of deference that emerged when jointly completing the group task. While patterns of influence emergent in group tasks generally reflect broader patterns of stratification in society, this failed to be the case when participants interacted with members of the pigmentocracy most phenotypically distinct from themselves. That is, when racial distinctions were most salient, research participants consciously reacted against the pigmentocracy, obstructing the activation of the status generalization process. The implications of these results for model testing and development, and for identifying racial biases in the current racial climate are discussed.

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Reeder, Rebecca A. "Theoretical and Methodological Advances to Preterm Birth Research: A Focus on the Relationship of Minority-Majority Group Status and Preterm Birth." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1368014479.

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Vassilliere, Christa (Christa Theresa). "Minority group status, perceived discrimination, and emotion-focused coping." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/26488.

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In two studies, this thesis depicts the relationship between minority group status in the United States, perceived discrimination, and coping with stress. Past literature on coping and its types – problem-focused versus emotion-focused – is inconsistent in terms of differences between minority status groups and majority groups. It remains unknown whether or why Black Americans and lesbian or gay Americans may demonstrate coping patterns that differ from White Americans and heterosexual Americans, respectively. What is altogether absent from the literature is the possible mediating factor of perceived discrimination experienced by these minority groups. That is, differences in internal, stable coping processes that manage stress may have been molded by one’s experience with discrimination. Study 1 examines the relationship between race (Black versus White) and coping, mediated by perceived discrimination. Study 2 examines the relationship between sexual orientation (lesbian or gay versus heterosexual) and coping, mediated by perceived discrimination. Both studies confirm the thesis that minority group members exhibit maladaptive, emotion-focused coping more than majority group members – but that this difference is explained by the minority group members’ perceived discrimination. Historical and political relevance, social implications, and possible limitations in design and interpretation are discussed.<br>text

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Books on the topic "Minority group status hypothesis"

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Johnson, Nan E. Religion and reproduction in Philippine society: A new test of the minority-groups status hypothesis. Women in International Development, Michigan University, 1989.

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Rosenfeld, Michel. Comparative constitutional equality, minority & group rights: Intensive course. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2007.

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Rosenfeld, Michel. Comparative constitutional equality, minority & group rights: Intensive course. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2007.

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Eide, Asbjørn. A review and analysis of constructive approaches to group accommodation and minority protection in divided or multicultural societies. Stationery Office, 1996.

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Oregon State System of Higher Education. Office of Academic Affairs. Report on the status of racial and ethnic diversity in the Oregon State System of Higher Education: Minority group students, faculty, and professional staff, and selected administrators : prepared for the Oregon State Board of Higher Education. Oregon State System of Higher Education, 1992.

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New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Regulatory Oversight Committee. Committee meeting of Assembly Regulatory Oversight Committee: The committee will discuss the implementation of the Sudan Divesture Act, P.L. 2005, c. 162; discuss the justice gap in New Jersey, which refers to the need for increasing legal representation resources for low-income state residents; revisit the status and implementation of Danielle's Law, P.L. 2003, c. 191; and revisit the status of removing adjudicated juveniles with mental illness from juvenile correction facilities to provide them with mental health treatment : [December 8, 2005, Trenton, New Jersey]. The Unit, 2005.

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New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Regulatory Oversight Committee. Committee meeting of Assembly Regulatory Oversight Committee: Testimony on the progress of the New Jersey State Police under the consent decree entered into with the federal government concerning procedures, practices, and policies relating to the management and operation of the State Police : [October 24, 2002, Trenton, New Jersey]. The Unit, 2002.

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New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Regulatory Oversight Committee. Committee meeting of Assembly Regulatory Oversight Committee: Testimony concerning the management and operation of nursing homes and psychiatric community residences, the quality of care residents receive, facility conditions, and the role of the state government in ensuring the well-being of residents : [September 20, 2002, Trenton, New Jersey]. The Unit, 2002.

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Committee, New Jersey Legislature General Assembly Regulatory Oversight. Committee meeting of Assembly Regulatory Oversight Committee: Discussion of nursing home operations, quality of care, facility conditions, the role of state government in ensuring the well-being of the elderly in nursing homes, and the shortage of health-care professionals. Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 2002.

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New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Regulatory Oversight Committee. Committee meeting of Assembly Regulatory Oversight Committee: Follow-up on testimony given on previous subject matters including childhood obesity, lead poisoning, and asthma : [December 6, 2007, Trenton, New Jersey]. Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Minority group status hypothesis"

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Mišeska Tomić, Olga. "Minority Language Maintenance and Learning as Instruments for Improving the Status of the Minority Group." In Studies in Bilingualism. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sibil.1.25mis.

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Karpowitz, Christopher F., and Tali Mendelberg. "Why Women Don’t Speak." In The Silent Sex. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159751.003.0004.

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This chapter considers how women on average tend to have lower confidence and to be more affected by that lower confidence, to dislike conflict and seek cooperation, and to seek a sense of connection to others. These differences between men and women may become consequential when individuals assemble in groups. The chapter identifies two possible reasons why groups matter in this way. First, the fewer women are present, the more the interaction takes on a masculine character. Second, the fewer women, the more confident participants the women encounter and the lower their sense of capacity to function as a valued member of the group. This is called the “minority status” hypothesis. A corollary is the “enclave” hypothesis: all-female groups provide aspecial boost to women.

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Borjas, George J., Barry R. Chiswick, George J. Borjas, and Barry R. Chiswick. "Differences in Education and Earnings Across Racial and Ethnic Groups: Tastes, Discrimination, and Investments in Child Quality." In Foundations of Migration Economics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788072.003.0010.

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Viewing the United States as comprising many racial and ethnic groups, it is shown that group differences in earnings, schooling, and rates of return from schooling are striking and that the groups with higher levels of schooling also have higher rates of return. These data are shown to be consistent with a child quality investment model, but they are not consistent with the hypotheses that the primary determinants of schooling level are discrimination, minority group status, differences in time preference (discount rates), or “tastes” for schooling. Group differences in fertility and female labor supply are examined as partial determinants of investment in child quality. Policy implications are discussed.

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Uomini, Natalie, and Lana Ruck. "Testing Models of Handedness in Stone Tools." In Squeezing Minds From Stones. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854614.003.0011.

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When, why, and how did humans develop the extreme right-handedness found in this species? As reviewed in this chapter, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the distribution of handedness in humans. The social learning hypothesis posits that similarity in hand configuration between demonstrator and learner facilitates learning; the fighting hypothesis states that a left-hander minority is maintained by an advantage in close combat; and the task complexity hypothesis proposes that task complexity increases hand preference. The three hypotheses are compared in terms of how they might be detected in the stone tool record. The power of the archaeological record is carefully considered to address hand preference and handedness at the level of individuals and groups, and how stone tools can help to test the predictions of the various hypotheses for the evolution of right-handedness in our species.

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"Ogbu’s Voluntary and Involuntary Minority Hypothesis and the Politics of Caring." In Minority Status, Oppositional Culture, & Schooling. Routledge, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203931967-33.

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Youngreen, Reef, and Jay Byron. "Minority Influence, Status, and the Generation of Novel Ideas." In Advances in Group Processes. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s0882-614520160000033005.

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Nichols, Shaun. "Status." In Rational Rules. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869153.003.0006.

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Moral judgments are often regarded as universally true, whereas judgments of taste are taken to be only true relative to some group or individual. How could such meta-evaluative assessments be acquired? This chapter argues that people use consensus information to arrive at such assessments, and that it is rational to do so. Statistical inference mandates a trade-off between the extent to which a hypothesis fits the data, and the extent to which the hypothesis is flexible in its ability to fit a wider range of data. If almost everyone agrees in their judgments, this provides some reason to endorse a universalist hypothesis, according to which there is a single fact that the majority is tracking. So if almost everyone thinks that a certain action is wrong, the high consensus provides some evidence that it’s a universal truth that this action is wrong. The inference that it’s a universal truth that an action is wrong can also ground the judgment that the action is wrong in a way that is independent of authority. Thus, this might also provide an explanation for the acquisition of the moral/conventional distinction.

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"Acculturation, Group Consciousness, and Cohesion among Individuals with Shared Minority Status." In Minorities and Representation in American Politics. CQ Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9000000000000.n10.

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"Cultural Factors in Adolescent Girls’ Development: The Role of Ethnic Minority Group Status." In Female Adolescent Development. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315831275-19.

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Bassel, Leah, and Akwugo Emejulu. "Whose crisis counts?" In Minority Women and Austerity. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447327134.003.0003.

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In this chapter we examine in detail minority women’s institutionalised precarity in pre and post crisis France, England and Scotland. Even though minority women experience systemic social and economic inequalities, too often their experiences are erased or devalued by social movement allies and policymakers alike. This is political racelessness enacted through both political discourse and empirical data gathering and analysis. We argue that minority women experience a paradox of misrecognition—they are simultaneously invisible and hypervisible in the constructions of poverty, the crisis and austertiy. Using an intersectional framework, we will demonstrate how minority women, a heterogeneous group, experience systematic discrimination and multidimensional inequalities based on their race, class, gender and legal status. In this chapter we focus specifically on minority women’s experiences in the labour market as access to the labour market and the quality of available work is a key determinant of poverty and inequality. We also explore the particular ways in which minority women are either rendered invisible or hypervisible in key social policies meant to address their routinised inequalities.

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Conference papers on the topic "Minority group status hypothesis"

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"Addressing Information Literacy and the Digital Divide in Higher Education." In InSITE 2018: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: La Verne California. Informing Science Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4041.

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Aim/Purpose: [This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2018 issue of the Interdisciplinary Journal of e-Skills and Lifelong Learning, Volume 14] The digital divide and educational inequalities remain a significant societal prob-lem in the United States impacting low income, first-generation, and minority learners. Accordingly, institutions of higher education are challenged to meet the needs of students with varying levels of technological readiness with deficiencies in information and digital literacy shown to be a hindrance to student success. This paper documents the efforts of a mid-Atlantic minority-serving institution as it seeks to assess and address the digital and information literacy skills of underserved students Background: A number of years ago, a historically Black university located in Maryland devel-oped an institutional commitment to the digital and information literacy of their students. These efforts have included adoption of an international digital literacy certification exam used as a placement test for incoming freshmen; creation of a Center for Student Technology Certification and Training; course redesign to be performance based with the incorporation of a simulation system, eportfolios, Webquests, a skills building partnership with the University library; pre and post testing to measure the efficacy of a targeted computer applications course taught to business and STEM majors; and student perception surveys Methodology: In 2017, pre and post testing of students in enrolled in core computer applications courses were conducted using the IC3 test administered during the second and fifteenth week of the academic terms. These scores were compared in order to measure degree of change. Additionally, post test scores were assessed against five years of the scores from the same test used as a placement for incoming freshmen. A student perception survey was also administered. The survey included a combination of dichotomous, Likert-scaled, and ranking questions with descriptive statistical analyses performed on the data. The results were used to test four hypotheses. Contribution: This study provides research on a population (first-generation minority college students) that is expanding in numbers in higher education and that the literature, reports as being under-prepared for academic success. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of current studies examining the information and technological readiness of students enrolling at minority serving institutions. This paper is timely and relevant and helps to extend our discourse on the digital divide and technological readiness as it impacts higher education. Additionally, this paper also marks a valuable contribution to the literature by examining the efficacy of computer applications courses in higher education with Generation Z learners Findings: The digital divide is a serious concern for higher education especially as schools seek to increasingly reach out to underserved populations. In particular, the results of this study show that students attending a minority serving institution who are primarily first generation learners do not come to college with the technology skills needed for academic success. Pre and post testing of students as well as responses to survey questions have proven the efficacy of computer applications courses at building the technology skills of students. These courses are viewed overwhelmingly positive by students with respondents reporting that they are a necessary part of the college experience that benefits them academically and professionally. Use of an online simulated learning and assessment system with immediate automated feedback and remediation was also found to be particularly effective at building the computer and information literacy skills of students. Recommendations for Practitioners: Institutions of higher education should invest in a thorough examination of the information and technology literacy skills, needs, and perceptions of students both coming into the institution as well as following course completion. Recommendation for Researchers: This research should be expanded to more minority serving institutions across the United States as well as abroad. This particular research protocol is easily replicated and can be duplicated at both minority and majority serving institutions enabling greater comparisons across groups. Impact on Society: The results of this research should shed light on a problem that desperately needs to be addressed by institutions of higher education which is the realities of the digital divide and the underpreparedness of entering college students in particular those who are from low income, first generation, and minority groups Future Research: A detailed quantitative survey study is being conducted that seeks to examine the technology uses, backgrounds, needs, interests, career goals, and professional expectations with respect to a range of currently relevant technologies

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Suttie, W. J., A. Cheung, and M. G. Wood. "ENZYMOLOGY OF THE VITAMIN K-DEPENDENT CARBOXYLASE: CURRENT STATUS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643991.

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The vitamin K-dependent microsomal carboxylase converts glutamyl residues in precursor proteins to γ-carboxyglutamyl (Gla) residues in completed proteins. The enzyme activity is present in significant activities in most non-skeletal tissues but has been studied most extensively in rat and bovine liver. Early studies of the enzyme utilized bound precursors of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors as substrates for the enzyme and demonstrated that the enzyme requires the reduced form of vitamin K (vitamin KH2), O2, and CO2. Subsequent investigations have taken advantage of the observation that the enzyme will carboxylate low-molecular-weight peptide substrates with Glu-Glu sequences. Utilizing a substrate such as Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Leu, it has been possible to demonstrate that γ-C-H release from the Glu residue of a substrate is independent of CO2 concentration. The formation of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide can also be demonstrated in a crude microsomal system, and it can be shown that the formation of this metabolite can be stimulated by the presence of a peptide substrate of the carboxylase. These observations have led to the general hypothesis that the mechanism of action of the enzyme involves interaction of vitamin KH2 with O2 to form an oxygenated intermediate that can interact with a substrate Glu residue to abstract a γ-hydrogen and in the process he converted to vitamin K epoxide (KO). The current evidence suggests that, either directly or indirectly, removal of the γ-C-H results in the formation of a carbanion at the γ-position of the Glu residue which can interact with CO2 to form Gla. The Glu residue intermediate which is formed can be demonstrated to partition between accepting a proton in the media to reform Glu, or interacting with CO2 to form Gla. Current data do not distinguish between the direct formation of a carbanion coupled to proton removal, or the participation of a reduced intermediate. Recent studies have demonstrated that the enzyme will carry out a partial reaction, the formation of vitamin K epoxide, at a decreased rate in the absence of a Glu site substrate. Epoxide formation under these conditions has the same for O2 as the carboxylation reaction and is inhibited in the same manner as the carboxylation reaction. In the presence of saturating concentrations of a Glu site substrate and C02, the ratio of KO formed, γ-C-H released, and C02 formed is 1:1:1. However, KO formation can be uncoupled from and proceeds at a higher rate than γ-C-H bond cleavage and Gla formation at low Glu site substrate concentrations. At saturating concentrations of CO2, Gla formation is equivalent to γ-C-H bond cleavage, and this unity is not altered by variations in vitamin KH2 or peptide substrate concentrations. Natural compounds with vitamin K activity are 2-Me-l,4-naphthoquinones with a polyprenyl side chain at the 3-position. Studies of vitamin K analogs have demonstrated that a 2-Me group is essential for activity but that the group at the 3-position can vary significantly. Modification of the aromatic ring of the naphthoquinone nucleus by methyl group substitution can result in alterations of either the rate of the carboxylation reaction or the apparent affinity of the enzyme for the vitamin. Studies of a large number of peptide substrates have failed to reveal any unique primary amino acid sequence which is a signal for carboxylation. However, current evidence from a number of sources suggests that a basic amino acid rich "propeptide" region of the intracellular form of the vitamin K-dependent proteins is an essential recognition site for the enzyme. This region of the precursor is lost in subsequent processing, and the manner in which it directs this posttranslational event is not yet clarified. Supported by NIH grant AM-14881.

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3

Hastrdlová, Šárka. "The concept of power in computer-mediated communication." In Eighth Brno Conference on Linguistics Studies in English. Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9767-2020-3.

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There has been a recent increase of interest in the phenomenon of power amongst linguists and also philosophers. The presented article attempts to consider power and ways in which it is exercised through language of computer-mediated communication (further CMC). This unique environment is determined by the specific conditions of an Internet chat room, such as anonymity and no audio-visual cues. In the theoretical part, Watts’s and Diamond’s investigations of power in various open and closed groups in oral communication are discussed and the notion of status is presented. The author divides the chat group corpus into individual sub-groups and tries to draw a graphical presentation, a sociogram, to show their complexity and distribution of power. However, the question remains how tight the sub-groups in CMC are or how interrelated they are with one another. In this respect, it is noteworthy to observe how a selected chat participant develops her status in various sub-groups and to analyze the means by which this possible status is achieved. The corpus was collected by the author herself. The main hypothesis is that the status of power changes quickly throughout chatting and it depends to a great extent on other cues such as address, non-verbal action displays, punctuation marks and so on. In other words, there are very few means by which to exercise power and hold it in this continuously changing and anonymous environment.

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Ghosh, Aditi. "Representations of the Self and the Others in a Multilingual City: Hindi Speakers in Kolkata." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.3-4.

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This study examines the attitudes and representations of a select group of Hindi mother tongue speakers residing in Kolkata. Hindi is one of the two official languages of India and Hindi mother tongue speakers are the numerically dominant language community in India, as per census. Further, due to historical, political and socio-cultural reasons, enormous importance is attached to the language, to the extent that there is a wide spread misrepresentation of the language as the national language of India. In this way, speakers of Hindi by no means form a minority in Indian contexts. However, as India is an extremely multilingual and diverse country, in many areas of the country other language speakers outnumber Hindi speakers, and in different states other languages have prestige, greater functional value and locally official status as well. Kolkata is one of such places, as the capital of West Bengal, a state where Bengali is the official language, and where Bengali is the most widely spoken mother tongue. Hindi mother tongue speakers, therefore, are not the dominant majority here, however, their language still carries the symbolic load of a representative language of India. In this context, this study examines the opinions and attitudes of a section of long term residents of Kolkata whose mother tongue is Hindi. The data used in this paper is derived from a large scale survey conducted in Kolkata which included 153 Hindi speakers. The objective of the study is to elicit, through a structured interview, their attitudes towards their own language and community, and towards the other languages and communities in Kolkata, and to examine how they represent and construct the various communities in their responses. The study adopts qualitative methods of analysis. The analysis shows that though there is largely an overt representation of harmony, there are indications of how the socio-cultural symbolic values attached to different languages are also extended to its speakers creating subtle social distances among language communities.

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